Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Guo min zheng"

La investigación acerca del covid-19 centra en la actualidad la actividad de la comunidad científica internacional. En el contexto de la pandemia, adquiere relevancia producir conocimiento sobre la incidencia del SARS-CoV-2 en el proceso gestacional, el embarazo, los efectos en la paciente obstétrica durante el parto, puerperio y el recién nacido. Es sabido que la mujer embarazada, debido a los cambios por los que atraviesa, es propensa a enfermedades respiratorias, y eso la hace particularmente sensible a la COVID-19. Se hace útil conformar un estado de la cuestión a partir de la revisión sistemática de la literatura acerca del tema, tomando como fuente principal los informes emanados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como otras comunicaciones científicas, con el objetivo de describir algunas propuestas para la atención de pacientes embarazadas contagiadas o no. En la mayoría de las fuentes consultadas, se manifestó un acuerdo en la necesidad de estudiar y establecer un protocolo de atención a la mujer en estado de gestación y al feto, incluso al neonato. Palabras Clave: proceso gestacional, parto, puerperio, COVID-19, embarazo. Referencias [1]Ministerio de Sanidad, «Enfermedad por Nuevo Coronavirus, COVID-19,» 8 Mayo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov-China/documentos/Informacion_inicial_alerta.pdf. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [2]T. Li, «Diagnosis and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: an operational recommendation of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (V2.0),» Emerg Microbes Infec, vol. 9, nº 1, 2020. [3]S. Rosales y S. Cubas, «El rol del médico en la transmisión nosocomial del SARSCoV-2,» Revista Médica de Costa Rica , vol. 85, nº 629, 2020. [4]D.Di Mascio, A. Khalil, G. Saccone, G. Rizzo, D. Buca, M. Liberati y et al, «Outcome of Coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID 1 -19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis,» Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2020. [5]H. Zhu, L. Wang, C. Fang y et al, «Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia.,» Transl Pediatr, nº 9, pp. 51-60, 2020. [6]P. Dashraath, W. Jing Lin Jeslyn, L. Mei Xian Karen, L.Li Min, L. Sarah, A. Biswas y e. al, «Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic and Pregnancy,» Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, vol. 9378, nº 20, pp. 30343-4, 2020. [7]C.Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li, L. Ren, J. Zhao, Y. Hu y et al, «Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,» The Lancet, vol. 395, nº 10223, pp. 497-506, 2020. [8]L. Poon, H. Yang, J. Lee, J. Copel, T. Leung, Y. Zhang, D. Chen y F. Prefumo, « ISUOG Interim Guidance on 2019 novel coronavirus infection during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals,» 11 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/uog.22013. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [9]H.Chen, J. Guo, C. Wang, F. Luo, X. Yu, W. Zhang y et al, «Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records,» The Lancet, vol. 395, nº 10226, pp. 809-815, 2020. [10]P.Mehta, D. McAuley, M. Brown y et al, «COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression,» The Lancet, nº 395, pp. 1033-1034, 2020. [11]M.Mardani y B. Pourkaveh, «A Controversial Debate: Vertical Transmission of COVID-19 in Pregnancy,» Arch Clin Infect Dis, vol. 15, nº 1, p. e102286, 2020. [12]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, «Frequently asked questions and answers: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy. CDCP,» 2020.[En línea]. Disponible: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [13]Y.Li, R. Zhao, S. Zheng, X. Chen, J. Wang, X. Sheng y et al, «Lack of vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, China,» Emerg Infect Dis, vol. 26, nº 6, 2020. [14]Word Health Organization (WHO), «Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) situation report 46,» 06 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200306-sitrep-46covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_2. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [15]Servicio de medicina materno fetal Clinic Barcelona, «Protocolo: Coronavirus (COVID-19) y gestación,» 24 Marzo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://medicinafetalbarcelona.org/protocolos/es/patologiamaterna-obstetrica/covid19-embarazo.html.[Último acceso: enero 2020] [16]European Centre for Disease Control, «Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU/EEA and the UK–seventh update,» 8 Mayo 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-seventh-update-Outbreak-of-coronavirus-disease-COVID-19.pdf. [Último acceso: enero 2020] [17]Gobierno de España, Manejo de la mujer embarazada y el recién nacido con COVID-19, Ministerio de Sanidad, 2020. [18]Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), «SALUD MATERNO-PERINATAL y COVID-19,» Abril 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: www.paho.org/clap/images/PDF/presentacionparteras/Presentacin_CLAP_COVID19_abril_2020.pdf?ua=1.[Último acceso: enero 2020] [19]S. Lapinsky, «Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy,» Obstet Med, vol. 8, pp. 126-32, 2015. [20]C. Burlinson, D. Sirounis, K. Walley y A. Chau, «Sepsis in pregnancy and the puerperium,» Int J Obstet Anesth, vol. 36, pp. 96-107, 2020. [21]L.Plante, L. Pacheco y J. Louis, «SMFM Consult Series#47: Sep-sis during pregna regnancy and the puerperium,» Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol. 220, pp. B2-10, 2020. [22]H.Liu, F. Lui, J. Li, T. Zhang, D. Wang y W. Lan, «Clinical and CT imaging features of the COVID-19 pneumonia: Focus on pregnant women and children,» J Infect, 2020. [23]D.Schwartz y et al, «Potential maternal and infant outcomes from coronavirus 2019-nCov (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Leassons fron SARS, MERS, and other human coronavirus infections,» Viruses, vol. 12, nº 194, 2020. [24]Y.Liu, H. Chen, K. Tang y Y. Guo, «Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy,» Journal of Infection, 2020. [25]G.Favre, L. Pomar, D. Musso y D. Baud, «2019-nCoV epidemic: what about pregnancies?,» Lancet, Vols. %1 de %2S0140-6736, nº 20, pp. 30311-1, 2020.

SummaryThe article is dedicated to the research of the origins and peculiarity of classical Chinese historiography of fine arts from the broader civilisational perspective. Based on the principles of comparative analysis, the paper reveals the peculiarities of formation of Chinese historiography of fine arts, its attention to the analysis of various methods, styles, schools, directions and different internal and external factors of artistic creativity and development, highlighting its relationship with neo-Confucianist ideology that influenced the rise of “Chinese renaissance”. The article focuses on written work by three most prominent historiographers of the Tang and Song eras, Zhu Jingxuan, Zhang Yanyuan and Guo Ruoxu. The analysis of authentic treatises of historiography first exposes the theoretical peculiarity of the founder of this tradition, Zhu Jingxuan, the principal scope of issues that interested him, and the impact of his research strategies and methods on later scholars. The article follows with the research of Zhang Yanyuan’s and Guo Ruoxu’s theories, particularly their relationship with neo-Confucianist ideology. Based on the detailed comparative analysis of their treatises, the analysis shows the broadening of the field of historiographical issues of interest to them, as well as separation of historiography of fine arts into an individual influential direction of art criticism.

In this paper, heavy metal oxide glasses co-doped with erbium and holmium ions have been synthesized. Glass composition, based on the bismuth and germanium oxides, has been selected in terms of high thermal stability (delta T = 125 °C), high refractive index (n = 2.19) and low maximum phonon energy (hvmax = 724 cm-1). Up-conversion luminescence spectra under the 980 nm laser diode excitation have been observed as a result of radiative transitions within the quantum energy level structures of Er3+ and Ho3+ ions. Optimization of rare earth ions content has been conducted, the highest emission intensity in the visible wavelength range has been observed in glass co-doped with molar concentration 0.5 Er2O3 / 0.5 Ho2O3. Full Text: PDF ReferencesF. Zhang, Z. Bi, A. Huang, Z. Xiao, "Visible luminescence properties of Er3+?Pr3+ codoped fluorotellurite glasses", Opt. Materials 41, 112 (2014). CrossRef S. Li, S. Ye, T. Liu, H. Wang, D. Wang, "Enhanced up-conversion emissions in ZnO-LiYbO2:RE3+ (RE = Er or Ho) hybrid phosphors through surface modification", J. All. Comp. 658, 85 (2016). CrossRef J. Fu, X. Zhang, Z. Chao, Z. Li, J. Liao, D. Hou, H. Wen, X. Lu, X. Xie, "Enhanced upconversion luminescence of NaYF4:Yb, Er microprisms via La3+ doping", Opt. Laser Tech. 88, 280 (2017). CrossRef Y. Tian, R. Xu, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "2.7 ?m fluorescence radiative dynamics and energy transfer between Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in fluoride glass under 800 nm and 980 nm excitation", J. Quant. Spec. Rad. Tra. 113, 87 (2012). CrossRef M. Zhang, A. Yang, Y. Peng, B. Zhang, H. Ren, W. Guo, Y. Yang, C. Zhai, Y. Wang, Z. Yang, D. Tang, "Dy3+-doped Ga?Sb?S chalcogenide glasses for mid-infrared lasers", Mat. Res. Bul. 70, 55 (2015). CrossRef G. Yang, T. Li, "Broadband 1.53 ?m emission in Er3+-doped Ga-Bi-Pb-Ge heavy metal oxide glasses", J. Rare Earths 26, 924 (2008). CrossRef Y. Guo, Y. Tian, L. Zhang, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "Erbium doped heavy metal oxide glasses for mid-infrared laser materials", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 377, 119 (2013). CrossRef Z. Hou, Z. Xue, F. Li, M. Wang, X. Hu, S. Wang, "Luminescence and up-conversion mechanism of Er3+/Ho3+ co-doped oxyfluoride tellurite glasses and glass?ceramics", J. All. Comp. 577, 523 (2013). CrossRef X. Li, Q. Nie, S. Dai, T. Xu, L. Lu, X. Zhang, "Energy transfer and frequency upconversion in Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped bismuth-germanate glasses", J. All. Comp. 454, 510 (2008). CrossRef S.S. Rojas, J.E. De Souza, M.R.B. Andreeta, A.C. Hernandes, "Influence of ceria addition on thermal properties and local structure of bismuth germanate glasses", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356, 2942 (2010). CrossRef M.S. Ebrahim, Irina, Mid-infrared coherent sources and applications, Springer (2008). CrossRef T. Ragin, J. Zmojda, M. Kochanowicz, P. Miluski, P. Jelen, M. Sitarz, D. Dorosz, "Enhanced mid-infrared 2.7 ?m luminescence in low hydroxide bismuth-germanate glass and optical fiber co-doped with Er3 +/Yb3 + ions", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 457, 169 (2017). CrossRef K. Biswas, A.D. Sontakke, R. Sen, K. Annapurna, "Enhanced 2 ?m broad-band emission and NIR to visible frequency up-conversion from Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped Bi2O3?GeO2?ZnO glasses", Spectr. Acta. Part A, Mol. Biomol. Spectr. 112, 301-308 (2013). CrossRef R.S. Romaniuk, D. Dorosz, J. Żmojda, M. Kochanowicz, W. Mazerski, "Upconversion luminescence in tellurite glass codoped with Yb3+/Ho3+ ions", Proc. of SPIE 8903, 890307 (2013). CrossRef

The article comprises the continuation of research on the chapter called «The Diverse Writings» (Za shu 雜述) from the famous «A Book to Burn» (Fen shu 焚書), the opus magnum of the thinker Li Zhi (李贄, 1527–1602) from the late Ming. It presents the first translations into Russian of essays by Li Zhi, which deal with such issues as politics and governing. They are «An Article with the Discourse on Governing» ( 論 政 篇 Lun zheng pian) and «A Discourse on the Warring States [Period]» (戰國論 Zhan guo lun). The main idea of these texts could be described as follows: the methods of governing are never cast in iron and remain without an alter- native. They should vary depending on the object of governing and the current situ- ation, which always changes.

The Western science and technology which invaded China during the mid-nineteenthcentury, in the wake of European military and economic aggression, entered a culture witha long indigenous tradition of natural philosophy, formed by extraordinary figures suchas Zhang Heng(78–139), Sun Simiao(581–682), Ge Hong(c. 21–341), Shen Gua(1031–1095) and Song Yingxing(c. 1587–1665). Moreover, as modern research has shown, China was, at least until about A.D. 1400, moreadvanced scientifically and technologically than Western Europe in many respects. Thesmall minority of late Qing scholars who showed any interest in the natural world or intechnology could console themselves that they were working within a noble but neglected side-stream of Chinese culture.

Glomerular matrix accumulation is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. Recent studies showed that overexpression of the transcription factor sterol-responsive element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 induces pathology reminiscent of diabetic nephropathy, and SREBP-1 upregulation was observed in diabetic kidneys. We thus studied whether SREBP-1 is activated by high glucose (HG) and mediates its profibrogenic responses. In primary rat mesangial cells, HG activated SREBP-1 by 30 min, seen by the appearance of its cleaved nuclear form (nSREBP-1), EMSA, and by activation of an SREBP-1 response element (SRE)-driven green fluorescent protein construct. Activation was dose dependent and not induced by an osmotic control. Site 1 protease was required, since its inhibition by AEBSF prevented SREBP-1 activation. SCAP, the ER-associated chaperone for SREBP-1, was also necessary since its inhibitor fatostatin also blocked SREBP-1 activation. Signaling through the EGFR/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which we previously showed mediates HG-induced TGF-β1 upregulation, and through RhoA, were upstream of SREBP-1 activation (Wu D, Peng F, Zhang B, Ingram AJ, Gao B, Krepinsky JC. Diabetologia 50: 2008–2018, 2007; Wu D, Peng F, Zhang B, Ingram AJ, Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE, Gao B, Krepinsky JC. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 554–566, 2009). Fatostatin and AEBSF prevented HG-induced TGF-β1 upregulation by Northern blot analysis, and HG-induced TGF-β1 promoter activation was inhibited by both fatostatin and dominant negative SREBP-1a. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that HG led to SREBP-1 binding to the TGF-β1 promoter in a region containing a putative SREBP-1 binding site (SRE). Thus HG-induced SREBP-1 activation requires EGFR/PI3K/RhoA signaling and SCAP-mediated transport to the Golgi for its proteolytic cleavage. Activated SREBP-1 binds to the TGF-β promoter, resulting in TGF-β1 upregulation in response to HG. SREBP-1 thus provides a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

This work presents luminance distributions across the surface of mid- and high-power diodes. The changes in luminance on diode surfaces following changes in the observation angle were verified. On the basis of the conducted tests, non-uniform luminance distribution on LED surface for diverse observation angles (including the axial direction) was observed. Moreover, it was concluded that luminance changes is not in line with the Lambert’s law. As the result of the research it was also concluded that alterations of the power-supply conditions do not exert any significant impact on the gradient of luminance changes on the surfaces of examined LEDs. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. Fan, J. Cao, Ch. Yu, Ch. Qian, X. Fan, G. Zhang, A design and qualification of LED flip Chip-on-Board module with tunable color temperatures, Microelectronics reliability, ISSN 0026-2714, Nº. 84, 2018, pp. 140-148, CrossRef K. Bonislawski, I. Fryc, The study on optical properties of LEDs used for vehicle control lighting, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2012, ISSN 0033-2097, Vol. 88, Issue 3A, pp. 119-120 DirectLink T. Kawabata, Y. Ohno, Optical measurements of OLED panels for lighting applications, Journal of Modern Optics 60(14), 2013, pp. 1176-1186 CrossRef P. Pracki, U. Blaszczak, The issues of interior lighting on the example of an educational building adjustment to nZEB standard, IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), IEEE (17 November 2016) CrossRef P. Tabaka, Analysis of electrical parameters of prime set bulb equivalents suitable for dimming, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2015, R. 91, No. 5, pp. 100-106, ISSN 0033-2097 CrossRef D. Czyżewski, The street lighting luminaires with LEDs. Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 86, 2009, pp. 276-279 DirectLink C. C. Miller; Y. Zong; Y. Ohno, LED photometric calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and future measurement needs of LEDs, Proc. SPIE Vol. 5530, Fourth International Conference on Solid State Lighting; (2004) CrossRef D. Mozyrska Dorota; M. Wyrwas; I. Fryc, The determination of the LEDs colorimetric parameters, in the range of their operating temperature, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, Vol. 88, Issue: 4A, 2012, pp. 232-234 CrossRef K. Baran, A. Różowicz, H. Wachta, S. Różowicz, D. Mazur, Thermal Analysis of the Factors Influencing Junction Temperature of LED Panel Sources, Energies, 12, 3941, 2019 CrossRef D. Czyżewski, Research on Luminance Distributions of Chip-On-Board Light-Emitting Diodes, Crystals 9(12), 645, 2019. CrossRef L. Zheng, Z. Guo, W. Yan, Y. Lin, Y. Lu, H.C. Kuo, Z. Chen, L. Zhu, T. Wu, Y. Gao, Research on a Camera-Based Microscopic Imaging System to Inspect the Surface Luminance of the Micro-LED Array. IEEE Access 6, 2018, 51329-51336. CrossRef S. Słomiński, Selected Problems in Modern Methods of Luminance Measurement of Multisource LED Luminaires. Light Eng. 24, 2016, pp. 45-50. DirectLink I. Fryc, P. Jakubowski, K. Kołacz, Analysis of optical radiation parameters of compact discharge HID lamps and LED COB modules used for illuminating shop windows, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2017, R. 93, nr 11, pp. 186-189. CrossRef I. Fryc, Measurement techniques of optical LEDs properties performed with compliance conformity with CIE 127:2007 standard, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 2009,ISSN 0033-2097,Vol. 85,Issue:11,pp.317-319. DirectLink I. Fryc, T. Dimitrova-Grekow, An Automated System for Evaluation of the Quality of Light Sources, 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), IEEE (17 November 2016), CrossRef CIE 235:2019, Optical measurement of led modules and light engines, ISBN 978-3-902842-25-1, DOI: 10.25039/TR.235.2019. CrossRef D. Czyżewski, Investigation of COB LED luminance distribution, In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), IEEE (17 November 2016) CrossRef I. Rotscholl, K. Trampert; U. Krüger; F. Schmidt, Spectral near field data of LED systems for optical simulations, Proceedings SPIE Volume 11144,Phot. and Educ. in Measur. Sc. 2019, CrossRef

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) divides fracture treatment into three stages. Many TCM herbs and formulas have been used to treat fractures for thousands of years. However, research regarding the Chinese herbal products (CHPs) that should be used at different periods of treatment is still lacking. This study aims to identify the CHPs that should be used at different periods of treatment as well as confirm the TCM theory of fracture periods medicine. We used prescriptions of TCM outpatients with fracture diagnoses analyzed using the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD) from 2000 to 2015. According to the number of days between the date of the fracture and the clinic visit date, all patients were assigned to one of three groups. Patients with a date gap of 0-13 days were assigned to the early period group; those with a date gap of 14-82 days were assigned to the middle period group; and those with a date gap of 83-182 days were assigned to the late period group. We observed the average number of herbal formulas prescribed by the TCM doctor at each visit was 2.78, and the average number of single herbs prescribed was 6.47. The top three prescriptions in the early fracture period were Zheng-gu-zi-jin-dang, Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, and Wu-ling-san. In the middle fracture period, the top three formulas were Zheng-gu-zi-jin-dang, Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, and Zhi-bai-di-huang-wan. In the late fracture period, the top three formulas were Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, Gui-lu-er-xian-jiao, and Du-huo-ji-sheng-tang. The main single herbs used in the early fracture period were Yan-hu-suo, Gu-sui-bu, and Dan-shen. From the middle to the late period, the most prescribed single herbs were Xu-duan, Gu-sui-bu, and Yan-hu-suo. We concluded that the results showed that the CGRD utilization pattern roughly meets the TCM theory at different fracture periods.

