Artículos de revistas: "Heavy metals Estuarine pollution Estuarine sediments"

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Noegrohati, Sri. "SORPTION-DESORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY METALS AND THEIR AVAILABILITY FROM THE SEDIMENT OF SEGARA ANAKAN ESTUARY". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 5, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 2010): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21797.

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Estuarine sediments are increasingly recognized as both a carrier and a possible source of heavy metals in pollution of aquatic ecosystems. The bioavailability of heavy metal from sediments, however, is a long-standing impediment of questions in determining the metal effects in ecosystems. The fraction considered as available heavy metal are both the dissolved heavy metal and the exchangable cations. The main objective of this study is to understand the extent of heavy metal availability from sediments in estuarine ecosystem. It was found that the availability of heavy metals, i.e. copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury in the estuarine ecosystem investigated, are governed by the relative strength of the electrostatic attraction of their complexation to the ligands present both in the sediment and the overlaying waters. Under simulated estuarine ecosystem, it was observed that Cu and Zn prefer to form organo-complex through ligand exchange, while Cd and Hg tend to form chloro-complex through electrostatic interaction. Therefore, the availability of Hg and Cd is higher in more saline overlaying water. On the contrary, the availability of Cu and Zn is lower in more saline overlaying waters, as indicated by their respective water-sediment distribution coefficient, KD. Similar behaviour of heavy metal was observed in natural field conditions of Segara Anakan estuary. Due to the higher salinity of the overlaying water, the availability of Cd and Hg in dry season was higher than in wet season, while Zn was more available in wet season due to the higher input of organic matters from the inland. The patterns of heavy metal release from the sediment are consistent to that obtained in experiments of the undisturbed simulation, where highest release was obtained for Cd. Surprisingly, it was found that even though Cd was not detected in the sediment, higher level of Cd in water medium was observed in dry season, and Cu seems to retain in the sediment in both dry and wet seasons. Compared to the unextractable fraction, the extractable was very low, therefore Geloina sp. was used as biomonitor for dissolved Cd and Hg, and Zn in sediment. Generally, the heavy metal concentration in Geloina sp. was higher in dry season than in wet season, but no Cu uptake was detected. Therefore, the establishment of limit values of heavy metals in sediment is highly recommended. Keywords: heavy metal, sorption-desorption, estuary, availability.

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Moles, N. R., S. M. Betz, A. J. McCready y P. J. Murphy. "Replacement and authigenic mineralogy of metal contaminants in stream and estuarine sediments at Newtownards, Northern Ireland". Mineralogical Magazine 67, n.º 2 (abril de 2003): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461036720103.

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Tidal mudflats are locally enriched in heavy metals at the head of Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland, where drainage from the hinterland enters the sea lough via a tidal canal in an urban area. To characterize the metallic contaminants and investigate their provenance, heavy particles separated from stream, canal and estuarine sediments were analysed by electron microprobe and laser Raman microspectroscopic methods. Potential metal sources are mineralization in the catchment area and industrial or domestic pollution. Anthropogenic particles include metallic grains, alloys and compounds of Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr and Sn. Alteration of metallic particles includes de-zincification of brass in freshwater sediment and replacement of Cu wire by covellite in brackish to marine sediment. Mobility of Cu, Fe and S in canal and estuarine sediments is indicated by the authigenic growth of framboidal Fe sulphide on oxide substrates and of chalcopyrite rims on covellite. Intricate colloform and platy crystalline textures suggest a cyclical deposition of covellite and chalcopyrite under conditions of varying redox and salinity. Lead and Cr mobility in the contaminated estuarine sediment is shown by the authigenic formation on Pb-rich substrates of heterogeneous Pb- and Cr-rich sulphate-phosphate compounds and Pb-oxychlorides.

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Hong, Hualong, Binghuang Zhang y Haoliang Lu. "Seasonal Variation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal in an Estuarine Mangrove Wetland". Water 13, n.º 15 (29 de julio de 2021): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152064.

