Tesis: "Guinea Equatorial"

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Cusack, Igor Brian. "The question of national identity in Equatorial Guinea". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297816.

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The newly independent states of Africa came into being at a time when the ideology of nationalism was universally dominant. The ruling elites, presiding over long-term economic and political decay and searching for legitimacy to preserve their power, set about nation-building through the development of various discourses, the indoctrination of schoolchildren, anthems and flag waving. The focus of this thesis is on a number of these discourses particular to Equatorial Guinea, the only Spanish-speaking state in sub-Saharan Africa. Four main themes are identified: firstly, the Hispanic inheritance has been important in the building of a national cultural identity; secondly, the likelihood of the various ethnic groups 'bonding in adversity', as a result of living through the tyranny of Macias Nguema, is explored as are the more recent commemorations of his overthrow; thirdly, those 'on the move' such as the large Equatoguinean diaspora and other travelling groups in the colony and independent state are shown to assist the national project and fourthly, a 'myth' of Bantu unity has been proposed which claims that all the ethnic groups of the state have a common origin. A national identity is being assembled, like a collage or assemblage, out of diverse materials. Finally, it is argued that the appearance of banal, everyday nationalism in written texts in Equatorial Guinea indicates that a sense of national identity may have emerged. Although the small size of the country may have assisted here this does indicate that it is possible for the state in Africa to construct a nation starting from a multi-ethnic base. There are considerable disintegrative forces working on the sub-Saharan states but the evidence presented here suggests a more optimistic outlook for the survival of these states in the next century.

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2

Okenve, Martinez Enrique Sang. "Equatorial Guinea, 1927-1979 : a new African tradition". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2007. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29238/.

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This work focuses on the history of the Fang people of Equatorial Guinea between 1927 and 1979 in an effort to shed some light on the so-called process of retraditionalization that African societies have been undergoing for the last three decades. Contrary to those views that expected that independence would consolidate the process of modernization initiated by colonialism, many African countries, including Equatorial Guinea, have seen how traditional structures have gained ground ever since. This process is often explained as a result of the so-called crisis of modernity. It is argued that, due to the instability provoked by rapid modernization and the failure of modem structures, Africans are recovering their old ways in search for solutions. This explanation, however, stands against those views that considered that colonial conquest put an end to African traditional systems. This thesis argues that, although traditions are certainly back, this is, in fact, a new phenomenon, which started with the advent of colonial conquest. This work shows how colonial structures and the changes that followed resulted in the collapse of the traditional social model. In response to such situation, a new socio-cultural tradition, rooted in the old one, took form - being the development of modem Fang identity its most salient element. Research specifically focuses on transformations in authority, religious beliefs and identity, as well as their relationship. Much emphasis is put on the historicity of the process, covering three main historical stages such as the second half of the nineteenth century, the period of colonial conquest and domination between the 1910s and 1968, and the aftermath of independence between 1968 and 1979. This work does not only examine a peculiar colonial model, the Spanish, on which very little has been written, but also an African society that the English language literature has largely ignored. In so doing, research has relied on both oral sources and documents. Interviews were conducted in Equatorial Guinea. Archival sources were examined both in Alacala de Henares (Madrid), where Spain's public records are based, and Rome, where part of the documents of the Claretian missionary order can be found.

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3

Foot, Anne. "A policy of plunder: the development and normalisation of neo-patrimonialism in Equatorial Guinea". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86299.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Equatorial Guinea has, since the mid-1990s, been an oil-rich state. With the highest GDP per capita it should be a continental leader in terms of development. Instead, it ranks in one of the worst positions on the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI). This study employs the theory of neopatrimonialism to explain why such a discrepancy in these development indicators is evident. As a result of examining the post-independence regimes in Equatorial Guinea through the theoretical lens of neo-patrimonialism it is possible to conclude that the country is afflicted by a governance curse, rather than the more narrowly defined ‘resource curse’ that has become the central explanation of the situation in the country since the discovery of oil favoured by the existing literature on the subject. Instead, this study highlights the fact that the neo-patrimonial nature of the regime in Equatorial Guinea has developed steadily over the years since independence was granted by Spain in 1968, and indeed, the seeds of this system were in fact evident during Spanish colonial control. Whilst the existing literature has focused on the role of oil in explaining the dire state that Equatorial Guinea finds itself in, this study argues that there are other central factors that need to be examined. These include: the Spanish colonial legacy that led the way for such a system to take root; the role of the first post-independence president, Macías Nguema (1968-1979) and; the regime of Obiang Nguema (1979- present). By looking at these factors in addition to the role of oil it is possible to conclude that the neo-patrimonial system in place in Equatorial Guinea has much deeper roots than the existing literature acknowledges. It is vital to examine these deeper roots in order to discover an understanding of and effective solution to the current situation. Moreover, through examining the central features and operations of the ‘predatory’ neo-patrimonial regime in Equatorial Guinea, most notably the profligate spending and evident capital flight, it is possible to acknowledge the international nature of the problem: a factor that has heretofore been neglected in the literature. A greater focus on this issue is necessary in order to understand why the regime is sustained and what prospects there can be for future regime change. The outcomes of the study suggest that a ‘predatory’ neo-patrimonial regime is the central explanation for how the political sphere operates in Equatorial Guinea. This means that there can be no distinction made between the central features of the state and the personal property of those that rule it. It is a classic, modern-day example of ‘L’État c’est moi’. As such, the Nguema family have since independence treated the state resources as their own private property to do with as they wish. This means that there has been no attention paid to the development of Equatorial Guinea as it is not in the interests of the ruling elites to do so. Instead, they utilise state resources for their own self-enrichment. Such behaviour accounts for why despite having the highest GDP per capita on the African continent, Equatorial Guinea has such a low rank in the UNDP Human Development Index. It can therefore be concluded that Equatorial Guinea is affected by a governance curse that has decimated the state since independence, rather than the popularised theory of a ‘resource curse’ which has been used in explanations since the discovery of oil in the mid-1990s. iii
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ekwatoriaal-Guinee is reeds sedert die middel negentigerjare ’n olieryke staat. Met die hoogste BBP per capita behoort dit die leier op die vasteland te wees wat ontwikkeling betref. Dit beklee egter een van die laagste plekke op die menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (HDI) van die Verenigde Nasies se Ontwikkelingsprogram (UNDP). In hierdie studie is die teorie van neopatrimonialisme gebruik in ’n poging om die teenstrydigheid in hierdie ontwikkelingsaanwysers te verklaar. Op grond van ’n ondersoek van die regimes na onafhanklikheid in Ekwatoriaal- Guinee deur die teoretiese lens van neopatrimonialisme kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat die land onder ’n regeringsvloek gebuk gaan, eerder as die eng gedefinieerde ‘hulpbronvloek’ wat die vernaamste verklaring geword het vir die situasie in die land sedert die ontdekking van olie, soos in die huidige literatuur oor die onderwerp aangevoer word. Hierdie studie beklemtoon hierteenoor die feit dat die neopatrimoniale aard van die regime in Ekwatoriaal-Guinee met verloop van tyd ontwikkel het sedert Spanje die land in 1968 onafhanklik verklaar het. Die sade van hierdie stelsel was inderwaarheid reeds sigbaar tydens Spaanse koloniale beheer. Waar die bestaande literatuur fokus op die rol van olie in die verklaring van die nypende toestand waarin Ekwatoriaal-Guinee verkeer, word in hierdie studie aangevoer dat ander kernfaktore ook ondersoek moet word. Dit sluit in die Spaanse koloniale erfenis wat die weg gebaan het vir die groei van so ’n stelsel; die rol van die eerste president na onafhanklikwording, Macias Nguema (1968–1979); en die regime van Obiang Nguema (1979 – tans). Deur hierdie faktore tesame met die rol van olie in oorweging te bring, kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat die neopatrimoniale stelsel in Ekwatoriaal-Guinee veel dieper wortels het as wat in die bestaande literatuur erken word. Die ondersoek van hierdie dieper wortels is noodsaaklik ten einde begrip van en doeltreffende oplossings vir die huidige situasie te verkry. Deur die ondersoek van die kernfaktore en -bedrywighede van die ‘roofsugtige’ neopatrimoniale regime in Ekwatoriaal-Guinee, vernaamlik die roekelose verkwistinge en sigbare kapitaaluitvloei, is dit moontlik om die internasionale aard van die probleem te identifiseer – ’n faktor wat tot op hede in die literatuur nagelaat is. Groter fokus op hierdie kwessie is nodig ten einde te begryp waarom die regime volgehou word en watter vooruitsigte daar is vir toekomstige regimeverandering. Die uitkomste van hierdie studie doen aan die hand dat ’n ‘roofsugtige’ neopatrimoniale regime inderwaarheid die vernaamste verklaring is vir die werking van die politieke sfeer in Ekwatoriaal-Guinee. Dit beteken dat geen onderskeid getref kan word tussen die kerneienskappe van die staat en die persoonlike eiendom van diegene in bewind nie. Dit is ’n klassieke, hedendaagse voorbeeld van ‘L’Etat c’est moi’. As sodanig hanteer die Nguema-familie sedert onafhanklikwording die staat se hulpbronne as hul eie private eiendom wat hulle na willekeur aanwend. Dit beteken dat geen aandag gegee word aan die ontwikkeling van Ekwatoriaal-Guinee nie, aangesien dit nie in die belange van die heersende elite is om dit te doen nie, en hulle staatshulpbronne vir selfverryking gebruik. Sodanige gedrag verklaar die land se lae posisie op die UNDP se HDI. Die gevolgtrekking kan dus gemaak word dat Ekwatoriaal-Guinee onder ’n staatsvloek ly, wat die staat sedert onafhanklikwording afmaai, eerder as die gewilde teorie van ’n ‘hulpbronvloek’.

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4

Tofiño, Quesada Iñaki. "Guinea, el delirio colonial de España". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672517.

