Tesis sobre el tema "Growing sea"

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Chemical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2007.
Includes bibliographical references.
A 225-year old coral from the south shore of Bermuda (64°W, 320N) provides a record of decadal-to-centennial scale climate variability. The coral was collected live, and sub-annual density bands seen in x-radiographs delineate cold and warm seasons allowing for precise dating. Coral skeletons incorporate strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) in relative proportions inversely to the sea surface temperature (SST) in which the skeleton is secreted. [Delta]180 of the coral skeleton changes based on both temperature and the [delta]180 of sea water ([delta]Ow), and 6Ow is proportional to sea surface salinity (SSS). Understanding long-term climate variability requires the reconstruction of key climate parameters, such as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity, in records extending beyond the relatively short instrumental period. The high accretion rates, longevity, and skeletal growth bands found in coral skeletons make them an ideal resource for well-dated, seasonal climate reconstructions. Growing between 2 and 6 mm/year and reaching more than im in length, slow-growing corals provide multi-century records from one colony. Additionally, unlike the fast growing (10-20 mm/year) species Porites, slow-growing species are generally found in both tropical and sub-tropical locations greatly expanding the geographical location of these records. A high resolution record (HRR, ~11 samples per year) was drilled for the entire length of the coral record (218 years). Samples were split and Sr/Ca, [delta]180, and [delta]13C were measured for each sample. Sr/Ca was used to reconstruct winter time and mean-annual SST. Oxygen isotopic measurements were used to determine directional salinity changes, in conjunction with Sr/Ca based SST reconstructions.
(cont.) Winter-time and mean annual SSTs show SSTs -1.5 'C colder during the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) relative to today. Simultaneously, SSS is fresher during that time. Sr/Ca based climate reconstructions from coral skeletons have been met with some skepticism because some reconstructions show temperature changes back in time that are 2-4 times greater than the reconstructions of other marine proxies. In this study, we show that when using bulk-sampled, slow-growing corals, two steps are critical to producing accurate reconstructions: 1) incorporating growth rate into multi-variant regressions with SST and Sr/Ca and 2) using multiple colonies that grew at the same time with varying average growth rates and Sr/Ca. Application of these novel methods over the period of the instrumental record from Hydrostation S (monthly since 1954, 32°10'N, 64°30'W) reduces the root mean square of the residuals between the reconstructed SST and the instrumental SST by as much as 1.52'C to 0.460C for three coral colonies. Winter-time SSTs at Bermuda are correlated to phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a meridional oscillation in atmospheric mass. Much uncertainty remains about the relationship between the NAO and the ocean, and one critical outstanding question is whether anthropogenic changes are perturbing the system. Using winter Sr/Ca as a proxy for temperature, we show strong coherence to the NAO at multi-decadal and inter-annual frequencies. These coral records show significant changes in variance in the NAO during the late 20th century compared to the cooler LIA, but limited changes in the mean phase (positive or negative) of the NAO, implying that climate change may be pushing the NAO to extremes but not to a new mean position.
by Nathalie Fairbank Goodkin.
Ph.D.

