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1
Key, Technology Inc. Forced convection steam blanching reduces energy consumption and waste production. Walla Walla, WA: Key Technology, Inc., 1999.
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Steiner, Rudolf. The Descent of the Spirit: Gaining a Relationship to the Dead Throughthe Language of the Heart ; plus Supersensible Knowledge:Anthroposophy as a Demand of the Age. Hastings(Sussex): Society of Metaphysicians, 1986.
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McIntosh, Doreen. Managing the curriculum at a time of rapid change: The problems faced by an acting head of the English department ata comprehensive school in attempting to fulfil National Curriculum demands. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1992.
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Office, General Accounting. VA health care: Veterans' demand for outpatient care : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.
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1969-, Mösle Peter y Schwarz Michael 1961-, eds. Green building: Guidebook for sustainable architecture. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.
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1969-, Mösle Peter y Schwarz Michael 1961-, eds. Green building: Konzepte für nachhaltige Architektur. München: Callwey, 2007.
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R. C. van de Graaff. An in-flight investigation of workload assessment techniques for civil aircraft operations: NLR TR 87119. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, 1987.
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New Jersey. Legislature. Joint Committee on the Public Schools. Committee meeting of Joint Committee on the Public Schools: Education Commissioner Lucille Davy will discuss the issues of long-term substitutes, the recruitment and retention of teachers, and what the department is doing to assist school districts in rectifying these problems; the commission[er] will also discuss the issue of school superintendent contracts in context with the new department regulations; the committee will also hear a presentation regarding the implementation of the 2007 articulation and college credit transfer legislation : [June 10, 2008, Trenton, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: New Jersey Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 2008.
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International Conference on Gears 2017. VDI Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181022948.
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Talking about the design of modern high-performance power train applications, one of the essential components to focus on are the gears. Gears convert torque and speed in a very wide power range, at low cost and with minimal losses and noise emission. However, the demands regarding cost, power density, NVH-behavior and efficiency are steadily increasing. Demands, which can only be met using modern gearing technologies that allow combining individual materials, heat treatment and manufacturing processes. Particularly in the industrial sector, the requirements for the reliability and service life of the gear units have increased. Therefore, more and more accurate calculation methods are required for the load bearing capacity, life expectancy and failure probability as well as better test methods. This aspect is also becoming more important with regard to Industry 4.0 and Predictive Maintenance. In addition, the potentials of innovative production methods like powder metal sintering, plas...
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Karon, Barry L. y Naveen L. Pereira. Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0046.
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Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of the body while still maintaining normal or near-normal ventricular filling pressures. Heart failure may be present at rest, but often it is present only during exertion as a result of the dynamic nature of cardiac demands. For correct treatment of heart failure, the mechanism, underlying cause, and any reversible precipitating factors must be identified. Typical manifestations of heart failure are dyspnea and fatigue that limit activity tolerance and fluid retention leading to pulmonary or peripheral edema. The most recent proposed categorization divided the cardiomyopathies into primary and secondary cardiomyopathies, and the primary disorders are further subdivided as genetic, acquired, or mixed. Although this proposal takes into account our progressive understanding of this heterogeneous group of disorders, the previous phenotypic classification of dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive diseases still provides utility in day-to-day understanding and management of these disorders.
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Rush, Fred. Before the Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.003.0003.
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The chapter focuses textually on the embedded parable “Vor dem Gesetz” and the surrounding scene at the Cathedral. It discusses the conception of law at the heart of the parable, its surrounding scene, and The Trial more generally. The author argues that Kafka’s conception of law is actually a collision of two mutually incompatible ways of thinking about and experiencing authority. As to the first, law is experienced as obscure in its demand, and in particular obscure in relation to the modern human expectation that such demands be rational. As to the second, law is experienced as a convergence of contingency that is “necessary” in a very special sense, i.e., that such convergence crowds out space for uniquely human possibility. These aspects are interdependent, the collision typifying Kafka’s approach to the question of what roots humans in both alienation and striving.
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Olsen, Jan Abel. Economics and efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0002.
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This chapter, the longest in the book, explains the fundamentals of microeconomics and its application to the analysis of health and healthcare. The concepts of scarcity and opportunity costs lie at the heart of the economics discipline. Based on the standard production function with two input factors, the important concept of cost-efficiency is explained; and based on the premise of scarcity in the availability of input factors, the concept of opportunity costs is explained. An important insight from consumer theory is that people make trade-offs. Their preferences and income determine their chosen combination of goods, as illustrated by an indifference curve. An important piece of information for policymakers attempting to intervene in people’s demand for healthy, and unhealthy, goods is to know how sensitive demand is to changing prices and income. The chapter explains and defines elasticities of demand.
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Paddock, LeRoy y Karyan San Martano. Energy Supply Planning in a Distributed Energy Resources World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0021.