<p>In order to improve the catalytic degradation property of α-FeOOH, α-FeOOH was doped with sodium silicate. The α-FeOOH doped with silicon was used as catalyst to catalyze the degradation of methyl orange. The XRD spectra showed that the crystalline phase of α-FeOOH doped with silicon was same as that of α-FeOOH; The catalytic degradation property of α-FeOOH doped with silicon was 21.7% higher than that of α-FeOOH; The results showed that catalytic degradation of methyl orange was almost degraded thoroughly at the conditions that the concentration of α-FeOOH doped with silicon in the solution was 0.73 g/L, the concentration of H₂O₂ was 0.231 mmol/L. The pH value was between 2 and 3, and the degradation reaction was carried out at 60 ^oC for at least 20 min. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved </p><p><em>Received: 5^th November 2015; Revised: 9^th January 2016; Accepted: 13^rd January 2016</em></p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong>: Lu, Y., Gao, W., Xu, F., Zhang, G., Zhang, F. (2016). The Catalytic Degradation Performance of α-FeOOH Doped with Silicon on Methyl Orange.<em> Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis</em>, 11 (1): 120-124. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.1.434.120-124)</p><p><strong>Permalink/DOI</strong>: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.434.120-124">http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.434.120-124</a></p><p> </p>

Tianjin Mandarin is a member of the northern Mandarin Chinese family (ISO 693-3: [cmn]). It is spoken in the urban areas of the Tianjin Municipality (CN-12) in the People's Republic of China, which is about 120 kilometers to the southeast of Beijing. Existing studies on Tianjin Mandarin have focused mainly on its tonal aspects, especially its intriguing tone sandhi system, with few studies examining the segmental aspects (on tone, see e.g. Li & Liu 1985, Shi 1986, Liu 1993, Lu 1997, Wang & Jiang 1997, Chen 2000, Liu & Gao 2003, Ma 2005, Ma & Jia 2006, Zhang & Liu 2011, Li & Chen 2016; on segmental aspects, see e.g. Han 1993a, b; Wee, Yan & Chen 2005). As also noted in Wee et al. (2005), this is probably due to the similarity in segmental structures between Tianjin Mandarin and Standard Chinese, especially among speakers of the younger generation, and what differentiates the two Mandarin varieties is most notably their tonal systems. The aim of the present description is therefore to provide a systematic phonetic description of both segmental and tonal aspects of Tianjin Mandarin, with main focus on the tonal aspects.

Since seizing power in 1949, China’s Communist Party has exerted firm control over all aspects of cultural expression. This policy took its most radical turn in the mid-1960s when Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), aiming to rid the country of bourgeois elements. The composer Zhao Jiping was a student at the Xi’an Conservatory during this period. He graduated in 1970, but was able to continue his studies only when the Central Conservatory reopened in 1978. On completing his studies, he established himself as a composer of folk-inspired music for film and the concert stage. This paper focuses on Zhao’s score for director Zhang Yimou’s Red Sorghum (Hong gao liang, 1987), a film based on the 1986 novel by 2012 Nobel laureate Mo Yan. While the composer enjoyed only limited recognition beyond China, he went on to score other successful films, among them Raise the Red Lantern (1991) and Farewell, My Concubine (1993), and achieve success as a composer of concert music. The paper connects Zhao’s musical language to the impact of the Cultural Revolution by examining how in Red Sorghum his music was employed to evoke a virile image of rural China.

Grassland remote sensing (GRS) is an important research topic that applies remote sensing technology to grassland ecosystems, reflects the number of grassland resources and grassland health promptly, and provides inversion information used in sustainable development management. A scientometrics analysis based on Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) was performed to understand the research trends and areas of focus in GRS research studies. A total of 2692 papers related to GRS research studies and 82,208 references published from 1980 to 2020 were selected as the research objects. A comprehensive overview of the field based on the annual documents, research areas, institutions, influential journals, core authors, and temporal trends in keywords were presented in this study. The results showed that the annual number of documents increased exponentially, and more than 100 papers were published each year since 2010. Remote sensing, environmental sciences, and ecology were the most popular Web of Science research areas. The journal Remote Sensing was one of the most popular for researchers to publish documents and shows high development and publishing potential in GRS research studies. The institution with the greatest research documents and most citations was the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Guo X.L., Hill M.J., and Zhang L. were the most productive authors across the 40-year study period in terms of the number of articles published. Seven clusters of research areas were identified that generated contributions to this topic by keyword co-occurrence analysis. We also detected 17 main future directions of GRS research studies by document co-citation analysis. Emerging or underutilized methodologies and technologies, such as unmanned aerial systems (UASs), cloud computing, and deep learning, will continue to further enhance GRS research in the process of achieving sustainable development goals. These results can help related researchers better understand the past and future of GRS research studies.

This editorial introduces the special issue entitled “Applications of Internet of Things”, of ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. Topics covered in this issue include three main parts: (I) intelligent transportation systems (ITS), (II) location-based services (LBS), and (III) sensing techniques and applications. Three papers on ITS are as follows: (1) “Vehicle positioning and speed estimation based on cellular network signals for urban roads,” by Lai and Kuo; (2) “A method for traffic congestion clustering judgment based on grey relational analysis,” by Zhang et al.; and (3) “Smartphone-based pedestrian’s avoidance behavior recognition towards opportunistic road anomaly detection,” by Ishikawa and Fujinami. Three papers on LBS are as follows: (1) “A high-efficiency method of mobile positioning based on commercial vehicle operation data,” by Chen et al.; (2) “Efficient location privacy-preserving k-anonymity method based on the credible chain,” by Wang et al.; and (3) “Proximity-based asynchronous messaging platform for location-based Internet of things service,” by gon Jo et al. Two papers on sensing techniques and applications are as follows: (1) “Detection of electronic anklet wearers’ groupings throughout telematics monitoring,” by Machado et al.; and (2) “Camera coverage estimation based on multistage grid subdivision,” by Wang et al.

Injection current tuning properties of an 8.5 um Fabry-Pérot mid-infrared quantum cascade laser are evaluated by analyzing the mode-by-mode frequency tuning behavior with an identification of high-noise regimes in a delayed self-heterodyne experiment. We find that modes on the edges of the spectral envelope exhibit anomalous tuning coefficients compared to those in the center. Furthermore, the frequencies of individual modes are susceptible to parasitic etalons, likely causing laser frequency pulling. Despite the complicated tuning behavior, low phase-noise operating regimes exist, and are compatible with high resolution multiheterodyne spectroscopy of gases. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson, A.Y. Cho, "Quantum Cascade Laser", Science 264 (1994) 553?556. CrossRef A. Hugi, G. Villares, S. Blaser, H.C. Liu, J. Faist, "Mid-infrared frequency comb based on a quantum cascade laser", Nature 492 (2012) 229?233. CrossRef G. Villares, A. Hugi, S. Blaser, J. Faist,"Dual-comb spectroscopy based on quantum-cascade-laser frequency combs", Nat. Commun. 5 (2014) 5192. CrossRef G. Villares, S. Riedi, J. Wolf, D. Kazakov, M.J. Süess, P. Jouy, M. Beck, J. Faist, "Dispersion engineering of quantum cascade laser frequency combs", Optica 3 (2016) 252. CrossRef Y. Wang, M.G. Soskind, W. Wang, G. Wysocki, "High-resolution multi-heterodyne spectroscopy based on Fabry-Perot quantum cascade lasers", Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 (2014) 31114. CrossRef A. Hangauer, J. Westberg, E. Zhang, G. Wysocki, "Wavelength modulated multiheterodyne spectroscopy using Fabry-Pérot quantum cascade lasers", Opt. Express 24 (2016) 25298. CrossRef D. Burghoff, Y. Yang, D.J. Hayton, J.-R. Gao, J.L. Reno, Q. Hu, "Evaluating the coherence and time-domain profile of quantum cascade laser frequency combs", Opt. Express 23 (2015) 1190?1202. CrossRef A. Gordon, C.Y. Wang, L. Diehl, F.X. Kärtner, A. Belyanin, D. Bour, S. Corzine, G. Höfler, H.C. Liu, H. Schneider, T. Maier, M. Troccoli, J. Faist, F. Capasso, "Multimode regimes in quantum cascade lasers: From coherent instabilities to spatial hole burning", Phys. Rev. A 77 (2008). CrossRef S. Blaser, D.A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, "Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum-cascade lasers at ?=5.4?m", Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 41109. CrossRef S. Schiller, "Spectrometry with frequency combs", Opt. Lett. 27 (2002) 766?768. CrossRef T. Tsai, G. Wysocki, "Active wavelength control of an external cavity quantum cascade laser", Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 109 (2012) 415?421. CrossRef

Microblogging, with applications in many domains, including education, is one of the social media technologies with the greatest potential. The features of a microblogging platform vary from sending and receiving messages via the web, SMS, instant messaging clients, and by third party applications. Even though social media networking sites are commonly used in Higher Education, very little empirical evidence is available concerning the impact of social media use on student learning and engagement, albeit some studies on the use of Twitter as a microblogging tool in educational settings Fei Gao, Tian Luo and Ke Zhang (2012). In this study, the authors analyse the level of familiarity, engagement and frequency of use of social media technologies among university-level computer science students in Finland. Additionally, the authors analyse the experience of using a specific microblogging social media, Edmodo, as a learning aid to support group work. The specific focus of the study is to examine the reception of the students towards the Edmodo platform. The data was collected through a social media familiarity questionnaire, Edmodo experience questionnaire and interviews. The main findings are that the cohort was not very familiar with social media at the beginning of the course. However, the use of the Edmodo as a microblogging social media networking sites, as a learning tool had a positive impact on the students. This study provides experimental evidence that microblogging social networking sites and more specifically Edmodo can be used as an educational tool to help engage students more in the use of more social media networking sites.

Summary The fluid-flow mechanism of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in porous media by alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding is investigated by measuring the production performance, pressure, and saturation distributions through the installed differential-pressure transducers and saturation-measurement probes in a physical model of a vertical heterogeneous reservoir. The fluid-flow variation in the reservoir is one of the main mechanisms of EOR of ASP flooding, and the nonlinear coupling and interaction between pressure and saturation fields results in the fluid-flow variation in the reservoir. In the vertical heterogeneous reservoir, the ASP agents flow initially in the high-permeability layer. Later, the flow direction changes toward the low- and middle-permeability layers because the resistance in the high-permeability layer increases on physical and chemical reactions such as adsorption, retention, and emulsion. ASP flooding displaces not only the residual oil in the high-permeability layer but also the remaining oil in the low- and middle-permeability layers by increasing both swept volume and displacement efficiency. Introduction Currently, most oil fields in China are in the later production period and the water cut increases rapidly, even to more than 80%. Waterflooding no longer meets the demands of oilfield production. Thus, it is inevitable that a new technology will replace waterflooding. The new technique of ASP flooding has been developed on the basis of alkali-, surfactant-, and polymer-flooding research in the late 1980s. ASP flooding uses the benefits of the three flooding methods simultaneously, and oil recovery is greatly enhanced by decreasing interfacial tension (IFT), increasing the capillary number, enhancing microscopic displacing efficiency, improving the mobility ratio, and increasing macroscopic sweeping efficiency (Shen and Yu 2002; Wang et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2002; Sui et al. 2000). Recently, much intensive research has been done on ASP flooding both in China and worldwide, achieving some important accomplishments that lay a solid foundation for the extension of this technique to practical application in oil fields (Baviere et al. 1995; Thomas 2005; Yang et al. 2003; Li et al. 2003). In previous work, the ASP-flooding mechanism was studied visually by using a microscopic-scale model and double-pane glass models with sand (Liu et al. 2003; Zhang 1991). In these experiments, the water-viscosity finger, the residual-oil distribution after waterflooding, and the oil bank formed by microscopic emulsion flooding were observed. In Tong et al. (1998) and Guo (1990), deformation, threading, emulsion (oil/water), and strapping were observed as the main mechanisms of ASP flooding in a water-wetting reservoir, while the interface-producing emulsion (oil/water), bridging between inner pore and outer pore, is the main mechanism of ASP flooding in an oil-wetting reservoir. For a vertical heterogeneous reservoir, ASP flooding increases displacement efficiency by displacing residual oil through decreased IFT, simultaneously improving sweep efficiency by extending the swept area in both vertical and horizontal directions. Some physical and chemical phenomena, such as emulsion, scale deposition, and chromatographic separation, occur during ASP flooding (Arihara et al. 1999; Guo 1999). Because ASP flooding in porous media involves many complicated physicochemical properties, many oil-recovery mechanisms still need to be investigated. Most research has been performed on the microscopic displacement mechanism of ASP flooding, while the fluid-flow mechanism in porous media at the macroscopic scale lacks sufficient study. In this paper, a vertical-heterogeneous-reservoir model is established, and differential-pressure transducers and saturation-measuring probes are installed. The fluid-flow mechanism of increasing both macroscopic sweep efficiency and microscopic displacement efficiency is studied by measuring the production performance and the variation of pressure and saturation distributions in the ASP-flooding experiment. An experimental database of ASP flooding also is set up and provides an experimental base for numerical simulation.

The optical setup for holographic projection on the scatterings in fluorescent liquids is presented. Such media can be used as volumetric screens for near-eye holographic displays, solving the problem of speckle noise and very small exit pupils in existing setups. Three different oils (canola, olive and engine oil) with 532 nm laser and tonic water with 405 nm laser are used for projecting holographic fields, the quality of such images is investigated. The laser wavelength is cut out from acquisition on a camera and only filtered fluorescent light is observed. The best and brightest results are obtained with engine oil. Full Text: PDF ReferencesX. Li, C. P. Chen, H. Gao, et al. "Video-Rate Holographic Display Using Azo-Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal", Journal of display technology 10(6), 438-443 (2014). CrossRef X. Li, Z. Song, F. Li, X. Dong, W. Liu, "79‐3: Video‐rate Holographic Display in ZnSe layer‐assisted Quantum Dot Doped Liquid Crystal with High‐photorefractive Sensitivity", SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers. Vol. 48. No. 1. 2017, CrossRef Sasaki, Takeo, et al. "Real-time dynamic hologram in photorefractive ferroelectric liquid crystal with two-beam coupling gain coefficient of over 800 cm–1 and response time of 8 ms", Applied Physics Letters 6(2) (2013) CrossRef N. Tsutsumi, K. Kinashi, A. Nomura, W. Sasaki, "Quickly Updatable Hologram Images Using Poly(N-vinyl Carbazole) (PVCz) Photorefractive Polymer Composite", Materials 5.8: 1477-1486 (2012) CrossRef M. Makowski, "Simple holographic projection in color", et al. Optics express 20.22: 25130-25136 (2012) CrossRef A. Yagi, M. Imura, Y, Kuroda, O. Oshiro, "360-degree fog projection interactive display", SIGGRAPH Asia 2011 Emerging Technologies. ACM, (2011) CrossRef C.H. Hsu, K. L. Hua, W. H. Cheng. "Omni-Tube: a low-cost portable omnidirectional interactive 3D display", SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 Posters. ACM, (2012) CrossRef Z. Zeng, H. Zheng, X. Lu, H. Gao, Y. Yu, "Dynamic holographic three-dimensional projection based on liquid crystal spatial light modulator and cylindrical fog screen", Opt Rev (2015) 22: 853 CrossRef I. Rakkolainen, "Feasible mid-air virtual reality with the immaterial projection screen technology", 3DTV-Conference, Tampere (2010) CrossRef S. Yanfeng, et al. "A multi-plane optical see-through holographic three-dimensional display for augmented reality applications", Optik 157: 190-196 (2018) CrossRef G. Li, D. Lee, Y. Jeong, J. Cho, B. Lee, "Holographic display for see-through augmented reality using mirror-lens holographic optical element", Opt. Lett. 41(11), 2486-2489 (2016) CrossRef C. L. Lin, Y. Z. Su, M. W. Hung, K. C. Huang "Augmented reality system", Proc. SPIE 7798, Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXIII, 779826 (2010) CrossRef A. Maimone, A. Georgiou, J. S. Kollin, "Holographic near-eye displays for virtual and augmented reality", ACM Trans. Graph. 36, 4, 1-16 (2017) CrossRef M. Quinten, Optical properties of nanoparticle systems: Mie and beyond (John Wiley & Sons 2010). CrossRef J.-W. Liaw, S.-W. Tsai, H.-H. Lin, T.-C. Yen, B.-R. Chen, "Wavelength-dependent Faraday–Tyndall effect on laser-induced microbubble in gold colloid", Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 113(17), 2234-2242 (2012), CrossRef T. Mu et al. "Classification of edible oils using 532 nm laser-induced fluorescence combined with support vector machine", Anal. Methods 5, 6960 (2013) CrossRef T. Mu et al. "Classification of Motor Oil Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Phosphorescence", Analytical Letters 49:8, 1233-1239 (2015) CrossRef V. Rostampour, M. J. Lynch, "Quantitative Techniques To Discriminate Petroleum Oils Using LED-induced Fluorescence", WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 95, 265 262 (2006) CrossRef F. Wyrowski and O. Bryngdahl, "Iterative Fourier-transform algorithm applied to computer holography", Opt. Soc. Am. A 5(7), 1058-1065 (1988) CrossRef

This paper deals with the most salient aspects of distance education, and how it has been an issue of great relevance in the pandemic era. However, this is not a current issue, it is a situation that has affected the schooling situation in rural areas since earlier times. The positive and negative aspects of distance education from more than twenty years ago are evaluated and contrasted with the new online education methods. B-learning education and new educational paradigms are evaluated. The main results show that education can take on different effective methodologies as long as appropriate teacher training and education processes are in place. Keywords: B-learning education, distance learning, online education. References [1]V. Guichot, «Hisotria de la educación: reflexiones sobre su objeto, ubicación epistemológica, devenir histórico y tendencias actuales,» Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos, vol. 2, nº 1, pp. 11-51, 2006. [2]J.Gomera, «josegomera.com,»[Online]. Available: https://josegomera.com/academico/conoce-la-historia-de-la-educacion-a-distancia/#:~:text=La%20historia%20de%20la%20educaci%C3%B3n%20a%20distancia%20universitaria%20en%20Estados,que%20transmite%20cursos%20por%20radio.. [Last access: 30 Mar 2021]. [3]wikipedia, «Historia de internet,» [Online]. Available: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Internet. [Last access: 2 Apr 2021]. [4]F.-J. Hinojo-Lucena, J.-M. Trujillo-Torres, J.-A. Marín-Marín y C. Rodríguez-Jiménez, «B-Learning in Basic Vocational Training Students for the Development of the Module of Applied Sciences I,» Mathematics, vol. 8, nº 1102, pp. 1-13, 2020. [5]«The objective of this research is to measure the perception that teachers had about their own Educators during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Analysis of Different Educational Stages,» Sustainiability, vol. 12, nº 10128, pp. 1-13, 2020. [6] C. A. Gutiérrez Pérez, «Construction of Digital Identity through B-Learning Training: Resource Evaluation,» ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 930-934, 2020. [7]Y. Guo y L. Chen, «An Investigation on Online Learning for K12 in Rural Areas in China during COVID-19 Pandemic,» de 2020 9th International Conference of Educational Innovation through Technology, EITT 2020, Portugal, 2020. [8]Universidad de los Andes, «Universidad de los Andes,» [Online]. Available: https://blended.uniandes.edu.co/caracteristicas-del-blended-learning/#:~:text=Un%20elemento%20caracter%C3%ADstico%20en%20la,de%20su%20proceso%20de%20aprendizaje.. [Last access: 02 Apr 2021]. [9]M. Zhang, A. Tlili, R. Zhuang, J. Yang, T.-W. Chang, H. Wang y R. Huang, «Experiencia china de proporcionar aprendizaje remoto y flexible durante la pandemia de COVID-19: un estudio de caso sobre el mantenimiento de la educación en contextos de crisis,» Lecture Notes in Educational Technology, vol. 3, nº 2, pp. 243-253, 2021. [10]J. Carvajal, F. Suárez y X. Quiñónez, «las TIC en la educación universitaria.,» Universidad Ciencia Y Tecnología, vol. 22, nº 89, pp. 31-35, 2019.