Aunque el uso de altos niveles de fuentes de proteína vegetal en piensos para doradas de engorde se ha alcanzado con éxito en cuanto al crecimiento, estas dietas todavía están asociadas a efectos negativos en la eficiencia nutricional y en la capacidad inmunitaria. El intestino es el órgano donde se produce la primera interacción entre el pez, los nutrientes y las bacterias del medio, y desarrolla un papel crucial en la digestión de los nutrientes y la respuesta infamatoria e inmune. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en el impacto de distintas dietas con altos niveles de proteína vegetal, y especialmente, en la evaluación del estatus intestinal de las doradas de engorde alimentadas con altos niveles de sustitución de la harina de pescado durante un periodo largo de tiempo. Los cambios observados en el intestino se caracterizaron mediante el uso de distintas estrategias, como el análisis de la digestibilidad y la retención de amino ácidos, de la excreción de amonio, de la actividad de enzimas digestivos, de los cambios histológico o de la expresión de genes relacionados con la función y el mantenimiento de la arquitectura intestinal, así como técnicas ómicas para el análisis del proteoma y de la microbiota intestinal. Se ensayaron distintos niveles de sustitución de harina de pescado, pero el impacto de las dietas con una sustitución completa, bien complementada con subproductos de origen marino o suplementada con aminoácidos libres sintéticos, recibió mayor atención. La sustitución completa de la harina de pescado provocó una reducción, aunque ligera, del crecimiento y de la eficiencia digestiva y nutritiva de la dorada de engorde, aunque el impacto sobre el crecimiento era mayor cuando los peces eran alimentados desde la época de juveniles con estas dietas. La digestibilidad y el nivel de síntesis de proteína se vio alterada, aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en la actividad enzimática digestiva. No obstante, el impacto de las fuentes vegetales cuando no había fuentes de proteína marina en la dieta era especialmente crítico para la supervivencia de los peces. En el intestino de estos peces solo se observaron diferencias menores relacionadas con la inflamación a nivel histológico, pero también se observó una disminución en la expresión génica de genes involucrados en la inflamación y la respuesta inmune. El análisis de la microbiota intestinal reveló cambios significativos en la composición de su composición, especialmente en el intestino posterior, sugiriendo una posible falta de capacidad de regular la respuesta inmune y de modular la colonización de bacterias patógenas tras un largo periodo de alimentación con esta dieta. Por otro lado, el análisis del proteoma de la mucosa intestinal también mostró un claro impacto sobre distintos procesos biológicos relacionados con el mantenimiento del homeostasis intestinal y de la integridad epitelial. Por el contrario, no se observó un impacto de la sustitución de la harina de pescado a nivel de expresión génica o del proteoma cuando se incorporaba a la dieta una fuente de proteína marina complementaria, aunque sí que se observaron algunos signos menores de inflamación. Por último, se desarrolló un sistema ex vivo para estudiar la respuesta inflamatoria e inmune de la mucosa intestinal a la presencia de distintas bacterias, y se realizó un ensayo preliminar en dorada para evaluar el efecto de la dieta sobre esta respuesta. En resumen, en este trabajo se ha realizado una evaluación extensa y detallada de los efectos a nivel intestinal de la inclusión de altos niveles de proteína vegetal en la dieta para doradas de engorde. Los resultados indican que las alteraciones en la capacidad inmune, la homeostasis y la microbiota intestinal aparecían solo cuando la proteína procedía exclusivamente de fuentes vegetales, y podrían explicar la mayor mortalidad registrada con esta dieta.
Malgrat que la utilització d'alts nivells de proteïna vegetal en pinsos per a dorades en la fase d'engreixament s'ha aconseguit amb èxit en quan al creixement, aquestes dietes encara s'associen amb freqüència amb efectes negatius en l'eficiència nutricional i la capacitat immunitària. L'intestí és l'òrgan on es produeix la primera interacció entre el peix, els nutrients de la dieta i les bactèries de l'ambient, i juga un paper fonamental en la digestió dels nutrients i en la resposta inflamatòria i immune. Aquesta tesi doctoral es centra en l'impacte de diferents dietes experimentals amb un alt nivell de proteïna vegetal, i especialment, en l'avaluació de l'estat de l'intestí de les dorades d'engreixament alimentades durant un llarg període amb alts nivells de substitució de farina de peix. Els distints canvis observats a nivell intestinal es van descriure mitjançant l'ús de distintes estratègies, com l'anàlisi de la digestibilitat i la retenció dels aminoàcids, de l'excreció d'amoni i de l'activitat enzimàtica, dels canvis histològic o de l'expressió de gens relacionats amb la funció i el manteniment de l'estructura intestinal, així com tècniques òmiques per a l'anàlisi del proteoma i de la microbiota intestinal. Es van assatjar diferents nivells de substitució de farina de peix, però l'impacte de les dietes amb substitució completa, bé complementada amb subproductes d'origen marí o suplementada amb aminoàcids lliures sintètics, va rebre major atenció. La substitució completa de la farina de peix va tenir un efecte lleugerament negatiu sobre el creixement i l'eficiència digestiva i nutritiva de la dorada d'engreixament, encara que l'impacte era major quan els peixos eren alimentats des de la fase de juvenils amb aquesta dieta. La digestibilitat i el nivell de síntesis de proteïna es va veure alterada, encara que no s'observaren diferències significatives en l'activitat dels enzims digestius. No obstant, l'impacte de les fonts vegetals quan s'eliminaven per complet les fonts de proteïna marina de la dieta era especialment crític en la supervivència dels peixos. En l'intestí d'aquests peixos sols s'observaren xicotets indicis d'inflamació a nivell histològic, però també es va observar una disminució l'expressió de gens involucrats amb el procés inflamatori i la resposta immune. L'estudi de la microbiota intestinal va revelar canvis significatius en la composició, especialment a l'intestí posterior, suggerint una possible falta de capacitat de regular la resposta immunitària i de modular la colonització per part de patògens després d'un llarg període d'alimentació amb aquesta dieta. D'altra banda, l'anàlisi del proteoma de la mucosa intestinal també va mostrar un impacte clar sobre diferents processos biològics relacionats amb el manteniment de l'homeòstasi intestinal i de la integritat de l'epiteli. Per contra, no es van observar un impacte de la substitució de la farina de peix a nivell d'expressió gènica o proteoma quan s'incloïa a la dieta una font complementària de proteïna d'origen marí, encara que sí que s'observaven alguns signes d'inflamació. Per últim, es va desenvolupar un sistema ex vivo per avaluar la resposta inflamatòria i immune de la mucosa intestinal davant la presència de diferents bactèries, i es va realitzar un assaig preliminar per determinar l'efecte de la dieta sobre aquesta resposta. En resum, en aquest treball s'ha realitzat una avaluació extensa i detallada dels efectes a nivell intestinal de la inclusió d'alts nivells de fonts de proteïna vegetal a les dieta per a les dorades d'engreixament. Els resultats indiquen que les alteracions en la capacitat immunitària, l'homeòstasi i la microbiota intestinal eren observades solament quan la proteïna era exclusivament obtinguda de fonts vegetals, i podrien explicar la major mortalitat observada amb aquesta dieta.
Although the inclusion of plant protein sources at high levels in aquafeeds for on-growing gilthead seabream has been successfully achieved on gilthead seabream in terms of growth, these diets are still associated to detrimental effects in feed efficiency and immune capacity. The intestine is the organ where takes place the first interaction of the host with dietary antigen or environmental bacteria, and plays a major role in the digestion of nutrients and the inflammatory and the immune response. The present PhD thesis focus on the impact of classical formulated high plant protein diets on fish performance, but especially, on evaluation of the intestinal status in on-growing fish long-term fed with high levels of fishmeal replacement. Changes at intestinal level were characterized by using different approaches, including protein and amino acid digestibility and retention and ammonia excretion, digestive enzyme activity, histology, expression of genes related with inflammation, immunity, structure and digestion, but also using whole tissue-level techniques for the analysis of the impact on proteome and gut microbiota. Different levels of fishmeal replacement were assayed, although the impact of diets with total replacement, complemented by inclusion of alternative marine by-products or supplemented by free amino acids, received greater attention. Total fish replacement produced a negative but minor impact on the growth and nutritive and digestive performance of on-growing gilthead seabream. Nevertheless, when fish were fed from juvenile stage with plant protein based diets, a higher negative impact in growth terms was noticed. Digestibility and metabolic use of amino acids was altered, but no differences were observed in the digestive enzyme activities. Nonetheless, feeding fish with total dietary fishmeal replacement by plant protein without any marine protein source was especially critical for survival rate. In these fish, gut histological assessment only revealed minor alterations related with an inflammatory response, but gene expression assay showed a down-regulation of several genes involved in the inflammatory and immune response. Moreover, a drastic change in the microbiota composition was observed, especially at the hindgut, revealing a possible lack of capacity to regulate a defensive response and to face with pathogen colonisation after a long-term coupling with these diet. Likewise, gut mucosa proteome analysis also suggests an impact on biological processes related with the maintenance of gut homeostasis and the epithelial integrity. In contrast, total fishmeal replacement did not induce alterations at transcript or proteomic level when diet was complemented with marine ingredients, although some minor inflammatory signs were reported. On the other hand, an ex vivo system to study the inflammatory and immune response of the gut mucosa to the presence of different bacteria was developed, and a preliminary assay evaluating the impact of the diet on this response was performed. To sum up, present works represents a wide assessment at intestinal level of the effects of including plant protein sources at high levels in aqua feeds for on-growing gilthead seabream. Results indicate that alterations in the immune capacity, the gut homeostasis and the microbiota were observed when protein was exclusively provided by plant sources, and could explain the higher mortality reported with this diet.
Estruch Cucarella, G. (2018). ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF HIGH PLANT PROTEIN DIETS ON THE INTESTINAL STATUS OF THE ON-GROWING GILTHEAD SEA BREAM (Sparus aurata, L.) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113063
TESIS