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Traditional electricity planning in the United States has typically been focused on forecasting future demand and identifying the need for new large generating facilities that involve one-way flows from central power plants to customers. However, legal innovation has incentivized the deployment of more energy resources at the customer end of the electricity network and technological innovation has facilitated rapid expansion in the number and capacity of these distributed energy resources. These changes now require innovation in the type of planning for future energy resources that must be employed to ensure an efficient and reliable electric energy network. Deployment of the rapidly growing number of distributed energy resources —solar and wind generation, combined heat and power, fuel cells, battery storage, demand response and energy efficiency—is facilitated by an increasingly smart grid. This chapter proposes a new, distributed resource-planning process to better integrate all of these distributed resources into the grid.
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United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe., ed. Efficient use of energy sources in meeting heat demand: The potential for energy conservation and fuel substitution in the ECE region. New York: United Nations, 1985.
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Collinson, Simon C. y Andrew M. Pettigrew. Comparative International Business Research Methods. Editado por Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0027.
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The comparative method lies at the heart of social science research. In the field of international business it is national and regional diversity, the differences between places that influence business activities and management behaviour, that matter. This diversity demands adaptability in individuals and organizations, in response to cultural, social, political, institutional, environmental, economic, industrial, and market variety. This article examines the problems of comparative international research (CIR) in business and management studies. The literature on CIR methods over the past thirty years, whilst stressing the importance of robust methodologies, has been particularly critical of the widespread failure of researchers to avoid the pitfalls of poorly constructed cross-national comparisons.
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Oates, Rosamund. ‘The Laughter of Satan’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804802.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the ideas at the heart of Puritanism, examining Tobie Matthew’s early radicalism. Using the controversies over vestments in 1564–6 and the visit of Elizabeth I to the University of Oxford in 1566, the chapter shows that the idea of ‘edification’ became a central principle of Puritanism. This chapter explores the spiritual demands of edifying reform and shows how it drove English Puritans into conflict with the monarch and the Established Church. It demonstrates that Matthew’s Puritanism was rooted in the experience of Marian exiles, and that he drew on their Calvinism and their resistance texts to justify his potentially seditious view of godly magistracy and rebellion.
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Alexander, Gregory S. Ownership and Obligations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860745.003.0002.
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This chapter is the theoretical heart of the book. It develops the argument that inherent in the concept of ownership itself is an obligation that property owners owe to members of their communities to enable them to flourish. More specifically, the state may legitimately make certain demands on owners to contribute to the maintenance of the matrices and services that nurture the capabilities that are necessary for human flourishing. The chapter considers, and rejects, alternative possible bases for the obligations that property owners owe to others, particularly contract and reciprocity. Instead, the argument here is that the social obligation inherent in ownership is based on human dependency.
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Suri, Ajay y Jean R. McEwan. Anti-anginal agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0037.
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Angina is chest pain resulting from the lack of blood supply to heart muscle most commonly due to obstructive atherosclerotic. Intensive care unit patients are subject to various stresses that will increase the demand on the heart and are in a pro-thrombotic state. Patients in an intensive treatment unit may be sedated and so cardiac ischaemia may be detected by electrocardiogram, haemodynamic monitoring, and echocardiographic imaging of function. These signs may indicate critical coronary perfusion heralding a myocardial infarction and are alleviated by anti-anginal drugs. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers are the usual first-line treatments for angina, but may not be ideal in the critically-ill patient. Nitrates reduce blood pressure without typically affecting heart rate. Nicorandil is a similar mechanism of action and tends to be given orally, while ivabridine, an If channel blocker, is a newer anti-anginal, which acts by reducing heart rate, while not affecting blood pressure. Ranolazine is the one of the newest anti-anginal agents and is believed to alter the transcellular late sodium current thereby decreasing sodium entry into ischaemic myocardial cells.
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Sandler, Willeke. Africa or the East? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697907.003.0009.
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During the Second World War, the Nazi pursuit of race war and empire in Eastern Europe put colonialists under greater pressure to justify their African focus. While Africa remained a future possibility, Eastern Europe offered readily accessible territory for the fulfillment of colonial ambitions. In the euphoric early years of the war, colonialists presented the outbreak of war as finally providing the opportunity to fulfill their irredentist demands. Nazi officials, in particular within the Propaganda Ministry and the Nazi Party’s Reich Propaganda Office, objected to colonialists’ persistent propaganda efforts as distractions from the more urgent needs of the war effort. In the wake of the German defeat at Stalingrad and the declaration of total war, Martin Bormann, head of the Party Chancellery, shut down the colonialist organizations in January 1943, ending sixty years of organized overseas colonialist agitation in Germany.
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MacDonald, Scott. Augustine. Editado por William J. Abraham y Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.39.
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At the heart of Augustine’s intellectual and spiritual autobiography is a search for wisdom that demands of him sophisticated epistemological reflection. The results—in particular, his identification of the category of rational or justified assent on less-than-certain grounds and his inquiry into the nature and epistemic value of testimony—break dramatic new ground in the history of epistemology. He articulates a concept of belief (as assent to a proposition on the basis of testimony) and distinguishes it from understanding (assent to a proposition on the basis of reasoned insight). Exploiting that distinction, he develops both a rationale for and a detailed account of a systematic method for the rational investigation of theological matters, which he characterizes as belief seeking understanding. Augustine’s famous reflections on the paradox of evil and on the nature of the divine Trinity provide compelling illustrations of his application of this rational method and its results.