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Potential toxic metal pollution in mangroves has attracted extensive attention globally; however, the seasonal variation of potential toxic metals in mangrove wetlands is still poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the variation of content as well as chemical speciation of typical metals (Pb, Cr, Zn and Cu) in the sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary mangrove wetland, China. The potential risk of metal contamination was also investigated. Compared to the wet season, we found that sediment metal content was higher in the dry season. Mangrove sites show accumulated significant metals than does the mudflat both in wet and dry seasons. Geo-accumulation (Igeo) shows moderate pollution, probably because of the dilution as result of runoff and tidal hydrodynamics in the wet season. Increased concentrations of all metals in the acid-soluble fraction and decreased metal contents in the residue fraction were found in the dry season. Risk assessment indicated that the concentrations of Pb poses a higher environmental risk in the dry season. These results can increase awareness of metal pollution in the dry season and provide information for potential toxic metal management in mangrove wetlands.

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Sharifi, A. R., I. W. Croudace y R. L. Austin. "Benthic foraminiferids as pollution indicators in Southampton Water, southern England, U.K." Journal of Micropalaeontology 10, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 1991): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.10.1.109.

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Abstract. A study of heavy metals in estuarine sediments and foraminiferal tests along with foraminiferal distributions from Southampton Water indicates that:a) heavy metals have a marked effect upon foraminiferid distribution. Some species are able to tolerate pollution and their relative abundance increases at discharge points, whereas other species develop test deformities. Investigation of cores show that no deformed specimens exist within sediments prior to the introduction of pollution.b) deformed specimens contain higher levels of elements such as Cu and Zn than non-deformed specimens. This indicates that heavy metals may be responsible for the abnormalities within foraminiferid tests. Culture experiments support this hypothesis. Specimens of Ammonia beccarii (Linné) developed abnormal chambers over a period of 12 weeks within a culture medium containing 10–20ppb of Cu.

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Senten, J. R. y R. H. Charlier. "Heavy metals sediments pollution in estuarine and coastal waters: corrective measures for existing problems". International Journal of Environmental Studies 37, n.º 1-2 (enero de 1991): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239108710619.

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Brayner, Fátima Maria Miranda, Hélida Karla Philippini da Silva y Ana Maria de Freitas Barbosa. "Speciation of heavy metals in estuarine sediments in the northeast of Brazil". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 8, n.º 4 (julio de 2001): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02987405.

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Arienzo, Michele, Francesco Bolinesi, Giuseppe Aiello, Diana Barra, Carlo Donadio, Corrado Stanislao, Luciano Ferrara et al. "The Environmental Assessment of an Estuarine Transitional Environment, Southern Italy". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, n.º 9 (19 de agosto de 2020): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090628.

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A multidisciplinary survey was carried out on the quality of water and sediments of the estuary of the Sele river, an important tributary of the Tyrrhenian Sea, to assess anthropogenic pressures and natural variability. Nine sediment sites were monitored and analyzed for granulometry, morphoscopy, benthic foraminifera and ostracod assemblages, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Surface water was assayed for ionic composition and phytoplankton biomass. Total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in sediments were higher in the inner part of the estuary (IE), up to 12.7 and 0.7% because of anthropic influence. In waters, N-NH4, N-NO3, and Ptot. were high, with loads of Ptot in IE exceeding ~fourfold the limit. Here, it was also observed that the highest primary production was Chl-a, 95.70 µg/L, with cryptophytes, 37.6%, and diatoms, 33.8%, being the main phytoplanktonic groups. The hierarchical analysis split the estuary into two areas, with marked differences in anthropic pollution. Waters were classified as poor–bad level with respect to the content of nutrients. Sedimentological assay reveals littoral erosion and poor supply of river sandy sediments. The erosion environment is confirmed by the presence of meiobenthic recent marine forms intrusion inside the river. All these data reveal the fragility of the estuary and the need of urgent remediation actions.

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Vane, Christopher H., Grenville H. Turner, Simon R. Chenery, Martin Richardson, Mark C. Cave, Ricky Terrington, Charles J. B. Gowing y Vicky Moss-Hayes. "Trends in heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls and toxicity from sediment cores of the inner River Thames estuary, London, UK". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 22, n.º 2 (2020): 364–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9em00430k.

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Khamar, M., E. Cherkaoui y A. Nounah. "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the flora and benthic macrofauna of the Bouregreg estuary wetland". MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902054.