Background:Pulmonary arterial hypertension with systemic sclerosis (SSc-PAH) is the main cause of death in patients with SSc. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are very important to reduce the mortality of patients with SSc-PAH1. At present, there are not many sensitive markers for the diagnosis of SSc-PAH. Therefore, it is necessary to mine more sensitive markers as more accurate and practical predictors, which is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of SSc-PAH.Objectives:To discover the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and activated signaling pathways in SSc-PAH.Methods:Fifty-five samples (27 SSc-PAH v.s 28 normal controls) in GSE33463 chip data obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were included in this study. DEGs in SSc-PAH patients were screened by R, key pathways and hub genes were discoved by Metascape2, STRING3 and Cytoscape.Results:Total 431 genes with large differences were identified, including 238 up-regulated genes and 193 down-regulated genes, after standardizing the data (|logFC| > 1; P < 0.05). GO analysis showed that the upregulated genes were mainly involved in defense response to virus, hemoglobin complex, platelet alpha granule membrane and cytokine binding. The downregulated genes were mainly characterized by positive regulation of cell death, regulation of MAPK cascade, regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity and transcription factor AP-1 complex. Several significant enriched pathways obtained in the KEGG pathway analysis were Influenza A, Hepatitis C, IL-17 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Finally, after the selected differential genes were introduced into STRING online software, the data information of protein interaction network was derived, and 12 core genes in the network were identified, they were CXCL8, PPBP, LPAR1, FPR2, GNG11, CXCL10, LPAR5, JUN, C3AR1, CCR2, CCR3, IRF2.Conclusion:The genes and signal pathways related to SSc-PAH discovered by bioinformatics methods could not only provided new molecular markers for its diagnosis and treatment, but also provided new ideas for its related biological research.References:[1]Zheng JN, Li Y, Yan YM, et al. Identification and Validation of Key Genes Associated With Systemic Sclerosis-Related Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Genet 2020;11:816. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00816 [published Online First: 2020/08/15].[2]Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L, et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun 2019;10(1):1523. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09234-6 [published Online First: 2019/04/05].[3]Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Lyon D, et al. STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res 2019;47(D1):D607-D13. doi: 10.1093/nar/gky1131 [published Online First: 2018/11/27].Acknowledgements:This project was supported by National Science Foundation of China (82001740), Open Fund from the Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University) (KLCP2019) and Innovation Plan for Postgraduate Education in Shanxi Province (2020BY078).Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Background:Autoimmune uveitis is a group of inflammatory diseases that affect the uveal tract such as iris, cilia and choroid. In addition to diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, uveitis is one of the main causes of blindness in developed countries[1].The disease is autoimmune-mediated, and abnormal immune responses are induced by pathogenic antigens such as retinal soluble antigens and retinal interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), and autoimmune inflammation is caused by specific cytotoxic effects, immune complex responses and delayed hypersensitivity reactions.It has been found that the disorder of lymphocyte subsets, mainly due to the number and function defects of regulatory T cells (Tregs), may be involved in the development of uveitis.IL-2 is a key cytokine in T cell differentiation. As a new type of immunomodulator, IL-2 has achieved preliminary efficacy in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjogren’s syndrome and other diseases[2-4], but there is no clinical evidence of IL-2 in the treatment of autoimmune uveitis.The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of T lymphocytes in patients with autoimmune uveitis and the effect of low dose IL-2 on their immune status.Objectives:To investigate the expression of peripheral blood lymphocyte in patients with autoimmune uveitis and evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of low-dose IL-2 combined with methylprednisolone.Methods:A total of 108 patients with autoimmune uveitis and 93 healthy subjects who visited our hospital from January 2016 to April 2019 were collected.Twenty-three patients were treated with a low dose of IL-2 (50WIU/ day for 5 consecutive days) on the basis of conventional treatment (methylprednisolone and/or DMARDs), and the changes in the patients’ condition and lymphocyte subsets were observed. The t-test of two independent samples was used when the measurement data conformed to the normal distribution and the variance was homogeneous, and Manil-Whitney rank sum test was used when the measurement data did not conform to the normal distribution.Results:Among 108 patients, 58 were males and 50 were females, with an average age of 41 + 14 years. Compared with the normal control group, total T cells, total B cells, Th cells, Ts cells, Th1 cells, Th17 cells, Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg in patients with autoimmune uveitis were higher than those in healthy control group (P < 0.05), while Th1 cells and Treg cells were lower than those in healthy control group (P < 0.05). After IL-2 treatment, the number of Treg cells increased from 21.90±15.29 /ul to 51.54±41.86 /ul (P < 0.05), the Th17/Treg ratio decreased back from 0.44±0.27 to 0.33±0.23 (P < 0.05), and both serum sedimentation rate and CRP decreased compared with before treatment (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Treg cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis. Low dose of IL-2 selectively elevates Treg cells, regulates Th17/Treg balance and improves the condition of the disease.References:[1]Durrani OM, Meads CA, Murray PIJO. Uveitis: A Potentially Blinding Disease[J]. 2004, 218(4): 223-236.[2]He J, Zhang X, Wei Y, et al. Low-dose interleukin-2 treatment selectively modulates CD4(+) T cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. 2016, 22(9): 991-993.[3]An H, Li X, Li F, et al. The absolute counts of peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in patient with ankylosing spondylitis and the effect of low-dose interleukin-2[J]. 2019, 98(15): e15094.[4]Miao M, Hao Z, Guo Y, et al. Short-term and low-dose IL-2 therapy restores the Th17/Treg balance in the peripheral blood of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome[J]. 2018: annrheumdis-2018-213036.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

BackgroundImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, long-term benefits are only achieved in a small fraction of patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ICB activity is key to improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. A major limitation to uncovering these mechanisms is the limited number of responders within each ICB trial. Integrating data from multiple studies of ICB would help overcome this issue and more reliably define the immune landscape of durable responses. Towards this goal, we formed the TimIOs consortium, comprising researchers from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer Sparkathon TimIOs Initiative, the Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and the Institute for Systems Biology. Together, we aim to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with defined outcomes to ICB, by building on our joint and multifaceted expertise in the field of immuno-oncology. To determine the feasibility and relevance of our approach, we have assembled a compendium of publicly available gene expression datasets from clinical trials of ICB. We plan to analyze this data using a previously reported pipeline that successfully determined main cancer immune-subtypes associated with survival across multiple cancer types in TCGA.1MethodsRNA sequencing data from 1092 patients were uniformly reprocessed harmonized, and annotated with predefined clinical parameters. We defined a comprehensive set of immunogenomics features, including immune gene expression signatures associated with treatment outcome,1,2 estimates of immune cell proportions, metabolic profiles, and T and B cell receptor repertoire, and scored all compendium samples for these features. Elastic net regression models with parameter optimization done via Monte Carlo cross-validation and leave-one-out cross-validation were used to analyze the capacity of an integrated immunogenomics model to predict durable clinical benefit following ICB treatment.ResultsOur preliminary analyses confirmed an association between the expression of an IFN-gamma signature in tumor (1) and better outcomes of ICB, highlighting the feasibility of our approach.ConclusionsIn line with analysis of pan-cancer TCGA datasets using this strategy (1), we expect to identify analogous immune subtypes characterizing baseline tumors from patients responding to ICB. Furthermore, we expect to find that these immune subtypes will have different importance in the model predicting response and survival. Results of this study will be incorporated into the Cancer Research Institute iAtlas Portal, to facilitate interactive exploration and hypothesis testing.ReferencesThorsson V, Gibbs DL, Brown SD, Wolf D, Bortone DS, Yang T-H O, Porta-Pardo E. Gao GF, Plaisier CL, Eddy JA, et al. The Immune Landscape of Cancer. Immunity 2018; 48(4): 812–830.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.023.Auslander N, Zhang G, Lee JS, Frederick DT, Miao B, Moll T, Tian T, Wei Z, Madan S, Sullivan RJ, et al. Robust Prediction of Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma. Nat. Med 2018; 24(10): 1545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0157-9.

Background:There is some evidence from epidemiological studies suggesting that CS and glucosamine could play a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention (1-4).Studies to date have included prevalent users, therefore a bias that overestimates protection cannot be excluded.Objectives:To test the hypothesis that chondroitin sulphate (CS) or glucosamine reduce the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods:Case-control study nested in a primary cohort composed of patients aged 40 to 99 years, with at least one year of follow-up in the BIFAP database during the 2002-2015 study period. From this cohort of patients, we identified incident cases of AMI and randomly selected five controls per case, matched by exact age, gender, and index date. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI)) were calculated through a conditional logistic regression. Only new users of CS or glucosamine were considered.Results:A total of 23,585 incident cases of AMI and 117,405 controls were included. The mean age was 67.0 (SD 13.4) years and 71.75% were male, in both groups. 558 (2.37%) cases and 3,082 (2.62%) controls used or had used CS. The current use of CS was associated with a lower risk of AMI (AOR 0.57; 95%CI: 0.46–0.72) and disappeared after discontinuation (recent and past users). The reduced risk among current users was observed in both short-term (<365 days AOR 0.58; 95%CI: 0.45-0.75) and long-term users (>364 days AOR 0.56; 95%CI 0.36-0.87), in both sexes (men, AOR=0.52; 95%CI:0.38-0.70; women, AOR=0.65; 95%CI: 0.46-0.91), in individuals over or under 70 years of age (AOR=0.54; 95%CI:0.38-0.77, and AOR=0.61; 95%CI:0.45-0.82, respectively) and in individuals at intermediate (AOR=0.65; 95%CI:0.48-0.91) and high cardiovascular risk (AOR=0.48;95%CI:0.27-0.83), but not in those at low risk (AOR=1.11; 95%CI:0.48-2.56). In contrast, the current use of glucosamine was not associated with either increased or decreased risk of AMI (AOR= 0.86; CI95% 0.66-1.08)Conclusion:Our results support a cardioprotective effect of CS, while no effect was observed with glucosamine. The highest protection was found among subgroups at higher cardiovascular risk.References:[1]Ma H, Li X, Sun D, Zhou T, Ley SH, Gustat J, et al. Association of habitual glucosamine use with risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective study in UK Biobank. BMJ. 2019;365(Journal Article):l1628.[2]de Abajo FJ, Gil MJ, Garcia Poza P, Bryant V, Oliva B, Timoner J, et al. Risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction associated with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, non-narcotic analgesics and other drugs used in osteoarthritis: a nested case-control study. PharmacoepidemiolDrug Saf. 2014;23(11):1128–38.[3]Li Z-H, Gao X, Chung VC, Zhong W-F, Fu Q, Lv Y-B, et al. Associations of regular glucosamine use with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Apr 6;annrheumdis-2020-217176.[4]King DE, Xiang J. Glucosamine/Chondroitin and Mortality in a US NHANES Cohort. J Am Board Fam Med. 2020 Dec;33(6):842–7.Disclosure of Interests:Ramón Mazzucchelli Speakers bureau: UCB, Lilly, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Roche, Amgen, Sara Rodriguez-Martin: None declared, Alberto García-Vadillo: None declared, Miguel Gil: None declared, Antonio Rodríguez-Miguel: None declared, Diana Barreira-Hernández: None declared, Alberto García-Lledó: None declared, Francisco de Abajo: None declared

Background:Coxitis (hip joint inflammation) in AS is associated with worse BASFI scores due to hip joint involvement and more severe axial disease [1]. Radiological index of BASRI-hip, US and MRI findings may be used for evaluation of hip joint impairment [2, 3, 4]. Number of studies on coxitis in AS patients treated with biologics was limited at time of this study initiation.Objectives:To evaluate clinical changes measured by BASFI, BASMI, BASDAI, ASDAS-CRP and radiological changes in AS patients with coxitis (BASRI-hip, hip MRI [STIR- and T1-weighted sequences], hip US) after 12 and 24 months of treatment with TNF alpha inhibitor golimumab from baseline.Methods:A non-interventional prospective cohort study. Bio-naïve patients with AS and coxitis were treated with golimumab according to daily clinical practice in 5 clinics across Russia and followed up for 24 months. 39 patients participated. This analysis includes data from 30 patients who completed the follow up. The whole cohort’s data to be presented after consolidation of safety data. MRI and US data were collected for 12 months in up to 28 of 30 patients. The primary endpoint was mean change of BASFI which was expected to be -2.5 (± 2.12) from baseline at week 52 weeks (12 months) of therapy [5]. The power of the study was 90% with minimum sample size of 18 patients. Student’s paired t-criteria, Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to compare quantitave and Chi-square test for qualitative variables.Results:Majority of participants (66,7%; 20 out of 30) were male, with mean (SD) age of 33.2 (9.4) years, mean (SD) duration of AS was 36.2 (42.1) months, mean (SD) duration of coxitis was 36.9 (44.1) months. Baseline mean (SD) scores were: BASFI 3.9 (2.5), BASMI 3.1 (2.5), BASDAI 4.9 (2.0), ASDAS-CRP 3.5 (1.2). Changes of mean clinical scores from baseline after 12 and 24 months of treatment with golimumab were: ΔBASFI= -2.2 (p=0.0001), -2.1 (p=0.0000); ΔBASMI= -1.5 (p=0.0000), -1,8 (p=0.0000); ΔBASDAI= -3.0 (p=0.0000), -3.1 (p=0.0000); ΔASDAS-CRP= -2.0 (p=0.0000), -2.1 (p=0.0000), correspondingly (n=30). The clinical results (medians, interquartile ranges, min and max) are presented below.Baseline mean (SD)/median BASRI-hip was 1.1 (0.8)/1.0 on the right and on the left. Changes of mean/median BASRI-hip score at 12 and 24 months compared to baseline were: 0.3/0.0 (n=25; p=0.2344) and 0.3/0.0 (n=25; p=0.1368) on the right; 0.4/0.0 (n=25; p=0.0352) and 0.4/1.0 (n=25; p=0.0735) on the left. Rates of patients with MRI and US findings are presented below.HipMRI, paired analysisPatients (%), n=27Patients (%), n=23BaselineAt 6 monthsBaselineAt 12 monthsRightNo findings33.348.139.156.5Subchondral bone marrow edema (SBME)37.011.134.88.7Joint effusion74.125.9*73.917.4*Enthesitis33.311.134.821.7Fatty degeneration37.055.634.852.2LeftNo findings29.651.930.452.2SBME18.53.78.74.3Joint effusion63.022.2*60.921.7Enthesitis22.218.517.421.7Fatty degeneration33.355.630.452.2HipUS, paired analysisPatients (%), n=28Patients (%), n=27BaselineAt 6 monthsBaselineAt 12 monthsRightNo findings14.350.0*18.551.9*Joint effusion46.425.051.911.1*Enthesitis25.014.318.514.8LeftNo findings14.350.0*18.555.6*Joint effusion42.928.648.125.9Enthesitis17.917.911.118.5*p<0.05Conclusion:Therapy with TNF alpha inhibitor golimumab for 24 months in AS patients with coxitis was accompanied with statistically significant improvement of clinical scores with primary endpoint achieved (mean BASFI change -2.5 at 12 months), improvement of MRI and US findings without obvious structural progression measured with BASRI-hip score compared to baseline.References:[1]Cruyssen B.V. et al. Rheumatology 2010; 49: 73-81.[2]Boonen A. et al. J Rheumatol 2009; 36; 1249-1255.[3]Cruyssen B.V. et al. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013, 25: 448-454.[4]Zhen-Guo H. et al. European Journal of Radiology 82 (2013) 1487-1493.[5]Konsta et al. Clin Rheumatol (2013) 32:1229-1232.Braun J. et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71: 661–667.Disclosure of Interests:Shandor Erdes Speakers bureau: Paid as a speaker during educational activities supported by pharmaceutical companies (MSD, Pfizer, AbbVie, BIOCAD), Ekaterina Agafonova Speakers bureau: Paid as a speaker during educational activities supported by pharmaceutical companies (MSD)., Daria Rumiantceva Speakers bureau: Paid as a speaker during educational activities supported by pharmaceutical companies (Novartis), Satenik Davidian: None declared, Elena Zemerova Speakers bureau: Paid as a speaker during educational activities supported by pharmaceutical companies (MSD, Pfizer), Aleksey Kulikov Speakers bureau: Paid as a speaker during educational activities supported by pharmaceutical companies (MSD, AbbVie, UCB, BIOCAD, Novartis, Sanofi), Olga Markova Speakers bureau: Paid as a speaker during educational activities supported by pharmaceutical companies (MSD, Novartis, Medac, GSK), Ekaterina Lukyanova Employee of: MSD Pharmaceutical LLC (Russia), Director of Medical Affairs., Vladimir Achikyan Employee of: MSD Pharmaceutical LLC (Russia), Therapeutic Area Lead