We used long-term observations of grassland aboveground net plant production (ANPP, 19392016), growing seasonal advanced very-high-resolution radiometer remote sensing normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data (1982-2016), and simulations of actual evapotranspiration (1912-2016) to evaluate the impact of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on a semiarid grassland in northeastern Colorado. Because ANPP was well correlated (R-2 = 0.58) to cumulative April to July actual evapotranspiration (iAET) and cumulative growing season NDVI (iNDVI) was well correlated to iAET and ANPP (R-2 = 0.62 [quadratic model] and 0.59, respectively), we were able to quantify interactions between the long-duration (15-30 yr) PDO temperature cycles and annual-duration ENSO SST phases on ANPP. We found that during cold-phase PDOs, mean ANPP and iNDVI were lower, and the frequency of low ANPP years (drought years) was much higher, compared to warm-phase PDO years. In addition, ANPP, iNDVI, and iAET were highly variable during the cold-phase PDOs. When NINO-3 (ENSO index) values were negative, there was a higher frequency of droughts and lower frequency of wet years regardless of the PDO phase. PDO and NINO-3 anomalies reinforced each other resulting in a high frequency of above-normal iAET (52%) and low frequency of drought (20%) when both PDO and NINO-3 values were positive and the opposite pattern when both PDO and NINO-3 values were negative (24% frequency of above normal and 48% frequency of drought). Precipitation variability and subsequent ANPP dynamics in this grassland were dampened when PDO and NINO-3 SSTs had opposing signs. Thus, primary signatures of these SSTs in this semiarid grassland are (1) increased interannual variability in ANPP during cold-phase PDOs, (2) drought with low ANPP occurring in almost half of those years with negative values of PDO and NINO-3, and (3) high precipitation and ANPP common in years with positive PDO and NINO-3 values.