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Estuarine systems account for a high proportion of wetlands in Morocco due to the development of the river system. These estuarine and coastal Moroccan environments are as rich in fauna and flora as their European equivalents and present much originality. However, these coastal areas are generally highly urbanized and industrialized, and therefore subject to domestic and industrial discharges. The Bouregreg Estuary represents a good example of this situation, in view of this pollution (organic, chemical and biological) and the absence of fresh water supply upstream of the estuary after the dam was built, is increasingly unable of restoring the equilibrium of this ecosystem. This tide can instead ensure the polluting discharge downstream or upstream. Metallic contamination affects the different compartments of the estuarine ecosystem (sediment, water) and benthic species (fauna and flora). The objective of this study is to assess the accumulation and bioaccumulation of five heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr and Pb) at the sediment level of two dominant plant species (Artiplex portulacoides and Sarcocornia fructicosa) and three species of benthic macrofauna (Scrobicularia plana, Venerupis decussata and Hediste diversicolor) from the wetland of this estuary. This work will enable us to clearly understand the nutritional relationships between plant, animal, water and sediment species. The results of the analysis revealed that bioaccumulation varies from one species to another and from one metal to another. Thus, the levels of Lead and Chromium at Sarcocornia fructicosa are higher than those found at Artiplex portulacoides. Nevertheless, the latter accumulates better the other metals: Cu, Zn and Fe. While, the macrofauna shows a fairly large variation depending on the life style and sensitivity of species. Thus, Hediste diversicolor showed high levels of the various metals analyzed compared to Scrobicularia plana and Venerupis decussata.

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Bello, M. A., M. Callejón, J. C. Jimenez, F. Pablos y M. Ternero. "Determination of heavy metals in estuarine sediments by acid digestion and atomic absorption spectrometry". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 44, n.º 3-4 (julio de 1994): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249409358058.

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Calado, Bruno y Colombo Tassinari. "Geochemistry of the upper estuarine sediments of the Santos estuary: provenance and anthropogenic pollution". Journal of the Geological Survey of Brazil 3, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2020): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.29396/jgsb.2020.v3.n3.4.

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Major and trace element geochemistry of the upper estuarine sediments of the Santos estuary has been used to characterize sediment geochemistry, classification, distribution, and possible sources of industrial pollution. The vertical sediment cores were collected on the margin of the Cubatão, Perequê, Mogi, Piaçaguera and Jurubatuba rivers, the main effluents of the Santos estuarine system. Samples of selected basement rocks (n=12), industrial waste (n=2) and one weathering profile (organic soil, residual soil and saprolite rock) were also analyzed. The sedimentary deposits showed interbedding of medium, fine, and very fine sands in the upper portion of the estuary and subordinate silt-clay units derived from lower energy in swamp/mangroves deposits in the lower estuary. Marked geochemical differences occurred among these fluvial sediments. The calculated indices of chemical weathering, such as Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and A-CN-K ternary diagram indicate that the estuarine sediments display a wide range of weathering effects, from unweathered derived of Proterozoic gneiss and granitic rocks to intensely weathered site in the swamp deposits of the Piaçaguera River. Phosphogypsum waste stored in the catchment area of the Mogi River showed high concentrations of S, La, Ce, Ca, Sr, Nd, Nb, U, Ba, P, Y and F when compared with the regional rocks, soils and fluvial sediments samples analyzed in the study area, which make it a potential source of environmental contamination. The UCC-normalized patterns, geoaccumulation indexes (Igeo), robust linear regression (RA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to identify geochemical anomalies and discuss their probable sources. The principal component scores exhibited strong spatial association with anthropogenic sources. The principal component loading allowed to separate heavy metal elements (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) from the elements related to phosphogypsum waste (e.g., Ce, La, Nd and F). The geochemical anomalies of Ce, La, Nd and F in the fluvial sediments of the Mogi downstream River may be related to phosphogypsum waste in the catchment area, whereas the Cr, Cu and Ni anomalies may be related to fossil fuel, chemical industries and industrial waste deposits which occur near the Pereque and Cubatão rivers.

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Real, Carlos, Rodolfo Barreiro y Alejo Carballeira. "The application of microwave heating in sequential extractions of heavy metals in estuarine sediments". Science of The Total Environment 152, n.º 2 (agosto de 1994): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90493-6.