Imaging buried geological boundaries is one of a major objective during the interpretation of magnetic field data in Geophysics. Therefore, edge detection and edge enhancement techniques assist a crucial role on this aim. Most of the existing edge detector methods require to obtain special points such as in general the maxima of the resulting image. One of the useful tools in estimating edges from magnetic data is the tilt angle of the analytical signal amplitude due to its value slightly dependence on the direction of magnetization. In this study, the maxima of the tilt angle of analytical signal amplitudes of the magnetic data was determined by a curvature-based method. The technique is based on fitting a quadratic surface over a 3×3 windows of the grid for locating any appropriate critical point that is near the centre of the window. The algorithm is built in Matlab environment. The feasibility of the algorithm is demonstrated in two cases of synthetic data as well as on real magnetic data from Tu Chinh-Vung May area. The source code is available from the authors on request.ReferencesAkpınar Z., Gürsoy H., Tatar O., Büyüksaraç A., Koçbulut F., Piper, JDA., 2016. Geophysical analysis of fault geometry and volcanic activity in the Erzincan Basin, Central Turkey, Complex evolution of a mature pull-apart basin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 116, 97-114. Beiki M., 2010. Analytic signals of gravity gradient tensor and their application to estimate source location, Geophysics, 75(6), 159-174.Blakely R. J., and Simpson R.W., 1986. Approximating edges of source bodies from magnetic or gravity anomalies, Geophysics, 51, 1494-1498.Chen An-Guo, Zhou Tao-Fa, Liu Dong-Jia, Zhang Shu, 2017. Application of an enhanced theta-based filter for potential field edge detection: a case study of the LUZONG ORE DISTRICT, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 60(2), 203-218.Cooper G.RJ., 2014. Reducing the dependence of the analytic signal amplitude of aeromagnetic data on the source vector direction, Geophysics, 79, 55-60.Cordell L., 1979. Gravimetric Expression of Graben Faulting in Santa Fe Country and theEspanola Basin, New Mexico. In Ingersoll, R.V., Ed., Guidebook to Santa Fe Country, New Mexico Geological Society, Socorro, 59-64.Cordell L and Grauch V.J.S., 1985. Mapping Basement Magnetization Zones from Aeromagnetic Data in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, The Utility of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 181-197.Hsu S.K., Coppense D., Shyu C.T., 1996. High- resolution detection of geologic boundaries from potential field anomalies: An enhanced analytic signal technique, Geophysics, 61, 1947-1957.Le D.C., Application of seismic exploration methods to identify geological structural characteristics supporting for hydrocarbon potential assessment in TuChinh - Vung May basin, Ph.D. Thesis, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology.Li X., 2006. Understanding 3D analytic signal amplitude: Geophysics, 71(2), 13-16.Miller H.G. and Singh V., 1994. Potential Field Tilt a New Concept for Location of Potential Field Sources, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 32, 213-217.Nabighian M.N., 1972. The analytic signal of two-dimensional magnetic bodies with polygonal cross-section: Its properties and use of automated anomaly interpretation, Geophysics, 37, 507-517.Nguyen N.T., Bui V.N., Nguyen T.T.H., 2014. Determining the depth to the magnetic basement and fault systems in Tu Chinh - Vung May area by magnetic data interpretation, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 14(4a), 16-25.Nguyen X.H, San T.N, Bae W., Hoang M.C, 2014. Formation mechanism and petroleum system of tertiary sedimentary basins, offshore Vietnam, Energy Sources, Part A, 36, 1634-1649.Phillips J.D., Hansen R.O. and Blakely R.J., 2007. The use of curvature in potential-field interpretation, Exploration Geophysics, 38(2), 111-119.Rao D.B., and Babu N.R., 1991. A rapid method for three-dimensional modeling of magnetic anomalies, Geophysics, 56(11), 1729-1737.Roest W.R., Verhoef J., and Pilkington M., 1992. Magnetic interpretation using the 3-D analytic signal, Geophysics, 57, 116-125.Tran N., 2017. Sediment geology of Vietnam, VNU Press.Tran T.D., Tran N., Nguyen T.H., Dinh X.T., Pham B.N., Nguyen T.T., Tran T.T.T.N., Nguyen T.H.T., 2018. The Miocenedepositional geological evolution of Phu Khanh, Nam Con Son and Tu Chinh - Vung May basins in Vietnam continental shelf, VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences, 34(1), 112-135.Vo T.S., Le H.M., Luu V.H., 2005. Three-dimensional analytic signal method and its application in interpretation of aeromagnetic anomaly maps in the Tuan Giao region, Proceedings of the 4th geophysical scientific and technical conference of Vietnam, Publisher of Science and Engineering 2005.Wijns C, Perez C and Kowalczyk P, 2005, Theta map: Edge detection in magnetic data, Geophysics, 70, 39-43.

An all-fiber thulium-doped fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1940 nm is reported. A maximum output continuous-wave power of 70.7 W with a slope efficiency of 59%, determined with respect to the absorbed pump power, was demonstrated. The laser delivered almost a single-mode beam with a beam quality factor of < 1.3.Full Text: PDF ReferencesM. N. Zervas and C. A. Codemard, "High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review", IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 20, 0904123 (2014). CrossRef D. J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. A. Clarkson. "High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited]", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, B63 (2010). CrossRef J. Swiderski, A. Zajac, and M. Skorczakowski, "Pulsed ytterbium-doped large mode area double-clad fiber amplifier in MOFPA configuration", Opto-Electron. Rev. 15, 98 (2007). CrossRef M. Eckerle et al. "High-average-power actively-modelocked Tm3+ fiber lasers", Proc. SPIE 8237, 823740 (2012). CrossRef J. Swiderski, D. Dorosz, M. Skorczakowski, and W. Pichola, "Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier with tunable repetition rate and pulse duration", Laser Phys. 20, 1738 (2010). CrossRef P. Grzes and J. Swiderski, "Gain-Switched 2-μm Fiber Laser System Providing Kilowatt Peak-Power Mode-Locked Resembling Pulses and Its Application to Supercontinuum Generation in Fluoride Fibers", IEEE Phot. J. 10, 1 (2018). CrossRef S. Liang et al. "Transmission of wireless signals using space division multiplexing in few mode fibers", Opt. Express 26, 6490 (2018). CrossRef J. Swiderski, M. Michalska, and P. Grzes, "Broadband and top-flat mid-infrared supercontinuum generation with 3.52 W time-averaged power in a ZBLAN fiber directly pumped by a 2-µm mode-locked fiber laser and amplifier", Appl. Phys. B 124, 152 (2018). CrossRef F. Zhao et al. "Electromagnetically induced polarization grating", Sci. Rep. 8, 16369 (2018). CrossRef J. Sotor et al. "Ultrafast thulium-doped fiber laser mode locked with black phosphorus", Opt. Lett. 40, 3885 (2015). CrossRef M. Olivier et al. "Femtosecond fiber Mamyshev oscillator at 1550 nm", Opt. Lett. 44, 851 (2019). CrossRef J. Swiderski and M. Michalska, "Over three-octave spanning supercontinuum generated in a fluoride fiber pumped by Er & Er:Yb-doped and Tm-doped fiber amplifiers", Opt. Laser Technol. 52, 75 (2013). CrossRef C.Yao et al. "High-power mid-infrared supercontinuum laser source using fluorotellurite fiber", Optica 5, 1264 (2018). CrossRef J. Swiderski and M. Maciejewska, "Watt-level, all-fiber supercontinuum source based on telecom-grade fiber components", Appl. Phys. B 109, 177 (2012). CrossRef O. Traxer and E. X. Keller, "Thulium fiber laser: the new player for kidney stone treatment? A comparison with Holmium:YAG laser", World J. Urol., 1-12 (2019). CrossRef M. Michalska, et al. "Highly stable, efficient Tm-doped fiber laser—a potential scalpel for low invasive surgery", Laser Phys. Lett. 13, 115101 (2016). CrossRef R. L. Blackmon et al. "Thulium fiber laser ablation of kidney stones using a 50-μm-core silica optical fiber", Opt. Eng., 54, 011004 (2015). CrossRef A. Zajac et al. "Fibre lasers – conditioning constructional and technological", Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 58, 491 (2010). CrossRef C. Guo, D. Shen, J. Long, and F. Wang, "High-power and widely tunable Tm-doped fiber laser at 2 \mu m", Chin. Opt. Lett. 10, 091406 (2012). CrossRef F. Liu et al. "Tandem-pumped, tunable thulium-doped fiber laser in 2.1 μm wavelength region", Opt. Express 27, 8283 (2019). CrossRef H. Ahmad, M. Z. Samion, K. Thambiratnam, and M. Yasin, "Widely Tunable Dual-Wavelength Thulium-doped fiber laser Operating in 1.8-2.0 mm Region", Optik 179, 76 (2019). CrossRef N. M. Fried, "Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy: An in vitro analysis of stone fragmentation using a modulated 110‐watt Thulium fiber laser at 1.94 µm", Lasers Surg. Med. 37, 53 (2005). CrossRef N. M. Fried, "High‐power laser vaporization of the canine prostate using a 110 W Thulium fiber laser at 1.91 μm", Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 52 (2005). CrossRef E. Lippert et al. "Polymers Designed for Laser Applications-Fundamentals and Applications", Proc. SPIE 6397, P639704 (2006). CrossRef N. Dalloz et al. "High power Q-switched Tm3+, Ho3+-codoped 2μm fiber laser and application for direct OPO pumping", Proc. SPIE 10897, 108970J (2019). CrossRef N. J. Ramírez-Martinez, M. Nunez-Velazquez, A. A. Umnikov, and J. K. Sahu, "Highly efficient thulium-doped high-power laser fibers fabricated by MCVD", Opt. Express 27, 196 (2019). CrossRef T. Ehrenreich et al. "1-kW, All-Glass Tm:fiber Laser", Proc. SPIE 7580, 758016 (2010). DirectLink L. Shah et al. "Integrated Tm:fiber MOPA with polarized output and narrow linewidth with 100 W average power", Opt. Express 20, 20558 (2012). CrossRef H. Zhen-Yue, Y. Ping, X. Qi-Rong, L. Qiang, and G. Ma-Li, "227-W output all-fiberized Tm-doped fiber laser at 1908 nm", Chin. Phys. B 23, 104206 (2014). CrossRef

Objective: Tubtim-chumphae rice is hybrid Thai rice with a red pericarp. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Tubtim-chumphae rice bran on insulin resistance and intrahepatic fat accumulation in high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFFD) fed rats.Methods: Ethanolic extract of rice bran (ERB) was prepared using a 50% ethanol-water. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed HFFD (40% lard, 20% fructose) for 10 weeks, followed by concomitant administrations of distilled water or ERB at 250 or 500 mg/kg/day or pioglitazone at 10 mg/kg/day for a further 4 weeks in treated groups. Normal control rats were fed normal chow and distilled water. At the end of all treatments, fasting blood glucose (FBG), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum insulin levels, lipid profiles, and liver fat contents were measured. Liver histological and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) gene expression examinations were performed.Results: At week 14, control HFFD rats had significantly (p<0.05) higher FBG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin secretions together with impaired OGTT as compared to normal control rats. These parameters indicated an insulin resistant and dyslipidemic condition in HFFD rats. ERB 250 and 500 mg/kg or pioglitazone 10 mg/kg significantly ameliorated all of these changes. HFFD also caused a significant increase in fat accumulation and a decrease in PPAR-α gene expression in the livers which were significantly decreased by ERB.Conclusions: ERB decreases insulin resistance and intrahepatic fat accumulation possibly through increasing PPAR-α gene expression in HFFD rats. ERB might possibly be a neutraceutical for the metabolic syndrome patients.1. Gauthier MS, Favier R, Lavoie JM. Time course of the development of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis in response to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Br J Nutr 2006;95:273-81.2. Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: Underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013;3:1-58.3. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016;26:364-73.4. Fouret G, Gaillet S, Lecomte J, Bonafos B, Djohan F, Barea B, et al. 20-week follow-up of hepatic steatosis installation and liver mitochondrial structure and activity and their interrelation in rats fed a high-fat-high-fructose diet. Br J Nutr 2018;119:368-80.5. Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Fructose: A highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010;299:E685-94.6. Vichit W, Saewan N. Antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of thai pigmented rice. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:329-34.7. Settharaksa S, Madaka F, Charkree K, Charoenchai L. The study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in cold press rice bran oil from rice in Thailand. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:428-31.8. Sukrasno S, Tuty S, Fidrianny I. Antioxidant evaluation and phytochemical content of various rice bran extracts of three varieties rice from Semarang, central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:377-82.9. Sabir A, Rafi M, Darusman LK. Discrimination of red and white rice bran from indonesia using HPLC fingerprint analysis combined with chemometrics. Food Chem 2017;221:1717-22.10. Niu Y, Gao B, Slavin M, Zhang X, Yang F, Bao J, et al. Phytochemical compositions, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of twenty-two red rice samples grown in Zhejiang. LWT Food Sci Technol 2013;54:521-7.11. Boonloh K, Kukongviriyapan V, Kongyingyoes B, Kukongviriyapan U, Thawornchinsombut S, Pannangpetch P, et al. Rice bran protein hydrolysates improve insulin resistance and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in rats fed a high carbohydrate-high fat diet. Nutrients 2015;7:6313-29.12. Peñarrieta JM, Alvarado JA, Akesson B, Bergenståhl B. Total antioxidant capacity and content of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule): An andean pseudocereal. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:708-17.13. Mungkhunthod S, Senggunprai L, Tangsucharit P, Sripui J, Kukongviriyapan U, Pannangpetch P. Antidesma thwaitesianum pomace extract improves insulin sensitivity via upregulation of PPAR-γ in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetic rats. Asia Pac J Sci Technol 2016;21:63-76.14. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-9.15. Naowaboot J, Wannasiri S. Anti-lipogenic effect of Senna alata leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016;6:232-8.16. Couturier K, Qin B, Batandier C, Awada M, Hininger-Favier I, Canini F, et al. Cinnamon increases liver glycogen in an animal model of insulin

Objective: Tubtim-chumphae rice is hybrid Thai rice with a red pericarp. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Tubtim-chumphae rice bran on insulin resistance and intrahepatic fat accumulation in high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFFD) fed rats.Methods: Ethanolic extract of rice bran (ERB) was prepared using a 50% ethanol-water. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed HFFD (40% lard, 20% fructose) for 10 weeks, followed by concomitant administrations of distilled water or ERB at 250 or 500 mg/kg/day or pioglitazone at 10 mg/kg/day for a further 4 weeks in treated groups. Normal control rats were fed normal chow and distilled water. At the end of all treatments, fasting blood glucose (FBG), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum insulin levels, lipid profiles, and liver fat contents were measured. Liver histological and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) gene expression examinations were performed.Results: At week 14, control HFFD rats had significantly (p<0.05) higher FBG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin secretions together with impaired OGTT as compared to normal control rats. These parameters indicated an insulin resistant and dyslipidemic condition in HFFD rats. ERB 250 and 500 mg/kg or pioglitazone 10 mg/kg significantly ameliorated all of these changes. HFFD also caused a significant increase in fat accumulation and a decrease in PPAR-α gene expression in the livers which were significantly decreased by ERB.Conclusions: ERB decreases insulin resistance and intrahepatic fat accumulation possibly through increasing PPAR-α gene expression in HFFD rats. ERB might possibly be a neutraceutical for the metabolic syndrome patients.1. Gauthier MS, Favier R, Lavoie JM. Time course of the development of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis in response to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Br J Nutr 2006;95:273-81.2. Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: Underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013;3:1-58.3. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016;26:364-73.4. Fouret G, Gaillet S, Lecomte J, Bonafos B, Djohan F, Barea B, et al. 20-week follow-up of hepatic steatosis installation and liver mitochondrial structure and activity and their interrelation in rats fed a high-fat-high-fructose diet. Br J Nutr 2018;119:368-80.5. Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Fructose: A highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010;299:E685-94.6. Vichit W, Saewan N. Antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of thai pigmented rice. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2015;7:329-34.7. Settharaksa S, Madaka F, Charkree K, Charoenchai L. The study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in cold press rice bran oil from rice in Thailand. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6:428-31.8. Sukrasno S, Tuty S, Fidrianny I. Antioxidant evaluation and phytochemical content of various rice bran extracts of three varieties rice from Semarang, central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:377-82.9. Sabir A, Rafi M, Darusman LK. Discrimination of red and white rice bran from indonesia using HPLC fingerprint analysis combined with chemometrics. Food Chem 2017;221:1717-22.10. Niu Y, Gao B, Slavin M, Zhang X, Yang F, Bao J, et al. Phytochemical compositions, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of twenty-two red rice samples grown in Zhejiang. LWT Food Sci Technol 2013;54:521-7.11. Boonloh K, Kukongviriyapan V, Kongyingyoes B, Kukongviriyapan U, Thawornchinsombut S, Pannangpetch P, et al. Rice bran protein hydrolysates improve insulin resistance and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in rats fed a high carbohydrate-high fat diet. Nutrients 2015;7:6313-29.12. Peñarrieta JM, Alvarado JA, Akesson B, Bergenståhl B. Total antioxidant capacity and content of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule): An andean pseudocereal. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:708-17.13. Mungkhunthod S, Senggunprai L, Tangsucharit P, Sripui J, Kukongviriyapan U, Pannangpetch P. Antidesma thwaitesianum pomace extract improves insulin sensitivity via upregulation of PPAR-γ in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced Type 2 diabetic rats. Asia Pac J Sci Technol 2016;21:63-76.14. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-9.15. Naowaboot J, Wannasiri S. Anti-lipogenic effect of Senna alata leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016;6:232-8.16. Couturier K, Qin B, Batandier C, Awada M, Hininger-Favier I, Canini F, et al. Cinnamon increases liver glycogen in an animal model of insulin

Интерес к изучению систем, содержащих сульфиды формулой АIВIIIСVI2, обусловлен, прежде всего, открывающимися возможностями их практического использования в изготовлении нелинейных оптических приборов, детекторов, солнечных батарей, фотодиодов, люминофоров и др. Поэтому в связи с поиском новых перспективных материаловна основе тиогаллата серебра и железа целью этой работы является исследование квазибинарного разреза FeGa2S4–AgGaS2 четырехкомпонентной системы Fe–Ag–Ga–S.Синтез сплавов системы AgGaS2–FeGa2S4 проводили из лигатур с использованием высокой чистоты: железа – 99.995 %, галлия – 99.999 %, серебра – 99.99 % и серы – 99.99 %. Исследование сплавов проводили методами дифференциально-термического, рентгенофазового, микроструктурного анализов, а также измерением микротвердости и определениемплотности.Методами физико-химического анализа впервые изучена и построена Т-x фазовая диаграмма разреза AgGaS2–FeGa2S4, который является внутренним сечением квазитройной системы FeS–Ga2S3–Ag2S. Установлено, что система относится к простому эвтектическому типу. Состав эвтектической точки: 56 мол. % FeGa2S4 и Т = 1100 К. На основе исходных компонентов были определены области твердых растворов. Растворимость на основе FeGa2S4 и AgGaS2 при эвтектической температуре достигает до 10 и 16 мол. % соответственно. С уменьшением температуры твердые растворы сужаются и при комнатной температуре составляют на основе тиогаллата железа (FeGa2S4) 4 мол. % AgGaS2,а на основе тиогаллата серебра (AgGaS2) 11 мол. % FeGa2S4. ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Zhаo B., Zhu S., Li Z., Yu F., Zhu X., Gao D. Growth of AgGaS2 single crystal by descending cruciblewith rotation method and observation of properties. Chinese Sci. Bull. 2001; 46(23): 2009–2013. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF029019182. Горюнова Н. А. Сложные алмазоподобные полупроводники. М.: Сов. радио; 1968. 215 с.3. Абрикосов Н. Х., Шелимова Л. Е. Полупроводниковые материалы на основе соединений АIVBVI..М.:Наука; 1975. 195 с.4. Kushwaha A. 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The present article involves a qualitative study of the framing of dementia in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’, the Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, published in 2016. The aim of this study is to elucidate how dementia is framed qualitatively in the corpus consisting of scientific articles involving dementia published in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that dementia is represented in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’ in 2016 as the frames associated with gender, age, costs, caregiver and care-recipients, disability and death, health policy, spatial orientation, medical condition, and ethnic groups. These findings are further discussed in the article. References Andrews, J. (2011). We need to talk about dementia. Journal of Research in Nursing, 16(5),397–399. Aronowitz, R. (2008). Framing Disease: An Underappreciated Mechanism for the SocialPatterning Health. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 1–9. Bayles, K. A. (1982). 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The paper entitled “Similes in Novel Looking for Alaska by John Green” focuses on the kinds of simile and the meaning of simile found in the novel. The data was collected by reading the novel intensively, giving underline and taking note the similes found in the novel. The collected data was analyzed using qualitative method based on theory of figurative language, particularly simile. The main theory used in the analysis of the kinds of simile is proposed by Zhang Xiu Guo in a book entitled English Rhetoric (2005) and the analysis of type of meanings uses theory proposed by Leech (1981) in his book entitled Semantics. From the analysis of the data, there were two types of similes found, namely simile in terms of function and structure. Functionally there were three kinds of simile found, they are descriptive, illuminative, and illustrative similes, meanwhile structurally two kinds of similes were identified, they are closed and open similes. The meanings of similes found are connotative and conceptual meanings.

