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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Hapax legomena"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 18 de febrero de 2022

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1

ITO, Gikyo. "PAHLAVI hapax legomena". Orient 27 (1991): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/orient1960.27.36.

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Rendsburg, Gary A. y Frederick E. Greenspahn. "Greenspahn's "Hapax Legomena"". Jewish Quarterly Review 75, n.º 4 (abril de 1985): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1454409.

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Stiles, Patrick. "Beowulf 33a and Hapax Legomena". Neophilologus 104, n.º 2 (20 de agosto de 2019): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11061-019-09621-w.

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Popescu, Ioan-Iovitz y Gabriel Altmann. "Hapax Legomena and Language Typology". Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 15, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2008): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09296170802326699.

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Lees, David. "Hapax Legomena in Esther 1.6: Translation Difficulties and Comedy in the Book of Esther". Bible Translator 68, n.º 1 (abril de 2017): 88–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677016671994.

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Containing one of the highest counts of hapax legomena for the length of text in the Hebrew Bible, the book of Esther has posed certain challenges to translators. Three of these hapax legomena (טהב, רד, תרחס) have been particularly difficult and unsatisfactorily translated as kinds of stone as adornments to the banquets in the palace in Susa. Various commentaries offer differing translations of different kinds of stone, whilst arguing such translations. This paper argues that these hapax legomena describe royal carpets that, in line with motifs from Greek literature, function as a comedic device in the Hebrew text of Esther. Translating טהב, רד, and תרחס to refer to carpets best fits the etymological evidence and literary style of the banquet scenes.
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6

Mardaga, Hellen. "Hapax Legomena and the Idiolect of John". Novum Testamentum 56, n.º 2 (18 de marzo de 2014): 134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341437.

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AbstractThe present contribution treats hapax legomena in the Fourth Gospel. The author presents three important findings. First, John has few hapaxes in his gospel (84) and only five hapaxes are unique (i.e. these words are mainly used after the composition of the Fourth Gospel). Second, the presence of hapaxes could be an indicator of orality and memory. Third, in several instances John uses hapaxes in conjunction with repetitions in two ways: 1) In John 2:14-16; 12:14; 18:3; 19:39-40 a hapax is followed by a (more) common word that belongs to the same semantic domain as the hapax. The common word repeats and clarifies the meaning of the hapax to the audience; 2) In John 4:7, 11, 15, 20-24; 9:1-2, 6, 8; 11:11-13; 13:5 a hapax is created by means of a stem-related word. The alteration between repetition and hapaxes helps the audience to focus on the narrative and follow the line of thought.
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7

Brunner, Theodore F. "Hapax and non-hapax legomena in Palladius' Life of Chrysostom". Analecta Bollandiana 107, n.º 1-2 (junio de 1989): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.abol.4.03244.

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Tadajczyk, Konrad. "Ichthyological Hapax Legomena in Marcellus’ "De piscibus"". Studia Ceranea 9 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 705–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.09.34.

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Marcellus of Side, a physician and didactic poet of the second century AD, mentions fourteen exclusive ichthyonyms in the preserved fragment De piscibus, extracted from the 42-volume epic poem entitled Cheironides. The author discusses Greek names of fish and sea animals that appear only in Marcellus’ work. They belong to the so-called hapax legomena. The following appellatives are carefully analyzed: ἁλιπλεύμων, ἅρπη, βούφθαλμος, βράχατος, γαρίσκος, γερῖνος, ἐρυθρός, θρανίας, θῦρος, κόλλουρος, περόνη, τραγίσκος, τυφλῖνος, χρύσοφος. It is assumed that Marcellus of Side introduced a number of ichthyonyms of Pamphylian origin, e.g. Pamph. θῦρος (< *θύρσος), βράχατος (instead of βάτραχος), ἐρυθρός (= ἐρυθρῖνος), θρανίας (instead of θράνις), χρύσοφος (instead of χρύσοφρυς). Also new identifications of fish are suggested, e.g. Gk. βούφθαλ- μος ‘large-eye dentex, Dentex macrophthalmus Bloch’, Gk. κόλλουρος ‘slender sunfish, Ranzania laevis Pennant’. All the discusssed ichthyonyms, as well as names of other sea animals, are explained from the point of view of phonology, morphology or semantics, e.g. ἁλιπλεύμων ‘jellyfish’ (literally ‘sea lung’), ἅρπη ‘a kind of ray fish’ (literally ‘a kite’).
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9

Fengxiang, Fan. "An Asymptotic Model for the English Hapax/Vocabulary Ratio". Computational Linguistics 36, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2010): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00013.