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de Melo, Gustavo Vaz, José Antonio Baptista Neto, Olaf Malm, Marcos Antonio dos Santos Fernandez y Soraya Maia Patchineelam. "Composition and behaviour of heavy metals in suspended sediments in a tropical estuarine system". Environmental Earth Sciences 73, n.º 3 (24 de julio de 2014): 1331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3491-3.

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Chakraborty, Shankhadeep y Abhijit Mitra. "Heavy metal pollution status in the sediment layer in World Heritage Site: Indian Sundarbans estuarine region". Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, n.º 4 (6 de agosto de 2018): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/4/9815.

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Heavy metals have a great ecological significance due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) in 12 stations in the UNESCO declared World Heritage Site- Indian Sundarbans estuarine region (i.e Kakdwip, Harinbari, Chemaguri, Sagar South, Lothian island, Jambu island, Frasergunge, Gosaba, Chotomollakhali, Bali island, Sajnekhali and Bagmara) were calculated for the year 2016. The sediment pollution was investigated by following the concentration of 3 heavy metals namely copper, lead and cadmium. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for analysis. According to the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) the results of all the 10 stations were analyzed and discussed in details.

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Yan, Yu, Lu Han, Rui-lian Yu, Gong-ren Hu, Wei-fang Zhang, Jian-yong Cui, Yan Yan y Hua-bin Huang. "Background determination, pollution assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in estuarine sediments from Quanzhou Bay, southeast China". CATENA 187 (abril de 2020): 104322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104322.

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Şimşek, Arife, Şule Sancak y Gülfem Bakan. "Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution in Water and Sediments at the Mid-Black Sea Region by Using Passive Sampling Method Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, n.º 6 (3 de julio de 2021): 1076–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.1076-1086.4217.

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Determining the potential bioavailability of heavy metals, evaluating according to adapted regulations is essential to efficiently conserve our coastal and estuarine waters. In this study, it is aimed to determine the industrial pollution and various other pollution sources that the Black Sea Basin is exposed to by using DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films) method and grab (manuel) sampling method in water and sediment and to evaluate the existing pollution according to quality standards. In Samsun, seasonal samples were collected from five different sampling stations, namely Akkiraz Stream, Hıdırellez Stream, Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ) Channel, Şabanoğlu Stream and Selyeri Stream, which are selected from Tekkeköy region where industry is intensively active. In order to determine the heavy metal content in both water and sediment samples, the DGT method was chosen for passive sampling and the grab sampling method was used for active sampling, and the efficiency of the methods was evaluated. According to the results of the study, the heavy metal concentration in grab sampling for water samples in descending order Al> Fe> Zn> Pb> Ni> Cu; In the samples taken with DGT, they are listed as Al> Fe> Zn> Cu> Ni> Pb. There were significant relationships between the total metal concentrations of sediment (Csed) and water (Csu) in grab sampling and metal concentrations sediment (Csed-DGT) and water (Csu-DGT) measured by DGT. It was found that the sensitivity and performance of sampling with DGT was 2-10 times higher compared to grab sampling. The high resolution in situ DGT technique for the assessment and management of the potential release risk of heavy metals at the water-sediment interface is a complementary method that contributes to the standard grab sampling method.

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Hung, Tsu‐Chang, Woei‐Lih Jeng, Yong‐Chien Ling y Bor‐Cheng Han. "Distribution of heavy metals along the machu/taiwan ‐ minjiang/china estuarine and coastal waters, sediments and bivalves". Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 67, n.º 1-2 (noviembre de 1998): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249809358604.

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Hung, Tran Trong, Tran Anh Tu, Dang Thuong Huyen y Marc Desmet. "Presence of trace elements in sediment of Can Gio mangrove forest, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam". VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2019): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13543.