Atmospheric models are strongly dependent on the turbulent exchange of momentum, sensible heat and moisture (latent heat) at the surface. Oceans cover about 70% of the Earth’s surface and understanding the processes that control air-sea exchange is of great importance in order to predict weather and climate. In the atmosphere, for instance, hurricane development, cyclone intensity and track depend on these processes. Ocean waves constitute an obvious example of air-sea interaction and can cause the air-flow over sea to depend on surface conditions in uniquely different ways compared to boundary layers over land. When waves are generated by wind they are called wind sea or growing sea, and when they leave their generation area or propagate faster than the generating wind they are called swell. The air-sea exchange is mediated by turbulent eddies occurring on many different scales. Field measurements and high-resolution turbulence resolving numerical simulations have here been used to study these processes. The standard method to measure turbulent fluxes is the eddy covariance method. A spatial separation is often used between instruments when measuring scalar flux; this causes an error which was investigated for the first time over sea. The error is typically smaller over ocean than over land, possibly indicating changes in turbulence structure over sea. Established and extended analysis methods to determine the dominant scales of momentum transfer was used to interpret how reduced drag and sometimes net upward momentum flux can persist in the boundary layer indirectly affected by swell. A changed turbulence structure with increased turbulence length scales and more effective mixing was found for swell. A study, using a coupled wave-atmosphere regional climate model, gave a first indication on what impact wave mixing have on atmosphere and wave parameters. Near surface wind speed and wind gradients was affected especially for shallow boundary layers, which typically increased in height from the introduced wave-mixing. A large impact may be expected in regions of the world with predominant swell. The impact of swell waves on air-sea exchange and mixing should be taken into account to develop more reliable coupled Earth system models.

Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a influência de dois substratos na fitossanidade, na produção e na qualidade de morangos ‘San andreas’, produzidos em sistema hidropónico fechado “New Growing Systems”. O ensaio foi realizado na empresa Estufas do Vale, Lda, em Almeirim. Foi avaliada a fitossanidade, o pH e a condutividade eléctrica da solução drenada, a produção total e comercial e a qualidade dos frutos, através do peso médio por fruto, do calibre (diâmetro longitudinal e transversal) e do teor de sólidos solúveis totais. Os substratos não estavam isentos de agentes patogénicos, propagando-se rapidamente através da água por todo o sistema, afectando tanto a produção como a qualidade dos morangos. O tipo de substrato não afectou a produtividade nem a qualidade dos frutos. A produção total e comercial média foi de 292 e 185 g/planta, respectivamente. O ºBrix variou durante o ciclo, tendo apresentado valores entre 4,83 e 10,25; Abstract: Influence of the substrate on phytosanitary, production and quality of strawberries grown in a closed hydroponic systems “New Growing Systems” The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of two substrates on the phytosanitary, production and quality of ‘San andreas’ strawberries, cultivated in a closed hydroponic system – “New Growing Systems”. The test took place at the company “Estufas do Vale, Lda” in Almeirim. The phytosanitary, pH, electrical conductivity of the drained solution, total and commercial production, and fruit quality was tested by the average weight per fruit, by the caliber (longitudinal and transversal diameter) and by the content of total soluble solids. The substrates were not exempt of diseases, which quickly propagated through the water across the whole system, affecting not only the production but the quality of the strawberries as well. The type of substrate didn’t show any signs of affecting production nor fruit quality. The mean total and commercial production was of 292 g/plant and 185 g/plant, respectively. The degree Brix fluctuated during the cycle, presenting values between 4,83 and 10,25.

This study deals with the change process in an interprise of the rice growing sector, whose headquarter is located at the Artigas Department, Uruguay, in the period 1990-2007. It is a qualitative study case, based on pre-structured interviews with six directors, allowing us to describe and analyse the main strategic changes and structures undergone by the company under the view of eight key-questionings: dominant coalition formation, establishment of a view of the future, communication in the organization, formation of a team to implement the change, mobilization promotion and members participation, planning and strategies specification, capacitation and human resources development and finally definition of performance indicators. Other studies focusing on human resources and their role in conducting the change process, and also studies on operational and tactic strategic indicators, developing the instrument to measure the performance, and a study of the organizational change departing from the utilization of the performance indicators.
Este estudo trata do processo de mudança em uma empresa do setor orizícola, com sede no Departamento de Artigas, Uruguai, no período compreendido entre 1990 e 2007. Trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo, baseado em entrevista pré-estruturada com os seis principais dirigentes, permitindo descrever e analisar as principais mudanças estratégicas e estruturais sofridas pela empresa sob a ótica de oito questionamentos-chave: formação da coalizão dominante, estabelecimento da visão de futuro, comunicação na organização, formação da equipe de implementação da mudança, promoção da mobilização e participação dos colaboradores, planejamento e especificação das estratégias, capacitação e desenvolvimento dos recursos humanos e definição dos indicadores de desempenho. Recomendam-se outros estudos sob o enfoque dos recursos humanos e seu papel na condução de processo de mudança, além de estudos sobre indicadores estratégicos, desdobrando-os em operacionais e táticos, desenvolvendo o instrumento completo de medição de desempenho, bem como estudos sobre a verificação da mudança organizacional a partir da utilização de indicadores de desempenho.