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In the known literature, hapax legomena in an English text or a collection of texts roughly account for about 50% of the vocabulary. This sort of constancy is baffling. The 100-million-word British National Corpus was used to study this phenomenon. The result reveals that the hapax/vocabulary ratio follows a U-shaped pattern. Initially, as the size of text increases, the hapax/vocabulary ratio decreases; however, after the text size reaches about 3,000,000 words, the hapax/vocabulary ratio starts to increase steadily. A computer simulation shows that as the text size continues to increase, the hapax/vocabulary ratio would approach 1.
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10

Nes, Jermo van. "Hapax Legomena in Disputed Pauline Letters: A Reassessment". Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 109, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2018): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znw-2018-0006.

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Abstract: To argue for the pseudonymity of disputed Pauline letters on the (partial) basis of their disproportional high number of hapax legomena continues to be common practice among New Testament scholars. By means of linear regression analysis, it is shown that only 1 and 2 Timothy use significantly more hapaxes than the undisputed Pauline letters. If, however, proper noun hapaxes, hapaxes taken from citations, and hapaxes which – upon removal of its preposition – have a common lexeme are not taken into consideration, it appears that none of the disputed Pauline letters use significantly more hapaxes than the undisputed Pauline letters.
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Mardaga, Hellen. "Hapax Legomena: A Neglected Field in Biblical Studies". Currents in Biblical Research 10, n.º 2 (febrero de 2012): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476993x11398845.

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12

Adamik, Tamás. "Vocabulary of Catullus’ Poems Hapax Legomena as Vulgar Words". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, n.º 1-4 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.28.

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Summary“There are 150 words in Catullus which occur once only in his writings, and of these more than 70 per cent are rare in the whole of Latin literature, and more than 90 per cent do not occur in Vergil at all” – writes J. Whatmough in his work Poetic, Scientific, and other Forms of Discourse, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1956, 41. It is necessary to distinguish between genuine and apparent once-words. The true once-word is a coinage that never recurs; the number of the true once-words is exceedingly small. Catullus’ once-words were well known, but not in writing. Theoretically one would expect such words to be polysyllabic; so are the comic jawbreakers of Aristophanes which fit the pattern of his verse so well. The hapax legomena of Catullus are not genuine once-words of the spoken language, but they are vulgar and in some contexte obscene. We can, therefore, regard them as taboo words. They occur sometimes in similes; cf. Poems 17, 23, 25, 97. In my paper I would like to analyse some vulgar hapax legomena of Catullus.
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13

Pastor de Arozena, Bárbara. "Hapax legomena en el Codex Theodosianus". Emerita 60, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 1992): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/emerita.1992.v60.i1.489.

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14

Kozhinowa, Alla y Alena Sourkova. "Biblical hapax legomena in the Reflection of the Translation (on the Material of the Book of Job from the Vilna Old Testament Book (F 19–262) and the Polish Bibles of the 16th century)". Slavistica Vilnensis 64 (15 de noviembre de 2019): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2019.64(1).01.

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The article examines the linguistic aspects of the translational reflection on hapax legomena from the Book of Job. Lexical correspondences to the Hebrew hapax in Ruthenian (prosta(ja) mova) and Polish are compared with the material from Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium (F 19–262) (approx. 1517–1533), the Radziviłł Bible (Biblia Radzivillovska) (1563), and the Nesvizh Bible (Biblia Nieświeska) (1568–1572) by Symon Budny. All translations demonstrate examples of both etymological interpretation and representation of figurative meaning based on the closest context. Facts of the usage of classical Jewish exegetic comments suggest the existence of a traditional understanding of the “dark places” in the Book of Job.
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15

Kraus, Thomas J. "Hapax legomena: Definition einesterminus technicusund Signifikanz für eine pragmatisch orientierte Sprachanalyse". New Testament Studies 59, n.º 4 (3 de septiembre de 2013): 545–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688513000209.