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Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. 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Concentration of 7 Heavy Metals in Sediments and Mangrove Root Samples from Mai Po, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 39, 269-279.Passega R., 1957. Texture as characteristics of clastic deposition. Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists.Passega R., 1964. Grain size representation by CM patterns as a geological tool. J Sediment Petrol, 34, 830–847.Phuoc V.L., An D.T., Cang L.T., Chung B.N., Tien N.V., 2010. Study the sediment dynamics in Can Gio mangrove forest (Nang Hai site, Ho Chi Minh city). Ho Chi Minh city: The final report of National University Ho Chi Minh city, No. B2009-18-36.Pumijumnong N., Danpradit S., 2016. Heavy metal accumulation in sediments and mangrove forest stems from Surat Thani province, Thailand. The Malaysian forester, 79(1&2), 212-228.QCVN43:2012/BTNMT, 2012. QCVN43:2012/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the sediment quality, Ha Noi: Ministry of natural resources and environment of Vietnam.Qiao S., Shi X., Fang X., Liu S., Kornkanitnan N., Gao J., Yu Y., 2015. Heavy metal and clay mineral analyses in the sediments of Upper Gulf of Thailand and their implications on sedimentary provenance and dispersion pattern. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 114, 488–496.Rollinson H. R., 1993. Using geochemical data for evaluation, presentation and interpretation. UK: Longman Group UK Limited ISBN-0-582-06701-4.Spalding M., Blasco F., Field C., 2010. World atlas of mangrove. Cambridge: Earthscan in UK and US, ISBN: 978-1-84407-657-4.Strady E., Dang V.B., Némery J., Guédron S., Dinh Q.T., Denis H., Nguyen P.D., 2016. Baseline seasonal investigation of nutrients and trace metals in surface waters and sediments along the Saigon River basin impacted by the megacity of HCM, Viet Nam. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 1-18. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7660-7.Tam N.F., Wong Y.S., 1996. Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater. Environment pollution, 94(5), 283-291.Thomas N., Lucas R., Bunting P., Hardy A., Rosenqvist A., Simard M., 2017. Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996– 2010. PLoS ONE, 12(6): e0179302, 1-14. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.Thuy H.T., Loan T.T., Vy N.N., 2007. Study on environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in urban canal sediments of Ho Chi Minh city. Science and Technology Development, 10(01), 1-9.Toan T.T., Bay N.T., 2006. A study on the tendency of accretion and erosion in Can Gio coastal zone. Vietnam-Japan estuary workshop, 184-194.Tri N.H., Hong P.N., Cuc L.T., 2000. Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve Ho Chi Minh city, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Ha Noi: Hanoi University Publisher.Truong T.V., 2007. Planning for water source of Dong Nai river basin. Retrieved from Water Resources Planning: http://siwrp.org.vn/tin-tuc/quy-hoach-tai-nguyen-nuoc-luu-vuc-song-dong-nai_143.html.Tuan L.D., Oanh T.T., Thanh C.V., Quy N.D., 2002. Can Gio mangrove biosphere reserve. HCM city, Vietnam: Agriculture Publisher.Tue N.T., Quy T.D., Amono A., 2012. Historical profiles of trace element concentrations in Mangrove sediments from the Ba Lat estuary, Red river, Vietnam. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, 223(3), 1315-1330.Twilley R., Chen R., Hargis T., 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air & Soil pollution, Netherland, 64, 265-288.UN Environment Program, 2006. Methods for sediment sampling and analysis. Palermo (Sicily), Italy: United Nation Environment Program.UNESCO, 2000. List of Biosphere reserves approved by MAB committee belonging to UNESCO. Retrieved from United Nations, Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (UNESCO): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific.Vandenberghe N., 1975. An evaluation of CM patterns for grain size studies of fine grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22, 615-622.Vinh B.T., Ichiro D., 2012. Erosion mechanism of cohesive river bank and bed of Soai Rap river (Ho Chi Minh city). J. Sci. of the Earth, 34(2), 153-161.Wang J., Du H., Xu Y., Chen K., Liang J., Ke H., Cai M., 2016. Environmental and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Mangrove Ecosystems. BioMed Research International, Article ID 2167053, 1-14. Doi:10.1155/2016/2167053.Wedepohl K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), 1217-1232.Woodroffe C., Rogers K., McKee K., Lovelock C., Mendelssohn I., Saintilan N., 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea level rise. The Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 243-266.Zhang J., Liu C.L., 2002. Riverine Composition and Estuarine Geochemistry of Particulate Metals in China-Weathering Features, Anthropogenic Impact and Chemical Fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54(6), 1051-1070.Zhang W., Feng H., Chang J., Qu J., Xie H., Yu L., 2009. Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1533-1543.Zheng W.-j., Xiao-yong C., Peng L., 1997. Accumulation and biological cycling of heavy metal elements in Rhizophora stylosa mangroves in Yingluo Bay, China. Marine ecology progress series, 159, 293-301.