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Aquesta obra recull els escrits que, al llarg de la història, des de les primeres referències europees del segle XIV fins al naixement de Guinea Equatorial com a estat independent, han parlat de l’illa de Fernando Poo (actual Bioko) i dels territoris del golf de Guinea que van estar sota sobirania espanyola fins al 1968; recull el discurs literari (novel·la, relat de viatges, memòries...) sobre aquest lloc com a espai colonial, escriu una història cultural; no és una història de la literatura de la Guinea espanyola, sinó una història de la literatura sobre la Guinea Espanyola. Escriure la història de la literatura escrita sobre un territori no és escriure la història de la literatura produïda en aquest territori (que és l’aproximació clàssica a les literatures nacionals, sovint mediada per la llengua en què es produeix l’obra literària, fet que provoca sovint conflictes i discussions), sinó recollir les obres que tenen com a objecte aquest territori, sense discriminar-ne cap per raó d’autoria, llengua o origen geogràfic. En fer-ho, la tesi revela un mosaic d’autors, documents i llengües que demostren que la Guinea espanyola mai no va ser realment espanyola i posa de relleu la connexió atlàntica del territori, de manera que ajuda a construir la noció de Global Hispanòfon i incorpora les cultures i experiències històriques de Guinea Equatorial a les del nord d’Àfrica i les Filipines, entre altres entitats geogràfiques, tots els territoris que van estar units sota l’imperi espanyol, particularment segons existia més enllà d’Amèrica Llatina, el Carib i la Península Ibèrica. Cada capítol inclou un resum històric del moment estudiat, una cronologia dels fets més rellevants ocorreguts a la colònia i a la metròpoli, la llista de totes les edicions i traduccions de les obres publicades en aquell moment, una lectura distant [distant reading] de les obres, una prosopografia dels seus autors i l’anàlisi en profunditat d’una selecció de textos, imatges i esdeveniments històrics que serveix per conformar l’arxiu colonial sobre la Guinea espanyola. Els annexos contenen la llista ordenada alfabèticament de tot el corpus treballat i les obres completes de tres autors pràcticament desconeguts dins de la crítica literària hispànica (José de Gardoqui, Celestino Testore i Ugo Mione). Finalment, la bibliografia inclou més de 2000 referències que es presenten com una eina de treball per a futures recerques.
Este trabajo recoge los escritos que, a lo largo de la historia, desde las primeras referencias europeas del siglo XIV hasta el nacimiento de Guinea Ecuatorial como estado independiente, se han ocupado de la isla de Fernando Poo (actual Bioko) y de los territorios del golfo de Guinea que estuvieron bajo soberanía española hasta 1968; recopila el discurso literario (novela, relato de viajes, memorias…) sobre ese lugar como espacio colonial, escribe una historia cultural; no una historia de la literatura de la Guinea española sino una historia de la literatura sobre la Guinea española. Escribir la historia de la literatura escrita sobre un territorio no es escribir la historia de la literatura producida en ese territorio (que es la aproximación clásica a las literaturas nacionales, a menudo mediada por la lengua en la que se produce la obra literaria, hecho que provoca no pocos conflictos y discusiones), sino recopilar las obras que tienen como objeto ese territorio, sin discriminar ninguna por razón de autoría, lengua u origen geográfico. Al hacerlo, la tesis revela un mosaico de autores, documentos e idiomas que prueban que la Guinea española en realidad nunca fue española del todo y pone de relieve la conexión atlántica del territorio, con lo que ayuda a construir la noción de Global Hispanophone e incorpora las culturas y experiencias históricas de Guinea Ecuatorial a las del norte de África y Filipinas, entre otras entidades geográficas, todos los territorios que alguna vez estuvieron unidos bajo el imperio español, particularmente como existía más allá de América Latina, el Caribe y la propia Península Ibérica. Cada capítulo incluye un resumen histórico del momento estudiado, una cronología de los acontecimientos más relevantes ocurridos en la colonia y en la metrópolis, la lista de todas las ediciones y traducciones de las obras publicadas en ese momento, una lectura distante [distant reading] de las obras, una prosopografía de los autores de las mismas y el análisis en profundidad de una selección de textos, imágenes y acontecimientos históricos que sirve para conformar el archivo colonial sobre la Guinea española. Los anexos recogen la lista ordenada alfabéticamente de todo el corpus trabajado y las obras completas de tres autores prácticamente desconocidos dentro de la crítica literaria hispánica (José de Gardoqui, Celestino Testore y Ugo Mione). Finalmente, la bibliografía incluye más de 2000 referencias que se presentan como herramienta de trabajo para futuras investigaciones.
This dissertation collects the writings that, throughout history, from the 14th century first European references to the birth of Equatorial Guinea as an independent state, have discussed the island of Fernando Poo (present-day Bioko) and the territories of the Gulf of Guinea which were under Spanish sovereignty until 1968; it collects literary discourse (novel, travel narratives, memoirs...) about that place as a colonial space, writes a cultural history; not a history of Spanish Guinean literature but a history of literature about Spanish Guinea. Writing the history of the literature written about a territory is not the same as writing the history of the literature produced in that territory (which is the classical approach to national literatures, often mediated by the language in which literary work are written, a fact that provokes quite a few conflicts and discussions), but to collect the works that have that territory as their object, without leaving anything out because of its authorship, its language or its geographical origin. In doing so, the thesis reveals a mosaic of authors, documents and languages that prove that Spanish Guinea was never completely Spanish and highlights the Atlantic connection of the territory, helping to build the notion of Global Hispanophone and incorporating the cultures and historical experiences of Equatorial Guinea into those of North Africa and the Philippines, among other geographical entities, all the territories that were once united under the Spanish empire, particularly as it existed beyond Latin America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula itself. Each chapter includes a historical summary of the time studied, a chronology of the most relevant events in the colony and metropolis, the list of all editions and translations of the works published at that time, a distant reading of the works, a prosopography of the authors of the works and the in-depth analysis of a selection of texts, images and historical events that serves to form the colonial archive about Spanish Guinea. The annexes contain the alphabetically ordered list of the entire working corpus and the complete works of three authors virtually unknown within Hispanic literary critique (José de Gardoqui, Celestino Testore and Ugo Mione). Finally, the bibliography includes more than 2000 references that are presented as a working tool for future research.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Teoria de la Literatura i Literatura Comparada

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5

Valenciano, i. Mañé Alba. "The Clothes of Extraversion. Circulation, Consumption and Power in Equatorial Guinea". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586183.

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This thesis is about grassroots strategies of material and political extraversion. It is an ethnography of the provisioning of clothing goods in Equatorial Guinea and it bridges the everyday lives of ordinary people with issues related to political economy and power configurations. Based on more than twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork, mainly localised at Malabo’s principal marketplace but also complementarily carried out in Spain, it describes the strategies Guineans engage with in order to generate livelihoods but also to be able to make material statements about their self-worth in a context of uncertainty and precariousness. The exploitation of off-shore oil wells in the mid-nineties has provided an injection of resources to a regime that has been able to consolidate its power and an outside-oriented economy. While the extraversion strategies of the political elite are known and described in the political economic analyses of the country’s contemporary situation, studies about how ordinary Guineans deal and engage with this extravert system, an intended contribution of this thesis, are practically non-existent. The protagonists of my ethnography are market women, who have made from clothing provisioning both their source of livelihood and also their mechanism for social inclusion and political participation. The argument begins with a historical account, showing how rentist capitalism and extraversion strategies are not a recent phenomenon related to oil exploitation but have a longer trajectory in Equatorial Guinea. This process has signified the production of specific idioms for wealth and power that are deeply gendered and that make comment upon differential access to foreign rents and goods. These understandings of wealth and power are also associated with particular ideas about space that draw upon specific substantial and imagined geographies. These geographies are reproduced in the provisioning and valuation of foreign goods, but also by keeping trading routes and networks, which I describe for the two main categories of clothing goods consumed in Equatorial Guinea. By accessing valuable geographies and managing rents, market women manage to contest gender roles, reach certain levels of public participation and generate political debates. This participation, however, is co- opted by the elite and more specifically by the first lady who, through a non-profit organisation, offers her protection to female petty traders in exchange for political support. The ethnography of the everyday of these women reveals how, by engaging with rent managing strategies and by connecting with the powerful elite market, women are able to source their households. However, their capacity to generate income, to make political claims, and to gain access to certain levels of power is limited by a hierarchy that is ultimately maintained by such extraversion strategies. The dissertation contributes to debates within economic and political anthropology surrounding rentist capitalism and extraversion, but also about markets and consumption. While it questions extraversion as totalizing theory, and as a particularity of African states and elites, it recovers it as a concept useful to explain processes of active material and political dependency.
Esta tesis presenta una etnografía del aprovisionamiento de productos textiles en Guinea Ecuatorial, vincula la vida cotidiana de la gente común con cuestiones relacionadas con la economía política y las configuraciones de poder. Basada en más de doce meses de trabajo de campo etnográfico localizado en el mercado principal de Malabo, pero también complementario en España (Madrid y Elche), describe estrategias ingeniadas por las guineanas para generar medios de vida, pero también para hacer declaraciones materiales sobre su valía personal en un contexto de incertidumbre y precariedad. La explotación de pozos petrolíferos off-shore a mediados de los noventa ha proporcionado una inyección de recursos a un régimen que ha podido consolidar su poder y una economía orientada hacia el exterior. Mientras que las estrategias de extraversión de la élite política son conocidas y descritas en los análisis político-económicos de la situación contemporánea del país, prácticamente no existen estudios sobre cómo las guineanas corrientes se relacionan con este sistema extravertido. Las protagonistas de mi etnografía son las mujeres del mercado, que han hecho de la provisión de ropa su fuente de sustento, pero también su mecanismo para la inclusión social y la participación política. El argumento comienza con un relato histórico que muestra cómo el capitalismo y las estrategias de extraversión rentistas no son un fenómeno reciente relacionado con la explotación petrolera sino que tienen una trayectoria más larga en Guinea Ecuatorial. Este recorrido histórico ha generado ideas particulares sobre el poder y la riqueza que tienen un componente de género importante y que dibujan unas geografías tanto imaginadas como sustanciales. Estas geografías se reproducen en el aprovisionamiento y valoración de mercancías extranjeras, pero también mediante el mantenimiento de rutas y redes comerciales, que describo para las dos principales categorías de artículos de prendas de vestir consumidos en Guinea Ecuatorial. Al acceder a geografías valiosas y gestionar rentas, las mujeres del mercado logran impugnar los papeles de género, alcanzar ciertos niveles de participación pública y generar debates políticos. Esta participación, sin embargo, es cooptada por la élite y más específicamente por la primera dama que, a través de una organización sin fines de lucro, ofrece su protección a las pequeñas comerciantes a cambio de apoyo político. La etnografía de la vida cotidiana de estas mujeres revela cómo al comprometerse con las estrategias de gestión de rentas y al conectarse con la poderosa élite las mujeres son capaces de abastecer a sus hogares. Sin embargo, su capacidad para generar ingresos, hacer reivindicaciones políticas y acceder a ciertas cotas de poder está limitada por una jerarquía que las estrategias de extraversión sólo ayudan a mantener. La tesis contribuye a los debates de antropología económica y política sobre el capitalismo y la extraversión rentistas, pero también sobre los mercados y el consumo. Si bien cuestiona la extraversión como teoría totalizadora y como particularidad de los estados y élites africanos, la recupera como un concepto útil para explicar los procesos de dependencia política y material.

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Kumpel, Noelle Francesca. "Incentives for sustainable hunting of bushmeat in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11266.

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Mester, Anna. "Repensar Ekomo de María Nsué Angüe : un desafío Ecuatoguineano a la hispanidad /". Connect to online version, 2009. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2009/361.pdf.

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8

Allan, Joanna Christian. "Doves of fire : women, gender and resistance in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17391/.

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My thesis focuses on indigenous women’s intersectional resistance in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea, from the onset of Spanish colonialism until the present day. Resistance has received scant academic attention and is under-theorised. The gendered aspects of resistance are even more deeply in shadow. Furthermore Spain’s former African colonies are themselves often ignored in Hispanic Studies. Taking these gaps as a starting point, I query, in this thesis, the relationship between gender and resistance to oppressive regimes. I focus on constructions of gender and how they influence both the tactics of resistance that women employ and the punishments dealt to activists. I also look at how women’s participation in resistance activities challenges hegemonic gender norms. Drawing on Spanish government colonial archives and fieldwork conducted in Equatorial Guinea, the Saharawi refugee camps in Algeria and the occupied zone of Western Sahara, and amongst the Saharawi and Equatoguinean diaspora in Europe, I argue that not only is gender central to understanding resistance to dictatorial regimes and colonialism, but also that scholars of authoritarianism must consider gender when assessing how such regimes maintain power. Secondly, I contend that globally hegemonic constructions of gender and particularly of ‘gender equality’ are essential to the international geopolitics that allow the continuation of the Obiang dictatorship in Equatorial Guinea and the Moroccan occupation of Western Sahara.

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9

Cohen, Byron. "Water and Sanitation Policy in Selected Case Studies: Equatorial Guinea, Malawi, and Mauritania". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1412.

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What are the policy-relevant factors that condition WASH sector performance in Sub-Saharan Africa? Close examination of three case study countries, Equatorial Guinea, Malawi, and Mauritania, reveals interesting insights. Delivery of WASH services is shaped to a large extent by the overall quality and structure of a country’s government. More specifically, having an excessive profusion of policy-making and policy-implementing actors can hinder WASH sector performance. Furthermore, governments may face strong incentives to invest more heavily in providing WASH services to urban areas over rural areas, and to invest more heavily in the water sub-sector than in the sanitation sub-sector. Adequate financing of WASH investment appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for performance in both the water and sanitation subsectors. Additionally, monitoring and evaluation appears to be a crucial factor in formulating and implementing effective policies. In the rural water subsector, a country’s institutional setup and technology choice can have a major impact on water source maintenance and operability.

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10

Darrigol, Adeline. "Politiques linguistiques et multiculturalisme en République de Guinée Equatoriale de la colonisation espagnole à nos jours". Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR2013/document.

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La politique linguistique se présente comme un ensemble de mesures qu’adopte un État vis-à-vis d’une ou plusieurs langues parlées sur le territoire relevant de sa souveraineté, pour en modifier le corpus ou le statut. Les politiques linguistiques répondent généralement aux impératifs d’ordre idéologique, culturel, économique ou politique. En effet, les langues et le pouvoir entretiennent des liens étroits à travers la structure de la société. Historiquement, certaines transformations politiques sont à l’origine de modifications plus ou moins importantes du statut et du cadre institutionnel de la ou des langues de la société. Le cas de la République de Guinée Équatoriale de la colonisation espagnole à nos jours, en est particulièrement illustratif. Pendant la période coloniale espagnole (1858-1968), l'espagnol était la langue unique et obligatoire de l'administration, de la justice et de l'enseignement. L'Espagne a mis en oeuvre l'idéologie monolingue assimilationniste. (....). Après l'indépendance acquise en 1968, l'espagnol est devenu la langue officielle du nouvel état et l'hispanisation s'est poursuivie...(...). De 1979 à nos jours, l'Etat équato-guinéen applique une politique linguisique qui se fonde sur des enjeux culturels, économiques et géopolitiques. elle se caractérise par le renforcement de la langue espagnole, l'attribution du statut de langues officielles au français et au portugais. Par contre les langues natives ne bénéficient d'aucun statut public. (...)
The linguistic policy is a set of measures taken by a State concerning one or many languages that are spoken in the territory placed under its sovereignty, in order to change the corpus or statute. In general, linguistic policies are based on ideological, cultural, economic and political goals. In fact, languages and power are strongly linked within the structure of the society. In the history, political factors have changed the statute and institutional framework of the society languages. The case of The Republic of Equatorial Guinea from the Spanish colonization to nowadays is particularly relevant. During the spanish colonial period (1858-1968), Spain expanded its language to the detriment of local Bantu and creole languages. The use of spanish was compulsory in administration, justice, schools....(...). The colony became independent in 1968. Spanish was official language of the new State and hispanization went on....(...). From 1979 to present day, the Equato-guinéan State is enforcing a linguistic policy based on cultural, economic and geopolitical goals.The use of Spanish is reinforced, French and Portuguese became official languages. But native languages don't have any public statute....(...)