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The present study is prompted by Hellen Mardaga's recent discussion and definition of so-calledhapax legomena(HLL), ‘rare words’ or ‘words occurring only once’, within and outside the MT, the LXX and/or the NT. After interacting with Mardaga's theses an alternative definition is provided, developed from and proved by several examples. By doing so the significance of HLL for the pragmatic linguistic analysis of a text is highlighted, of which HLL form an integral and interesting element. Throughout the study, however, it is stressed that HLL areonly oneelement among many in a full analysis of a text and the language of its author. Consequently, HLL need to be evaluated within the context of all elements of such an analysis.
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16

Beeckman, Bryan. "Proverbia de Animalibus: The Greek Rendering of Hebrew Animal Names in Proverbs". Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 131, n.º 2 (27 de mayo de 2019): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaw-2019-2002.

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Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren wurde in Leuven ein neuer Ansatz entwickelt, um die Übersetzungstechnik der LXX-Bücher zu untersuchen: der »content- and context-related approach«. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf der Wiedergabe inhalts- und kontextbezogener Kriterien, z. B. bezüglich hebräischer Hapax Legomena. Vor diesem Hintergrund konzentriert sich diese Studie auf die Übersetzungstechnik von LXX Proverbien und betrachtet die griechische Übersetzung hebräischer Tiernamen, um die Übersetzungstechnik in diesem Buch herauszuarbeiten.
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17

Berg, Kristian. "Changes in the productivity of word-formation patterns: Some methodological remarks". Linguistics 58, n.º 4 (25 de octubre de 2020): 1117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0148.

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AbstractChanges in the productivity of word-formation patterns are often investigated using hapax legomena. In this paper, I argue that at least in diachronic investigations of productivity, a measure based on first attestations is a viable alternative to hapax-based measures. I show that such a measure is a more direct proxy to new words than hapax-based measures – it measures what we want to measure, which is not always true for the latter. I present a method that deals with the common problem of varying subcorpus sizes (I suggest we randomly resample the subcorpora up to a predefined size), and to the problem of old words appearing as new at the start of the corpus (I suggest we take an earlier corpus and determine a point in time when almost all old words have registered). Armed with these instruments, we can determine the ratio of new types to existing types for a time span, which can be regarded as the renewal rate of the respective category.
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Faltýnek, Dan, Ľudmila Lacková y Hana Owsianková. "Once again about the hapax grammar: Epigenetic Linguistics". Linguistic Frontiers 3, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lf-2019-0002.

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AbstractIn this article, we deal with the similarity between epigenetic marks in DNA and hapax legomena in language; based on the so-called hapaxes, a grammar description is designed. We reflect hapax analysis of Czech language provided by Novotná (2013) and avoid random selection of the corpus. For this reason, we analyze a corpus of 12 authentic books from 12 authors who elaborated the theme “What’s new in…” concerning their field of science, assigned by Nová beseda publishing. By analyzing a middle-sized corpus, we expected results similar to those of large-scale national corpus (see Novotná 2013). We chose to classify hapaxes into different categories in comparison to Novotná, yet the results show similar language productive categories. This kind of language potentiality seems to be analogical to epigenetic processes in biology, which is briefly introduced.
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Karavidopoulos, Jean. "« Hapax legomena » et autres mots rares dans l' Évangile apocryphe de Pierre". Apocrypha 8 (enero de 1997): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.apocra.2.300953.

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Rudziński, Grzegorz. "Statystyka pojęć z kręgu znaczeniowego wojny w edukacyjnych materiałach pomocniczych dla maturzystów". Oblicza Komunikacji 8 (10 de agosto de 2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.8.7.

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Supporting materials on Polish history for graduates have been examined from the statistic side. Counting was not the individual parts of speech, but the word-forming bases of autosemantic words. In the material studied, relatively high frequency of concepts connected with the phenomenon of war was observed. Common concepts are war, fighting, army. On the other hand, related to the notion of war, rare words form long lists in the layer of hapax legomena. It allows to interpret some historical narrations intended for high school students as focused on the phenomenon of war.
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Faltýnek, Dan. "It will certainly be found that some words are literally repeated: Horecký’s hypersyntax". Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 71, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2020-0021.