AbstractIn 2017 and 2018, Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology and other institutions conducted a rescue excavation to the Liujiawa site, which recovered features including city site, ditches (moats), rammed-earth foundations, burials, and unearthed bronze ding-cauldrons with “Rui Gong (Duke of Rui)” inscription, as well as bronze gui-tureens, chime bells, zheng-bells, chime music stones, jade ge-dagger axes, and other ritual and musical instruments. The scale of the site and the ranks of the artifacts all showed that the Liujiawa site was the site of the capital of the Rui state at its late stage in the early and mid Spring-and-Autumn period; the bronze chime bells and chime music stones unearthed at this site provided critical materials for the studies on the development history of ancient musical instruments and musical archaeology of China.

Based on recently herpetological collection from Sin Ho forest between 2017 to 2018, we herein report five new records of snakes from Lai Chau Province, comprising Dendrelaphis pictus (Colubridae), Bungarus multicinctus (Elapidae), Hebius chapaensis (Natricidae), Pareas carinatus (Pareatidae), and Ovophis monticola (Viperidae). Our findings brought the total number of snakes species recorded from Lai Chau province up to 26. We also provide additional information about morphology and natural history of the afore mentioned species. Keywords Colubridae, Elapidae, Natricidae, New records, Pareatidae, Sin Ho District, Viperidae References [1] Ủy Ban nhân tỉnh Lai Châu, 2018, Công thông tin điện tử (http://http://sinho.laichau.gov.vn), cập nhật ngày 6/1/2019.[2] Nguyen, S. V., Ho, C. T. & Nguyen, T. Q., Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 2009.[3] Ziegler, T., Ngo, N. H., Pham, V. A., Nguyen, T. T., Le, D. M. & Nguyen, Q. T., A new species of Parafimbrios from northern Vietnam(Squamata: Xenodermatidae), Zootaxa 4527(2) (2018): 269–276.[4] Bourret, R., Les serpents de l'Indochine. H. Dasuyau, Toulouse, Vol. 1 and 2, 141+505pp, 1936.[5] Smith, M. A., The fauna of Bistish india, Ceylon and Burma, reptilia and Amphibia. Vol III. Serpentes, 1943.[6] Ziegler, T. & Vogel, G., On the knowledge and specific status of Dendrelaphis ngansonensis (Bourret, 1935) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae), Russian Journal of Herpetology, 6(3) (1999): 199–208.[7] Nguyễn Văn Sáng, Động vật chí Việt Nam (Phân bộ Rắn), Tập 4, Nxb Khoa học và Kỹ thuật, Hà Nội, 2007.[8] Phạm Văn Anh, Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc, Nguyễn Thị Mến, Nguyễn Lân Hùng Sơn, Nguyễn Quảng Trường, Ghi nhận mới về sự phân bố của một số loài rắn (Squamata: Serpentes) ở tỉnh Sơn La, Báo cáo khoa học, Kỷ yếu hội nghị toàn quốc về Sinh thái và Tài nguyên sinh vật lần thứ 5 (2013): 461–467.[9] Ren, J-L., Wang, K., Nguyen, T. T., Hoang, V. C., Zhong, G-H., Jiang, K., Guo, P., Li, J-T., Taxonomic re-evaluation of the monotypic genus Pararhabdophis Bourret, 1934 (Squamata: Colubridae: Natricinae) with discovery of its type species, P. chapaensis, from China, Zootaxa 4486 (1) (2018): 031–056.[10] Bourret, R., Notes herpétologiques sur l'Indochine Française I. Ophidiens de Chapa. Bull. Gen. Instr. Pub. Hanoi 7 (March 1934): 129-138. [11] Guo, K. & Xuejiang, D., A new species of Pareas (Serpentes: Colubridae: Pareatinae) from the Gaoligong Mountains, southwestern China, Zootaxa 2008 (2009): 53–60.[12] Malhotra, A., Dawson, K., Guo, P. & S. Thorpe, S. R., Phylogenetic structure and species boundaries in the mountain pitviper Ovophis monticola (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) in Asia, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59 (2) (2011): 444–457.

This study uses an in silico screening docking model to evaluate the ACE2 inhibitory activity of natural compounds and drugs. The study collected 49 compounds and evaluated the ACE2 inhibitory effect in silico. The study results show that 11 out of the 49 compounds had stronger inhibitory activity on ACE2 than MLN-4760. Lipinski’s rule of five criteria and predictive pharmacokinetic-toxicity analysis show that eight compounds including quercetin, galangin, quisinostat, fluprofylline, spirofylline, RS 504393, TNP and GNF-5 had drug-likeness. These compounds could be potential drug for the Covid-19 treatment. Keywords SARS-CoV-2S, Covid-19, ACE2, molecular docking, in silico. References [[1] C. Wang, P.W. Horby, F.G. Hayden, G.F. Gao. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet 395(10223) (2020) 470.[2] WHO. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. WHO, 2020.[3] N. Chen, M. Zhou, X. Dong, J. Qu, F. Gong, Y. Han, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet 395(10223) (2020) 507.[4] J. Yang, Y. Zheng, X. Gou, K. Pu, Z. Chen, Q. Guo, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 94 (2020) 91.[5] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet 395(10224) (2020) 565.[6] R. Hilgenfeld. From SARS to MERS: crystallographic studies on coronaviral proteases enable antiviral drug design. The FEBS journal 281(18) (2014) 4085.[7] D. Wrapp, N. Wang, K.S. Corbett, J.A. Goldsmith, C.L. Hsieh, O. Abiona, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science (New York, NY) 367(6483) (2020) 1260.[8] P.A. Rota, M.S. Oberste, S.S. Monroe, W.A. Nix, R. Campagnoli, J.P. Icenogle, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science (New York, NY) 300(5624) (2003) 1394.[9] M. Donoghue, F. Hsieh, E. Baronas, K. Godbout, M. Gosselin, N. Stagliano, et al. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circulation research 87(5) (2000) E1.[10] H. Zhang, Z. Kang, H. Gong, D. Xu, J. Wang, Z. Li, et al. The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes. bioRxiv (2020) 2020.01.30.927806.[11] Y. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, Y. Zhou, Y. Ma, W. Zuo. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov. bioRxiv (2020) 2020.01.26.919985.[12] E.I. Bahbah, A. Negida, M.S. Nabet. Purposing Saikosaponins for the treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 140 (2020) 109782.[13] I.W. Cheung, S. Nakayama, M.N. Hsu, A.G. Samaranayaka, E.C. Li-Chan. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of hydrolysates from oat (Avena sativa) proteins by in silico and in vitro analyses. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 57(19) (2009) 9234.[14] T. Joshi, T. Joshi, P. Sharma, S. Mathpal, H. Pundir, V. Bhatt, et al. In silico screening of natural compounds against COVID-19 by targeting Mpro and ACE2 using molecular docking. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 24(8) (2020) 4529.[15] S. Shahid, A. Kausar, M. Khalid, S. Tewari, T. Alghassab, T. Acar, et al. analysis of binding properties of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through in silico molecular docking, 2018.[16] K. Teralı, B. Baddal, H.O. Gülcan. Prioritizing potential ACE2 inhibitors in the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a molecular mechanics-assisted structure-based virtual screening experiment. J Mol Graph Model 100 (2020) 107697.[17] M. Muchtaridi, M. Fauzi, N.K. Khairul Ikram, A. Mohd Gazzali, H.A. Wahab. Natural Flavonoids as Potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Inhibitors for Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 25(17) (2020) 3980.[18] M.J. Huentelman, J. Zubcevic, J.A. Hernández Prada, X. Xiao, D.S. Dimitrov, M.K. Raizada, et al. Structure-based discovery of a novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitor. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979) 44(6) (2004) 903.[19] S. Choudhary, Y.S. Malik, S. Tomar. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Inhibitors by Drug Repurposing Using in silico Structure-Based Virtual Screening Approach. Front Immunol 11((2020) 1664.[20] C.A. Lipinski. Lead-and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 1(4) (2004) 337.[21] B. Jayaram, T. Singh, G. Mukherjee, A. Mathur, S. Shekhar, V. Shekhar, Eds. Sanjeevini: a freely accessible web-server for target directed lead molecule discovery. Proceedings of the BMC bioinformatics; 2012. Springer (Year).[22] D.E. Pires, T.L. Blundell, D.B. Ascher. pkCSM: predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. Journal of medicinal chemistry 58(9) (2015) 4066.[23] P. Towler, B. Staker, S.G. Prasad, S. Menon, J. Tang, T. Parsons, et al. ACE2 X-ray structures reveal a large hinge-bending motion important for inhibitor binding and catalysis. The Journal of biological chemistry 279(17) (2004) 17996.[24] N.A. Dales, A.E. Gould, J.A. Brown, E.F. Calderwood, B. Guan, C.A. Minor, et al. Substrate-based design of the first class of angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) inhibitors. Journal of the American Chemical Society 124(40) (2002) 11852.[25] P. Pandey, J.S. Rane, A. Chatterjee, A. Kumar, R. Khan, A. Prakash, et al. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of COVID-19 with naturally occurring phytochemicals: an in silico study for drug development. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics (2020) 1.[26] C.A. Lipinski. Lead- and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug discovery today Technologies 1(4) (2004) 337.[27] R.O. Barros, F.L. Junior, W.S. Pereira, N.M. Oliveira, R.M. Ramos. Interaction of drug candidates with various SARS-CoV-2 receptors: An in silico study to combat COVID-19. Journal of Proteome Research (2020).

Zilong LU, Liuxia YAN, Jixiang MA, Xiaolei GUO, Jiyu ZHANG, Junli TANG, Huicheng WANG, Xiaoning CAI Background: Moderate population salt reduction could reduce blood pressure and the cardiovascular and stroke mortality in the long-term. In 2002, China’s national average dietary salt intake is twice of the recommendation sodium intake limit by Chinese Nutrition Association. To tackle the health burden of excessive salt intake, the former Ministry of Health has chosen Shandong province as national pilot and launched the Shandong & Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH, 2011[[Unable to Display Character: &#8211;]]2015) project. Objective: To develop and target intervention priority, a cross-sectional population survey was conducted to collect baseline data on sodium intake and sources in Shandong adults in 2011. Methods: We used multi-stage clustering sampling method to select the provincial representative sample for Shandong adults aged 18~69 years old. The selected adults were invited to participate the questionnaire survey and consecutive three-round 24-hour dietary recall. The Chinese 24-hour dietary recall includes two parts, cooking condiment weighting and the food (exclude the condiment) intake diary. The sodium contents in the condiments and food were calculated by using reference values from China Food Composition 2004. Results: Overall, 2140 community adult residents were included in the data analysis. The total average dietary sodium intake estimated by 24-hour dietary recall was 5745mg (95%CI: 5428-6063). Men (6147mg/d, 5824-6471) consumed higher sodium than women (5339 mg/d, 5006-5673) (P<0.05). The majority of dietary sodium (81%) was from cooking condiments including salt, soy sauce, sauce and monosodium glutamate (MSG), with a mean sodium intake of 4640mg (4360-4920). Out of the cooking condiments, salt added during food preparation was the leading source (63%) of sodium intake, up to 3638mg/d (3397-3879) sodium intake. Sodium intake from processed food was account for 10% of the total sodium intake, averaged at 582 mg (498-666) sodium intake for Shandong adults. Conclusion: The Shandong adults consume excessive sodium than the recommendation intake and most is from the condiments added at cooking.

Introdução: O câncer é definido como uma proliferação descontrolada de células malignas em um hospedeiro e considerado uma das principais causas de morte em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o câncer colorretal é a segunda causa de morte mais comum entre mulheres e a terceira mais prevalente em homens. Muitas estratégias têm sido estudadas para auxiliar o tratamento antineoplásico. Dentro desse contexto, a ingestão de probióticos, representa uma nova opção terapêutica relevante no âmbito da nutrição. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sobre o uso dos probióticos no tratamento de pacientes com câncer colorretal. Material e Método: Trata-se de uma revisão realizada em 2018, utilizando-se 10 artigos, pesquisados nas bases indexadas BVS e PubMed e na ferramenta de pesquisa Google acadêmico. A pesquisa incluiu artigos em português e inglês publicados no período de 2010 a 2017. Resultados: O uso de probióticos demonstrou trazer efeitos positivos ao tratamento de pacientes com câncer colorretal, trazendo benefícios como: a diminuição de enterobactérias e enterococos, melhora na modulação da imunidade local, melhora dos sintomas intestinais, recuperação da função intestinal, entre outros. Conclusão: Conclui-se que apesar dos resultados positivos observados, há a necessidade de futuros estudos de longa duração para elucidar melhor essa relação.Descritores: Neoplasias Colorretais; Nutrientes; Probióticos.ReferênciasKahouli I, Malhotra M, Westfall S, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Prakash S. Design and validation of an orally administrated active L. fermentum-L. acidophilus probiotic formulation using colorectal cancer Apc Min/+ mouse model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017;101(5):1999-2019.Oliveira RC, Rêgo MAV. Mortality risck of colorectal câncer in Brazil from 1980 to 2013. Arq Gastroenterol 2016;53(2)76-83.Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA). Tipos de câncer: colorretal. 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Qualidade de vida do paciente com câncer colorretal em quimioterapia ambulatorial. Rev Gaucha Enferm. 2011;32(4):767-73.Barbosa, LRLS. Perfil nutricional de pacientes em pré-operatório eletivo para câncer colorretal [dissertação]. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2011.Denipote FG, Trindade EBSM, Burini RC. Probióticos e Prebióticos na atenção primária ao câncer de cólon. Arq Gastroenterol. 2010;47(1):93-8.Machado FF, Lazzaretti RK, Poziomyck AK. Uso de prebióticos, probióticos e simbióticos nos pré e pós- operatórios do câncer colorretal: uma revisão. Rev bras cancerol. 2014;60(4):363-70.Correia MITD, Liboredo JC, Consoli MLD. The role of probiotics in gastrointestinal surgery. Nutrition. 2012;28(3):230-34.Zhang JW, Du P, Gao J, Yang BR, Fang WJ, Ying CM. Preoperative probiotics decrease postoperative infectious complications of colorectal cancer. Am J Med Sci. 2012;343(3):199-205.Liu Z, Qin H, Yang Z, Xia Y, Liu W, Yang J et al. Randomised clinical trial: the effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and postoperative infectious complications in colorectal câncer surgery – a double-blind study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(1):50-63.Yang Y, Xia Y, Chen H, Hong L, Feng J, Yang J et al. The effect of perioperative probiotics treatment for colorectal cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Oncotarget. 7(7);8432-40.Kotzampassi K, Stavrou G, Damoraki G, Georgitsi M, Basdanis G, Tsaousi G et al. A four-Probiotics regimen reduces postoperative complications after colorectal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. World J Surg. 2015;39(11):2776-83.Lee JY, Chu SH, Jeon JY, Lee MK, Park JH, Lee DC et al. Effects of 12 weeks of probiotic supplementation on quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46(12):1126-32.Gianotti L, Morelli L, Galbiati F, Rocchetti S, Coppola S, Beneduce A. A randomized double-blind trial on perioperative administration of probiotics in colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(2):167-75.Stephens JH, Hewett PJ. Clinical trial assessing VSL#3 for the treatment of anterior resection syndrome. ANZ J Surg. 2012;82(6):420-27.Xia Y, Yang Z, Chen HQ, Qin HL. Effect of bowel preparation with probiotics on intestinal barrier after surgery for colorectal cancer. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2010;13:528-31.Zhu D, Chen X, Wu J, Ju Y, Feng J, Lu G, et al. Effect of perioperative intestinal probiotics on intestinal flora and immune function in patients with colorectal cancer. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2012;32(8):1190-93.Derrien M, Van Hilckama Vlieg JE. Fate, activity, and impact of ingested bacteria within the human gut microbiota. Trends Microbiol. 2015;23(6):354-366.Gaudier E, Michel C, Segain JP, Cherbut C, Hoebler C. The VSL#3 probiotic mixture modifies microflora but does not heal chronic dextran-sodium sulfateinduced colitis or reinforce the mucus barrier in mice. J Nutr. 2005;135(12):2753-61.Mego M, Chovanec J, Vochyanova-Andrezalova I, Konkolovsky P, Mikulova M, Reckova M et al. Prevention of irinotecan induced diarrhea by probiotics: a randomized double blind, placebo controlled pilot study. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23(3):356-62.Yang Y, Xia Y, Chen H, Hong L, Feng J, Yang J et al. The effect of perioperative probiotics treatment for colorectal cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Oncotarget. 2016;7(7):8432-40.