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11

Navarro, i. Martinez Rosa Maria. "Costums i remeis ancestrals de les llevadores tradicionals fang de Guinea Equatorial. Mbie Binga". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663797.

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Las Mbie Binga o parteras tradicionales de la etnia fang de Guinea Ecuatorial, han transmitido oralmente sus conocimientos y costumbres en relación a la atención a la mujer durante el embarazo y el parto. Objetivos. Definir las costumbres ancestrales y funciones de las Mbie Binga en relación a la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres de la etnia fang. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo cualitativo etnográfico que se nutre de diversas fuentes: la observación directa durante dos años de residencia en el lugar (2011-2013), que queda reflejada en un diario de campo y soporte audiovisual; entrevistas a parteras tradicionales durante el periodo 2013-2014 (complementadas con el contenido de las entrevistas previas a otras parteras tradicionales fang, cedidas y realizadas por un Pediatra perteneciente a la Cooperación Sanitaria española en el país entre 1988-1989), y en 2014 a comadronas educadas de acuerdo con el sistema biomédico de salud; y búsqueda bibliográfica de diferentes disciplinas, complementada con el acceso a archivos y documentos privados relativos a la etapa colonial y la cooperación sanitaria española. Resultados. Se ha elaborado un listado de las costumbres de las Mbie Binga relacionadas con la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres fang, así como una descripción de los rituales femeninos relacionados con el embarazo, parto y postparto. Discusión. Del análisis de los datos recogidos se consigue realizar un detallado listado de costumbres y remedios naturales de las Mbie Binga que permite obtener un documento de incalculable valor para futuras generaciones y diferentes disciplinas de estudio.
Mbie Binga or Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA) from Equatorial Guinea fang’s ethnic group, since many years ago they transmitted orally customs related to the cure of women during the pregnancy and delivery. Objective. Define the ancestral functions and customs of Mbie Binga in relation to sexual health and reproduction of women from ethnic group fang. Methodology. Qualitative ethnographic descriptive study with main sources: Direct observation reflected in a field Diary during two years residency in the country (2011-2013) and some recordings and related photographic material. Interviews traditional midwives during the period 2013- 2014 (supplemented with the content of previous interviews with other traditional fang midwives, donated and performed by a Paediatrician belonging to the Spanish Health Cooperation in the country between 1988-1989), and midwives educate following the health biomedical model during 2014. Bibliographic search of different disciplines together with access to private sources and documents on Colonialism and Spanish sanitary cooperation. Results. It has been possible to elaborate lists about the Mbie Binga customs related to sexual and reproductive capacity of women in the ethnic group fang, as well as description of feminine rituals around the pregnancy period, delivery and post-delivery period. Discussion. From the analysis of data collected it is possible to elaborate in detail the ancestral customs and natural remedies from the Mbie Binga, allowing to obtain a source for enquiry of invaluable importance for future generations and different disciplines of study.

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12

Muñoz, Martínez Celeste. "La ley contra la costumbre. Segregación, asimilación jurídica y castigo en la Guinea española bajo el franquismo (1936-1959)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670733.

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Esta tesis doctoral ofrece una investigación innovadora sobre el período colonial franquista en la Guinea Española hasta su provincialización. Es decir, entre 1936 y 1959. El principal objetivo has sido, a través de la documentación de diferentes archivos, los cuerpos legislativos del periodo, la bibliografía y las estancias en la excolonia trazar los principios ideológicos y gubernativos del sistema de pluralismo jurídico que se implantó en la Guinea Española desde los inicios de la ocupación, su evolución y su intensificación bajo el franquismo. Para ello, la presente investigación se divide en tres grandes bloques diferenciados e interconectados. El primero, dedicado a la segregación jurídica, al modelo colonial español y, especialmente, al régimen de emancipaciones. El segundo, dividido en dos capítulos, aborda la evolución del sistema judicial y ofrece un análisis interpretativo de los sumarios del ámbito civil y penal. Por último, un tercer bloque, articulado en torno al castigo y, sobre todo, al sistema penitenciario. Asimismo, hay un cuarto apartado, quizá más sincrónico, que pretende ser un nexo entre la introducción (metodología) y el cuerpo de la tesis, dedicado al desarrollo del colonialismo territorial hasta la Guerra Civil, al propio conflicto bélico y a la institucionalización del régimen franquista, a modo de contexto y retrospectiva histórica más amplia.
This doctoral thesis offers innovative research on the Francoist colonial period in Spanish Guinea until its transformation into a Spanish province. That is, between 1936 and 1959. The main objective has been, through the documentation of different archives, the legislative bodies of the period, the bibliography and the fieldwork in Equatorial Guinea, to trace the ideological and governmental principles of the system of legal pluralism that was implanted in Spanish Guinea from the beginning of the occupation, its evolution and its intensification under the Franco regime. To this end, this research is divided into three large, differentiated and interconnected blocks. The first is devoted to legal segregation, the Spanish colonial model (direct or indirect) and, especially, the emancipation regime. The second, divided into two chapters, deals with the evolution of the judicial system and offers an interpretative analysis of the civil and criminal proceedings. Finally, a third block, articulated around punishment and, above all, the penitentiary system. Likewise, there is a fourth section, perhaps more synchronic, which aims to be a link between the introduction (methodology) and the body of the thesis, dedicated to the development of territorial colonialism until the Civil War, to the war itself and to the institutionalisation of the Franco regime, by way of context and wider historical retrospective.

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Msolo, Andile Lucky. "4D seismic analysis: discriminating between saturation and pressure changes form a data acquired Offshore Equatorial Guinea". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25501.

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4D seismic analysis is used to understand the performance of a producing oil field in order to increase production and mitigate risk. This is done by interpreting changes in water saturation and changes in effective pressure in the reservoir, which allows production to be maximized safely. In this project, I determined saturation and pressure changes in an oil field offshore Equatorial Guinea. I used Landrø's technique as a basis for the analysis, however Landrø's technique requires the presence of reservoir samples. For this project, rock samples of the reservoir were not available; this led me to modify Landrø's methodology using approximations based on well-accepted rock physics relationships. I tested this new methodology on a synthetic model, which gave encouraging results, after which it was applied to real seismic data. Pressure and saturation changes estimated in the reservoir indicate that the northern part of the reservoir experienced a decrease in pore pressure. The saturation changes over the northern part of the reservoir are not prominent. The central and southern parts of the reservoir show an increase in water saturation accompanied by an increase in pore pressure. The results are consistent with the production and injection history of this area. A comparison between saturation before production, saturation changes after production and pressure changes after production indicates an area (on the northern part of the reservoir) which shows fluid anomalies before production and does not show any production (or 4D) effects. New production wells could potentially be drilled in this area to increase production.

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14

Ellison, Mahan L. "Literary Africa: Spanish Reflections of Morocco, Western Sahara, and Equatorial Guinea in the Contemporary Novel, 1990-2010". UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hisp_etds/7.

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This dissertation analyzes the strategies that Spanish and Hispano-African authors employ when writing about Africa in the contemporary novel (1990-2010). Focusing on the former Spanish colonial territories of Morocco, Western Sahara, and Equatorial Guinea, I analyze the post-colonial literary discourse about these regions. This study examines the new ways of conceptualizing Africa that depart from an Orientalist framework as advanced by the novelists Lorenzo Silva, Concha López Sarasúa, Ramón Mayrata, María Dueñas, Fernando Gamboa, Montserrat Abumalham, Javier Reverte, Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa, and Donato Ndongo. Their works are representative of a recent trend in Spanish letters that signals a literary focus on Africa and the African Other. I examine these contemporary novels within their historical context, specifically engaging with the theoretical ideas of Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978), to determine to what extent his analysis of Orientalist discourse still holds value for a study of the Spanish novel of thirty years later. In addition, the work of theorists such as Gil Anidjar, Emmanuel Levinas, James C. Scott, Ryszard Kapuściński, Georges Van den Abbeele and Chandra Mohanty contribute to the analyses of specific works. These theorists provide a theoretical framework for my thesis that contemporary Spanish authors are writing Africa in ways that undermine and circumvent the legacy of Orientalist discourse. I seek to highlight the innovative approaches that these authors are taking towards their literary engagement with Africa. The imaginary that pertains to Africa has served an integral role in the history and creation of modern Spain, and it is illuminating to trace the influences that it continues to exert on Spanish writers. In the last thirty years, Spain’s relationship with Africa has dramatically changed through peace treaties, the independence of nations, migratory patterns, tourism, and in other substantial ways. Within this dissertation, I address these changes by focusing on literary representations of political engagement, gender issues, and travel to highlight how Africa is represented in light of these recent developments. As Spanish authors continue to engage with and to write about Africa, this study hopes to show that Orientalism is no longer a prevalent discourse in the contemporary Spanish novel.

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15

Caballero, Adelaida. "The Rebellion of the Chicken: Self-making, reality (re)writing and lateral struggles in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-263383.

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Historical sources suggest that the bad reputation of Bioko island ―a product of mixed exoticism, fear of death and allure for profit— might have started as early as the first European explorations of sub-Saharan Africa. Today, the same elements seem to have been reconfigured, producing a similar result in the Western imagination: cultural exoticization, fear of state-sponsored violence and allure for profit are as actual as ever in popular conceptions of Equatorial Guinea. A notion of ongoing terror keeps conditioning the study of the tiny African nation, resulting in media trends and academic discourses polarized by the grand themes of oil/money/corruption and human rights violations —which are highly counterproductive when trying to account for Equatoguineans’ everyday practices, mainly because the violence exerted by the state has shifted in nature. Deploying a triple theoretical framework made up by Michel de Certeau’s (1984) concepts of readers/writers/texts and strategies, Michael Jackson’s (2005) work on being, agency and intersubjectivity, as well as Bayart’s (1993) ‘politics of the belly’, this thesis explores some of the complex cultural and social-psychological strategies that urban populations in Malabo have developed in order to create, sustain and protect the integrity of their social selves while living in inherently oppressive environments. People’s means of personhood negotiation are observed through contemporary systems of beliefs, narratives and practices. I suggest that negotiations are products of, but also preconditions for, the existence of a social apparatus and the integrity of the selves moving within its discursive boundaries. Consequently, Equatoguineans’ strategies for self-making are seen as potentially responsible for reproducing a destructive status quo. This idea is further developed through the concept of lateral struggle, a form of social violence alternative to top-down flows which builds on sociality as culturally calibrated forms of symbolic interaction between selves constructed in a zero sum fashion. The dynamics of lateral struggles are illustrated through ethnographic data on what people phrase as el Guineano’s innate ‘rebelliousness’, which in turn visibilizes processes of collective self-making and the verbalization of negative national stereotypes. Possibilities for the rise of more positive types of personhood based on a habitual splitting of individual self from national other are explored. Finally, a brief assessment of how such splitting could be hindering people from collectively writing a ‘homeland’ is made.
Fuentes históricas sugieren que la mala reputación de la isla de Bioko ―producto de una mezcla de exoticismo, miedo a la muerte y deseo de ganacias económicas― pudo haber comenzado desde las primeras exploraciones europeas del África sub-sahariana. Hoy, los mismos elementos parecen haber sido reconfigurados, produciendo un resultado similar en el imaginario occidental: exotización cultural, miedo a la violencia perpetrada por el estado, y deseo de ganancias económicas dada la prominencia de su industria extractiva son elementos importantes en la concepción popular de Guinea Ecuatorial. Una noción de terror prevalente condiciona el estudio de la pequeña nación africana, lo cual resulta en tendencias mediáticas y discursos académicos polarizados por los grandes temas de petróleo/dinero/corrupción y violaciones de derechos humanos ―discursos que resultan contraproducentes a la hora de dar cuenta de las prácticas cotidianas de los Ecuatoguineanos, principalmente porque la violencia ejercida por el estado ha cambiado en lo cualitativo. Haciendo uso de un marco teórico compuesto por los conceptos de lectores/escritores/textos y estrategias desarrollados por Michel de Certeau (1984), el trabajo de Michael Jackson (2005) sobre el ser, la agencia y la intersubjetividad; así como por ‘la política del vientre’ de Bayart (1993), el presente estudio explora algunas de las complejas estrategias culturales y sociopsicológicas que las poblaciones urbanas de Malabo han desarrollado con el fin de crear, mantener y proteger la integridad de su yo social viviendo en ambientes inherentemente opresivos. Los medios utilizados por la gente para el posicionamiento de su yo social son observados mediante sistemas de creencias contemporáneos, narrativas y prácticas. La autora sugiere que dichas negociaciones son productos de, pero también condiciones para, la existencia del aparato social y la integridad de los entes culturales moviéndose dentro de sus fronteras discursivas. En consecuencia, las estrategias que los ecuatoguineanos utilizan para la formación y el mantenimiento de su yo social son consideradas potencialmente responsables de la reproducción de un status quo destructivo. Esta idea es desarrollada mediante el concepto de conflicto lateral ―una forma de violencia social alternativa a flujos ‘top-down’― basado en el principio de la socialidad como una forma culturalmente calibrada de interacción simbólica entre yoes creados como en un juego de suma cero. Las dinámicas de los conflictos laterales son ilustradas mediante material etnográfico sobre lo que la gente denomina “la rebeldía innata del Guineano”, la cual visibiliza además procesos de formación de la identidad colectiva y la verbalización de estereotipos nacionales negativos. Las posibilidades para la creación de identidades individuales más positivas basadas en una diferenciación habitual entre yo-individual y otro-nacional son exploradas. Finalmente, la autora hace un breve comentario sobre cómo dicha diferenciación podría estar impidiendo la formación colectiva de una idea de ‘patria’ en el imaginario ecuatoguineano contemporáneo.