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Abstract The article reflects the linguistic work of Ján Horecký in connection with hyper syntax and text linguistics. In his work Základy jazykovedy (Outline of linguistics) Ján Horecký remarks (1974, p. 90) that one of the principles of text construction is the literal repetition of certain words. We discuss this Horecký’s assumption and describe its consequences for the langue parole opposition and the concepts of textual isotopy and textual cohesion. The main task of the article is to examine Horeský’s assumption. For these purposes, we present an authorship attribution analysis of literary works by two Slovak authors: Svetozár Hurban Vajanský and Martin Kukučín. We focus on low‐frequency lexicon, i.e. hapax legomena, which are supposed to be independent of the authorial style (e.g. Binongo, 2003) and should reflect random circumstances of communication (de Saussure, 1996, p. 50; Bloomfield, 1933, p. 170). This means that if the structure of the text were to be affected by the repetition of certain words, the low frequency layer of the lexicon should contain evidence of this repetition with a low degree of dependence on the content and style of the literary work (Baayen, 1996). The analysis and its presentation is based on separate processing of hapax legomena and their n‐grams, cosine dissimilarity and multidimensional scaling (Torgerson, 1952). Contrary to the general notion of the text structure, we conclude that the authorial texts are based on the repetition of certain word forms and word forms combinations (by n‐gram analysis), even in the level of low‐frequency words.
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Knight, Virginia. "Apollonius, Argonautica 4.167–70 and Euripides' Medea". Classical Quarterly 41, n.º 1 (mayo de 1991): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800003736.

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The study of Homeric echoes and allusions in the Argonautica has overshadowed the influence of other literature, even when, as with tragedy, such influence is clear. The easiest framework for studying allusions to tragedy in Apollonius is comparison with the different types of allusion to Homer. Situations in the epic may recall situations and relationships in tragedy, and verbal similarities to passages in tragedy are also identifiable, despite differences of dialect and metre. The latter are often enhanced by rare words, as Homeric hapax legomena and other Homeric rarities establish allusions to the Iliad and Odyssey.
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Carneiro, Raphael Marco Oliveira. "Tradução e retradução do romance "Life of Pi": estudo exploratório de estilística tradutória com base em corpus paralelo bilíngue inglês/português". Estudos Linguísticos (São Paulo. 1978) 48, n.º 3 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 1248–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21165/el.v48i3.2309.

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Este artigo relata um estudo exploratório inicial e parcial de estilística tradutória baseado em corpus paralelo bilíngue inglês/português, de modo a comparar escolhas paradigmáticas e sintagmáticas de duas traduções de um mesmo texto-fonte no engendramento dos estilos dos textos traduzidos. Examinam-se a tradução e a retradução do primeiro capítulo do romance Life of Pi de Yann Martel em termos de quantidade de itens, formas e hapax legomena; razão forma/item; número de períodos; comprimento médio dos períodos; número de parágrafos; e escolhas lexicais e sintáticas. O estudo evidencia variações nos estilos da tradução e da retradução e sugere linhas para investigações futuras.
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Košak, Silvin. "Die Stadtwerke von Hattuša". Linguistica 33, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 1993): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.33.1.107-112.

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Als ich vor gut dreißig Jahren mein Studium der Indogennanistik bei Prof. Čop begann, riet er mir sofort am Anfang, mich dem Hethitischen zu widmen, wo noch so viel Neues zu erwarten wäre. Für diese Ermutigung bin ich ihm bis heute dankbar geblieben. Beim Unterricht, der stets mitreißend und lebhaft war, galt seine besondere Begeisterung alien Sonderfällen, Cruces und hapax legomena. Lange habe ich überlegt, womit ich dem verehrten Jubilar eine Freude bereiten könnte. Ich entschließ mich für einen Text, der mich schon seit Jahren beschäftigt und den ich trotz aller Mühe bis heute nicht übersetzen kann, teils wegen des schlechten Erhaltungszustandes, teils aber auch wegen einer auffällig hohen Zahl sonst unbeleg­ ter Wörter.
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EITELMANN, MATTHIAS, KARI E. HAUGLAND y DAGMAR HAUMANN. "From engl-isc to whatever-ish: a corpus-based investigation of -ish derivation in the history of English". English Language and Linguistics 24, n.º 4 (3 de enero de 2020): 801–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000340.

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Drawing on a wide array of historical and contemporary corpora, this article provides one of the first empirical analyses of the intricately related functional changes that -ish underwent in the course of English language history. By investigating the distribution of -ish formations, the analysis sheds light on the productivity of the suffix, which does not only become evident in the numerous hapax legomena, but also in the trajectory of change itself in which -ish occurs with ever new base categories and new functions. Moreover, the article revisits theoretical claims made in the literature about the diachronic development and synchronic properties of -ish and reassesses them in the light of the corpus-based observations.
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Torre Alonso, Roberto y Gema Maíz Villalta. "Hapax Legomena and the Productivity of the Old English Weak Verb Suffixes1". Nordic Journal of English Studies 13, n.º 3 (20 de diciembre de 2014): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.35360/njes.325.