Sedum plumbizincicola X.H. Guo et S.B. Zhou sp. nov. is a plant species of the family Crassulaceae that has the ability to hyperaccumulate cadmium and zinc in high concentrations (Liu et al. 2017). In April of 2018 and 2019, a disease of damping-off was observed on S. plumbizincicola seedlings in a nursery in Changsha (28°13’N; 112°56’E), the Hunan Province of China, in which nearly 1 million seedlings were planted. Approximately 40% of the surveyed plants were infected. The affected plants displayed water-soaking on the shoots and stems, and chlorosis on the leaves. As the disease spread upward, leaf stalks or the whole plants became wilted and collapsed. Five diseased stem and leaf samples were collected. Symptomatic tissues were excised and surface sterilized with 70% ethanol for 10 s, and 0.1% HgCl2 for 2 min, washed with sterile distilled water for three times, and then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 26°C in darkness. Fungal colonies were similar in morphology: white, light gray to brown, with hyphae branched at nearly right angles, septa near the branching point and constrictions at the base of hyphal branches. After 10 days, white-gray to brown sclerotia were produced. The morphological characteristics were consistent with those of Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn (Sneh et al. 1991). Genomic DNA of a representative isolate was extracted using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified and sequenced with the primer pairs ITS4/ITS5 (White et al. 1990). When analyzed by the BLASTn program, the ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. MN961664) had 100% identity to the corresponding gene sequence of R. solani anastomosis group (AG) 2-1(Accession Nos: LC202869.1 and MH862641.1). In addition, primers Rhsp1/ITS4B and Rhsp2/ITS1F specific for R. solani, and AG21sp/ITS4B specific for R. solani AG 2-1 were also used (Salazar et al. 2000). Results revealed that our isolate was R. solani AG 2-1. Pathogenicity was confirmed via in vivo inoculation of one-month-old S. plumbizincicola seedlings in sterilized nursery soil with four representative isolates. For each pot, five 5-mm-diameter mycelial plugs from 7-days old colonies on PDA were placed in the soil near the base of the stems. Plants inoculated with agar plugs without mycelium served as controls. The inoculated plants were kept in a growth chamber at 25°C with a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Pathogenicity tests were performed twice, with three replicative potted plants for each isolate in each test. Approximately 25 days after inoculation, the damping-off symptoms resembling those observed in the field were displayed on the inoculated plants, while no obvious symptoms were observed on the control plants. R. solani was re-isolated from all infected plants and molecularly characterized, thus confirming Koch’s postulates. R. solani has been previously reported as the pathogen of damping-off disease in many plants, such as canola (Paulitz et al. 2006) and oat (Zhang et al. 2016). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani causing damping-off of S. plumbizincicola in China. S. plumbizincicola is widely planted for heavy metal pollution treatment in China. The occurrence of this disease could seriously affect the production of the seedlings, and management strategies should be developed.

Moldy core is a fungal disease of apple fruits that is characterized by mycelial growth in the seed locules and is sometimes accompanied by penetration of the immediate surrounding flesh. The disease can go undetected until the fruit is cut open, as no external symptoms appear on the fruit. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Coniothyrium, Epicoccum, Phoma and Stemphylium are some of the common pathogens associated with moldy core (Serdani et al. 2002; Gao et al. 2013; McLeod 2014). The disease is more common in apple cultivars with an open calyx, where spores may initiate infections during the growing season or at the post-harvest storage stage (Spotts et al. 1988). In 2018, a shipment of ‘Sweet Tango’ apples from New Zealand to Scotian Gold Co-operative Ltd., Nova Scotia, Canada, was found to be affected by moldy core. Moderate to severe moldy core symptoms were observed when 10 apples were cut open (Figure S1). In comparison, ‘Sweet Tango’ apples grown in Nova Scotia showed no moldy core symptoms when 10 random fruits were cut open. Small pieces of the diseased fruit tissue from the core region were surface-disinfected for 1 min in 1% NaOCl, rinsed three times with sterilized water and placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) dishes. The PDA dishes were incubated in dark at 22 oC and single spore isolation was carried out to fresh PDA dishes. These isolate produced colonies of regular shape, tan black with prominent white gray margin and gray colour conidia (Figure S2 AB). The colonies turn dark black after 3 weeks of growth on PDA. Mycelia were septate and conidia were oval or obclavate or club-shaped with a tapering end with 4-6 longitudinal and transverse septa (Figure S2 C-D). The size of conidia ranges from 12.5-20 x 8.7-12.5 µM on 20 days old PDA dishes. Based on the size and shape of conidia and other morphological characteristics the isolated fungi were identical to Alternaria spp. (Simmons 2007). To assess the identity of the isolated pathogen species by multi-locus sequence analysis, genomic DNA was extracted from the pure cultures of two isolates (5.8 and 8) using the E.Z.N.A. SP Fungal DNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek). The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), major allergen (Alt a 1), OPA10-2, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α) region from two Alternaria spp. isolates (5.8 and 8) were amplified and sequenced using primers gpd1/2 (Berbee et al. 1999), A21F/A21R (Gabriel 2015), OPA10-2/ OPA10-2L (Andrew et al. 2009), ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and EF1-up /EF1-low (O’Donnell et al. 1998) respectively. The resulting sequences of both isolates were deposited in the NCBI GenBank (GAPDH; MW411052, MW411053, Alt a 1; MW411050, MW411051, OPA10-2; MW415762, MW415763, ITS; MK140445, MT225559, TEF1-α; MT305773 and MT305774 ). Sequences of GAPDH, Alt a 1, OPA-10-2, ITS and TEF1-α genes of both isolates were identical to each other and showed 100 %, 100 %, 99.21 %, 100% and 100% identity to A. arborescens S. (AY278810.1, AY563303.1, KP124712.1, KY965831.1, KY965831.1) respectively. Identity with reference strain CBS 102605 confirms that both of the isolated strains 5.8 and 8 are A. arborescens. The pathogenicity of the two A. arborescens isolates were confirmed by artificially inoculating healthy ‘Sweet Tango’ fruit by dispensing the conidial suspension directly on the seed locule. Briefly, surface-disinfected fruits were air-dried for 5 min and then peeled using a sterilized knife and cut transversally. Each half of the fruit was inoculated with 100 µl of conidial suspensions (∼1 × 104 conidia/ml) in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and incubated at 22 °C in a humid chamber for 7–10 days, or until symptoms with visible mycelial growth were observed. The control fruits were treated with 100 µl of sterilized PDB. Both A. arborescens isolates produced visible moldy core symptoms on the inoculated ‘Sweet Tango’ fruits, whereas no symptoms were observed on the control fruits (Figure S1). The experiment was repeated three times with at least three replicates with similar results. A. arborescens was successfully re-isolated from the artificially-inoculated fruits to complete Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Alternaria arborescens causing moldy core disease in ‘Sweet Tango’ apples from New Zealand. Acknowledgments We thank Eric Bevis for his help in sample preparation for DNA sequencing, Willy Renderos for pathogenicity assay. We also thank Joan Hebb (Scotian Gold Cooperative Ltd.,) for providing the apple sample for this study. This research was made possible through financial support from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. The authors(s) declare no conflict of interest. Literature Cited Andrew M., Peever T.L., Pryor B.M. An expanded multilocus phylogeny does not resolve species among the small-spored Alternaria species complex. 2009. Mycologia. 101:95–109. Berbee, M. L. et al. 1999. Cochliobolus phylogenetics and the origin of known, highly virulent pathogens, inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences Mycologia. 91:964. Gabriel, M.F. I. Postigo, A. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, E. Suñén, C.T. Tomaz, J. Martínez 2015. Development of a PCR-based tool for detecting immunologically relevant Alt a 1 and Alt a 1 homologue coding sequences. Medical Mycology. 53 (6):636–642. Gao, L. L., Zhang, Q., Sun, X. Y., Jiang, L., Zhang, R., Sun, G. Y., Zha, Y. L., and Biggs, A. R. 2013. Etiology of moldy core, core browning, and core rot of Fuji apple in China. Plant Dis. 97:510–516. Kerry, O’Donnell, H.C. Kistler, E. Cigelnik, R.C. Ploetz. 1998. Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies. PNAS. 95: 2044-2049. McLeod, A. 2014. Moldy core and core rots. Pages 40–41 in: Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases and Pests, 2nd ed. T. B. Sutton, H. S. Aldwinckle, A. M. Agnello, and J. F. Walgenbach, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN. Serdani, M., Kang, J. C., Peever, T. L., Andersen, B., and Crous, P. W. 2002. Characterization of Alternaria species groups associated with core rot of apples in South Africa. Mycol. Res. 106:561–569. Simmons, E. G. 2007. Alternaria: an identification manual. CBS Biodiversity Series. 6:780 pp. Spotts, R. A., Holmes, R. J., and Washington, W. S. 1988. Factors affecting wet core rot of apples. Australas. Plant Pathol. 17:53–57. White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., and Taylor, J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Pages 315–322 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, and T. J. White, eds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Woudenberg, J. H. C., et al. 2015. Alternaria section Alternaria: Species, formae speciales or pathotypes. Stud. Mycol. 82:1-21.

Eating habits appears to be an important determinant of dietary intake and may consequently influence overweight and obesity. Understanding the relationship between the nutritional status and eating habits is necessary for effective prophylaxis and intervention of overweight/obesity in adolescents. The purpose of this study is to analyze the association of some eating habits with overweight and obesity among adolescents at the age of 11-14 from 9 junior high schools in Hanoi city to help design a model for predicting overweight and obesity from eating habits. A case-control study was conducted on 222 overweight/obese adolescents and 616 normal-weight adolescents (according to International Obesity Taskforce standards, IOTF). Research results indicated that protective factors of overweight and obesity include snacking; snacking at least 2 hours before or after a main meal; consumption of milk and dairy products in snacks; sensory liking for fruit. Risk factors include sensory liking for fat, sensory liking for sweet, sensory liking for fast food, sensory liking for carbonated soft drinks, skipping breakfast, and snacking before bed. The best predictive model of overweight and obesity s built from logistic regression analysis including 8 of the above eating habits with AUC (Area Under the Curve) value of 0.931. Thus, eating habits are closely related to overweight and obesity among 11-14 year-old adolescents in Hanoi. Keywords Eating habits, overweight, obesity, adolescence, risk factor. References [1] A.S. French, M. Story and C.L. Perry, Self-esteem and obesity in children and adolescents: a literature review, Obesity Research 3 (1995) 479-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00179.x[2] E.A. Finkelstein, C.J. Ruhm, and K.M. Kosa, Economic causes and consequences of obesity, Annual Review of Public Health 26 (2005) 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144628 [3] N.T.H. Hanh, L.T. Tuyet, D.T.A. Dao, Y. Tao, and D.T. Chu, Childhood obesity is a high-risk factor for hypertriglyceridemia: a case-control study in Vietnam, Osong public health and research perspectives 8 (2017) 138-146. https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.2.06[4] J.K. Dibaise, and A.E. Foxx-Orenstein, Role of the gastroenterologist in managing obesity, Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology (Review) 7 (2013) 439-451 https://doi.org/10.1586/17474124.2013.811061[5] P.V.N. Nguyen, T.K. Hong, T. Hoang, and A.R. Robert, High prevalence of overweight among adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, BMC Public Health 13 (2013) 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-141[6] T.T.P. Pham, Y. Matsushita, L.T.K. Dinh, T.V. Do, T.T.T. Nguyen, A.T. Bui, A.Q. Nguyen, and H. Kajio, Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren in Hanoi, Vietnam, BMC public health 19 (2019) 1478-1488. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7823-9[7] H.D. Phan, T.N.P. Nguyen, P.L. Bui, T.T. Pham, T.V. Doan, D.T. Nguyen, and H.V. Minh, Overweight and obesity among Vietnamese school-aged children: National prevalence estimates based on the World Health Organization and International Obesity Task Force definition, PloS one 15 (2020) e0240459-e0240478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240459[8] M. Zalewska, and E. Maciorkowska, Selected nutritional habits of teenagers associated with overweight and obesity, PeerJ 5 (2017) e3681-e3693. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3681[9] K. Sygit, W. Kollataj, M. Gozdziewska, M. Sygit, B. Kollataj, and I.D. Karwat, Lifestyle as an important factor in control of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren from the rural environment, Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 19 (2012) 557-561. PMID: 23020056. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2116928[10] N.V. Tuan, Evidence-Based Medicine, Medical publisher, Hanoi, 2008 (in Vietnamese).[11] T.J. Cole, M.C. Bellizzi, K.M. Flegal, and W.H. Dietz, Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey, Bmj 320 (2000) 1240-1245. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240[12] L.T. Hop và Huynh Phuong Nam, Assessment of nutritional status using anthropometric variables, Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 7 (2011) 1-7 (in Vietnamese).[13] X. Guo, L. Zheng, Y. Li Y, S. Yu, G. Sun, H. Yang, X. Zhou, X. Zhang, Z. Sun, and Y. Sun, Differences in lifestyle behaviors, dietary habits, and familial factors among normal-weight, overweight, and obese Chinese children and adolescents, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 9 (2012) 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-120[14] J. Yoshida, E. Eguchi, K. Nagaoka, T. Ito, and K. Ogino, Association of night eating habits with metabolic syndrome and its components: a longitudinal study, BMC Public Health 18 (2018) 1366-1379. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6262-3[15] L.A. Spence, C.J Cifelli, and G.D. Miller, The role of dairy products in healthy weight and body composition in children and adolescents, Current Nutrition & Food Science 7 (2011) 40-49. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340111794941111[16] R.E. Black, S.M. Williams, I.E. Jones, and A. Goulding, Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health, The American journal of clinical nutrition 76 (2002) 675-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.3.675[17] I.F.F. Júnior, D.G. Christofaro, J.S. Codogno, P.A. Monteiro, L.S. Silveira, and R.A. Fernandes, The association between skipping breakfast and biochemical variables in sedentary obese children and adolescents, The Journal of pediatrics 161 (2012) 871-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.04.055[18] R. Rosenheck, Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk, Obesity reviews 9 (2008) 535-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00477.x[19] A. Lampuré, K. Castetbon, A. Deglaire, P. Schlich, S. Péneau, S. Hercberg, and C. Méjean, Associations between liking for fat, sweet or salt and obesity risk in French adults: a prospective cohort study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 13 (2016) 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0406-6[20] H.C. Hung, K.J. Joshipura, E. Jiang, F.B. Hu, D. Hunter, S.A. Smith-Warner, G.A. Colditz, B. Rosner, D. Spiegelman, and W.C. Willett, Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease, Journal of the National Cancer Institute 96 (2004) 1577-1584. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djh296[21] D.S. Eweis, F. Abed, and J. Stiban, Carbon dioxide in carbonated beverages induces ghrelin release and increased food consumption in male rats: implications on the onset of obesity, Obesity research & clinical practice 11 (2017) 534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2017.02.001[22] M.K. Siddiqui, R. Morales-Menendez, and S. Ahmad, Application of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) on the prediction of obesity, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 63 (2020) e20190736-e20190749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2020190736

Areca catechu L. (areca) belongs to the Arecaceae family, which is composed of 181 genera and 2,600 species (Christenhusz and Byng 2016), is cultivated extensively in Southern and Southeastern Asia (Peng et al. 2015). Areca has a long history for its important economic and medicinal benefits and is one of the most important commercial crops in Hainan province, China. In recent years, root rot and stem rot diseases have occurred, causing areca plants to wither and even die. The serious symptoms mainly appeared in the Hainan province (Li et al. 2006). In March 2018, the rotten tissues of the diseased plants were observed to become brittle, brown, and even black from the stem base to the root; the outer leaves turned yellow, dry, and dropping in areca plantations of Qionghai county. The disease can spread from individual plants to the whole plantation in one to two years, with the characteristics of large-scale occurrence and rapid transmission, causing huge economic losses. Diseased tissues (5 × 5 mm) were disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s, 1% HgCl2 for 1 min, washed in sterile water, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28°C (Gao et al. 2019). Pure isolates were obtained by transferring the mycelium around the diseased tissues to PDA several times. The colonies were white and cottony after culturing for 7 days. The reverse side of the colony was yellowish white. Basidiospores were hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, 1.7-1.8 x 1.6-1.7 μm (n=30) in size and circular or ellipse in shape, in addition to a dimitic hyphal system (Das et al. 2017). For molecular identification, the genomic DNA of the isolate was extracted using the thermolysis method (Zhang et al. 2010). The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), and the amplified DNA fragments were sequenced. The obtained ITS sequence (GenBank accession No. MW534416) had 99.36% identity with the reference sequence (GenBank accession No. KX013157) of Grammothele lineata Berk. & M.A. Curtis. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with software MEGA7 using the neighbor-joining method, showing that the isolate was grouped in the same clade as G. lineata. To fulfil Koch’s postulates, a pathogenicity test was performed using the stems of 6-month-old healthy areca seedlings. Stem surfaces were sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 s, rinsed three times with sterile water, and gently stabbed with a sterile needle, and then inoculated with a 1-cm-diameter colonized PDA disk from a 7-day culture on wounds, moistened with wet cotton, and wrapped with a fresh plastic wrap. Plants inoculated with sterile PDA medium plugs were used as a control. The inoculation assay was carried out twice, with five plants in both control and treatment in each test. After 20 days, the stems of the plants inoculated with the pathogen exhibited rotten symptoms, and the leaves began to become yellow and shrunken, while the control plants had only the surface of the stems discolored slightly and the inner tissue was undamaged. The fungus was re-isolated from the infected stems. Based on the morphological observations and ITS sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as G. lineata. As far as we know, this is the first report of G. lineata causing the stem rot of areca in China.