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Liddy, Christian D. Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198705208.003.0005.
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The exercise of political power in late medieval English towns was predicated upon the representation, management, and control of public opinion. This chapter explains why public opinion mattered so much to town rulers; how they worked to shape opinion through communication; and the results. Official communication was instrumental in the politicization of urban citizens. The practices of official secrecy and public proclamation were not inherently contradictory, but conflict flowed from the political process. The secrecy surrounding the practices of civic government provoked ordinary citizens to demand more accountability from town rulers, while citizens, who were accustomed to hear news and information circulated by civic magistrates, were able to use what they knew to challenge authority.
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Saltzman, W. Mark. Tissue Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141306.001.0001.
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Tissue or organ transplantation are among the few options available for patients with excessive skin loss, heart or liver failure, and many common ailments, and the demand for replacement tissue greatly exceeds the supply, even before one considers the serious constraints of immunological tissue type matching to avoid immune rejection. Tissue engineering promises to help sidestep constraints on availability and overcome the scientific challenges, with huge medical benefits. This book lays out the principles of tissue engineering. It will be a useful reference work for those associated with this field and as a textbook for specialized courses in the subject. It is a companion volume to Saltzman's OUP book on drug delivery.
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Bonds, Mark Evan. Turning Liebhaber into Kenner. Editado por Christian Thorau y Hansjakob Ziemer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.6.
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Johann Nikolaus Forkel’s Ueber die Theorie der Musik (1777) is one of the earliest music guides aimed specifically at listeners. Nature, he argues, is not the best guide for listening; only a thorough knowledge of the elements of music will help music lovers understand what they hear. Forkel promises to elevate amateurs to the level of connoisseurs. An unpublished manuscript of Forkel’s university lectures based on Ueber die Theorie der Musik allows us to reconstruct his vision of the ideal listener in greater detail. These lectures advocate a fundamental shift in the relationship between the listener and the musical work. Forkel speaks repeatedly of the demands made by music on its audiences and the listener’s responsibility to understand the work. The idea that a concert audience member might have a responsibility to develop a skill that can be refined and developed marks the beginning of a new and fundamentally modern attitude toward the art of listening.
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Yacovazzi, Cassandra L. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881009.003.0008.
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Nuns in popular media today are a staple of kitsch culture, evident in the common appearance of bobble-head nuns, nun costumes, and nun caricatures on TV, movies, and the stage. Nun stereotypes include the sexy vixen, the naïve innocent, and the scary nun. These types were forged in nineteenth-century convent narratives. While people today may not recognize the name “Maria Monk,” her legacy lives on in the public imagination. There may be no demands to search convents, but nuns and monastic life are nevertheless generally not taken seriously. This epilogue traces opposition to nuns from the Civil War to the present, analyzing the various images of nuns in popular culture as they relate to the antebellum campaign against convents. It argues that the source of the misunderstanding about nuns is rooted in the inability to categorize these women either as traditional wives and mothers or as secular, career-driven singles.
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan y John W.L. Puntis. Nutritional assessment and requirements. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0001.
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Nutritional assessment 2Risk factors for undernutrition 3Nutritional intake 4Taking a feeding history 5Basic anthropometry: the assessment of body form 6Growth 7Patterns of growth 15Malnutrition 17Nutritional requirements 19Nutritional status reflects the balance between supply and demand and the consequences of any imbalance. Nutritional assessment is therefore the foundation of nutritional care for children. When judging the need for nutritional support an assessment must be made both of the underlying reasons for any feeding difficulties, and of current nutritional status. This process includes a detailed dietary history, physical examination, anthropometry (weight, length; head circumference in younger children) with reference to standard growth charts, and basic laboratory indices when possible. In addition, skin fold thickness and mid-upper arm circumference measurements provide a simple method for estimating body composition....
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Flachskampf, Frank A., Pavlos Myrianthefs, Ruxandra Beyer y Pavlos M. Myrianthefs. Echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0020.
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For the emergency management of cardiovascular disorders, echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound are indispensable imaging techniques at the bedside. In the intensive care environment, crucial questions, such as left and right ventricular function, valvular heart disease, volume status, aortic disease, cardiac infection, pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax, and many others, can be sufficiently and reliably answered by using these techniques; in fact, it is almost impossible to manage patients with acute severe haemodynamic impairment reasonably well without a prompt and repeated access to echocardiography. This is confirmed by the prominent place that echocardiography has in the guideline-based diagnosis and treatment of all major cardiovascular emergencies, from acute heart failure to the acute coronary syndrome to pulmonary embolism, etc. Moreover, it is the ideal tool to follow the patient, since repeat examinations pose no risk to the patient and demand relatively little logistics and resources. To benefit from the wealth of information that echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound can provide, modern equipment (including a transoesophageal probe) and systematic training of echocardiographers must be ensured. The availability of prompt and experienced echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound services at all times is fundamental for sound contemporary cardiovascular intensive care.