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SMITH, M. W. A. "Hapax Legomena in Prescribed Positions: An Investigation of Recent Proposals to Resolve Problems of Authorship". Literary and Linguistic Computing 2, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1987): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/2.3.145.

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Sherwin, Simon. "IN SEARCH OF TREES: ISAIAH XLIV 14 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS". Vetus Testamentum 53, n.º 4 (2003): 514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853303770558194.

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AbstractIsa. xliv 14 forms part of the longer section Isa. xliv 9-20, one of the anti-idol polemics in Isaiah xl-lv. The verse mentions four different types of tree, two of which are well known, two hapax legomena. The identification of possible species and the confirmation that their provenance was in the West rather than in Babylonia lead to the conclusion that the author of the section was well acquainted with Western geography. An examination of the materials used for Babylonian image manufacture also demonstrates the author's ignorance in this regard. This has implications for the time and place of composition and calls into question the majority view that Isa. xliv 9-20 was composed in Babylonia in the late exilic period.
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Twardzisz, Piotr y Barbara Nowosielska. "The salience of local schemas in a productive word-formation process". Review of Cognitive Linguistics 17, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 358–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00039.twa.

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Abstract Word-formation rules of a generative type are insufficient to describe a mechanism which appears to be productive, on the one hand, but is also irregular in its productivity, on the other. Cognitive morphological accounts have stressed the importance of a wide range of more and less detailed schemas (rather than rules), sanctioning different kinds of novel formations. This article addresses the issue of morphological productivity in the context of the formation of abstract deverbal action nouns, also known as Nomina Actionis, with names of political states as derivational bases. The very number and variety of relevant lexicalized nominalizations as well as hapax legomena is impressive, which makes the phenomenon look productive. The data obtained from COCA and specialist literature show interesting tendencies and gaps in the system. Numerous nominalizations are motivated semantically and pragmatically and are sanctioned by local schemas.
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Ausloos, Hans. "The Septuagint'S Rendering of Hebrew Hapax Legomena and the Characterization of its “Translation Technique”: The Case of Exodus". Acta Patristica et Byzantina 20, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2009): 360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10226486.2009.12128801.

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Rambiert-Kwaśniewska, Anna. "„Psy i okaleczeńcy”". Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 26, n.º 48 (15 de junio de 2020): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.26.2020.48.04.

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„Psy i okaleczeńcy”. Translating Paul’s Invectives against Judaizers (Gal. 3:3; Phil. 3:2) Insults (contumelia) and invectives (invectiva oratio) were known to inspired authors, but their overtones in modern translations usually lose their strength. Should a translator avoid harsh words contained in the original invectives, or should he remain faithful to them? It is shown by analyzing Paul’s invectives in Phil. 3:2 and in Gal. 3:1.3. The author claims that: 1) avoiding the invectives in the translation weakens a message of the original text (Gal. 3:1.3); 2) the translational consistency (“źli pracownicy”; Phil. 3:2) favors understanding of the invectives; 3) the invectives that exist in Polish, when their scope deviates from the Greek original, require clarification in footnotes (“psy”; Phil. 3:2); 4) the multitude of hapax legomena in the Bible justifies the use of neologisms, as long as they accurately reflect the content of the original (“przerzezanie”; Phil. 3:2).
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Körtvélyessy, Lívia, Pavol Štekauer y Pavol Kačmár. "On the influence of creativity upon the interpretation of complex words". Semantics and Psychology of Complex Words 15, n.º 1 (30 de octubre de 2020): 142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00018.kor.

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Abstract The paper is aimed at the evaluation of whether, and if, to what degree, the psychological factor of creativity affects the interpretation of complex words. The research covered 324 students (17–18 years old) who attended (at the time of the experiment) various secondary schools in Košice, Slovakia. For the sake of evaluation, the respondents were divided into two cohorts (H-cohort and L-cohort) for each of the creativity variables, based on their high vs. low scores achieved in the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT). These variables include Elaboration, Fluency, Flexibility and Originality and two subscores, the Creative Strengths and the Composite Score. The interpretation test includes potential compound words and converted words, i.e., potential words that admit numerous potential readings. The evaluation process is primarily based on Štekauer’s theory of meaning predictability (2005), and covers four variables: the predictability rate, the objectified predictability rate, hapax legomena, and the average number of readings per informant. The results suggest that while the H-cohort is more ‘creative’ in interpreting potential words the influence of the individual variables/subscores varies substantially.
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33

Weeber, Marc, Rein Vos y R. Harald Baayen. "Extracting the Lowest-Frequency Words: Pitfalls and Possibilities". Computational Linguistics 26, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2000): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120100561719.