We review our recent work on optical biosensors based on microring resonators (MRR) integrated with 4x4 multimode interference (MMI) couplers for multichannel and highly sensitive chemical and biological sensors. The proposed sensor structure has advantages of compactness, high sensitivity compared with the reported sensing structures. By using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and numerical simulations, the designs of the sensor based on silicon waveguides are optimized and demonstrated in detail. We applied our structure to detect glucose and ethanol concentrations simultaneously. A high sensitivity of 9000 nm/RIU, detection limit of 2x10-4 for glucose sensing and sensitivity of 6000nm/RIU, detection limit of 1.3x10-5 for ethanol sensing are achieved. Keywords Biological sensors, chemical sensors, optical microring resonators, high sensitivity, multimode interference, transfer matrix method, beam propagation method (BPM), multichannel sensor References [1] Vittorio M.N. 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Although the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution has been part of the endodontic arsenal for more than one century, current investigations have been unable to determine which NaOCl volume and concentration or which time of application are able to dissolve organic matter without weakening the dental structure during the phase of biomechanical preparation of the root canal. Thus, the objective of the present study was to conduct a systematic literature review with no restriction of publication year or language in order to resolve these questions. The search strategy included the following databases: PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov, and only in vivo human clinical trials were included in the final review. After the removal of duplicates, the systematic literature review yielded 3,717 articles. Of these, 3,685 were excluded after applying the exclusion criteria (ex vivo studies, animal studies, cell-culture studies, narrative review, and studies with no available full texts). A total of 32 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. After evaluating the full text, all articles were excluded for different reasons. No studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. This review was unable to answer what time of irrigation, concentration or volume of NaOCl solution can be of maximum effectiveness in endodontic treatment without producing significant changes in the mechanical properties of dentin. Thus, future human clinical studies are needed in order to resolve these questions.Descriptors: Endodontics; Sodium Hypochlorite; Review.ReferênciasSiqueira JF Jr, Guimarães-Pinto T, Rôças IN. Effects of chemomechanical preparation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide on cultivable bacteria in infected root canals. 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J Endod. 2004; 30(11):785-87.Clarkson RM, Moule AJ, Podlich H, Kellaway R, Macfariane R, Lewis D. Dissolution of porcine incisor pulps in sodium hypochlorite solutions of varying compositions and concentrations. Aust Dent J. 2006;51(3):245-51.Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN, Favieri A, Lima KC. Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2000;26(6):331-34.Gu LS, Huang XQ, Griffin B, Bergeron BR, Pashley DH, Niu LN et al. Primum non nocere - The effects of sodium hypochlorite on dentin as used in endodontics. Acta Biomater. 2017; 61:144-56.Barreto MS, Moraes Rdo A, Rosa RA, Moreira CH, Só MV, Bier CA. Vertical root fractures and dentin defects: effects of root canal preparation, filling, and mechanical cycling. J Endod. 2012; 38(8):1135-39.Chai H, Tamse A. The effect of isthmus on vertical root fracture in endodontically treated teeth. 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Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(1),122–30.Estrela C, Silva JA, de Alencar AH, Leles CR, Decurcio DA. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis--a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci.2008;16(6):364-68.Fedorowicz Z, Sequeira P. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis--a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci.2008;16(6):364-68.Gomes BP, Martinho FC, Vianna ME. Comparison of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel on oral bacterial lipopolysaccharide reduction from primarily infected root canals. J Endod; 2009;35(10):1350-53.Abbaszadegan A, Khayat A, Motamedifar M. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of IKI and NaOCl irrigants in infected root canals: an in vivo study. Iran Endod J.2010;5(3):101-6.Bashetty K, Hegde J. Comparison of 2% chlorhexidine and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite irrigating solutions on postoperative pain: a randomized clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res.2010;21(4):523-27.Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Qian W, Gao Y. Irrigation in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 2010;54(2):291-312.Huffaker SK, Safavi K, Spangberg LS, Kaufman B. Influence of a passive sonic irrigation system on the elimination of bacteria from root canal systems: a clinical study. J Endod. 2010;36(8):1315-18.Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N. Root canal irrigants. J cons dent.2010;13(4),256-64.Kaya S, Yiğit-Özer S, Adigüzel O. Evaluation of radicular dentin erosion and smear layer removal capacity of self-adjusting file using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite as an initial irrigant. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol and Endod.2011;112(4):524-30.Paudel KR, Jaiswal A, Parajuli U, Bajracharya M. Different pharmacological solutions in intracanal irrigation. Nepal Med Coll J. 2011;13(2):111-14.Rôças IN, Siqueira JF Jr. Comparison of the in vivo antimicrobial effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine used as root canal irrigants: a molecular microbiology study. J Endod.2011;37(2):143-50.van der Vyver PJ, Botha FS, de Wet FA. Antimicrobial efficacy of nine different root canal irrigation solutions. SADJ. 2014;69(4):158-60,162-65.Beus C, Safavi K, Stratton J, Kaufman B (2012) Comparison of the effect of two endodontic irrigation protocols on the elimination of bacteria from root canal system: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2012; 38(11):1479-83.Keenan AV. No evidence favouring one irrigant versus another in root canal treatments. Evid Based Dent.2012;13(4):107.Pawar R, Alqaied A, Safavi K, Boyko J, Kaufman B. Influence of an apical negative pressure irrigation system on bacterial elimination during endodontic therapy: a prospective randomized clinical study. J Endod.2012;38(9):1177–81.Cohenca N, Paranjpe A, Heilborn C, Johnson JD. Antimicrobial efficacy of two irrigation techniques in tapered and non-tapered canal preparations. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Quintessence Int. 2013;44(3):217-28.Guo X, Miao H, Li L, Zhang S, Zhou D, Lu Y, Wu L. Efficacy of four different irrigation techniques combined with 60 °C 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA in smear layer removal. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:114.Mashalkar S, Pawar MG, Kolhe S, Jain DT. Comparative evaluation of root canal disinfection by conventional method and laser: an in vivo study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014;17(1):67-74.Martins MR, Carvalho MF, Pina-Vaz I, Capelas JA, Martins MA, Gutknecht N. Outcome of Er,Cr:YSGG laser-assisted treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a blind randomized clinical trial. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(1):3-9.Ma J, Tong Z, Ling J, Liu H, Wei X. The effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine irrigants on the antibacterial activities of alkaline media against Enterococcus faecalis. Arch Oral Biol.2015;60(7):1075-81.Podar R, Kulkarni GP, Dadu SS, Singh S, Singh SH. In vivo antimicrobial efficacy of 6% Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, and 3% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants. Eur J Dent.2015;9(4):529-34.Arias-Moliz MT, Morago A, Ordinola-Zapata R, Ferrer-Luque CM, Ruiz-Linares M, Baca P. Effects of dentin debris on the antimicrobial properties of sodium hypochlorite and etidronic acid. J Endod. 2016;42(2):771-75.Rôças IN, Provenzano JC, Neves MA, Siqueira JF Jr. Disinfecting effects of rotary instrumentation with either 2.5% sodium hypochlorite or 2% chlorhexidine as the main irrigant: a randomized clinical study. J Endod. 2016;42(6):943–47.Kist S, Kollmuss M, Jung J, Schubert S, Hickel R, Huth KC. Comparison of ozone gas and sodium hypochlorite/chlorhexidine two-visit disinfection protocols in treating apical periodontitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):995-1005.Nourzadeh M, Amini A, Fakoor F, Raoof M, Sharififar F. Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of Eucalyptus Galbie and Myrtus Communis L. extracts, chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus Faecalis. Iran Endod J.2017.12(2):205-10.Dakin HD. On the use of certain antiseptic substances in the treatment of infected wounds. Br Med J. 1915; 2(2852):318-20.Walker A. A definite and dependable therapy for pulpless teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 1922;23(8):1418-25.Grossman LI. Irrigation of root canals. J Am Dent Assoc. 1943;30:1915-17.Bajaj D, Sundaram N, Nazari A, Arola D. Age, dehydration and fatigue crack growth in dentin. Biomaterials. 2006;27(11):2507-17.Kruzic JJ, Nalla RK, Kinney JH, Ritchie RO. Crack blunting, crack bridging and resistance-curve fracture mechanics in dentin: effect of hydration. Biomaterials. 2003;24(28):5209-21.Martins JNR, Marques D, Francisco H, Caramês J. Gender influence on the number of roots and root canal system configuration in human permanent teeth of a Portuguese subpopulation. Quintessence Int. 2018;49(2):103-11.Zehnder M, Schmidlin P, Sener B, Waltimo T. Chelation in root canal therapy reconsidered. J Endod. 2005;31(11):817-20.Marending M, Luder HU, Brunner TJ, Knecht S, Stark WJ, Zehnder M. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on human root dentine-mechanical, chemical and structural evaluation. Int Endod J. 2007;40(10):786-93.Aslantas EE, Buzoglu HD, Altundasar E, Serper A. Effect of EDTA, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexidine gluconate with or without surface modifiers on dentin microhardness. J Endod. 2014;40(6):876-79.Siqueira JF Jr, Machado AG, Silveira RM, Lopes HP, de Uzeda M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite used with three irrigation methods in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from the root canal, in vitro. Int Endod J. 1997;30(4):279-82.Hertel M, Sommer K, Kostka E, Imiolczyk SM, Ballout H, Preissner S. Outcomes of endodontic therapy comparing conventional sodium hypochlorite irrigation with passive ultrasonic irrigation using sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. A retrospective analysis. Open Dent J. 2016;10:375-81.Soares JA, Pires Júnior DR. Influence of sodium hypochlorite-based irrigants on the susceptibility of intracanal microbiota to biomechanical preparation. Braz Dent J. 2006;17(4):310-6.

In post-socialist China, gender norms are marked by rising divorce rates (Kleinman et al.), shifting attitudes towards sex (Farrer; Yan), and a growing commercialisation of sex (Zheng). These phenomena have been understood as indicative of market reforms unhinging past gender norms. In the socialist period, the radical politics of the time moulded women as gender neutral even as state policies emphasised their feminine roles in maintaining marital harmony and stability (Evans). These ideas around domesticity bear strong resemblance to pre-socialist understandings of womanhood and family that anchored Chinese society before the Communists took power in 1949. In this pre-socialist understanding, women were categorised into a hierarchy that defined their rights as wives, mothers, concubines, and servants (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). Women who transgressed these categories were regarded as potentially dangerous and powerful enough to break up families and shake the foundations of Chinese society (Ahern). This paper explores the extent to which understandings of Chinese femininity have been reconfigured in the context of China’s post-1979 development, particularly after the 2000s.The popular television dramas Chinese Style Divorce (2004, Divorce), Dwelling Narrowness (2009, Dwelling), and Divorce Lawyers (2014, Lawyers) are set against this socio-cultural backdrop. The production of these shows is regulated by the China State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), who has the power to grant or deny production and distribution permits. Post-production, the dramas are sold to state-owned television stations for distribution (Yu 36). Haiqing Yu summarises succinctly the state of Chinese media: “Chinese state manipulation and interference in the media market has seen the party-state media marketized but not weakened, media control decentralized but not reduced, and the media industry commercialized but not privatized” (42). Shot in one of the biggest cities in Shandong, Qingdao, Divorce focuses on Doctor Song Jianping and his schoolteacher wife Lin Xiaofeng and the conflicts between Song and Lin, who quits her job to become a stay-at-home mom after her husband secures a high-paying job in a foreign-invested hospital. Lin becomes paranoid and volatile, convinced that their divorced neighbour Xiao Li is having an affair with Song. Refusing to explain the situation, Song is willing to give her a divorce but fights over guardianship of their son. In the end, it is unconfirmed whether they reconcile or divorce. Divorce was recognised as TV Drama of the Year in 2004 and the two leads also won awards for their acting. Reruns of the show continue to air. According to Hui Faye Xiao, “It is reported that many college students viewed this TV show as a textbook on married life in urban settings” (118). Dwelling examines the issue of skyrocketing housing prices and the fates of the Guo sisters, Haizao and Haiping, who moved from rural China to the competitive economically advanced metropolis. Haiping is obsessed with buying an apartment while her younger sister becomes the mistress of a corrupt official, Song Siming. Both sisters receive favours from Song, which leads to Haiping’s success in purchasing a home. However, Haizao is less fortunate. She has a miscarriage and her uterus removed while Song dies in a car accident. Online responses from the audience praise Dwelling for its penetrating and realistic insights into the complex web of familial relationships navigated by Chinese people living in a China under transformation (Xiao, “Woju”). Dwelling was taken off the air when a SARFT official criticised the drama for violating state-endorsed “cultural standards” in its explicit discussions of sex and negative portrayals of government officials (Hung, “State” 156). However, the show continued to be streamed online and it has been viewed and downloaded more than 100 million times (Yu 34). In Lawyers, Luo Li and Chi Haidong are two competing divorce lawyers in Beijing who finally tie the knot. Chi was a happily married man before catching his wife with her lover. Newly divorced, he moves into the same apartment building as Luo and the drama focuses on a series of cases they handle, most of which involve extramarital affairs. Lawyers has been viewed more than 1.6 billion times online (v.qq.com) and received the China Huading award for “favourite television drama” in 2015. Although these dramas contain some conventional elements of domestic melodramas, such as extramarital affairs and domestic disputes, they differ from traditional Chinese television dramas because they do not focus on the common trope of fraught mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationships.Centred on the politics of family ethics, these hugely popular dramas present the transformation in gender norms as a struggle between post-socialist and pre-socialist understandings of femininity. On the one hand, these dramas celebrate the emergence of a post-socialist femininity that is independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated, epitomising this new understanding of womanhood in the figures of single women and mistresses. On the other hand, the dramas portray these post-socialist women in perpetual conflict with wives and mothers who propound a pre-socialist form of femininity that is sexually conservative and defined by familial relationships, and is economically less viable in the market economy. Focusing on depictions of femininity in these dramas, this paper offers a comparative analysis into the extent to which gender norms have been reconfigured in post-socialist China. It approaches these television dramas as a pedagogical device (Brady) and pays particular attention to the ways through which different categories of women interrogated their rights as single women, mistresses, wives, and mothers. In doing so, it illuminates the politics through which a liberal post-socialist femininity unleashed by market transformation is controlled in order to protect the integrity of the family and maintain social order. Post-Socialist Femininity Unleashed: Single Women and Mistresses A woman’s identity is inextricably linked to her marital status in Chinese society. In pre-socialist China, women relied on men as providers and were expected to focus on contributing to her husband’s family (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). This pre-socialist positioning of women within the private realm of the family, though reinterpreted, continued to resonate in the socialist period when women were expected to fulfil marital obligations as wives and participate in the public domain as revolutionaries (Evans). While the pressure to marry has not disappeared in post-socialist China, as the derogatory term “leftover women” (single women over the age of 27) indicates, there are now more choices for single women living in metropolitan cities who are highly educated and financially independent. They can choose to remain single, get married, or become mistresses. Single women can be regarded as a threat to wives because the only thing holding them back from becoming mistresses is their morals. The 28-year-old “leftover woman” Luo Li (Lawyers) is presented as morally superior to single women who choose to become mistresses (Luo Meiyuan and Shi Jiang) and therefore deserving of a happy ending because she breaks up with her boss as soon as she discovers he is married. Luo Li quits to set up a law firm with her friend Tang Meiyu. Both women are beautiful, articulate, intelligent, and sexually liberated, symbolising unleashed post-socialist femininity. Part of the comic relief in Lawyers is the subplot of Luo’s mother trying to introduce her to “eligible” bachelors such as the “PhD man” (Episodes 20–21). Luo is unwilling to lower her standards to escape the stigma of being a “leftover woman” and she is rewarded for adhering to her ideals in the end when she convinces the marriage-phobic Chi Haidong to marry her after she rejects a marriage proposal from her newly divorced ex-lover. While Luo Li refuses to remain a mistress, many women do not subscribe to her worldview. Mistresses have existed throughout Chinese history in the form of concubines and courtesans. A wealthy and powerful man was expected to have concubines, who were usually from lower socio-economic backgrounds (Ebrey and Watson; Liu). Mistresses, now referred to as xiaosan, have become a heated topic in post-socialist China where they are regarded as having the power to destroy families by transgressing moral boundaries. Some argue that the phenomenon is a result of the market-driven economy where women who desire a financially stable life use their sexuality to seek rich married men who lust for younger mistresses as symbols of power. Ruth Y.Y. Hung characterises the xiaosan phenomenon as a “horrendous sex trade [that is] a marker of neoliberal market economies in the new PRC” (“Imagination” 100). A comparison of the three dramas reveals a transformation in the depiction of mistresses over the last decade. While Xiao Li (Divorce) is never “confirmed” as Song Jianping’s mistress, she flirts with him and crosses the boundaries of a professional relationship, posing a threat to the stability of Song’s family life. Although Haizao (Dwelling) is university-educated and has a stable, if low-paying job, she chooses to break up with her earnest caring fiancé to be the mistress of the middle-aged Song Siming who offers her material benefits in the form of “loans” she knows she will never be able to repay, a fancy apartment to live in, and other “gifts” such as dining at expensive restaurants and shopping at big malls. While the fresh-faced Haizao exhibits a physical transformation after becoming Song’s mistress, demonstrated through her newly permed hair coupled with an expensive red coat, mistresses in Lawyers do not change in this way. Dong Dahai’s mistress, the voluptuous Luo Meiyuan is already a successful career woman who flaunts her perfect makeup, long wavy hair, and body-hugging dresses (Episodes 12–26). She exudes sexual confidence but her relationship is not predicated on receiving financial favours in return for sexual ones. She tells Dong’s wife that the only “third person” in a relationship is the “unloved” one (Episode 15). Another mistress who challenges old ideas of the power dynamic of the rich man and financially reliant young woman is the divorced Shi Jiang, Tang Meiyu’s former classmate, who becomes the mistress of Tang’s husband (Cao Qiankun) without any moral qualms, even though she knows that her friend is pregnant with his child. A powerful businesswoman, Shi is the owner of a high-end bar that Cao frequents after losing his job. Unable to tell his wife the truth, he spends most days wandering around and is unable to resist Shi’s advances because she claims to have loved him since their university days and that she understands him. In this relationship, Shi has taken on the role traditionally assigned to men: she is the affluent powerful one who is able to manipulate the downtrodden unemployed man by “lending” him money in his time of need, offering him a job at her bar (Episode 17), and eventually finding him a new job through her connections (Episodes 23–24). When Cao leaves home after Tang finds out about the affair, Shi provides him with a place to stay (Episode 34). Because the viewers are positioned to root for Tang due to her role as the female lead’s best friend, Shi is immediately set up as one of the villains, although she is portrayed in a more sympathetic light after she reveals to Cao that she was forced to give up her son to her ex-husband in America (who cheated on her) in order to finalise her divorce (Episode 29).The portrayal of different mistresses in Lawyers signals a transformation in the representation of gender compared to Divorce and Dwelling, because the women are less naïve than Haizao, financially well-off because of their business acumen, and much more outspoken and determined to fight for what they want. On the surface these women are depicted as more liberated and free from gender hierarchies and sexual oppression. Hung describes xiaosan as “an active if constrained agent . . . whose new mode of life has become revealingly defensible and publicly acceptable in socioeconomic terms that reflect the moral changes that follow economic reforms” (“State” 166). However, the closure of these storylines suggest that although more complex reasons for becoming a mistress have been explored in the new drama, mistresses are still regarded as a threat to social stability and therefore punished, challenging Hung’s argument about the “acceptability” of mistresses in post-socialist China. Post-Socialist Femininity Restrained: Wives and MothersCountering these liberal forms of post-socialist femininity are portrayals of righteous wives and exemplary mothers. These depictions articulate a moral positioning grounded in pre-socialist and socialist understandings of a woman’s place in Chinese society. These portrayals of moral women check the transgressive powers of single women and mistresses with the potential to break families up. More importantly, they remind the audience of desired gender norms that retain the integrity of the family and anchor a society undergoing rapid transformation.The three dramas portray wives who are stridently righteous in their confrontations with women they perceive as a threat to their families. These women find moral justification for the violence they inflict on transgressors from cultural understandings of their rights as wives. Lin Xiaofeng (Divorce) repeatedly challenges Xiao Li to explain the “logic” underlying her actions when she discovers that Xiao accompanied Song Jianping to a wedding (Episode 14). The “logic” Lin refers to is a cultural understanding that it is her right as wife to accompany Song to public events and not Xiao’s. By transgressing this moral boundary, Xiao accords Lin the moral authority to cast doubt on her abilities as a doctor in a public confrontation. It also provides moral justification for Lin to slap Xiao when she suggests that Lin is an embarrassment to her husband, an argument that underscores Lin’s failure and challenges her moral authority as wife. Jiang Miaomiao (Dwelling) draws on similar cultural understandings when she appears at the apartment Haizao shares with Song Siming (Episode 33). Jiang positions herself in the traditional role of a wife as a household manager (Ebrey) whose responsibilities include paying Song’s mistresses. She puts Haizao into a subordinate position by arguing that since Haizao is less than a mistress and slightly better than a prostitute, she is not worth the money Song has given her. When Haizao refuses to return the money a tussle ensues, causing Haizao to have a miscarriage. Likewise, Miao Jinxiu (Lawyers) draws on similar cultural understandings of a wife’s position when she laments popular arguments that depict mistresses such as Luo Meiyuan as usurping the superior position of wives like herself who are less attractive and able to navigate the market economy. Miao describes these arguments as “inverting black into white” (Episode 19). She publicly humiliates Luo by throwing paint on her at a charity event (Episode 17) and covers Luo’s car with posters labelling Luo a “slut,” “prostitute,” and “shameless” (Episode 18). Miao succeeds in “winning” her husband back. The public violence Miao inflicts on Luo and her success in protecting her marriage are struggles to reinforce the boundaries defining the categories of wife and mistress as these limits become increasingly challenged in China. In contrast to the violent strategies that Lin, Jiang, and Miao adopt, Tang Meiyu resists Shi Jiang’s destructive powers by reminding her errant husband of the emotional warmth of their family. She asks him, “Do you still remember telling me what the nicest sound is at home?” For Cao, the best sounds are Tang’s laughter, their baby’s cries, the sound of the washing machine, and the flushing of their leaky toilet (Episode 43). The couple reconciles and even wins a lottery that cements their “happy ending.” By highlighting the warmth of their family, Tang reminds Cao of her rightful place as wife, restrains Shi from breaking up the couple, and protects the integrity of the family. It is by drawing on deeply entrenched cultural understandings of the rights of wives that these women find the moral authority to challenge, restrain, and control the transgressive powers of mistresses and single women. The dramas’ portrayals of mothers further reinforce the sense that there is a need to restrain liberal forms of post-socialist femininity embodied by errant daughters who transgress the moral boundaries of the family. Lin Xiaofeng’s mother (Divorce) assumes the role of the forgiving wife and mother. She not only forgives Lin’s father for having an affair but raises Lin, her husband’s love child, as her own (Episode 23). On her deathbed, she articulates the values underlying her acceptance of this transgression, namely that one needs to be “a little kinder, more tolerant, and a little muddleheaded” when dealing with matters of the family. Her forgiveness bears fruit in the form of the warm companionship and support she enjoys with Lin’s father. This sends a strong pedagogical message to the audience that it is possible for a marriage to remain intact if one is willing to forgive. In contrast, Haizao’s mother (Dwelling) adopts the role of the disciplinary mother. She attempts to beat Haizao with a coat hanger when she finds out that her daughter is pregnant with Song Siming’s child (Episode 31). She describes Haizao’s decision as “the wrong path” and is emphatic that abortion is the only way to right this wrong. She argues that abortion will allow her daughter to start life anew in a relationship she describes as “open and aboveboard,” which will culminate in marriage. When Haizao rejects her mother’s disciplining, her lover dies in a car accident and she has a miscarriage. She loses her ability to speak for two months after these double tragedies and pays the ultimate price, losing her reproductive abilities. Luo Li’s mother (Lawyers), Li Chunhua, extends this pedagogical approach by adopting the role of public counsellor as a talk show host. Li describes Luo’s profession as “wicked” because it focuses on separating the family (Episode 9). Instead, she promotes reconciliation as an alternative. She counsels couples to remain together by propounding traditional family values, such as the need for daughters-in-law to consider the filial obligations of sons when managing their relationship with their mothers-in-law (Episode 25). Her rising ratings and the effectiveness of her strategy in bringing estranged couples like Miao Jinxiu and Dong Dahai back together (Episode 26) challenges the transgressive powers of mistresses by preventing the separation of families. More importantly, as with Haizao’s and Lin’s mothers, the moral force of Li’s position and the alternatives to divorce that she suggests draw on pre-socialist and socialist understandings of family values that underscore the sanctity of marriage to the audience. By reminding errant daughters of deeply embedded cultural standards of what it means to be a woman in Chinese society, these mothers are moral exemplars who restrain the potentiality of daughters becoming mistresses. ConclusionMarket reforms have led to a transformation in understandings of womanhood in post-socialist China. Depictions of mistresses and single women as independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated underscores the emergence of liberal forms of post-socialist femininity. Although adept at navigating the new market economy, these types of post-socialist women threaten the integrity of the family and need to be controlled. Moral arguments articulated by wives and mothers restrain the potentially destructive powers of post-socialist womanhood by drawing on deeply embedded understandings of the rights of women shaped in pre-socialist China. It is by disciplining liberal forms of post-socialist femininity such that they fit back into deeply embedded gender hierarchies that social order is restored. By illuminating the moral politics undergirding relationships between women in post-socialist China, the dramas discussed underscore the continued significance of television as a pedagogical device through which desired gender norms are popularised. These portrayals of the struggles between liberal forms of post-socialist femininity and conservative pre-socialist understandings of womanhood as lived in everyday life serve to communicate the importance of protecting the integrity of the family and maintaining social stability in order for China to continue to pursue development. ReferencesAhern, Emily. “The Power and Pollution of Chinese Women.” Women in Chinese Society. Eds. Margery Wolf et al. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1975. 193–214. Brady, Anne-Marie. Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. China Huading Award. “Top 100 TV Series Satisfaction Survey.” 9 Aug. 2015. Chinese Style Divorce. Writ. Wang Hailing. Dir. Shen Yan. Beijing Jindun Xintong Film & Television Culture, 2004. Divorce Lawyers. Writ. Chen Tong. Dir. Yang Wenjun. JSTV, 2014. Dwelling Narrowness. Writ. Liu Liu, Teng Huatao, Cao Dun. Dir. Teng Huatao. Shanghai Media Group, 2009. Ebrey, Patricia. The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.Ebrey, Patricia, and Rubie Watson, eds. Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. Berkeley: U of California P, 1991. Evans, Harriet. Women and Sexuality in China: Dominant Discourses of Female Sexuality since 1949. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997. Farrer, James. Opening Up: Youth Sex Culture and Market Reform in Shanghai. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2002. Hung, Ruth Y.Y. “The State and the Market: Chinese TV Serials and the Case of Woju (Dwelling Narrowness).” boundary 2 38.2 (2011): 155–187. ———. “Imagination in the Box: Woju’s Realism and the Representation of Xiaosan.” Television, Sex and Society: Analyzing Contemporary Representations. Eds. Basil Glynn et al. New York: Continuum, 2012. 89–105. Kleinman, Arthur, et al. “Introduction: Remaking the Moral Person in a New China.” Deep China: What Anthropology and Psychiatry Tell Us about China Today. Eds. Arthur Kleinman et al. Berkeley: U of California P, 2011. 1–35.Liu, Jieyu. “Gender and Sexuality.” Understanding Chinese Society. 2nd ed. Ed. Xiaowei Zang. London: Routledge, 2016. 53–66. Wolf, Margery, and Roxane Witke, eds. Women in Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1975. Xiao, Fuxing. “Woju Is a Sting Aimed at Reality.” ChinaNews.com.cn, 19 Nov. 2009. Xiao, Hui Faye. Marital Strife in Contemporary Chinese Literature and Visual Culture. Seattle: U of Washington P, 2014. Yu, Haiqing. “Dwelling Narrowness: Chinese Media and Their Disingenuous Neoliberal Logic.” Continuum 25.1 (2011): 33–46. Yan, Yunxiang. Private Life under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village, 1949–1999. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003. Zheng, Tiantian. Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2009.