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Flachskampf, Frank A., Pavlos Myrianthefs, Ruxandra Beyer y Pavlos M. Myrianthefs. Echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0020_update_001.
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For the emergency management of cardiovascular disorders, echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound are indispensable imaging techniques at the bedside. In the intensive care environment, crucial questions, such as left and right ventricular function, valvular heart disease, volume status, aortic disease, cardiac infection, pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax, and many others, can be sufficiently and reliably answered by using these techniques; in fact, it is almost impossible to manage patients with acute severe haemodynamic impairment reasonably well without a prompt and repeated access to echocardiography. This is confirmed by the prominent place that echocardiography has in the guideline-based diagnosis and treatment of all major cardiovascular emergencies, from acute heart failure to the acute coronary syndrome to pulmonary embolism, etc. Moreover, it is the ideal tool to follow the patient, since repeat examinations pose no risk to the patient and demand relatively little logistics and resources. To benefit from the wealth of information that echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound can provide, modern equipment (including a transoesophageal probe) and systematic training of echocardiographers must be ensured. The availability of prompt and experienced echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound services at all times is fundamental for sound contemporary cardiovascular intensive care.
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Addison, Tony. Climate Change and the Extractives Sector. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0022.
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Climate change is one of the world’s most complex and urgent global problems—many argue that it is the greatest challenge. Climate change adaptation and mitigation are fundamental to the evolution of our economies and societies over the rest of the twenty-first century and beyond. The extractive industries are in many ways at the heart of the challenge. The extractives sector must support national and international efforts to respond to climate change, by adjusting exploration and production to shifting patterns of demand for energy and minerals—as policies and new technologies encourage progress along low-carbon pathways. None of this is easy; success is not assured. This is a large topic, and the task of this chapter is to set out some of its main issues as they relate to the extractives sector.
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Embid, Cristina y Josep M. Montserrat. Obstructive sleep apnea and upper airway resistance syndrome. Editado por Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi y Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0016.
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The prevalence of sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is about 2–8% in the adult population. A number of studies have shown associations with arterial hypertension, cardiovascular mortality, and traffic accidents. Given this prevalence and the increasing awareness of SAHS in the medical community as well as in the general population, the demand for consultations and diagnostic studies has increased in recent years. Access to diagnostic testing is difficult, however, with long waiting lists. Therefore, there is growing interest in diagnostic methods and approaches involving all levels of the heath system, from primary care to hospital sleep units. This chapter reviews the pathophysiology of the upper airway and how it is possible to measure its disruption in order to diagnose SAHS. It also summarizes clinical implications and overall treatment strategies.
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Clift, Ben. The IMF and the Politics of Austerity in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813088.003.0001.
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The IMF uses crisis-defining economic ideas, and crisis legacy-defining ideas, to construct interpretations of economic crises in ways which prioritize particular policy or institutional responses, and rule out or marginalize others. The post-crash IMF enjoyed scope to shift the boundaries of ‘legitimate’ policy, involving heightened appreciation of ‘non-linear’ threats from losses of confidence, prolonged weak demand, and financial system fragilities and contagion. The policy corollaries of this Fund rethink were that economic stability has to be actively pursued through a wider range of policy and regulatory interventions by governments, central banks, the IMF, and other forms of authority and public power. In the context of the Great Recession, the Fund no longer considered it safe to assume an inherent tendency on the part of unfettered market forces in finance and the real economy to deliver the stability and full employment at the heart of its mandate.
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Lilti, Antoine. The Politics of Popularity. Traducido por Benjamin S. Bernard y David Moak. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674793.003.0003.
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This chapter will explain how celebrity, which appeared in the eighteenth century as a new characteristic of cultural life became, during the French Revolution, a key mechanism of political life as well. It will start by outlining the specific features of celebrity, which is based on the curiosity of contemporaries about individuals and on sentimental empathy, and is distinguished from traditional forms of renown such as glory and reputation. It will then discuss how traditional forms of power were transformed, at the end of the eighteenth century, both by the new figure of the “public” and by changing means of communication (especially the periodical press and engraved portraits). Finally, the article will examine the highly ambivalent relationship that the French Revolutionaries negotiated with the new demand for “popularity”—that is, the affective attachment to an actor that introduces the mechanisms of celebrity into the heart of political action.
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Wood, Jim y Alec Marantz. The interpretation of external arguments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the syntactic and semantic properties of heads, e.g. Voice, Appl, and little p, that add participants to events. Instead of assuming that such heads exist as distinct primitives in the functional lexicon, it is proposed that there is one such head, which can get different interpretations depending on how it is merged into the structure. The chapter’s approach attributes the relative uniformity of the expression of argument structure to the principles that interpret syntactic structure semantically; thus, syntax is truly autonomous, with the atoms of syntactic representations carrying no inherent semantic values. Once syntactic heads are absolved from the necessity of explicitly carrying certain features relevant to their interpretation, a sparse inventory of functional heads can be developed. The system is applied to a set of constructions that present distinct challenges to theories that demand a kind of transparent reflection of argument structure in underlying syntactic representations.