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In a medical information extraction system, we use common word association techniques to extract side-effect-related terms. Many of these terms have a frequency of less than five. Standard word-association-based applications disregard the lowest-frequency words, and hence disregard useful information. We therefore devised an extraction system for the full word frequency range. This system computes the significance of association by the log-likelihood ratio and Fisher's exact test. The output of the system shows a recurrent, corpus-independent pattern in both recall and the number of significant words. We will explain these patterns by the statistical behavior of the lowest-frequency words. We used Dutch verb-particle combinations as a second and independent collocation extraction application to illustrate the generality of the observed phenomena. We will conclude that a) word-association-based extraction systems can be enhanced by also considering the lowest-frequency words, b) significance levels should not be fixed but adjusted for the optimal window size, c) hapax legomena, words occurring only once, should be disregarded a priori in the statistical analysis, and d) the distribution of the targets to extract should be considered in combination with the extraction method.
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34

Cohen, Chaim (Harold) y Frederick E. Greenspahn. "Hapax Legomena in Biblical Hebrew: A Study of the Phenomenon and Its Treatment since Antiquity with Special Reference to Verbal Forms". Journal of Biblical Literature 105, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1986): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3261219.

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35

Emerton, J. A. y F. E. Greenspahn. "Hapax Legomena in Biblical Hebrew. A Study of the Phenomenon and Its Treatment Since Antiquity with Special Reference to Verbal Forms". Vetus Testamentum 35, n.º 1 (enero de 1985): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1517894.

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36

Greenstein, Edward L. y Frederick E. Greenspahn. "Hapax Legomena in Biblical Hebrew: A Study of the Phenomenon and Its Treatment since Antiquity with Special Reference to Verbal Forms". Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, n.º 3 (julio de 1987): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603506.

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37

Oliver, Lisi. "Cyninges fedesl: the king's feeding in Æthelberht, ch. 12". Anglo-Saxon England 27 (diciembre de 1998): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004786.

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The twelfth-century Textus Roffensis contains a collection of early English laws, of which the first is attributed to Æthelberht of Kent, who reigned c. 580–616. Although these laws remain to us only in a copy made some six centuries later, there are strong linguistic grounds, first proposed by Sievers and Liebermann, and recently elaborated on and expanded by myself, to assume that the text as we have it genuinely reflects a copy of an early original, albeit much changed by generations of scribal modernization. Yet problems of interpretation often arise, among them the difficulty in the definition of hapax legomena: words which occur in the corpus of Old English only in this text. One such term is contained in Æthelberht, ch. 12, which states: ‘Cyninges fedesl XX scillinga forgelde.’ This is presumably formulated along the lines of Æthelberht, ch. 8, which reads: ‘Cyninges mundbyrd L scillinga.’There is basic agreement among scholars as to the meaning, if not the precise interpretation, of mundbyrd: most would agree with Bosworth's definition of ‘protection, patronage’. Along these lines, the clause can be interpreted as: ‘[For violating] the king's protection: 50 (of) shillings.’ Using this as a template, one might translate iEthelberht, ch. 12, as: ‘[For violating] the king's fedesl: let [the perpetrator pay] 20 (of) shillings.’
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38

Huehnergard, John. "Hapax Legomena in Biblical Hebrew: A Study of the Phenomenon and Its Treatment Since Antiquity with Special Reference to Verbal Forms. Frederick E. Greenspahn." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 264 (noviembre de 1986): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357025.

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39

BERGREN, THEODORE A. "GREEK LOAN-WORDS IN THE VULGATE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE LATIN APOSTOLIC FATHERS". Traditio 74 (2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.12.