The curtain rose. The howling of desert wind filled the performance hall in the Shanghai Grand Theatre. Into the center stage, where a scenic construction of a mountain cliff and a desert landscape was dimly lit, entered the character of the Daoist priest Wang Yuanlu (1849–1931), performed by Chen Yizong. Dressed in a worn and dusty outfit of dark blue cotton, characteristic of Daoist priests, Wang began to sweep the floor. After a few moments, he discovered a hidden chambre sealed inside one of the rock sanctuaries carved into the cliff.Signaled by the quick, crystalline, stirring wave of sound from the chimes, a melodious Chinese ocarina solo joined in slowly from the background. Astonished by thousands of Buddhist sūtra scrolls, wall paintings, and sculptures he had just accidentally discovered in the caves, Priest Wang set his broom aside and began to examine these treasures. Dawn had not yet arrived, and the desert sky was pitch-black. Priest Wang held his oil lamp high, strode rhythmically in excitement, sat crossed-legged in a meditative pose, and unfolded a scroll. The sound of the ocarina became fuller and richer and the texture of the music more complex, as several other instruments joined in.Below is the opening scene of the award-winning, theatrical dance-drama Dunhuang, My Dreamland, created by China’s state-sponsored Lanzhou Song and Dance Theatre in 2000. Figure 1a: Poster Side A of Dunhuang, My Dreamland Figure 1b: Poster Side B of Dunhuang, My DreamlandThe scene locates the dance-drama in the rock sanctuaries that today are known as the Dunhuang Mogao Caves, housing Buddhist art accumulated over a period of a thousand years, one of the best well-known UNESCO heritages on the Silk Road. Historically a frontier metropolis, Dunhuang was a strategic site along the Silk Road in northwestern China, a crossroads of trade, and a locus for religious, cultural, and intellectual influences since the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Travellers, especially Buddhist monks from India and central Asia, passing through Dunhuang on their way to Chang’an (present day Xi’an), China’s ancient capital, would stop to meditate in the Mogao Caves and consult manuscripts in the monastery's library. At the same time, Chinese pilgrims would travel by foot from China through central Asia to Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, playing a key role in the exchanges between ancient China and the outside world. Travellers from China would stop to acquire provisions at Dunhuang before crossing the Gobi Desert to continue on their long journey abroad. Figure 2: Dunhuang Mogao CavesThis article approaches the idea of “abroad” by examining the present-day imagination of journeys along the Silk Road—specifically, staged performances of the various Silk Road journey-themed dance-dramas sponsored by the Chinese state for enhancing its cultural and foreign policies since the 1970s (Kuang).As ethnomusicologists have demonstrated, musicians, choreographers, and playwrights often utilise historical materials in their performances to construct connections between the past and the present (Bohlman; Herzfeld; Lam; Rees; Shelemay; Tuohy; Wade; Yung: Rawski; Watson). The ancient Silk Road, which linked the Mediterranean coast with central China and beyond, via oasis towns such as Samarkand, has long been associated with the concept of “journeying abroad.” Journeys to distant, foreign lands and encounters of unknown, mysterious cultures along the Silk Road have been documented in historical records, such as A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms (Faxian) and The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions (Xuanzang), and illustrated in classical literature, such as The Travels of Marco Polo (Polo) and the 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West (Wu). These journeys—coming and going from multiple directions and to different destinations—have inspired contemporary staged performance for audiences around the globe.Home and Abroad: Dunhuang and the Silk RoadDunhuang, My Dreamland (2000), the contemporary dance-drama, staged the journey of a young pilgrim painter travelling from Chang’an to a land of the unfamiliar and beyond borders, in search for the arts that have inspired him. Figure 3: A scene from Dunhuang, My Dreamland showing the young pilgrim painter in the Gobi Desert on the ancient Silk RoadFar from his home, he ended his journey in Dunhuang, historically considered the northwestern periphery of China, well beyond Yangguan and Yumenguan, the bordering passes that separate China and foreign lands. Later scenes in Dunhuang, My Dreamland, portrayed through multiethnic music and dances, the dynamic interactions among merchants, cultural and religious envoys, warriors, and politicians that were making their own journey from abroad to China. The theatrical dance-drama presents a historically inspired, re-imagined vision of both “home” and “abroad” to its audiences as they watch the young painter travel along the Silk Road, across the Gobi Desert, arriving at his own ideal, artistic “homeland”, the Dunhuang Mogao Caves. Since his journey is ultimately a spiritual one, the conceptualisation of travelling “abroad” could also be perceived as “a journey home.”Staged more than four hundred times since it premiered in Beijing in April 2000, Dunhuang, My Dreamland is one of the top ten titles in China’s National Stage Project and one of the most successful theatrical dance-dramas ever produced in China. With revenue of more than thirty million renminbi (RMB), it ranks as the most profitable theatrical dance-drama ever produced in China, with a preproduction cost of six million RMB. The production team receives financial support from China’s Ministry of Culture for its “distinctive ethnic features,” and its “aim to promote traditional Chinese culture,” according to Xu Rong, an official in the Cultural Industry Department of the Ministry. Labeled an outstanding dance-drama of the Chinese nation, it aims to present domestic and international audiences with a vision of China as a historically multifaceted and cosmopolitan nation that has been in close contact with the outside world through the ancient Silk Road. Its production company has been on tour in selected cities throughout China and in countries abroad, including Austria, Spain, and France, literarily making the young pilgrim painter’s “journey along the Silk Road” a new journey abroad, off stage and in reality.Dunhuang, My Dreamland was not the first, nor is it the last, staged performances that portrays the Chinese re-imagination of “journeying abroad” along the ancient Silk Road. It was created as one of many versions of Dunhuang bihua yuewu, a genre of music, dance, and dramatic performances created in the early twentieth century and based primarily on artifacts excavated from the Mogao Caves (Kuang). “The Mogao Caves are the greatest repository of early Chinese art,” states Mimi Gates, who works to increase public awareness of the UNESCO site and raise funds toward its conservation. “Located on the Chinese end of the Silk Road, it also is the place where many cultures of the world intersected with one another, so you have Greek and Roman, Persian and Middle Eastern, Indian and Chinese cultures, all interacting. Given the nature of our world today, it is all very relevant” (Pollack). As an expressive art form, this genre has been thriving since the late 1970s contributing to the global imagination of China’s “Silk Road journeys abroad” long before Dunhuang, My Dreamland achieved its domestic and international fame. For instance, in 2004, The Thousand-Handed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara—one of the most representative (and well-known) Dunhuang bihua yuewu programs—was staged as a part of the cultural program during the Paralympic Games in Athens, Greece. This performance, as well as other Dunhuang bihua yuewu dance programs was the perfect embodiment of a foreign religion that arrived in China from abroad and became Sinicized (Kuang). Figure 4: Mural from Dunhuang Mogao Cave No. 45A Brief History of Staging the Silk Road JourneysThe staging of the Silk Road journeys abroad began in the late 1970s. Historically, the Silk Road signifies a multiethnic, cosmopolitan frontier, which underwent incessant conflicts between Chinese sovereigns and nomadic peoples (as well as between other groups), but was strongly imbued with the customs and institutions of central China (Duan, Mair, Shi, Sima). In the twentieth century, when China was no longer an empire, but had become what the early 20th-century reformer Liang Qichao (1873–1929) called “a nation among nations,” the long history of the Silk Road and the colourful, legendary journeys abroad became instrumental in the formation of a modern Chinese nation of unified diversity rooted in an ancient cosmopolitan past. The staged Silk Road theme dance-dramas thus participate in this formation of the Chinese imagination of “nation” and “abroad,” as they aestheticise Chinese history and geography. History and geography—aspects commonly considered constituents of a nation as well as our conceptualisations of “abroad”—are “invariably aestheticized to a certain degree” (Bakhtin 208). Diverse historical and cultural elements from along the Silk Road come together in this performance genre, which can be considered the most representative of various possible stagings of the history and culture of the Silk Road journeys.In 1979, the Chinese state officials in Gansu Province commissioned the benchmark dance-drama Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road, a spectacular theatrical dance-drama praising the pure and noble friendship which existed between the peoples of China and other countries in the Tang dynasty (618-907 C.E.). While its plot also revolves around the Dunhuang Caves and the life of a painter, staged at one of the most critical turning points in modern Chinese history, the work as a whole aims to present the state’s intention of re-establishing diplomatic ties with the outside world after the Cultural Revolution. Unlike Dunhuang, My Dreamland, it presents a nation’s journey abroad and home. To accomplish this goal, Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road introduces the fictional character Yunus, a wealthy Persian merchant who provides the audiences a vision of the historical figure of Peroz III, the last Sassanian prince, who after the Arab conquest of Iran in 651 C.E., found refuge in China. By incorporating scenes of ethnic and folk dances, the drama then stages the journey of painter Zhang’s daughter Yingniang to Persia (present-day Iran) and later, Yunus’s journey abroad to the Tang dynasty imperial court as the Persian Empire’s envoy.Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road, since its debut at Beijing’s Great Hall of the People on the first of October 1979 and shortly after at the Theatre La Scala in Milan, has been staged in more than twenty countries and districts, including France, Italy, Japan, Thailand, Russia, Latvia, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and recently, in 2013, at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York.“The Road”: Staging the Journey TodayWithin the contemporary context of global interdependencies, performing arts have been used as strategic devices for social mobilisation and as a means to represent and perform modern national histories and foreign policies (Davis, Rees, Tian, Tuohy, Wong, David Y. H. Wu). The Silk Road has been chosen as the basis for these state-sponsored, extravagantly produced, and internationally staged contemporary dance programs. In 2008, the welcoming ceremony and artistic presentation at the Olympic Games in Beijing featured twenty apsara dancers and a Dunhuang bihua yuewu dancer with long ribbons, whose body was suspended in mid-air on a rectangular LED extension held by hundreds of performers; on the giant LED screen was a depiction of the ancient Silk Road.In March 2013, Chinese president Xi Jinping introduced the initiatives “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” during his journeys abroad in Kazakhstan and Indonesia. These initiatives are now referred to as “One Belt, One Road.” The State Council lists in details the policies and implementation plans for this initiative on its official web page, www.gov.cn. In April 2013, the China Institute in New York launched a yearlong celebration, starting with "Dunhuang: Buddhist Art and the Gateway of the Silk Road" with a re-creation of one of the caves and a selection of artifacts from the site. In March 2015, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), China’s top economic planning agency, released a new action plan outlining key details of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative. Xi Jinping has made the program a centrepiece of both his foreign and domestic economic policies. One of the central economic strategies is to promote cultural industry that could enhance trades along the Silk Road.Encouraged by the “One Belt, One Road” policies, in March 2016, The Silk Princess premiered in Xi’an and was staged at the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Beijing the following July. While Dunhuang, My Dreamland and Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road were inspired by the Buddhist art found in Dunhuang, The Silk Princess, based on a story about a princess bringing silk and silkworm-breeding skills to the western regions of China in the Tang Dynasty (618-907) has a different historical origin. The princess's story was portrayed in a woodblock from the Tang Dynasty discovered by Sir Marc Aurel Stein, a British archaeologist during his expedition to Xinjiang (now Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region) in the early 19th century, and in a temple mural discovered during a 2002 Chinese-Japanese expedition in the Dandanwulike region. Figure 5: Poster of The Silk PrincessIn January 2016, the Shannxi Provincial Song and Dance Troupe staged The Silk Road, a new theatrical dance-drama. Unlike Dunhuang, My Dreamland, the newly staged dance-drama “centers around the ‘road’ and the deepening relationship merchants and travellers developed with it as they traveled along its course,” said Director Yang Wei during an interview with the author. According to her, the show uses seven archetypes—a traveler, a guard, a messenger, and so on—to present the stories that took place along this historic route. Unbounded by specific space or time, each of these archetypes embodies the foreign-travel experience of a different group of individuals, in a manner that may well be related to the social actors of globalised culture and of transnationalism today. Figure 6: Poster of The Silk RoadConclusionAs seen in Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road and Dunhuang, My Dreamland, staging the processes of Silk Road journeys has become a way of connecting the Chinese imagination of “home” with the Chinese imagination of “abroad.” Staging a nation’s heritage abroad on contemporary stages invites a new imagination of homeland, borders, and transnationalism. Once aestheticised through staged performances, such as that of the Dunhuang bihua yuewu, the historical and topological landscape of Dunhuang becomes a performed narrative, embodying the national heritage.The staging of Silk Road journeys continues, and is being developed into various forms, from theatrical dance-drama to digital exhibitions such as the Smithsonian’s Pure Land: Inside the Mogao Grottes at Dunhuang (Stromberg) and the Getty’s Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China's Silk Road (Sivak and Hood). 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