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Harrison, Victoria S. Hans Urs von Balthasar. Editado por William J. Abraham y Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.9.
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This chapter focuses on two themes that recur throughout the writings of Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–1988) and that provide keys to understanding his theological epistemology: (i) Christian experience and its relation to the ‘form of Christ’, and (ii) the connection between holiness and theology. The chapter also considers the role of ‘exemplary people’, or saints, within Balthasar’s epistemology and discusses the impact of his theological anthropology on his epistemological position. In examining these themes and ideas this chapter throws light onto the epistemic considerations that lie at the heart of Balthasar’s theology. The chapter discusses two objections to his approach: one from Karen Kilby (2012) who charges Balthasar with a ‘performative contradiction’, and the further complaint that his demand for holiness on the part of theologians is too stringent a requirement. The chapter concludes with the observation that Balthasar’s epistemology is highly suggestive of a form of exemplarism.
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Yi-chong, Xu y Patrick Weller. The Working World of International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719496.001.0001.
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International organizations (IOs) matter. Based on extensive interviews and exchanges with key players in IOs in the past decade, this book uncovers the regular working world of IOs, to challenge the orthodox view that member states alone decide what IOs do and how they operate. This book provides a realistic and provocative account of the way IOs really work, a picture that would be recognized by those who work there. The Working World of International Organizations specifically examines three groups of players in IOs—state representatives, as proxy for states and often with schizophrenic demands, the head of IOs as diplomat, manager, and politician, and the staff of the permanent secretariat with their competing solutions. It explores their actions and interactions by asking who or what shapes their decisions; how and when decisions are made; how players interact within an IO; and how the interactions vary across six IOs. It argues that each and all of them must contribute if any progress is to be achieved in managing global problems. It shows why this is the case by examining how decisions are made in three key areas: agenda-setting, financing, and decentralization.
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Felker-Kantor, Max. Policing Los Angeles. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646831.001.0001.
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When the Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts erupted in violent protest in August 1965, the uprising drew strength from decades of pent-up frustration with employment discrimination, residential segregation, and poverty. But the more immediate grievance was anger at the racist and abusive practices of the Los Angeles Police Department. Yet in the decades after Watts, the LAPD resisted all but the most limited demands for reform made by activists and residents of color, instead intensifying its power. In Policing Los Angeles, Max Felker-Kantor narrates the dynamic history of policing, anti-police abuse movements, race, and politics in Los Angeles from the 1965 Watts uprising to the 1992 Los Angeles rebellion. Using the explosions of two large-scale uprisings in Los Angeles as bookends, Felker-Kantor highlights the racism at the heart of the city's expansive police power through a range of previously unused and rare archival sources. His book is a gripping and timely account of the transformation in police power, the convergence of interests in support of law and order policies, and African American and Mexican American resistance to police violence after the Watts uprising.
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Roessler, Philip y Harry Verhoeven. Kabila’s Pre-Emptive Strike. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611354.003.0011.
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The final three weeks before the outbreak of the Great African War between comrades are detailed in this chapter. Its examines “Plan A,” a conspiracy involving the RPF, its Ugandan allies and a motley crew of disillusioned Congolese politicians. This coalition of the willing would in August 1998 be recycled into the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD) rebellion but was originally meant to dislodge Kabila directly from the presidential palace. However, the de facto coup plot never materialized as the paranoid Congolese president believed the warnings his closest associates were issuing; his expulsion order on July 28 would inevitably trigger war but saved him from a likely death in a sudden strike. While Kabila may have been physically surrounded by his comrades-turned-enemies, his position as head of state enabled him to publicly demand the foreign forces to leave, thus forestalling a coup—if at the cost of triggering Africa's worst war.
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Clarke, Thomas, Justin O’Brien y Charles R. T. O’Kelley, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Corporation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198737063.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of the Corporation assesses the contemporary relevance, purpose, and performance of the corporation. The corporation is one of the most significant, if contested, innovations in human history, and the direction and effectiveness of corporate law, corporate governance, and corporate performance are being challenged as never before. Continuously evolving, the corporation, as the primary instrument for wealth generation in contemporary economies, demands frequent assessment and reinterpretation. The focus of this work is the transformative impact of innovation and change on corporate structure, purpose, and operation. Corporate innovation is at the heart of the value-creation process in increasingly internationalized and competitive market economies, and corporations today are embedded in a world of complex global supply chains and rising state and state-directed capitalism. In questioning the fundamental purpose and performance of the corporation, this Handbook continues a tradition commenced by Berle and Means, and contributed to by generations of business scholars. What is the corporation and what is it becoming? How do we define its form and purpose and how are these changing? To whom is the corporation responsible, and who should judge the ultimate performance of corporations? By investigating the origins, development, strategies, and theories of corporations, this volume addresses such questions to provide a richer theoretical account of the topic.
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Lara-Millán, Armando. Redistributing the Poor. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197507896.001.0001.