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McLeod, Naomi. "The expression of identity in Equatorial Guinean narratives (1994 - 2007)". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2614.

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Equatorial Guinea is the only former Spanish colony in Africa south of the Sahara. Consequently, the Spanish-language literature produced by its authors has been resistant to classification in both the fields of Hispanic and African literary studies. This thesis examines a selection of contemporary narratives written between 1994 and 2007 by the following authors: José Fernando Siale Djangany, Maximiliano Nkogo Esono, Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel and Joaquín Mbomio Bacheng. My main objective in this dissertation is to identify, explain and relate the ways in which post-independence authors express identity in their respective texts. In order to accomplish this task, this thesis posits situational interactions as the key sites for identity expression. Developed from the tenets of symbolic interactionism, the syncretic theoretical model of identity views it as telescopic. It is expected that, through the examination of the chosen texts, a contribution can be made to the understanding of the way in which each author expresses identity and can therefore feed into the larger discussion of identity in Equatorial Guinean narrative.

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17

Ndong, Beka II Poliny. "Les activités transfrontalières illicites entre le Gabon, le Cameroun et la Guinée-Equatoriale. Logiques spatiales, acteurs et enjeux". Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIML013.

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Les activités transfrontalières illicites entre le Gabon, le Cameroun et la Guinée-Équatoriale sont le principal sujet abordé par cette thèse. Ces activités se définissent comme l’ensemble des activités contraires aux différentes législations nationales et internationales dont les auteurs et les impacts traversent les frontières de plusieurs États. Cette thèse est donc un questionnement sur les pratiques de contournement et de transgression de la loi à travers une analyse sur les flux illégaux de personnes et de marchandises. Pratique nouvelle au triangle frontalier Gabon/Cameroun/Guinée-Équatoriale, les activités transfrontalières illicites sont l’œuvre d’une population frontalière composée de trois acteurs distincts (population locale, gardes-frontières et transporteur terrestre) dont le point commun est d’être lié à la frontière par leur lieu de résidence et/ou d’origine et aussi par leur activité professionnelle. Mon analyse montre que la pratique des activités transfrontalières illicites obéit à deux logiques : survie économique (pour le cas de la population locale) et ascension sociale (dans le cas particulier des agents étatiques et des transporteurs terrestres). Eu égard à ces logiques, la principale hypothèse de cette thèse est que la frontière – au-delà d’être une limite interétatique et en raison des différentiels qu’elle induit – est un outil de spéculation permettant de tirer des bénéfices pécuniaires. Par conséquent, l’objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer que la transgression de la frontière permet à la population frontalière de se procurer des ressources financières afin de soit faire face à la précarité économique ou au contraire d’asseoir socialement sa notoriété
Illegal border activity between Gabon, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea are the main topic of this thesis. These activities are defined as all activities contrary to various national and international legislation which authors and impacts across borders of several states. This thesis is a questioning of circumvention practices and lawlessness through an analysis on the illegal flow of people and goods. new practice at the border triangle Gabon/Cameroon/Equatorial Guinea, illicit cross-border activities are the work of a border population composed of three distinct stakeholders (local population, border guards and ground transportation) in common which is to be linked to the frontier by their place of residence and/or origin and by their professional activity. My analysis shows that the practice of illegal border activity follows two logics : economic survival (for the case of the local population) and social advancement (in the case of state agents and land carriers). Given this logic, the main hypothesis of this thesis is that the boundary - beyond being an interstate limit and because it induces differential - is a speculation tool to draw pecuniary profits. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to show that the transgression of the border allows the border population to obtain financial resources to be facing economic insecurity or otherwise socially establish its reputation

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18

Mustapha, Mabintu. "The vectors of onchocersiasis and its control in two isolated foci in equatorial Guinea and Malawi : with special reference to the taxonomy of Simuliidae in the Gulf of Guinea". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435561.

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19

Edge, Russ. "Rifting of the Guinea Margin in the Equatorial Atlantic from 112 to 84 MA: Implications of Paleo-Reconstructions for Structure and Sea-Surface Circulation". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321395.

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The Guinea Plateau is a shallow-marine, flat-lying bathymetric province situated along the equatorial West African margin, offshore Republic of Guinea. The Guinea Plateau and the conjugate Demerara Plateau hold particular geologic significance, as they represent the final point of separation between the African and South American continents during Gondwana break-up. Recent interpretation of both 2-D and 3-D seismic surveys along the Guinean margin have illuminated subsurface features related to Early Cretaceous crustal extension. Seismic structural investigations on these datasets suggest that the majority of extension is accommodated along large-scale listric normal faults located on a relatively narrow (<50 km) continental slope (up to ~39% extension). Minimal faulting reveals that little upper-crustal extension has occurred on the Guinea Plateau. Additionally, multiple 2-D seismic profiles image the transition from continental crust on the plateau and slope, to oceanic crust in the deeper marine basin. This continent-ocean boundary is the most representative boundary when testing the accuracy of plate reconstructions. Mapping of both the continent-ocean boundary and fracture zones across the equatorial Atlantic suggests that the Demerara Plateau and the South American plate are too far south in previous pre-rift reconstructions. A revised model introduces 20 km of Early Cretaceous NNW-oriented contraction across the Amazon Basin; an area of relative weakness where both geologic and geophysical data support such accommodation. Sea-surface flow models, which used this revised reconstruction and interpreted paleo-bathymetric data, predict upwelling throughout the newly formed equatorial seaway, and later along the West African margin during periods of regional organic-rich black shale deposition. With reduced decomposition of organic matter strongly correlated to upwelling, being able to predict these zones is of particular significance to petroleum companies, who have recently started exploring both the equatorial South American and West African coastlines.

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20

Kirkland, David Andrew. "The influence of syn-rift structural segmentation over the post-rift geological evolution of the equatorial Gulf of Guinea rifted continental margin". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343853.

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21

Kirkland, David Andrew. "The influence of syn-rift structural segmentation over the post-rift geological evolution of the equatorial Gulf of Guinea rifted contenental margin". Online version, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.343853.

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22

Bezděk, Martin. "Ekonomické, politické a společenské dopady exportu ropy ve vybraných zemích se zaměřením na Venezuelu". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18061.

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This thesis is focused on the influence of money, that comes from oil export, on economy, politics and society of selected oil exporting countries: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Norway, Ira nand Equatorial Guinea. The first part characterizes oil, its extraction, reserves, flows, and consumption . The influence of oil on economy, politics and society is explained on the example of Venezuela in the second chapter. In the third part the effects in the other countries are compared. The key question is: Is the oil wealth advantage or disadvantage for the country?

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23

Struwig, Sybrand Johannes. "A comparative study of income tax legislation for foreign oil and gas companies investing in Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26424.

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The oil and natural gas industry worldwide has become one of the most important commodities due to its value in use and dependency in our modern lifestyle. Countries with rich oil and natural gas reserves has shown to exploit these resources to the country's economic benefit. South Africa has in the past not been part of the big oil and natural gas producing countries of the world. But recent discoveries of possible shale gas reserves in the Karoo Basin attracted interest by foreign oil and gas companies with the potential that South Africa has as an oil and natural gas producing country. The purpose of this study is to compare the South African income tax law and regulations with that of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, which arguable can be seen as one of the world's big oil and natural gas producing countries. The study firstly develops an understanding of each of the two countries' oil and natural gas industries and thereafter compares the two countries income tax laws, the income tax system and collection method of the income tax revenues. The study then concludes on the status of the South African income tax regime in comparison to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea's income tax regime. The introduction of the Tenth Schedule to the South African Income Tax Act (58/1962) has brought the income tax laws in South Africa in line with international practice. Consideration should be given to broadening the income tax revenue collection methods in order to broaden the tax base for South Africa. AFRIKAANS : Die olie en natuurlike gas industrie wêreldwyd het een van die mees belangrike kommoditeite geword as gevolg van die waarde en afhanklikheid wat dit het vir ons moderne leefstyl. Lande met ryk olie en natuurlike gas reserwes het bewys dat die gebruik daarvan tot voordeel van 'n land se ekonomiese groei kan lei. Suid-Afrika het in die verlede nie as een van die wêreld se reuse in olie en natuurlike gas produksie getel nie. Maar met die onlangse ontdekking van moontlike skalie gas reserwes in die Karoo Kom het belangstelling van buitelandse olie en gas maatskappye gelok in die potensiaal wat Suid-Afrika het om 'n olie en natuurlike gas produserende land te wees. Die doel van die studie is om 'n vergelyking te tref tussen Suid-Afrika se inkomste belasting wette en regulasies met die van die Republiek van Equatoriaal Guinea, wat gesien kan word as een van die reuse van die wêreld as dit kom by olie en natuurlike gas produserende lande. Die studie skets eerstens 'n agtergrond van die twee lande se olie en natuurlike gas industrieë en daarna vergelyk die studie die twee lande se inkomste belasting wette, die inkomste belasting stelsels en invorderings metodes van die inkomste belasting. Die studie kom dan tot 'n gevolgtrekking oor die status van die Suid-Afrikaanse inkomste belasting omgewing teenoor die Republiek van Equatoriaal Guinea se inkomste belasting omgewing. Die bekendstelling van die Tiende Skedule tot die Inkomste Belasting Wet (58/1962) het die Suid-Afrikaanse inkomste belasting wet in lyn gebring met internasionale inkomste belasinvorderings metodes van die inkomste belasting te verbreed om sodoende die belastingbasis te vergroot.ting wette. Oorweging moet geskenk word aan die invorderings metodes van die inkomste belasting te verbreed om sodoende die belastingbasis te vergroot.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
unrestricted

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24

Rizzati, Valentina. "The development stories of equatorial Guinea and Botswana : a game theory model of how public-private partnerships can turn resources from a curse into a blessing". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80684.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-116).
The growth acceleration episodes characterizing Botswana and Equatorial Guinea were based on the respective discoveries of diamonds and oil. However, while Botswana, already characterized by inclusive and democratic institutions, succeeded in transferring much of the benefits deriving from the natural resource to society, Equatorial Guinea's corrupt government retained all the oil-generated wealth and prevented the population's standard of living from improving at a pace proportional to the country's growth. The two countries also differ in terms of their vulnerability to the "resource curse" phenomenon, due to their unequal level of economic diversification both within the major natural resource sector and across several industries. This Thesis firstly adopts a deep analytical approach to compare the two countries' development records and to understand the discrepancy in the quality of the two growth acceleration episodes. The second main contribution of this study consists in the analysis of the potential benefits resulting from the implementation of Public-Private Partnerships in the developing world. The methodology applied in the last section derives from Game Theory, a branch of Economics increasingly adopted in applications to real-world circumstances. In this specific case, the results of this coordination exercise between public and private parties will present very different implications for a democratic country as Botswana and for a corrupt one as Equatorial Guinea.
by Valentina Rizzati.
S.M.

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25

Edzodzomo, Ondo Hubert. "Les représentations de la femme dans "Ekomo" (1985) de Maria Nsue Angüe et "Hija de la Fortuna" (1998) de Isabel Allende". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR2002/document.