This study aimed to investigate productivity, nutrient cycling and heavy metal pollution in two A. marina stands on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The mangrove stands were located at Yanbu region (northern Red Sea) and at Shuaiba region (southern Red Sea). Aboveground biomass production was estimated by developing site specific allometric equations with height and diameter at breast height as biomass predictors. Annual litterfall production was estimated over two years using litter traps and the fate of the fallen litter (i.e. accumulation under mangrove stands. removal and export to adjacent waters) was assessed by estimating standing crop leaf litter and monitoring tidal levels and crab activities. Aerial root biomass was estimated by harvesting roots within ground quadrats; fine root biomass was estimated using random coring. Nutrient cycling in the mangrove systems was assessed by litter decomposition and the release of carbon and nitrogen from the decomposing litter. In addition. the importance of mangrove derived carbon as an energy source to the aquatic animals was estimated by DC stable isotope analysis. The levels and dynamics of eight heavy metal contaminants in mangrove systems were assessed by estimating metal levels in sediment. mangrove components and in the decomposing litter. It was found that aboveground biomass was greater in Shuaiba (18.58 ha-I) than in Yanbu (10.77 t ha") (p <0.05); the overall aboveground biomass (14.77 t ha-I) was comparable to estimates reported in other locations at similar extreme environmental conditions. Both aerial and fine root biomass was greater in Shuaiba ( 23.7 t ha" and 96.4 t ha') than in Yanbu ( 10.1 t ha" and 39.1 t ha" for aerial and fine roots respectively. and overall fine roots estimate (67.8 t ha') was comparable to estimates from subtropical and hypersaline regions. Litterfall production was similar in both sites with an overall production of 3.57 t ha" / and litterfall accumulated on the forest floor rather than being exported to adjacent waters owing to low tidal ranges. No significant differences were found in litter decomposition with an overall k value of 0.0076 and half life of 91 days. The levels of carbon and nitrogen at the end of the decomposition period were higher than at the beginning (p <0.05) indicating changes in the leaf chemical composition and microbial activities. However, nitrogen levels in fresh leaves were significantly higher than in senescent leaves indicating nitrogen resorption. The mangrove derived carbon was of moderate importance to a number of crab and fish species; however, this importance was offset by the contribution of other carbon sources to the diet of these animals. Heavy metal pollution in the studied sites was low compared to other contaminated regions, however, heavy metal levels were always higher in the polluted site (Yanbu) than in the minimally exposed site (Shuaiba) indicating the need for monitoring and assessment in other similar sites on the Red Sea coast.

The objective of this study is to assess the growing role of Special Forces in modern warfare, with specific reference to the United States of America. The main question that the study seeks to address is what are the implications of the growing role of Special Forces in modern warfare? The study also seeks to ascertain why exactly this growth is occurring and whether or not this will have a bearing on the future of not only the manner in which the US conducts conflict but also global conflict as a whole. In order to address these issues the study will look at conventional and unconventional warfare and forces; the roles and missions of Special Forces and the composition of US Special Forces; the role of US Special Forces in modern warfare prior to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks; and the role of the US Special Forces in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. An analysis of conventional and unconventional warfare as concepts, as well as the forces that constitute conventional and unconventional forces was first done in order to provide some perspective into what these concepts and forces are and more specifically, what differentiates them. Specific reference was made here to the United States’ approach to warfare from the days of the American Revolution up to and including the end of the Cold War. Emphasis is placed on the growing role of US Special Forces throughout the study and this is achieved through the use of four major case studies, namely the 1991 Gulf War; Somalia (1992-1993); the Balkans (1995-2001); and the 2001 ‘Special Forces war’ in Afghanistan. The case studies that dealt with the 1991 Gulf War, Somalia and the Balkans elucidated the growing role of both unconventional warfare and specifically US Special Forces and Special Mission Units since the end of the Cold War. The case study of the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan provided the culmination of the shift from conventional to unconventional warfare and the execution of the campaign as a ‘Special Forces war.’ The study demonstrates that since the end of the Cold War in the 1990’s, unconventional warfare has increasingly become more ubiquitous and can be said to be replacing, or at least equalling in stature, conventional warfare. This has the possibility of dramatically affecting how warfare is executed both currently and more importantly, in the future. The study went on to show that unconventional warfare is not akin to conventional warfare, especially with regard to the forces needed to respond to such conflicts and that Special Forces are the forces most applicable and most effective in dealing with unconventional warfare. The study confirms that Special Forces are the solution to the growing prominence of unconventional warfare and that countries, and specifically the United States can more effectively counter the threat of unconventional warfare and unconventional forces by shifting Special Forces from a supporting component to conventional forces to a supported component. This would require a massive shift in alignment both for the United States as well as other major states’ militaries but as the study has shown, this is pertinent given that unconventional warfare and forces will most likely remain the primary threat that states and militaries will now face
Dissertation (MSS)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Political Sciences
unrestricted

We compare the health needs between children and young adults with CL/P. Patient-reported experiences about the impact of a cleft are described. A service delivery model integrating quality of life into the ICF framework is presented. Lastly, transition of care for the young adult with CL/P is highlighted.