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This book argues that the changes taking place in the United States’ largest jails and public hospitals have been drastically misunderstood. And more generally, the way that states govern urban poverty at the turn of the twenty-first century has been misunderstood as well. It is widely believed that because US society has divested in public health, the sick and poor now find themselves subject to powerful criminal justice institutions. Rather than focus on the underinvestment of health and overinvestment of criminal justice, this book argues that the fundamental problem of the state is a persistent crisis between budgetary catastrophe and expansive new legal rules. Redistributing the Poor pushes the reader to think about the circulation of people for the purposes of generating absent revenue, absolving new legal demands, and projecting illusions that crisis have been successfully resolved. This book delves into the heart of the state: the day-to-day operations of the largest hospital and jail system in the world. It is only by centering the state’s use of redistribution that one can understand how certain forms of social suffering—the premature death of mainly poor, people of color—are not a result of the state’s failure to act, but instead are the necessary outcome of so-called successful policy.
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Marinari, Maddalena. Unwanted. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469652931.001.0001.
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In the late nineteenth century, Italians and Eastern European Jews joined millions of migrants around the globe who left their countries to take advantage of the demand for unskilled labor in rapidly industrializing nations, including the United States. Many Americans of northern and western European ancestry regarded these newcomers as biologically and culturally inferior--unassimilable--and by 1924, the United States had instituted national origins quotas to curtail immigration from southern and eastern Europe. Weaving together political, social, and transnational history, Maddalena Marinari examines how, from 1882 to 1965, Italian and Jewish reformers profoundly influenced the country’s immigration policy as they mobilized against the immigration laws that marked them as undesirable. Strategic alliances among restrictionist legislators in Congress, a climate of anti-immigrant hysteria, and a fickle executive branch often left these immigrants with few options except to negotiate and accept political compromises. As they tested the limits of citizenship and citizen activism, however, the actors at the heart of Marinari’s story shaped the terms of debate around immigration in the United States in ways we still reckon with today.
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Hamlin, Hannibal. The Bible. Editado por Andrew Hiscock y Helen Wilcox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.34.
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The Christian religion is based on the Bible, and no book had a greater influence on early modern English literature. The Bible was at the heart of the early modern culture of translation, and the English language was affected by the efforts of William Tyndale, Miles Coverdale, and others to properly render the Bible’s original Hebrew and Greek. Since understanding and following the Bible was necessary to salvation, and the Bible is often difficult, Bible reading also demanded interpretation, and this led to the proliferation of interpretive aids: biblical paratexts, sermons, and commentaries. Translation is necessarily interpretive, in the choices made in English Bibles, but especially in broader paraphrases and adaptations, from the metrical Psalms of Sternhold and Hopkins and Philip and Mary Sidney to the biblical epics of Du Bartas, Abraham Cowley, and Milton. Much of early modern literature could be described as an effort to understand the Bible.
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Bracke, Maud Anne. 1968. Editado por Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.043.
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Around 1968 communism expanded as a global movement, especially in the developing world, while hitting a crisis of legitimation in Europe. In the Western world the late 1960s saw young people aspiring to revolutionary change that involved both individual liberation and social justice. Generational identity underpinned a revolt against authority, leading to acute political crises in France, Italy, and elsewhere. While presenting opportunities to communist parties, this revolt threatened, from Moscow’s perspective, a dangerous proliferation of ‘heterodox’ Marxist thought. In Eastern Europe rebellious populations in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia demanded greater rights of expression, causing the Soviet Union to intervene militarily in Czechoslovakia. By contrast, Maoism was able to capture the revolutionary, anti-imperialist spirit of the times. Claiming to offer an anti-bureaucratic alternative to the Soviet model, and resituating heroic agency at the heart of communist politics, Maoism appealed to Third World revolutionary leaders and radicals in the West.
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Alderson, Priscilla. Critical Realism for Health and Illness Research. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447354550.001.0001.
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Critical realism, a toolkit of practical ideas, helps researchers to extend, clarify and validate their work. Critical realism resolves problems and contradictions between quantitative factual research and qualitative interpretive approaches. It draws on their strengths, overcomes their limitations, and helps to connect research to policy and practice. To meet growing demand from researchers and students, the book shows how versatile critical realism can be in research across the life course and around the world, from small studies to large trials. Healthcare, health promotion and heath inequalities are all addressed. This book is based on the course at University College London, first taught by Roy Bhaskar the founder of critical realism, and later convened by the author. The aim is to help readers who are new to critical realism, or are in the fairly early stages, with their research across the whole range of health and illness disciplines and professions. Chapters consider relations between structure and agency, facts and values, and between visible evidence and mainly unseen powerful influences on health and illness. Using clear definitions, diagrams and examples, this book enables readers to understand and apply valuable critical realist concepts to health and illness research.
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Zoccali, Carmine, Davide Bolignano y Francesca Mallamaci. Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. Editado por David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0107_update_001.