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Cette thèse se propose d’examiner les représentations de la femme dans Ekomo (1985) de María Nsue Angüe et Hija de la fortuna (1998) d’Isabel Allende. Dans l’un comme dans l’autre texte, la femme est marginalisée en tant que fille, mère et épouse. Dans Ekomo, María Nsue Angüe soutient que cette situation perdure depuis la fondation des tribus fang par l’ancêtre, Afrikara. Une période durant laquelle, la femme s’illustrait tantôt par sa traîtrise, tantôt par sa sorcellerie. L’enseignement de la généalogie des tribus destiné aux jeunes hommes, conforte cette idée. Ainsi, alors que les jeunes hommes sont préparés pour dominer, les jeunes filles de leur côté, sont éduquées pour obéir et se soumettre. Une image de paria dont la femme tant dans Hija de la fortuna que dans Ekomo ne parvient que rarement à défaire. Cependant, deux événements vont accélérer la prise de conscience des femmes de cette marginalisation et favoriser leur libération. D’abord le contact de la tradition fang avec la culture occidentale et l’école en particulier et, ensuite le voyage ou l’éloignement de la femme de la famille. Chez María Nsue Angüe tout comme chez Isabel Allende, la libération de la femme suscite des interrogations tant leurs propositions paraissent inappropriées
The aim of this thesis is to consider women representations in the books Ekomo (1985) and Hija de la fortuna, respectively written by María Nsue Angüe and Isabel Allende. In both books, women are marginalized. In Ekomo, María Nsue Angüe states that the situation has not been changing since the Fang tribe foundation by the ancestor, Afrikara. During this period women were renowned for treachery and witchcraft. The genealogical teachings given to boys, venerate the male ancestors and dishonor females. Therefore, while boys are trained to dominate and to carry out noble tasks, girls are educated to obey and to be obsequious. Women rarely manage to get rid of this ancestral and historic pariah image in Hija de la fortuna and Ekomo. Two events will accelerate women's awareness of their marginalization and will help them to get free. Firstly, the contact between the Fang tradition and the European culture and particularly school and then the journey and the estrangement of women from their family. With both María Nsue Angüe and Isabel Allende, women freedom gives rise to so many questions because their statements are inappropriate

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26

Grollemund, Rebecca. "Comparaison de différentes méthodes de classification : application aux langues bantu du nord-ouest". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20055.

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Ce travail de thèse propose une étude des nouvelles méthodes de classification, dites phylogénétiques, empruntées à la biologie dans le but de proposer une nouvelle classification linguistique. Les langues étudiées appartiennent à la famille « bantu », présentes au sein de la famille linguistique Niger-Congo, parlée en Afrique. De nombreux travaux ont été établis sur les langues bantu, montrant ainsi la complexité de cette famille linguistique. Notre étude se spécialise sur la zone « Nord-Ouest », qui comprend les pays suivants : Cameroun, Guinée Équatoriale, Gabon, Congo et République Démocratique du Congo. Ce travail présente une nouvelle classification de ces langues à travers l’étude du lexique. Nous avons ainsi constitué une base de données de 100 mots appartenant au vocabulaire de base pour les 207 langues retenues. Plusieurs arbres ont été générés par l’application des algorithmes Neighbor-Joining (Saitou et Nei, 1987) et Neighbor-Net (Bryant et Moulton, 2004). L’étude de la classification des langues du Nord-Ouest a permis de mieux comprendre les relations de proximité linguistiques qui existent entre les langues parlées dans cette région. De même, l’analyse de la classification a permis de proposer un schéma de migrations des langues bantu
This dissertation is presenting a linguistic classification based on phylogenetic methods borrowed from biology. The sample of languages considered here belongs to the Bantu family, a linguistic sub branch of Niger-Congo languages spoken in Africa. Numerous publications have shown a complexity and the diversity of Bantu languages. Our study focus on the North-West region which includes the following countries: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo. This new classification is based on the comparison of lexical items. We have organized a database including 100 words from the basic vocabulary for 207 languages. Several tree representations were obtained by using Neighbor-Joining (Saitou and Nei, 1987) and Neighbor-Net (Bryant and Moulton, 2004) algorithms.This study allows us to get a better understanding of the linguistic proximity of these languages. It also provides a historical scenario for Bantu migrations

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27

Ribas, Marie-Pierre. "Projet de réhabilitation du service des urgences de l'hôpital régional de Malabo (Guinée Equatoriale)". Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2M110.

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Cheucle, Marion. "Étude comparative des langues makaa-njem (bantu A80) : Phonologie, morphologie, lexique : Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20071/document.

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La présente thèse propose une étude comparative des langues bantu A80 (aussi appelées « makaa-njem »). Celle-ci répond à un double objectif : proposer une synthèse des connaissances linguistiques (et des disciplines connexes) sur les langues du groupe A80, en apportant des données et analyses nouvelles pour le bekwel du Gabon, d’une part et présenter les résultats d’une étude comparative sur deux niveaux – synchronique et diachronique – d’autre part. La comparaison prend en compte huit langues A80 : le shiwa, le kwasio, le bekol, le makaa, le konzime, le njem, le bekwel et le mpiemo. Cette étude comparative adopte en premier lieu une perspective synchronique (correspondances « horizontales ») pour ensuite aborder les données sous un angle diachronique (correspondances « verticales », reconstructions et réflexes). Elle porte sur la phonologie et plus marginalement sur la morphologie nominale et verbale. L’étude se base également sur un lexique de 1029 cognats établis à partir de données de premières mains pour le bekwel et de données issues de la littérature spécialisée pour les autres langues. Les données ont été traitées à l’aide des outils du site du projet RefLex. La première partie de la thèse constitue une synthèse globale des connaissances sur les langues A80 et sur le bekwel en particulier. La deuxième partie présente le corpus (modalités de constitution, puis nature, provenance et traitement des données) et une série d’esquisses phonologiques (et morphologiques) synthétiques pour les huit langues élaborées sur la base des données collectées et/ou rassemblées. La troisième et dernière partie présente les résultats de l’étude comparative. Celle-ci met en lumière les processus morphologiques et phonologiques qui ont façonné les langues du groupe makaa-njem au cours de leur évolution. Au niveau morphologique, on relève une simplification du système des classes nominales (due à l’intégration de plusieurs anciens préfixes aux bases démultipliant le nombre de préfixe zéro), de nombreux cas de reclassement, le rôle d’anciens préfixes nasals dans le dévoisement des occlusives en initiale de base nominale ainsi que l’émergence de mi-voisées en bekwel. Au niveau de la phonologie, on observe une tendance au monosyllabisme plus ou moins avancé selon les langues. Celle-ci s’explique par l’étude diachronique qui met en évidence que les langues A80 ont souvent subi la chute de la voyelle finale (V2) ou parfois même de la syllabe finale. La voyelle initialement en V2 est généralement maintenue d’une manière ou d’une autre par des anticipations qui peuvent prendre plusieurs formes : diphtongaisons, séquences V11-V12 (parfois avec dévocalisation de V11), nouveaux timbres par coalescence, etc. Enfin, la conclusion de la thèse récapitule les principaux résultats concernant la morphologie, la phonologie et le lexique, et montre comment ces résultats pourront être utiles pour l’analyse et la description (futures) des langues A80
This thesis presents a comparative study of the Bantu languages of the A80 group (also known as Makaa-Njem). The goal of the thesis is two-fold: (i) offer a synthesis of the state of knowledge in linguistics (and related disciplines) about the languages of the Bantu A80 group by adding new data and analysis for the Bekwel language of Gabon ; (ii) present the results of a comparative study at the synchronic and diachronic levels. The comparative study includes eight A80 languages: Shiwa, Kwasio, Bekol, Makaa, Konzime, Njem, Bekwel and Mpiemo. The study adopts in the first place a synchronic perspective ("horizontal" correspondences) then approaches the same data from a diachronic point of view ("vertical" correspondences, reconstructions and reflexes), focusing mainly on phonology, and to a lesser extent, on nominal and verbal morphology. It is based on a 1029 cognate lexicon established on the basis of first-hand data for Bekwel and published data for the other languages. Data was processed using the online tools of the RefLex project.The first part of the thesis establishes a general summary of the knowledge on the Bantu A80 languages and on Bekwel in particular. The second part presents the corpus (gathering methods then nature of the data, sources and processing) and a series of concise phonological (and morphological) sketches for all eight languages constituted on the basis of the collected and/or compiled data. The third and final part presents the results of the comparative study. It brings into light the morphological and phonological processes that have shaped the languages of the Makaa-Njem group through their evolution. At the morphological level, it reveals a process of simplification of the noun class system (due to the assimilation of old prefixes into the stems leading to an increase in the number of zero prefixes), numerous cases of re-classification and the role of old nasal prefixes in occlusive devoicing stem initially as well as the mergence of semi-voiced consonants in Bekwel. At the phonological level, a tendency to monosyllabicity can be observed, at a greater or lesser extent depending on the language. This finds an explanation in the diachronic analysis that shows that the languages of the A80 group often were subject to final vowel dropping (V2), in some cases even the whole final syllable. The vowel originally in V2 is generally preserved thanks to anticipations of various types: emergence of diphthongs, V11-V12 sequences (sometimes including devocalization of V11), new vowel quality by fusion, etc. Finally, the conclusion of the thesis summarizes the main results with regards to morphology, phonology and the lexicon, illustrating how these results will be useful for (future) analyses and descriptions of languages of the A80 group

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29

Nguema, Engo Paul. "Une économie régionale transfrontalière : Gabon-Cameroun-Guinée Equatoriale". Bordeaux 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR30065.

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Le present travail se rapporte au theme general de la geographie des frontieres. Il pose la problematique de la region transfrontaliere gabon, cameroun, guinee equatoriale confrontee aux imperatifs de developpement economique et social d'afrique centrale et des pays qui la composent. Il traite en deux principaux points de la nature et la maniere dont fonctionne une sorte d'economie qui se developpe en dehors des decoupages administratifs tout en subissant plus ou moins leurs contraintes. Le premier point consiste en la mise en evidence des fondements de cette economie. Il analyse ainsi les elements allant des supports aux complementarites et disparites economiques en passant par les ressources propres a la region transfrontaliere. Le deuxieme point est consacre a sa dynamique. Il prend en compte les structures ainsi que les acteurs qui determinent le fonctionnement proprement dit de cette economie. Le second point inclut aussi les impacts de la zone transfrontaliere sur la region. Basees sur ces principaux points, les analyses revelent que cette economie n'est pas "solide", mais plutot fragile, car tributaire des situations politiques et economiques relatives non pas aux regions frontalieres, mais plutot aux etats concernes. Elle presente un systeme de fonctionnement non harmonieux mais dualiste. C'est ainsi qu'au plan socio-culturel, elle avantage l'ensemble de la region, alors que dans le domaine socio-economique, elle profite surtout aux allogenes et aux etrangers qu'aux populations autochtones
The present work relates to the general topic of border geography. It exposes the problems of the crossborder region between gabon, cameroon and equatorial guinea confronted with requirements for economic and social development in central africa and the countries involved. It discusses in two main points the nature and the way how a certain kind of economy operates, which evolves outside the administrative divisions but is more or less subject to their constraints. The first point consists of highlighting the fundamentals of this economy. Elements are analysed, ranging from basic data to complmentarities and economical disparities, through resources pertaining to the crossborder region. The second point relates to its dynamics. It takes into account the structures as well as the actors which determine the actual functioning of that economy. The second point further includes crossborder impact on that region. Based on those main points, the analyses reveal that this economy is not "strong" but rather fragile but dependent on the political and economic situations not relating to the border regions but rather to the states concerned. A dual functioning system is exhibited which lacks harmony. As regards to the sociocultural aspect, the whole region benefits from it, whereas in the socio-economic field, non-native and foreign populations are more specially favoured than true natives

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30

Kamsu, Tamo Pierre Honoré. "Analyse de la variabilité atmosphérique à l'échelle intrasaisonnière et de sa prévisibilité au dessus de la côte guinéenne et de l'Afrique Centrale". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066401/document.