The objectives of this work were to test different salt and sucrose concentrations in the in vitro medium and acclimatizing systems for production of strawberry stock plants. One experiment was conducted at the Breeding and Plant Propagation Laboratory and two experiments inside a screen house at the Department of Fitotecnia UFSM, from February to October, 2008. In the first experiment, sucrose 15; 30; 45 and 60g/L and salt ½; ¾ and 1 MS concentrations were compared, in a 3x4 factorial randomized experimental design, with five replications of five plantlets. Two evaluations were made, the first after plantlets were extracted from the in vitro medium and the second at the end of the acclimatizing period. In the first evaluation, the rate of survival, shoot height, number of roots, length of the bigger root and number of leaves of plantlets were determined. In the second evaluation, the same evaluations were done and also dry matter. In the second experiment, the effect of sucrose and salt concentrations on initial growth of stock plants was determined. Six plantlets of each in vitro medium of the previous experiment were used. The number of days from planting to the beginning of the stolon emission period, number of leaves and stolons, crown diameter and dry matter were determined 30 days after the acclimatizing period. In the third experiment, the acclimatizing systems made up by 128 cells polystyrene trays using organic substrate, polyethylene trays filled with sand and polyethylene trays filed with nutrient solution upon that plantlets floated were compared. The entirely randomized experimental design was used, with four replications of 10 plantlets. The rate of survival, shoot height, number of roots, length of the bigger root, number of leaves and shoot and root dry mass were determined. At the first evaluation of the first experiment, only number of leaves differed significantly, being higher in the 1 MS concentration. At the second evaluation, shoot height was higher in 1 MS, without difference from ¾ MS concentration. At the second experiment, the length of the bigger root was higher in ¾ MS, which did not differed from ½ MS. Dry mater and number of leaves of stock plants were higher by rooting plantlets in the 45 g/L sucrose and 1 MS salt concentrations. About acclimatizing systems, shoot height and number of leaves were higher in the 128 cells polystyrene trays using organic substrate while shoot and root dry matter were higher in the polyethylene trays filled with sand. It was concluded that for the clone Ivahé, the salt concentration may be reduced from 1 MS to ¾ MS and sucrose may be increased from 30 g/L to 45 g/L. About acclimatizing systems, the 128 cells polystyrene trays using organic substrate and the polyethylene trays filled with sand may be either used for acclimatizing plantlets of the Ivahé strawberry clone.
Este trabalho teve como objetivos testar diferentes concentrações de sais e de sacarose no meio de cultura e sistemas de aclimatização para a produção de mudas matrizes de morangueiro. Foi conduzido um experimento no Laboratório de Melhoramento e Propagação Vegetativa de Plantas e dois em abrigo telado, no Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, entre fevereiro e novembro de 2008. No primeiro experimento, foram comparadas as concentrações de sacarose de 15, 30, 45 e 60g/L e de sais de ½, ¾ e 1 MS, em esquema fatorial 3x4 no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições de cinco plântulas. Foram realizadas duas avaliações, uma na saída das plântulas do laboratório e outra após a aclimatização. Na primeira avaliação foi determinada a sobrevivência de plântulas, altura da parte aérea, número de raízes, comprimento da maior raiz e número de folhas. Na segunda avaliação essas determinações foram repetidas e foi também determinada a matéria seca de planta. No segundo experimento, foi determinado o efeito das concentrações de sais e sacarose no crescimento inicial das plantas matrizes. Foram utilizadas seis plântulas de cada concentração de meio empregadas no experimento anterior. Foi determinado o número de dias do transplante ao início do estolonamento, o número de folhas, número de estolões, diâmetro da coroa e matéria seca de plantas 30 dias após a aclimatização. No terceiro experimento, foram comparados os sistemas de aclimatização constituídos por bandejas alveoladas de poliestireno de 128 células com substrato orgânico, bandejas não alveoladas de polietileno com areia e bandejas não alveoladas com uma placa de poliestireno flutuante na solução nutritiva. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado foi empregado, com quatro repetições de 10 plântulas. Foi determinada a sobrevivência de plântulas, altura da parte aérea, número de raízes, comprimento da maior raiz, número de folhas e matéria seca de parte aérea e de raízes. No primeiro experimento, na primeira avaliação somente o número de folhas mostrou diferença significativa, sendo mais elevado na concentração 1 MS. Na segunda avaliação, a altura da parte aérea foi maior na concentração 1 MS, sem diferença de ¾ MS. No segundo experimento, o comprimento da maior raiz foi superior no tratamento ¾ MS, que não diferiu de ½ MS. A matéria seca e o número de folhas das plantas matrizes foram superiores quando as plântulas foram enraizadas na concentração de sacarose de 45gL e 1 MS de sais. Com relação aos sistemas de aclimatização, a altura da parte aérea e o número de folhas foram mais elevados no sistema de aclimatização em bandejas alveoladas com substrato, enquanto a matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes foram superiores no sistema de bandejas não alveoladas com areia. Concluiu-se que para o clone Ivahé, a concentração de sais pode ser reduzida de 1 MS para ¾ MS e que a concentração de sacarose pode ser aumentada de 30 g/L para 45 g/L. Quanto aos sistemas de aclimatização, as bandejas alveoladas de poliestireno com substrato orgânico e as bandejas não alveoladas de polietileno com areia podem ser empregadas para aclimatizar plântulas do clone Ivahé.