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Alterations in left ventricular (LV) mass and geometry and LV dysfunction increase in prevalence from stage 2 to stage 5 in CKD. Nuclear magnetic resonance is the most accurate and precise technique for measuring LV mass and function in patients with heart disease. Quantitative echocardiography is still the most frequently used means of evaluating abnormalities in LV mass and function in CKD. Anatomically, myocardial hypertrophy can be classified as concentric or eccentric. In concentric hypertrophy, the muscular component of the LV (LV wall) predominates over the cavity component (LV volume). Due to the higher thickness and myocardial fibrosis in patients with concentric LVH, ventricular compliance is reduced and the end-diastolic volume is small and insufficient to maintain cardiac output under varying physiological demands (diastolic dysfunction). In those with eccentric hypertrophy, tensile stress elongates myocardiocytes and increases LV end-diastolic volume. The LV walls are relatively thinner and with reduced ability to contract (systolic dysfunction). LVH prevalence increases stepwisely as renal function deteriorates and 70–80% of patients with kidney failure present with established LVH which is of the concentric type in the majority. Volume overload and severe anaemia are, on the other hand, the major drivers of eccentric LVH. Even though LVH may regress after renal transplantation, the prevalence of LVH after transplantation remains close to that found in dialysis patients and a functioning renal graft should not be seen as a guarantee of LVH regression. The vast majority of studies on cardiomyopathy in CKD are observational in nature and the number of controlled clinical trials in these patients is very small. Beta-blockers (carvedilol) and angiotensin receptors blockers improve LV performance and reduce mortality in kidney failure patients with LV dysfunction. Although current guidelines recommend implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with ejection fraction less than 30%, mild to moderate symptoms of heart failure, and a life expectancy of more than 1 year, these devices are rarely offered to eligible CKD patients. Conversion to nocturnal dialysis and to frequent dialysis schedules produces a marked improvement in LVH in patients on dialysis. More frequent and/or longer dialysis are recommended in dialysis patients with asymptomatic or symptomatic LV disorders if the organizational and financial resources are available.
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Hassett, Dónal. Mobilizing Memory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831686.001.0001.
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This book provides the first detailed account of the political legacies of the Great War in colonial Algeria. Drawing on archival and press sources from both sides of the Mediterranean, it traces the ways in which political actors from across interwar Algerian society mobilised the memory of the conflict to legitimise their visions of a just post-war order. At the heart of this book is the contention that the First World War gave rise to a common political language that transcended boundaries of race, religion, class, ideology, and gender in the colony. The book’s analysis of a broad range of debates in interwar Algeria illustrates how most political actors in the colony, from the Governor General to the illiterate indigenous war widow, believed that evoking the Great War was the best means of advancing their agendas. Without diminishing the coercive power of the colonial state, it stresses the agency of the citizens and subjects of Algeria who sought to leverage their contribution to the war to enhance their positions within colonial society. In doing so, Mobilising Memory explores the consequences, often unintended, of framing political, social, and economic demands in terms of the Great War. It argues that the predominance of this shared language — grounded in notions of loyalty to and sacrifice for the Empire — meant that most actors in interwar Algeria sought not to break with the imperial polity but rather to renegotiate their place within it. While these efforts rarely proved successful, the book demonstrates how they transformed the practice of politics in the colony.
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Whitehead, Andrew L. y Samuel L. Perry. Taking America Back for God. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190057886.001.0001.
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Taking America Back for God conclusively reveals that understanding the current cultural and political climate in the United States requires reckoning with Christian nationalism. Christian ideals and symbols have long played an important role in public life in the United States, but Christian nationalism demands far more than a recognition of religious heritage. At heart, Christian nationalism fights to preserve a particular kind of social order, an order in which everyone—Christians and non-Christians, native-born and immigrants, whites and minorities, men and women—recognizes their “proper” place in society. The first comprehensive empirical analysis of Christian nationalism in the United States, Taking America Back for God illustrates the scope and tremendous influence of Christian nationalism on debates surrounding the most contentious social issues dominating American public discourse. Drawing on multiple sources of national survey data collected over the past several decades and in-depth interviews, Whitehead and Perry document how Christian nationalism radically shapes what Americans think about who they are as a people, what their future should look like, and how they should get there. Regardless of Americans’ political or religious characteristics, whether they are Ambassadors, Accommodators, Resisters, or Rejecters of Christian nationalism provides powerful insight into what they think about immigration, Muslims, gun control, police shootings, atheists, gender roles, and many other political issues—even who they want in the White House. Taking America Back for God convincingly shows how Christian nationalists’ desire for political power, rigid social boundaries, and hierarchical order creates significant consequences for all Americans.
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Lackey, Jennifer, ed. Academic Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791508.001.0001.