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Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre de la documentation de la variabilité intrasaisonnière atmosphérique et l'analyse de la prévisibilité sur les régions Afrique Centrale et Golfe de Guinée. Elle porte sur les saisons de l'année pour lesquelles la ZCIT est au dessus de l'équateur. Des travaux menés distinctement sur les mois de Mars à Juin et de Septembre à Novembre, il ressort que les activités convective et pluvieuse au cours de ces saisons sont régies par trois modes principaux de variabilité assez proches. Au cours de ces deux saisons, les systèmes individuels générateurs de pluie se déplacent d'est en ouest, et leur activité est régulée par des enveloppes convectives se déplaçant vers l'est. Des analyses spécifiques ont mis en lumière la forte empreinte de signaux équatoriaux de type onde de Kelvin se propageant vers l'est et dont les phases régulent l'organisation des systèmes convectifs. L'impact relatif d'ondes équatoriales se propageant vers l'ouest (Rossby en particulier) et celui d'advections de masses d'air méditerranéennes n'est pas à négliger, d'autant plus qu'elles sont susceptibles d'interagir avec les ondes de Kelvin, et donc de moduler les phases de l'activité convective. Les forçages externes ainsi identités constituent des sources potentielles de prévisibilité pour les modes intrasaisonniers mis en évidence. Utilisant les données de la base multi-modèle TIGGE, l'analyse de la prévisibilité de chacun des modes principaux de variabilité est réalisée. Se focalisant sur les phases spécifiques de ces modes, les scores obtenus augurent une prévisibilité au delà de 10 jours surtout pour des prévisions initialisées lorsque les principales sources sont actives
In this study we document the intraseasonal variability of the tropical convection and its predictability during the rainy season over the Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. Here, our study mainly focuses on seasons of the year for which the ITCZ is north of the equator. Based separate studies carried out on March to June and September to November seasons, we are able to identify three main modes of variability that modulate tropical convection and rainfall in West and Central Africa. During these two seasons, while individual rain-producing systems move westward, their activity is highly modulated by eastward propagating subregional and regional scale systems. Results of detailed analysis indicate the coupling between tropical convection and equatorial Kelvin wave in the region. The phases of these eastward propagating signals play an important role by regulating the organization of convective systems. Moreover, the role played by westward propagating signals (Rossby wave in particular) and Mediterranean air intrusion needs to be taken into account. These systems by interacting with Kelvin wave, may modulate the phases of convective activity in the region. Therefore, external forcing associated with these systems can be useful to the predictability of the intraseasonal modes the region. A multi model diagnostic study is performed using data available from the TIGGE project in order to evaluate the predictability of each of the main modes of variability. For a typical phase of these modes, there seems to be a statistically signiﬁcant skill associated with predictability of beyond 10 days, especially for predictions initiated from active main sources

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31

Martino, Enrique. "Touts and Despots". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18517.

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Diese Dissertation folgt Fernando Pó Arbeitskraftanwerbern wohin sie auch gingen dort, wo sie zwischen den 1860er und 1920er Jahren den gesamten Golf von Guinea überquerten und hauptsächlich Kru von Liberien und Fang von Rio Muni, Kamerun und Gabon anwarben; und dort, wo sie ab den 1930er bis 1960er Jahren vor allem um die Bucht von Biafra eine noch nie dagewesene Anzahl an Vertragsarbeitern, vor allem Igbos und Ibibios aus dem südöstlichen Nigeria auf die florierenden Kakaoplantagen der Insel brachten. Die Anwerber tauchten vornehmlich als eine Modalität auf, die ich als ‘tout’ beschreibe und theoretisiere. Diese operierten fast ausschließlich mittels eines Exzesses an Sprache und Geld mittels Täuschung und informellen Vorschüssen. Zwar agierten sie ‘außerhalb’ des Rechts, doch erlaubte genau die Vertragsform von Fernando Pó, die langfristig und unwiderruflich zur Arbeit zwang, den Anwerbern die Ausübung ihrer Techniken. Eine Reihe an unerlaubten Verdrehungen wurden geschaffen und durchgereicht: Quasi-Versklavung durch Täuschung in Form von Kidnapping, Quasi-Schuldknechtschaft mittels informellen Lohnvorschüssen, die die Verträge ermöglichten sowie die grenz- und Arbeitsort überschreitende Migration einer relativ freien, allerdings flüchtigen Arbeitskraft. Der anhaltende Blick auf die ambivalenten Praktiken der Anwerber legt eine Reihe an Nebeneinandern von ‚frei’ und ‚unfrei’ offen, was kreative Potentiale für deren Intensivierung und Auflösung schuf, und über einzelne Punkten entlang eines Spektrums der freien-unfreien Arbeit hinausgeht.
This dissertation follows Fernando Pó’s labour recruiters wherever they went— between the 1860s and 1920s recruiters traversed the entirety of the Gulf of Guinea and enlisted mostly Kru from Liberia and Fang from Rio Muni, Cameroon and Gabon; between the 1930s to 1960s they gathered particularly around the Bight of Biafra and brought an unprecedented number of contract workers into the island’s booming cacao plantations, mostly Igbos and Ibibios from south-eastern Nigeria. Recruiters tended to appear in a modality that I will describe and theorize as ‘touts’. They operated almost exclusively with an excess of language and money—deceit and informal advances. They operated ‘outside’ the law and the regulated, yet it was only the shape of the contract on Fernando Pó—forced, long and irrevocable—that allowed recruiters to deploy their techniques. Recruiters created and relayed a series of wholly impermissible twists: quasi-enslavement through fraud that was a form of kidnapping, quasi-debt bondage with informal wage advances enabled by the contracts, and even a movement of really quite free but fugitive labour across borders and work-sites. A sustained attention on the ambivalent practices of recruiters reveal a series of juxtapositions of free and unfree that produced creative potentials for intensification and unravelling, rather than single points along a ‘free-unfree’ labour spectrum.

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32

Osubita, Asam Juan. "Les fang et les bubi devant la mort. Rituels funeraires de deux ethnies de la guinee equatoriale". Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA070008.

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La these les fang et les bubi devant la mort. Rituels funeraires de deux ethnies de la guinee equatoriale se propose de demontrer que les representations, la signification et la valeur profonde que les ethnies fang et bubi se donnent de la mort sont similaires. La mort est envisagee essentiellement par ces deux ethnies comme une metamorphose qualitative de la personne, laquelle implique sa promotion ontologique et sociale : c'est le passage d'un statut humain inferieur a un autre superieur. Ce qui rend possible, efficient et efficace cette transformation symbolique et spirituelle, c'est le rite, un acte eminemment social qui est constamment mis en exercice que vit tout homme au cours de son existence; il profite a la societe entiere qui reclame de nouveaux membres et des energies positives toujours renouvelees pour leur plein epanouissement et celui de l'univers tout entier
The thesis is intitled the fang and the bubi in front of death. Funeral rituals of two ethnics groups of equatorial guinea. The aim is to prove that the fang and the bubi have the same representations, meaning and profound value of dath. Death is basically considered by these two ethnic groups as a qualitative metamorphosis of the person. The metamorphosis implies an ontological and social promotion : it's the transition from an inferior human status to a super ior one. The ritual makes this symbolic and spiritual tansformation possible and efficient it's an eminently social act which is put into practice by the studied groups to mark the steps of the dynamic processes that every human being knows during his existence. Ritual is profitable to the whole society who asks for new members and for positive energies always renewed for their complete blossoming and the one of the entire society

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33

Benvenutti, Carlos Felipe [UNESP]. "Estudo da porção offshore da bacia do Benin e o seu potencial no armazenamento de hidrocarbonetos, margem equatorial africana". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92925.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 benvenutti_cf_me_rcla.pdf: 5702564 bytes, checksum: 3468aeafad128f8380c10b5ae674509f (MD5)
A presente pesquisa conta com uma área de estudo de 7.737 km2 na porção ojJshore da Bacia do Benin, localizada na Província do Golfo da Guiné, Margem Equatorial Africana, onde a lâmina da água varia de 100 a mais de 3.200 m, cobrindo basicamente o talude. Dados ísmicos 3D e 2D foram disponibilizados pela Compagnie Béninoise des Hydrocarbures(CBH SARL) para interpretação dos mesmos com o objetivo de caracterizar o arcabouço estrutural e estratigráfico da região, assim como avaliar o potencial do armazenamento de hidrocarboneto. Foi necessário o mapeamento dos horizontes sísmicos, a elaboração de mapas de contorno estrutural, de atributos sísmicos e de isópacas. A Bacia do Benin encontra-se entre as zonas de fratura de Romanche e Chain, correlata à Bacia do Ceará na Margem Equatorial Brasileira. Sua evolução tectono-sedimentar está condicionada à ruptura do Gondwana no Cretáceo Inferior, predominando estruturas da fase rifte relacionadas à distensão e transcorrência, a influência da transpressão é muito significativa no Cretáceo Superior. Destaca-se também uma tectônica gravitacional marcada por falhamentos dos níveis estratigráficos cenozóicos. A coluna sedimentar é representada por uma seção rifte continental limitada pela discordância do Meso-Albiano e outra pós-rifte marinha, do Albiano Superior ao Recente; sendo esta subdividida pela discordância do Oligoceno relacionada a uma queda eustática. A sedimentação está controlada pelo strends NE-SW e ENE-WSW, incluindo os canais submarinos. Os principais altos estruturais desta região já foram perfurados sem sucesso comercial, porém o potencial de acumulação de hidrocarbonetos é promissor, pelo menos dois grandes canais foram identificados no estudo em uma região cuja profundidade do fundo do mar é cerca de 2.200 m. Oportunidades...
The present research has a study area of 7.737 km2 located in the offshore portion of Benin Basin in the Gulf of Guinea Province, African Equatorial Margin. The water depth ranges from 100 to more than 3.200 m, basically covering the slope. The Compagnie Béninoise des Hydrocarbures (CBH SARL) provided 3D and 2D seismic data in order to interpret and characterize the stratigraphic and structural frarnework, as well as to evaluate the petroleum exploration potential. To achieve the desired results, it was performed seismic horizons mapping, elaboration of structural outline, isopach and seismic attribute maps. Benin Basin is limited by Romanche and Chain fracture zones and is correlated to Ceará Basin in Brazilian Equatorial Margin. Its tectono-stratigraphic evolution was conditioned by the Gondwana break-up in the Lower Cretaceous and shows rift structures related to extension trike-slip tectonics. The transpression influence is very significant in the Upper Cretaceous. It is also highlighted a gravitational tectonic marked by normal faults in the Cenozoic level. The sedimentary package is represented by a continental rift section limited by a Mid-Albian unconformity and other marine post-rift sequence from Upper Albian to Recent; the last one can still be divided by the Oligocene unconformity. The sedimentation is controlled by NE-SW and ENE- WSW trends, including submarine channels in the Upper Cretaceous. The main structural traps weredrilled in the study area without commercial success. At least two great channels were identified in a region where the water depth is around 2.200 m. Roll-overs and minor channels opportunities in Paleogene and Neogene should also be considered. The pre-rift sequences of the study area are poorly recognized, the absence of well information in this interval and the low resolution of seismic data... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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34

Benvenutti, Carlos Felipe. "Estudo da porção offshore da bacia do Benin e o seu potencial no armazenamento de hidrocarbonetos, margem equatorial africana /". Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92925.

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Resumo: A presente pesquisa conta com uma área de estudo de 7.737 km2 na porção ojJshore da Bacia do Benin, localizada na Província do Golfo da Guiné, Margem Equatorial Africana, onde a lâmina da água varia de 100 a mais de 3.200 m, cobrindo basicamente o talude. Dados ísmicos 3D e 2D foram disponibilizados pela Compagnie Béninoise des Hydrocarbures(CBH SARL) para interpretação dos mesmos com o objetivo de caracterizar o arcabouço estrutural e estratigráfico da região, assim como avaliar o potencial do armazenamento de hidrocarboneto. Foi necessário o mapeamento dos horizontes sísmicos, a elaboração de mapas de contorno estrutural, de atributos sísmicos e de isópacas. A Bacia do Benin encontra-se entre as zonas de fratura de Romanche e Chain, correlata à Bacia do Ceará na Margem Equatorial Brasileira. Sua evolução tectono-sedimentar está condicionada à ruptura do Gondwana no Cretáceo Inferior, predominando estruturas da fase rifte relacionadas à distensão e transcorrência, a influência da transpressão é muito significativa no Cretáceo Superior. Destaca-se também uma tectônica gravitacional marcada por falhamentos dos níveis estratigráficos cenozóicos. A coluna sedimentar é representada por uma seção rifte continental limitada pela discordância do Meso-Albiano e outra pós-rifte marinha, do Albiano Superior ao Recente; sendo esta subdividida pela discordância do Oligoceno relacionada a uma queda eustática. A sedimentação está controlada pelo strends NE-SW e ENE-WSW, incluindo os canais submarinos. Os principais altos estruturais desta região já foram perfurados sem sucesso comercial, porém o potencial de acumulação de hidrocarbonetos é promissor, pelo menos dois grandes canais foram identificados no estudo em uma região cuja profundidade do fundo do mar é cerca de 2.200 m. Oportunidades... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present research has a study area of 7.737 km2 located in the offshore portion of Benin Basin in the Gulf of Guinea Province, African Equatorial Margin. The water depth ranges from 100 to more than 3.200 m, basically covering the slope. The Compagnie Béninoise des Hydrocarbures (CBH SARL) provided 3D and 2D seismic data in order to interpret and characterize the stratigraphic and structural frarnework, as well as to evaluate the petroleum exploration potential. To achieve the desired results, it was performed seismic horizons mapping, elaboration of structural outline, isopach and seismic attribute maps. Benin Basin is limited by Romanche and Chain fracture zones and is correlated to Ceará Basin in Brazilian Equatorial Margin. Its tectono-stratigraphic evolution was conditioned by the Gondwana break-up in the Lower Cretaceous and shows rift structures related to extension trike-slip tectonics. The transpression influence is very significant in the Upper Cretaceous. It is also highlighted a gravitational tectonic marked by normal faults in the Cenozoic level. The sedimentary package is represented by a continental rift section limited by a Mid-Albian unconformity and other marine post-rift sequence from Upper Albian to Recent; the last one can still be divided by the Oligocene unconformity. The sedimentation is controlled by NE-SW and ENE- WSW trends, including submarine channels in the Upper Cretaceous. The main structural traps weredrilled in the study area without commercial success. At least two great channels were identified in a region where the water depth is around 2.200 m. Roll-overs and minor channels opportunities in Paleogene and Neogene should also be considered. The pre-rift sequences of the study area are poorly recognized, the absence of well information in this interval and the low resolution of seismic data... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Nelson Angeli
Coorientador: Maria Gabriela C. Vincetelli
Banca: George Luiz Luvizotto
Banca: Adilson Viana Soares Júnior
Mestre

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35

Mongbet, Abêt. "Mobilités, dynamiques frontalières et intégration sous-régionale en zone CEMAC : le cas des commerçants de Kyé-Ossi". Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT5004.