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The objective of this study to get peach seedlings without soil cultivation system, from of rootstocks cloned through minicutting. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with controlled temperature located in the Didactic Field and Experimental Plant Science Department, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel-RS), in the period from March 2010 to November 2011. Were evaluated variables relating to the rooting percentage of minicutting; the survival of minicutting after transplanting cultivation systems; height (cm); the lateral shoot number; the diameter (mm) at the base, 10 and 15cm; the foliar contents of macronutrients and micronutrients of rootstocks; the index of establishment; the lateral shoot number and the height of the cultivation of grafted Cup. The obtained results demonstrated that in article 3 the rootstock 'Capdeboscq' presented surviving 80% percentage in soilless cultivation system. The system of cultivation without soil improves the self-rooted of peach seedlings development, article 2, in relation to production in packaging. The rootstocks of Okinawa and Flordaguard cultivars, articles 1 and 3, were on average 70% of the index of establishment when grafted 'Maciel' in system of cultivation without soil. The average content of macronutrients presents similar relationship for macronutrients determined by leaf analysis, sampled in peach orchards, producing region of Pelotas. Clonal rootstocks provide greater height of scion grafted, articles 4 and 5. The system of cultivation without soil allows plants to have a rapid development, with reduction of vegetative cycle time, and reduction of the time for the obtaining of seedlings.
Objetivou-se com o presente estudo obter mudas de pessegueiro em sistema de cultivo sem solo, a partir de porta-enxertos clonados através da miniestaquia. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação com temperatura controlada e em estufa agrícola localizadas no Campo Didático e Experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel/RS), no período de março de 2010 a novembro de 2011. Foram avaliadas variáveis referentes à porcentagem de miniestacas enraizadas; a sobrevivência das miniestacas após o transplantio para os sistemas de cultivo; o comprimento (cm); o número de brotações laterais; os diâmetros (mm) na base, 10 e 15cm; o conteúdo foliar de macronutrientes e micronutrientes dos porta-enxertos; o índice de pega da enxertia; o número de brotações laterais e a comprimento da cultivar copa enxertada. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que no artigo 3 Capdeboscq‟ apresentou 80% de porcentagem de sobrevivência em sistema de cultivo sem solo. O sistema de cultivo sem solo melhora o desenvolvimento das mudas autoenraizadas de pessegueiro, artigo 2, em relação à produção em embalagens. Os porta-enxertos das cultivares Okinawa e Flordaguard, artigos 1 e 3, apresentaram em média 70% de índice de pega quando enxertado Maciel‟ em sistema de cultivo sem solo. O teor médio dos macronutrientes apresenta relação semelhante naqueles determinados pela análise foliar, em amostras colhidas em pomares de pessegueiro, da região produtora de Pelotas. Os porta-enxertos clonais proporcionam maior altura de cultivar copa enxertada, artigos 4 e 5. O sistema de cultivo sem solo permite que as plantas tenham um desenvolvimento acelerado, com diminuição do ciclo vegetativo, podendo diminuir o tempo de obtenção de mudas.

The thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper oxide films from the non-fluorinated yet liquid precursor bis(tri-n-butylphosphane)copper(I)acetylacetonate, [(ⁿBu₃P)₂Cu(acac)], and wet O₂ on Ta, TaN, Ru and SiO₂ substrates at temperatures of < 160°C is reported. Typical temperature-independent growth was observed at least up to 125°C with a growth-per-cycle of ~ 0.1 Å for the metallic substrates and an ALD window extending down to 100°C for Ru. On SiO₂ and TaN the ALD window was observed between 110 and 125°C, with saturated growth shown on TaN still at 135°C. Precursor self-decomposition in a chemical vapor deposition mode led to bi-modal growth on Ta, resulting in the parallel formation of continuous films and isolated clusters. This effect was not observed on TaN up to about 130°C and neither on Ru or SiO₂ for any processing temperature. The degree of nitridation of the tantalum nitride underlayers considerably influenced the film growth. With excellent adhesion of the ALD films on all substrates studied, the results are a promising basis for Cu seed layer ALD applicable to electrochemical Cu metallization in interconnects of ultralarge-scale integrated circuits. © 2009 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Es wird die thermische Atomlagenabscheidung (ALD) von Kupferoxidschichten, ausgehend von der unfluorierten, flüssigen Vorstufenverbindung Bis(tri-n-butylphosphan)kupfer(I)acetylacetonat, [(ⁿBu₃P)₂Cu(acac)], sowie feuchtem Sauerstoff, auf Ta-, TaN-, Ru- und SiO₂-Substraten bei Temperaturen < 160°C berichtet. Typisches temperaturunabhängiges Wachstum wurde zumindest bis 125°C beobachtet. Damit verbunden wurde für die metallischen Substrate ein Zyklenwachstum von ca. 0.1 Å erzielt sowie ein ALD-Fenster, das für Ru bis zu einer Temperatur von 100°C reicht. Auf SiO₂ und TaN wurde das ALD-Fenster zwischen 110 und 125°C beobachtet, wobei auch bei 135°C noch gesättigtes Wachstum auf TaN gezeigt werden konnte. Die selbständige Zersetzung des Precursors ähnlich der chemischen Gasphasenabscheidung führte zu einem bimodalen Schichtwachstum auf Ta, wodurch gleichzeitig geschlossene Schichten und voneinander isolierte Cluster gebildet wurden. Dieser Effekt wurde auf TaN bis zu einer Temperatur von 130°C nicht beobachtet. Ebensowenig trat er im untersuchten Temperaturbereich auf Ru oder SiO₂ auf. Der Nitrierungsgrad der TaN-Schichten beeinflusste hierbei das Schichtwachstum stark. Mit einer sehr guten Haftung der ALD-Schichten auf allen untersuchten Substratmaterialien erscheinen die Ergebnisse vielversprechend für die ALD von Kupferstartschichten, die für die elektrochemische Kupfermetallisierung in Leitbahnsystemen ultrahochintegrierter Schaltkreise anwendbar sind