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Early Latin Christian documents translated from Greek (e.g., Latin translations of the Greek New Testament) contain a large number of Greek loan-words. This article attempts to collect and catalogue the Greek loan-words found in the Vulgate New Testament and the early Latin versions of the Apostolic Fathers. In this literature I have identified some 420 loan-words. The purpose of this article is to systematically categorize, analyze, and comment on these loan-words. In the main section of the article the loan-words are divided into discrete content groups based on their origin and/or meaning. These groups include: (1.) words that originated in Hebrew or Aramaic Vorlagen and that were then transliterated into Greek and then Latin; (2.) words with biblical or ecclesiological orientation that are found exclusively or predominantly in early Christian Latin writings; (3.) words that fall into distinct categories of items, persons or places (e.g., “animals,” “items of clothing,” “gems and minerals,” “human occupations”); and (4.) words of a general character that do not fit in any of the above categories. In this section of the article are listed, for each loan-word: first, the Latin word; second, the Greek Vorlage; third, the meaning(s) of the Latin word; and fourth, one example of a passage in the Vulgate New Testament or the Latin Apostolic Fathers in which the Latin word may be found. Loan-words with special characteristics (e.g., Latin hapax legomena) are commented on individually.
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40

De Jong, Irene J. F. "(P.) Kyriakou Homeric hapax legomena in the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius. A literary study. (Palingenesia 54.) Stuttgart: Steiner, 1995. Pp. x + 276. DM 124. 3515065962." Journal of Hellenic Studies 117 (noviembre de 1997): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/632568.

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41

Beeckman, Bryan. "Traces of Proverbs in Patristic Writings: Tracing Back Proverbs’ Greek Rendered Hebrew hapax legomena in the Commentary on the Book of Proverbs attributed to John Chrysostom". Journal of Early Christian History 7, n.º 2 (4 de mayo de 2017): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2222582x.2017.1388149.

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42

Gorina, Olga G., Natalya S. Tsarakova y Sergey K. Tsarakov. "Study of Optimal Text Size Phenomenon in Zipf–Mandelbrot’s Distribution on the Bases of Full and Distorted Texts. Author’s Frequency Characteristics and derivation of Hapax Legomena". Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 27, n.º 2 (20 de marzo de 2019): 134–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2018.1559460.

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43

Silva, Bruna Rodrigues. "Vocabulário escrito de estudantes e de materiais didáticos do Ensino Fundamental nas redes públicas municipal e estadual de educação". Revista GTLex 5, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2020): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/lex9-v5n1a2019-2.

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Este artigo relata o primeiro estudo piloto de pesquisa de mestrado na área dos estudos do léxico, e se dedica a identificar o perfil de vocabulário escrito de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. O objetivo é descrever, de maneira inicial, o vocabulário de alunos do Ensino Fundamental nas redes públicas municipal e estadual de educação. O vocabulário dos estudantes é examinado conforme manifestado em suas produções escritas e é contrastado com o de textos de materiais didáticos por eles utilizados. Com o apoio da estatística linguística (BIDERMAN, 1978, 1998) e da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004), a ideia é gerar contrastes e diferenciações entre esses dois universos. Foram examinados oito textos de alunos, dois textos de livros didáticos, além de um texto de apoio, utilizado junto com a proposta de produção textual. Os elementos observados, nas três fontes textuais, foram o número de tokens e de types, a frequência das palavras, a diferença entre as ocorrências de palavras lexicais e gramaticais, o hapax legomena e a riqueza vocabular. Os resultados indicam que a riqueza vocabular dos textos dos alunos não varia entre as duas escolas e que não há diversidade de palavras. Ao analisar as vinte palavras mais frequentes, nota-se que as que mais aparecem também estão presentes no texto de apoio, contudo, o repertório vocabular dos textos dos livros didáticos não é utilizado pelos estudantes. O estudo evidencia a necessidade de maior ponderação quanto ao número de textos a serem observados nos diferentes segmentos do corpus sob exame.
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44

Roberts, Jane. "On Multi-Using Materials from The Dictionary of Old English Project, with Particular Reference to the hapax legomena in the Old English Translation of Felix’s Vita Guthlaci". Florilegium 26, n.º 1 (enero de 2009): 175–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/flor.26.009.

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45

Davis, Victor. "Types, Tokens, and Hapaxes: A New Heap’s Law". Glottotheory 9, n.º 2 (25 de octubre de 2019): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glot-2018-0014.