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La libre circulation en zone CEMAC est un long processus en Afrique centrale qui date de cinq décennies. Les pays membres de cette organisation sont toujours en tractation et font face à d'interminables signatures et accords y afférents. Son manque d'effectivité empêche les citoyens tels les Camerounais de migrer dans la sous-région, en l'occurrence vers le Gabon et la Guinée Equatoriale, très réticents à l'ouverture de leurs frontières aux ressortissants de la CEMAC. Ceux-ci justifient leur posture par une situation socioéconomique qu'ils entendent préserver. Le contexte limitatif rend pertinent le développement de stratégies de mobilité pour les acteurs migrants concernés. Des politiques migratoires contraignantes amènent ainsi les migrants venant du Cameroun à concentrer leur présence à la frontière commune à ces trois pays : Kyé-Ossi. Au fil du temps, cette localité de halte prolongée des migrants a connu une expansion spatiale rythmée par une croissance démographique issue principalement de la migration intérieure ; ce phénomène soutenu par le commerce développe et anime la coopération transfrontalière dans cette partie du monde. Du processus d'intégration fortement ralenti, on assiste ainsi à une dynamique frontalière grâce à l'anthropisation des migrants et aux actions étatiques de territorialisation qui accroissent davantage les mouvements humains vers cette frontière. A partir de Kyé-Ossi vont se développer de nouvelles expériences de migration et de mobilité. Grace à la dynamique familiale et de réseaux créée autour de la frontière, Kyé-Ossi devient une nouvelle base pour des mobilités internationales variées : courtes et longues durées vers le Gabon ou la Guinée Equatoriale, réseau pour l'immigration, zone de transit de longue durée pour une immigration ultérieure, réseau de passage et de chaine d'acteurs marchands pour d'autres camerounais à l'intérieur de ces pays. Les trois frontières se retrouvent ainsi habitées par les camerounais, lieux de vie où on observe une différenciation dans leur expression de citoyenneté en tant que Camerounais et ressortissants de la sous-région CEMAC. La démarche adoptée pour mener cette recherche mobilise un corpus méthodologique s'appuyant sur un travail de terrain initié depuis 2014. Il intègre à la fois des observations directes en contexte d'immersion, des administrations de questionnaires et entretiens auprès de cibles diverses. S'y ajoute un travail d'exploitation de supports écrits tels que les documents scientifiques, administratifs et médiatiques, ainsi que des images satellitaires. Les matériaux obtenus permettent d'interroger et d'apprécier les liens mobilités – dynamique sociospatiale dans un cadre pluri-frontalier – intégration sous-régionale. Elle vérifie l'hypothèse d'ouverture des frontières aux mobilités internationales du fait de la continuité territoriale produite par la dynamique frontalière et mobilitaire
Free movement of people in the CEMAC zone has been a long process in the Central Africa subregion for the last five decades. The member States of that organization are still negotiating, then facing endless agreements about free movement. Its lack of effectiveness hinders sub-regional citizens like Cameroonians to migrate within the sub-region, especially to Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. These countries are very reluctant to open their borders to CEMAC nationals, because of their higher socio-economic situation they are protecting. That obstacle induces actors to develop their own mobility strategies. In fact, rejection at the border causes Cameroonian migrants to settle in Kyé-Ossi, a Cameroonian town that borders those two countries. Over time, that settlement gradually led to spatial expansion enhanced by the demographic growth resulting mainly from internal migrations; this phenomenon poked up by trade expands and enlivens border cooperation in that region. With a stagnant integration process, we thus witness a frontier transformation through anthropization by migrants and territorialization of state, actions which further increase human movements to that border. So from Kyé-Ossi will be formed the new migratory and mobility lives. Due to the family and network dynamics created around the border, Kyé-Ossi thereby becomes a new turning point for different international mobilities: short and long journeys towards Gabon or Equatorial Guinea, network for immigration, long-term transit zone for a subsequent immigration in both countries, network of passing and actors system of trade for other Cameroonians inside these countries. Then the three border fronts tamed or inhabited by Cameroonians, living places where they undergo differentiation in their citizenship as Cameroonians and nationals of the CEMAC sub-region. The methodology adopted to carry out this research includes a corpus based on fieldwork conducted since 2014. Data-gathering integrates direct observations in ethnographic context, sample survey and interviews with various target informants. Has been added to the previous methods exploitation of written materials such as literary, administrative and media documents, as well as satellite images. The collected data allows us to question and appreciate the links among mobility - socio-spatial dynamics in a multi-frontier context – sub-regional integration. This aims to verify the hypothesis of border openness to international mobility due to land continuity resulting from the border and migratory dynamics

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36

Greenroyd, Christopher J. "Seismic structure of the continental margin of French Guiana : implications for the rifting and early spreading of the equatorial Atlantic". Thesis, Durham University, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2472/.

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Recent studies of passive continental margins suggest that the rifting process produces a variety of structural styles. The along-strike continuity of these rifted margins is punctuated by significant lateral offsets, known as transform margins. Whilst many general features of both rift- and transform-style margins have been identified, the extent to which they are inter-related is not well understood. The equatorial Atlantic exhibits a high number of large offset mid-ocean ridge transform faults and associated fracture zones, which indicate the highly segmented nature of its margins. As such, this location provides an ideal setting for a study of the deep structure of both rift- and transform-style margin structures. This investigation forms part of the Amazon Cone Experiment, a large-scale geophysical study of the French Guiana and northeast Brazil margin in the west equatorial Atlantic. This study will provide evidence of crustal structure from recently acquired seismic, gravity and magnetic data, along two transects of the margin. The acquisition comprised 962 km of coincident multi-channel reflection and wide-angle refraction seismic data which were recorded by 20 ocean-bottom seismographs per transect, deployed at 10 km spacing. Ray-trace forward modelling of traveltime data from these instruments has resulted in two P-wave velocity-depth models of the subsurface structure which have been tested and further constrained by independent gravity free-air anomaly data. Interpretation of the resulting models suggests that the pre rift continental crust is 35- 37 km thick. While at the oceanward end or each transect oceanic crust is identified which, at 3.5-5.0 km thickness, is considered to be unusually thin. The manner in which this transition is accomplished is dramatically different between the two models. In the south of the survey area the crust thins abruptly by a factor of 6.4 over a distance of ~70 km, adjacent to a ~ 45 km ocean-continent transition zone. To the north, however, more gradual thinning over ~ 320 km associated with an abrupt transition to oceanic crust is observed. Neither profile shows evidence of the tilted fault blocks characteristic of rifted margins. There is no evidence for rift-related magmatism, commonly manifest as high P- wave velocity underplating or packages of seaward-dipping reflectors, along either profile. Hence, the margin is interpreted as non-volcanic, which suggests that rifting was not very rapid. On the basis of these results, a model of transtensional rifting is proposed, in which a component of motion oblique to the margin results in the production of relatively wide, leaky' transform margins. This model suggests that the French Guiana margin is segmented into rift- and transform-style structures. However, the transform margins exhibit unusually wide zones of continental crustal thinning as a result of the transtensional extension. For the Amazon Cone Experiment as a whole, anomalously thin oceanic crust is observed over a wide areal extent. This crust indicates that magma flow from the mantle is low and is interpreted to be a result of relatively cool asthenospheric mantle, slow spreading and the effect of large-scale fracture zones. The results of this study have implications for our understanding of the effects of transtensional stresses during rifting and mode of opening of the equatorial Atlantic.

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Okome, Engouang Liliane-Surprise. "La traduction entre outil d'enseignement et discipline scientifique : le cas de l'espagnol au Gabon et en Guinée-Equatoriale". Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE2015/document.

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La présente étude a consisté à traiter de différents points relatifs à la traductologie et à la traduction. Après avoir mis en exergue les différentes théories qui tentent de définir et de cerner l’acte de traduire, nous nous sommes interrogé sur la question de la traduction sous deux aspects. En classe de langue, elle constitue avant tout un outil didactique. Dans le cadre de formation spécialisée, la traduction constitue un vecteur de la communication intra et interculturelle. En outre, la question de la scientificité de la traductologie étant toujours d’actualité, nous nous sommes servis des données épistémologiques pour aborder ce point. De cette étude, il a été retenu que du fait de son interdisciplinarité, la traductologie s’occupe aussi bien de la traduction humaine que celle à la machine. De fait, la discipline transcende les sciences humaines pour se placer également au niveau des sciences formelles à travers les calculs statistiques qui s’inscrivent dans la programmation des logiciels. Après avoir étudié les programmes de formation en traduction de certains établissements des pays occidentaux, notre ambition a été ensuite de voir de quelle façon est envisagée sa pratique en milieux exolingue et dans les classes de langues universitaires du Gabon et de la Guinée-équatoriale. Pour ce faire, nous avons effectué une enquête de terrain qui nous a permis d’identifier certains manquements tels que la non spécialisation des enseignants (au Gabon) et l’inexistence de la formation (en Guinée-équatoriale). Les problèmes notés lors de l’enquête de terrain nous ont amenés à proposer quelques solutions
This study consisted in treating various points concerning the Translations Studies and the translation. After having highlighted some teories which try to define and understand the translating process, we wondered about the matter of translation under two ways. In language classes, it is above at all teaching tool. In the specialized training context, the translation is an intra and intercommunication vehicle. In the addition, the matter of the scientific value of Translations studies is still valid, we used epistemological data to treat this point. From this analyze, it was retained that, because of this interdisciplinary, the Translations studies treats both of human translation than the machine. In fact, the discipline transcends the humanities to also place at the formal sciences through statistical calculations that fall within the program software. After reviewing the training programs translations of some western establishments, our goal was then to analyze how its practice is envisaged in the exolingual environment and in languages classes of university of Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. To do this, we did a field survey allowed us to identify certain breaches such as the lack of specialization of teachers (in Gabon) and the nonexistence of training (Equatorial Guinea). Problems noted during the field survey have led us to propose some solutions

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38

Labatut, Marie. "Apports continentaux de fer à l'océan : approche isotopique : océan Pacifique équatorial". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2595/.

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Dans l'océan, le cycle du fer joue un rôle essentiel sur notre climat. En effet, le fer est un élément micronutritif indispensable à la croissance phytoplanctonique. Ainsi, des variations d'apports de fer à l'océan peuvent perturber la production primaire, et donc les bilans globaux de carbone. En dépit de son importance, le cycle océanique du fer est toujours très mal connu. Dans le but de mieux le comprendre, j'ai utilisé pendant ma thèse un nouvel outil : les isotopes du fer. J'ai ainsi étudié l'océan Pacifique équatorial et la région de Papouasie Nouvelle Guinée. Chaque source (rivière, aérosol, sédiment) est caractérisée par une composition isotopique qui peut être conservée sur de longues distances (4000 km). Grâce à cette empreinte, on peut identifier et quantifier les sources de fer dans l'océan ouvert. Nous avons ainsi estimé que l'une des sources les plus importantes de fer dissous à l'océan serait la libération non réductrice du fer à partir des sédiments, processus pourtant négligé par la communauté jusqu'à présent. Nos travaux mettent en évidence le rôle majeur des échanges entre la fraction dissoute et la fraction particulaire du fer dans la colonne d'eau. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les cycles biogéochimiques dans le Pacifique équatorial, mais apportent aussi des éléments de compréhension des cycles biogéochimiques océaniques à l'échelle globale. Ces éléments devront être pris en compte pour améliorer les modèles océaniques et climatiques
In the ocean, the iron cycle plays an essential role on climate. Indeed, iron is an essential micronutrient for phytoplankton growth. Variations of iron inputs to the ocean can therefore disturb primary production , and therefore the global carbon balance. Despite its importance, the ocean iron cycle is still poorly understood. In order to improve its knowledge, I have used for my thesis a new tool: the iron isotopes. I studied the Equatorial Pacific Ocean and the area of Papua New Guinea. Each source (river, aerosol, sediment) is characterized by an isotopic composition which can be preserved over long distances (4000 km). With this footprint, we can identify and quantify sources of iron in the open ocean. We have found that one of the most important sources of dissolved iron to the ocean would be the non-reductive release of iron from sediments, process neglected by the community so far. Our work highlights the important role of exchange between the dissolved and the particulate fraction of iron in the water column. These results allow a better understanding of biogeochemical cycles in the Pacific Equatorial and bring globally new elements of understanding about ocean biogeochemical cycles. These elements should be considered to improve ocean and climate models

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39

Gülstorff, Torben. "Trade follows Hallstein?" Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät I, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17628.