Coastal upwelling is a process when cold and nutrient-rich water dynamically appears over the surface of the ocean by replacing the warm water. The oceanographers are interested to detect the upwelling regions and corresponding boundaries but to examine the whole process of upwelling they have to work manually on each image, therefore; it increases the workload. The main purpose of this application is to automatically detect the upwelling regions, monitoring environmental changes and the study of fishery resources. The Seed Expanding Clustering algorithm (SEC) (Nascimento et al., 2015) is a thresholding clustering method for automatic detection of upwelling and delineation of its fronts. The self‐tuning thresholding is derived from the clustering criterion and serves as a boundary regularizer of the growing clusters. The SEC algorithm is shown more than 80% of accuracy rate on the unsupervised automatic recognition of the phenomenon. The main contribution of this dissertation is threefold. First, the development of a sequential extraction version of the SEC algorithm with a stop condition that takes advantage of the knowledge domain to select seeds and model extracted features. Second, the development of an explosion control procedure to detect the so-called leakage problem. Third, the development of a fusion scheme of unsupervised clustering validation measures. The experimental comparison of the new iterative version of the SEC algorithm with a new developed iterative version of Adams & Bischof SRG on the unsupervised segmentation of upwelling regions on SST images from different regions of the globe show their competitiveness comparing to other conventional SRG methods.

碩士
國立東華大學
材料科學與工程學系
98
Crystals of Ga2(Se1-xTex)3 compounds with x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1 were grown by vertical Bridgman method. The crystalline phase and stoichiometry of these crystals were investigated by Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Electron probe X-ray micro-analysis (EPMA) and Raman spectroscopy had been used to study the electronic structure of these compounds. The energy band gaps of Ga2(Se1-xTex)3 were examined by thermoreflecatcne (TR) measurements, absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. X-ray diffraction patterns, Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis and Electron probe X-ray micro-analysis confirmcd that as-grown crystals are single phase. It was found that the values of lattice constants increase as the composition x of tellurium in the ternary compounds is increased. The lattice constants, (a) could be fitted by the following equations: a(x) =5.4682 + 0.44x Å. Information on the bonding in the Ga2(Se1-xTex)3 crystals were obtained by measurements of Raman spectroscopy. Composition dependencies of the energy gap for the single phase crystals were evaluated. It was found that the energy gap varied linearly with tellurium content and the values of energy gap decrease as the composition x of tellurium in the ternary compounds is increased. The energy gap, Eg could be fitted by the following equations: Eg = 1.896 – 0.754x eV.

碩士
國立東華大學
材料科學與工程學系
92
In this study, Ge(Se1-xSx)2 crystals with x = 0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1 were grown by vertical Bridgman method. The crystallinity and composition were investigated by X-Ray, SEM and EPMA. The energy band gap of crystals were examined by thermoreflectance (TR) and transmission spectra measurement. The composition dependence of crystallinity, band gap, broadening parameter for Ge(Se1-xSx)2 were discussed. The values of energy band gap (Eg) for various alloy composition (x) can be fitted by an analytical expression 【Eg(x) =2.396＋0.140x＋0.616x2】。

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
材料科學與綠色能源工程研究所在職專班
101
In this study, the corrosion behavior of thermally grown oxide film and polypyrrole coatings using cyclic voltammetry were prepared on SS 316 stainless steel are investigated in natural sea water and 0.5 M sulphuric acid solution environments. The corrosion properties of these materials are studied using a potentiodynamic polarization test. The polarization curves and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) of both thermally grown oxide film and polypyrrole coating specimens are also studied. The experimental results show that the heat-treated sample of 800℃for 30 min has better corrosion resistance than the base SS 316 in natural sea water. In 0.5 M sulphuric acid solution environment, it was found the corrosion potential of the polypyrrole-coated and heat-treated specimens shifted toward a noble potential, and a significant decrease in corrosion current density was also observed Therefore, both the thermally grown oxide film and polypyrrole coating can offer SS 316 higher corrosion resistance in 0.5 M sulphuric acid solution environment.