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Academic freedom, which allows members of institutions of higher learning to engage in intellectual pursuits without fear of censorship or retaliation, lies at the heart of the mission of the university. Recent years have seen growing concerns about threats to academic freedom, many brought about from the changing norms of, and demands on, the university. A number of new issues—including content warnings, safe spaces, social media controversies, microaggressions, and no platforming—have given rise to loud cries, in both scholarly and popular contexts, that academic freedom is under serious attack. Despite this, there is surprisingly little philosophical work on the topic of academic freedom, and even less that directly takes up some of these new challenges. The present volume fills both of these gaps in the current literature by bringing together leading philosophers from a wide range of areas of expertise to weigh in on both traditional and timely issues involving academic freedom. The volume includes an introduction and ten previously unpublished essays, divided into four main sections: The Rationale for Academic Freedom, on the fundamental values that undergird the case for academic freedom; The Parameters of Academic Freedom, on when and where academic freedom applies; Silencing and Beyond: Microaggressions, Content Warnings, and Political Correctness, on some of the new challenges to academic freedom grounded in sensitivity to the political and emotional needs of an increasingly diverse academy; and Protests, Civil Disobedience, and No Platforming, on conflicts between academic freedom and the enforcement of laws and regulations governing the functioning of the university.
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Rakow, Donald y Gregory T. Eells. Nature Rx. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501715280.001.0001.
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College students today display disturbing levels of stress, depression, and other psychological conditions. The reasons for this rise in mental health problems are many, from increased reliance on electronic technology, the related prevalence of social isolation, and anxiety regarding societal ills. College and university counselling centers are challenged to address student demand for psychological services, with many counseling directors having to reduce the number of visits for non-crisis patients to cope with the increasing number of clients. While more serious mental health problems will continue to be addressed through intensive counseling, medications and, in extreme cases, hospitalization, the majority of young people can positively impact their mental well-being by simply spending time outside in nature. A large body of scientific evidence verifies that time spent in natural settings can lower young people's stress levels, anxiety, blood pressure and heart rate, and improve memory and cognitive functions. College Nature Rx programs encourage students to spend time in nature and to develop greater appreciation for the natural world. We present a step-by-step formula for how such programs can be constructed, sustained, and evaluated, and profile four progressive Nature Rx programs at American colleges. In a final chapter, we argue for the need for such programs to the future health and strength of such institutions.
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Silva, Jennifer M. We're Still Here. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888046.001.0001.
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The economy has been brutal to American workers. The chance to provide a better life for one’s children—the promise at the heart of the American Dream—is slipping away. In the face of soaring economic inequality and mounting despair, we might expect struggling Americans to rise up together and demand their fair share of opportunity. And yet, the groups who stand to gain the most from collective mobilization appear the least motivated to act in their own self-interest. This book examines why disadvantaged people disable themselves politically. Drawing on in-depth interviews with over one hundred black, white, and Puerto Rican residents in a declining coal town in Pennsylvania, We’re Still Here demonstrates that many working-class people are fiercely critical of growing inequality and of the politicians who have failed to protect them from poverty, exploitation, and social exclusion. However, the institutions that historically mediated between personal suffering and collective political struggle have not only become weak, but have become sites of betrayal. In response, working-class people turn inward, cultivating individualized strategies for triumphing over pain. Convinced that democratic processes are rigged in favor of the wealthy, they search for meaning in internet conspiracy theories or the self-help industry—solitary strategies that turn them inward, or turn them against each other. But as visions of a broken America unite people across gender, race, and age, they also give voice to upended hierarchies, creative re-imaginings of economic justice, and yearnings to be part of a collective whole.
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Mills, Gary H. Pulmonary disease and anaesthesia. Editado por Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0082.
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Respiratory adverse events are the commonest complications after anaesthesia and have profound implications for the recovery of the patient and their subsequent health. Outcome prediction related to respiratory disease and complications is vital when determining the risk:benefit balance of surgery and providing informed consent. Surgery produces an inflammatory response and pain, which affects the respiratory system. Anaesthesia produces atelectasis, decreases the drive to breathe, and causes muscle weakness. As the respiratory system ages, closing capacity increases and airway closure becomes an increasing issue, resulting in atelectasis. Increasing comorbidity and polypharmacy reduces the patient’s ability to eliminate drugs. The proportion of major operations on older frailer patients is rising and postoperative recovery becomes more complicated and the demand for critical care rises. At the same time, the population is becoming more obese, producing rapid decreases in end-expiratory lung volume on induction, together with a high incidence of sleep-disordered breathing. Despite this, many high-risk patients are not accurately identified preoperatively, and of those that are admitted to critical care, some are discharged and then readmitted to the intensive care unit with complications. Respiratory diseases may lead to increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and increased load on the right heart. Some lung diseases are primarily fibrotic or obstructive. Some are inflammatory, autoimmune, or vasculitic. Other diseases relate to the drive to breathe, the nerve supply to, or the respiratory muscles themselves. The range of types of respiratory disease is wide and the physiological consequences of respiratory support are complex. Research continues into the best modes of respiratory support in theatre and in the postoperative period and how best to protect the normal lung. It is therefore essential to understand the effects of surgery and anaesthesia and how this impacts existing respiratory disease, and the way this affects the balance between load on the respiratory system and its capacity to cope.
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Attain a Happy & Peaceful Life by Nikhil Anshuman: Live a life filled with happiness and inner peace. Nikhil Anshuman, 2019.
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