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Die deutsche Außenpolitik zur Zeit des Kalten Krieges stellt in historischer wie politikwissenschaftlicher Hinsicht einen Gegenstand dar, der mit gutem Gewissen als wissenschaftlich erschlossen bezeichnet werden kann. Zahlreiche Aufsätze, Artikel und Bücher sind in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten erschienen, welche die deutsche Außenpolitik in Europa, Afrika, Asien, Ozeanien, Amerika, oder auch gleich der Welt als Ganzem, in den Blick genommen haben. Dies gilt sowohl für die Außenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als auch für diejenige der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Früh – wenn nicht sogar von Beginn an – kam hierbei eine zentrale These, eine Kernthese, zum Vorschein, die, ohne auf Widerstand zu stoßen, Eingang in den historischen und politikwissenschaftlichen Forschungskanon fand und ihn bereits nach kurzer Zeit zu dominieren begann. Die Rede ist von der die deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten angeblich bestimmenden Hallstein-Doktrin und dem mit ihr in engem Zusammenhang stehenden deutsch-deutschen Gegensatz. In dieser Arbeit wird dieser Kernthese, diesem ''Mythos'' der deutschen Außenpolitik, vehement widersprochen. Weder die Hallstein-Doktrin, noch der deutsch-deutsche Gegensatz, sondern nationale ökonomische und internationale geostrategische Interessen haben die deutsche Außenpolitik – und darüber hinaus auch die gesamten deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten, der BRD wie der DDR – maßgeblich bestimmt. Zur Stützung dieser Gegenthese werden in der vorliegenden Studie die staatlichen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Aktivitäten West- und Ostdeutschlands in neun zentralafrikanischen Staaten zwischen 1945 und 1975 kritisch dargelegt, umfassend analysiert und im Hinblick auf mehrere zentrale Thesen zu den deutschen Auslandsaktivitäten ausgewertet.
For decades articles and books have been published on the history of German foreign policy during Cold War. Regardless of whether Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, America or the world as a whole, the foreign affairs of the Western Federal Republic of Germany and the Eastern German Democratic Republic have been researched and analysed in context of a broad variety of locations. However, even though the list of publications continues to grow, the topic''s theses–especially its main thesis–do not show much progress. Already at an early stage, a central thesis–a core thesis–came to light, met no resistance and entered history''s and political science''s research canons on German foreign policy. This thesis reads: Inner German issues and the non-solved German question were so powerful, they dominated West and East German foreign affairs nearly right from the start. German foreign policy, that was the so-called Hallstein doctrine, that was the so-called German-German contradiction. And all studies–whether of history or political science, whether designed as a case study or as a global approach–confirm this thesis, use it as an integral part of their work–until today. But be that as it may. This study contradicts this thesis, this ''myth'' of German foreign policy. Instead it argues that neither the Hallstein doctrine nor the German-German contradiction, but national economic and international geostrategic interests dominated German foreign policy and German foreign activities–regarding the FRG, the GDR, and Germany as a whole. To proof this thesis, West and East German activities–of the two states, their economies and their societies–in nine Central African states between 1945 and 1975 are observed and analysed. More than a million file pages out of more than a dozen German archives were read to tackle this task–and shed some refreshing new light on the foreign policies of the two German states during Cold War.

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40

Senterre, Bruno. "Recherches méthodologiques pour la typologie de la végétation et la phytogéographie des forêts denses d'Afrique tropicale". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210954.

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I. An original methodological discussion is proposed on the problem of the typology of tropical rain forest’s plant communities, based on the study of forest types across gradients of continentality and elevation, within Atlantic central Africa. These investigations were based on the statement that the main problems in forest typology are related to the non-zonal or zonal character of the different vegetation types and to non considering the relations and differences between forest strata.

II. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.

The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.

Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.

III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.

Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.

With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.

Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.

Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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41

Jalles, Antonio Maria Abecasis. "Internationalization business plan of resul, equipamentod de energia SA to equatorial Guinea". Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15945.

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42

"Subject Pronoun Expression in an L2-only Environment: The Case of Equatorial Guinea". Doctoral diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.57210.

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abstract: Subject Pronoun Expression (SPE) has been extensively studied in monolingual and bilingual varieties of Spanish using the variationist framework. The goal of these studies has been to examine the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that condition the expression and the omission of personal subject pronouns. Nonetheless, to date, there is no study of SPE in the Spanish of Equatorial Guinea, the only African country where it is an official language, and the single country where Spanish is exclusively a second language (L2). This dissertation fills this gap in the literature by accounting for SPE in Equatoguinean Spanish. The research questions guiding this study concern the rates of Subject Pronoun Expression, its conditioning factors, and universal accounts of L2 acquisition, in particular, the Interface Hypothesis (IH). The study had 30 participants from Malabo, who took part in sociolinguistic interviews. These interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the mixed effects software Rbrul. Along the lines of the literature reviewed, the linguistic factor groups studied were grammatical person and number, reference, reflexivity, verb type, and ambiguity. By the same token, the extra linguistic factors analyzed were age, sex, education, native language (L1), and speaker as a random factor. The results indicate that the Equatoguinean variety of Spanish has one of the lowest pronoun rates (19.1%), a finding that goes against the predictions of the IH. With regard to the linguistic factor groups that condition Subject Pronoun Expression, Equatoguinean Spanish shows an unorthodox ranking: grammatical person and number, ambiguity, verb class, and reference. Interestingly, the low ranking of reference gives support to the IH, which argues that L2 speakers have problems with constraints like the switch of the reference in subjects because it integrates discourse and pragmatic interfaces. The only significant extra-linguistic factor was education, whereas speakers’ L1 exerted no effect on SPE. Individual speaker was a significant random factor group, indicating that variation is great even in speakers with comparable education. In sum, this study of a unique speech community provides new information on SPE of L2 Spanish. It also contributes to the fields of language contact, language variation, and second language acquisition.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2020

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43

Rodríguez, Clelia Olimpia. "Aproximaciones Literarias a la Memoria, Historia e Identidad en la Literatura Contemporánea de Guinea Ecuatorial". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29849.

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Esta tesis examina cómo las narrativas de María Nsué Angüe, Joaquín Mbomio Bacheng, Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo, y Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel re-escriben la historia de Guinea Ecuatorial. Los autores articulan un discurso contestatario a las construcciones sociales afincadas por el discurso homogéneo colonialista. Los análisis textuales se realizan tomando en cuenta la vigencia cultural española en el discurso político nacional inmediato a la independencia del país en 1968. Las obras cuestionan la definición de la identidad guineana con respecto a la implementación de los valores culturales, históricos, lingüísticos, religiosos, y políticos en el territorio guineano. Las indagaciones, los rechazos, las condenas, y las rupturas que se analizan las representaciones literarias son posibles mediante el acercamiento teórico de la memoria. A partir de esta interacción discursiva literaria surgen nuevas interpretaciones que permiten entender la experiencia histórica del sujeto guineano.

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Gomes, Hélder. "A CPLP após a entrada da Guiné Equatorial". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15277.

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A entrada da Guiné Equatorial na Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP) tem sido muito contestada. Os críticos apontam motivações meramente económicas para a adesão de um país que, três anos depois, ainda não fala português mas continua rico em matérias-primas. Há também quem sinalize o incumprimento do roteiro para a adesão por parte do mais recente Estado-membro da comunidade lusófona no que diz respeito, entre outros aspectos, à abolição efectiva da pena de morte. Nesta dissertação, analisamos os documentos fundadores da CPLP e traçamos o caminho que levou a Guiné Equatorial de país observador a membro de pleno direito. Para testarmos a hipótese de uma possível reconfiguração focal da Comunidade, fazemos um levantamento exaustivo das actividades nas várias áreas de actuação. A pesquisa demonstra que não houve mudanças significativas nas actividades da organização, revelando-se esta demasiado condicionada pelos Estatutos para fazer cumprir acordos pré-estabelecidos e para se afirmar inequivocamente como agente económico no plano internacional. Este seria o momento para uma profunda revisão estatutária capaz de, por um lado, criar mecanismos de suspensão e/ou expulsão de Estados-membros incumpridores, como os que existem na Commonwealth e na Francofonia, e, por outro, dotar o Secretariado Executivo de maior poder fáctico.
The admission of Equatorial Guinea in the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP) has been much contested. Critics cite purely economic motives for the accession of a country that, three years later, still does not speak Portuguese but remains rich in raw materials. There are also suggestions of non-compliance with the road map for accession by the most recent Member State of the Portuguese-speaking community, with regard, "inter alia", to the effective abolition of the death penalty. In this dissertation, we analyze the founding documents of the CPLP and trace the path that led Equatorial Guinea from an observer country to a full member. In order to test the hypothesis of a possible focal reconfiguration of the Community, we make an exhaustive assessment of the activities in the various areas of interest. The research shows that there were no significant changes in the activities of the organization, which is too conditioned by its Statutes to enforce preestablished agreements and to unequivocally assert itself as an economic agent in the international arena. This would be the moment for a thorough statutory revision capable, on the one hand, of creating mechanisms for the suspension and/or expulsion of noncompliant Member States, such as those prevalent in the commonwealth and the Francophonie, and, on the other hand, of providing the Executive Secretariat with greater factual power.

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(6620087), Emily K. Mettler. "Spatial Ecology of Inter- and Post-nesting Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea". Thesis, 2019.

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Effective conservation strategies for sea turtles require knowledge of animal movements and protection of biologically important habitats and life history stages. For breeding adult sea turtles, understanding both their inshore and pelagic spatial patterns is imperative to the successful protection of the species and the accurate identification of their vulnerabilities. This study provides insight into the inter-nesting, post-nesting, and foraging movements of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) that nest on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, by using satellite telemetry to track green turtles (n=12) during two nesting seasons (2017-18, 2018-19), and as they migrated to foraging grounds after the nesting season. These tracks were fit with a switching state space model to characterize movements, and then analyzed in relation to environmental and anthropogenic factors. Dive depth data was also used to determine utilization patterns within the water column. The 12 tagged turtles migrated for an average of 1064 km to two distinct foraging grounds, with 10 migrating west for an average of 1115 km to the coastal waters of Ghana, and 2 migrating south for an average of 1563 km to the coastal waters of Angola. Migrating turtles used both direct, pelagic migration strategies, and biphasal, coastal strategies, which included intermittent foraging throughout migrations. Dive depths varied depending on behavior, with an average of 19.3 m during inter-nesting, 12.6 m during migration and 8.5 m during foraging. Knowledge of inter-nesting habitat use, migration patterns, and foraging ground locations will be critical for the development of marine conservation management plans in the Gulf of Guinea and aide in sea turtle conservation efforts throughout the area. Additionally, spatial and dive depth data can inform zonal fishing regulators and provide information needed for modifications to fishing practices and gear that is most likely to reduce sea turtle bycatch. These data will provide a more complete understanding of marine areas critical to sea turtle conservation and aide in sustainable economic development in the Gulf of Guinea.

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Barbosa, Maria Julia de Sousa. "Implementação de um sistema integrado de gestão (Qualidade, Ambiente e Segurança). Uma experiência na Guiné Equatorial". Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11110/1098.

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Esta dissertação teve como finalidade estudar as possibilidades de implementar um Sistema Integrado de Gestão - Qualidade, Ambiente e Segurança na Guiné Equatorial. Este estudo seguiu os requisitos das normas ISO 9001, ISO 14001 e OHSAS 18001. Foi efetuado um levantamento de problemas e a sua respetiva investigação no projeto “ Construcción de la autovia de la Nacional Malabo-Luba “, mais concretamente na área industrial. Nesta área, desenvolve-se todo o processo de produção de peças pré-fabricadas de betão para órgãos de drenagem e funcionamento da central de betão. Pretendeu-se analisar os requisitos para assegurar a qualidade do produto, salvaguardando o meio ambiente, a segurança e a saúde de todos os intervenientes. Foram então estudadas as ações mais adequadas à empresa e ao seu processo de produção, para a implementação do sistema integrado de gestão, tendo em consideração as limitações existentes em África.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Guinea Equatorial"

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