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Abstract Heap’s Law https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=539986 Heaps, H S 1978 Information Retrieval: Computational and Theoretical Aspects (Academic Press). states that in a large enough text corpus, the number of types as a function of tokens grows as N = K{M^\beta } for some free parameters K, \beta . Much has been written http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/15/9/093033 Font-Clos, Francesc 2013 A scaling law beyond Zipf’s law and its relation to Heaps’ law (New Journal of Physics 15 093033)., http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/11/12/123015 Bernhardsson S, da Rocha L E C and Minnhagen P 2009 The meta book and size-dependent properties of written language (New Journal of Physics 11 123015)., http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-5468/2011/07/P07013 Bernhardsson S, Ki Baek and Minnhagen 2011 A paradoxical property of the monkey book (Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, Volume 2011)., http://milicka.cz/kestazeni/type-token_relation.pdf Milička, Jiří 2009 Type-token & Hapax-token Relation: A Combinatorial Model (Glottotheory. International Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 2 (1), 99–110)., https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00943 Petersen, Alexander 2012 Languages cool as they expand: Allometric scaling and the decreasing need for new words (Scientific Reports volume 2, Article number: 943). about how this result and various generalizations can be derived from Zipf’s Law. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0052442 Zipf, George 1949 Human behavior and the principle of least effort (Reading: Addison-Wesley). Here we derive from first principles a completely novel expression of the type-token curve and prove its superior accuracy on real text. This expression naturally generalizes to equally accurate estimates for counting hapaxes and higher n-legomena.
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46

Plantinga, Mirjam. "P. Kyriakou: Homeric Hapax Legomena in the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius: a Literary Study. (Palingenesia, 54.) Pp. 276. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1995. DM 124. ISBN: 3-515-06596-2." Classical Review 49, n.º 1 (abril de 1999): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/49.1.256.

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47

Schmitt, Rüdiger. "Doctor, Raiomond, The Avestā: A Lexico-Statistical Analysis (Direct and Reverse Indexes, Hapax Legomena and Frequency Counts). [Acta Iranica 41]. Lovain: Peeters 2004, [V], 666. ISBN 90-429-1493-9. €105, -." Indo-Iranian Journal 48, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2005): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10783-005-8891-8.

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48

Ilhwan Kim. "On Hapax legomenon in Korean -focusing on hapax nouns-". Journal of Korean Linguistics ll, n.º 55 (agosto de 2009): 239–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15811/jkl.2009..55.008.

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49

Ruijgh, C. J. "M. M. KUMPF, Four Indices of the Homeric Hapax Legomena. Together with Statistical Data (Alpha-Omega Reihe A: Lexika, Indizes, Konkordanzen zur klassischen Philologie, 46). Hildesheim, Olms, 1984. IX, 208 p. Pr. DM 58,-". Mnemosyne 40, n.º 1-2 (1987): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852587x00283.

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50

Ślęczka, Tomasz. "Kazimierz Sarnecki o wojnie. Relacje magnackiego rezydenta z lat 1691–1696". Oblicza Komunikacji 8 (10 de agosto de 2018): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.8.8.

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Supporting materials on Polish history for graduates have been examined from the statistic side. Counting was not the individual parts of speech, but the word-forming bases of autosemantic words. In the material studied, relatively high frequency of concepts connected with the phenomenon of war was observed. Common concepts are war, fighting, army. On the other hand, related to the notion of war, rare words form long lists in the layer of hapax legomena. It allows to interpret some historical narrations intended for high school students as focused on the phenomenon of war. Kazimierz Sarnecki, the courtier of the Lithuanian magnate, Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, prepared for his master written reports from the court of Jan III Sobieski, at which he stayed between 1691 and 1696, with a few interruptions. They consist of a systematically kept diary and longer epistolary relations. Sarnecki writes in them about the matters that interested his patron the king’s health, court life, government appointments, war affairs, he rarely mentions himself. The subject of my interest is the way in which Sarnecki recounts Sobieski’s Moldovan expedition of 1691 in which he participated himself, the subsequent Polish-Tatar struggles in Podolia, battles on the other fronts of the Holy League, and the Nine Years’ War these events he knows only vicariously. He describes the Moldovan expedition completely. Just as authors of the official war diaries, he lists the stages of the march, the grouping of troops, in the reports of battles you can see the professionalism. He informs very vaguely about the killed, accentuates only losses, incurred by the forces from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He emphasizes active participation of Lithuanian troops in the fighting. He does not hide the difficulties with supplies, although he does not shift the blame on Sobieski. He will also repeat — as other authors of the war memories did — a rumour about a miraculous event during the campaign. He limits relations about nature to its impact on warfare; similarly he looks at the buildings he passes through the prism of their military utility. War reports from later times 1692–1696 are different. The civil matters dominate, while the battles with the Tatars or battles in Western Europe Sarnecki mentions irregularly and perfunctorily
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