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19

Ngiam, Li-Siok y Poh-Eng Lim. "Speciation patterns of heavy metals in tropical estuarine anoxic and oxidized sediments by different sequential extraction schemes". Science of The Total Environment 275, n.º 1-3 (julio de 2001): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00853-6.

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20

Tylmann, Wojciech, Roman Gołębiewski, Piotr Paweł Woźniak y Karolina Czarnecka. "Heavy metals in sediments as evidence for recent pollution and quasi-estuarine processes: an example from Lake Druzno, Poland". Environmental Geology 53, n.º 1 (4 de enero de 2007): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0616-3.

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21

FARIA, MARCIA DE MELO y BRAZ A. SANCHEZ. "Geochemistry and mineralogy of recent sediments of Guanabara Bay (NE sector) and its major rivers - Rio de Janeiro State - Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 73, n.º 1 (marzo de 2001): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652001000100010.

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Geochemical and clay mineralogical studies of bottom sediments collected along the Macacu and Caceribu rivers and Guanabara Bay were carried out in order to investigate the relationship between major source areas and recent sediments of the bay. Clay mineralogy includes different groups with selective distribution conditioned by geomorphic features and depositional settings. Micaceous clay minerals are abundant near parent rock in the upper course, whereas kaolinite derived from varied sources is gradually concentrated towards the estuary. In the Guanabara Bay, kaolinite accumulates near river mouths, while micaceous clay minerals are converted into mixed layers in the estuary. Analyses of heavy metal contents reveal higher levels of Zn and Cu in sediments of the bay than in river sediments. Profiles along rivers indicate a downstream decrease of heavy metals, whereas in the bay geochemical trends display greater variations. In general river mouth sediments present the lowest concentrations. At the north and east of Paquetá Island anomalous areas with the highest heavy metal contents occur. Cu tends to concentrate in < 2mum grain-size fraction and indicates an association with micaceous clay minerals in the upper river course. However, Cu retention seems to be further controlled by other components of bottom sediments due to changes in physical and chemical conditions of the estuarine environment. Zn shows unstable behavior along the rivers and concentrates in the bay. Pb displays small variations from river to bay sediments, and accumulates mainly in the < 63mum grain-size fraction without any association with clay mineral. Geoaccumulation indexes of Cu, Pb and Zn classify the study area as unpolluted in both studied rivers and in the NE sector of the bay, though the enrichment factors are higher in the bay. The study does not indicate those rivers as major sources of heavy metal pollution to the bay.

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22

Huang, Bo, Zhaohui Guo, Xiyuan Xiao, Peng Zeng y Chi Peng. "Changes in chemical fractions and ecological risk prediction of heavy metals in estuarine sediments of Chunfeng Lake estuary, China". Marine Pollution Bulletin 138 (enero de 2019): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.015.

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23

Lei, Pei, Hong Zhang, Baoqing Shan, Shucong Lv y Wenzhong Tang. "Heavy metals in estuarine surface sediments of the Hai River Basin, variation characteristics, chemical speciation and ecological risk". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23, n.º 8 (13 de enero de 2016): 7869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6059-9.

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24

Kwan, Billy K. Y., Virginia K. Y. Un, S. G. Cheung y Paul K. S. Shin. "Horseshoe crabs as potential sentinel species for coastal health: juvenile haemolymph quality and relationship to habitat conditions". Marine and Freshwater Research 69, n.º 6 (2018): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17210.

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As an interface between terrestrial and marine environments, coastal and estuarine areas are particularly prone to various pollution stresses. Identification of sentinel species is, therefore, essential to provide precautionary information on coastal health conditions. Given their significant ecological roles in estuarine ecosystems, horseshoe crabs are a potential species to indicate the general health status of coastal habitats. The present study demonstrated that the changes in haemolymph composition pattern of two Asian juvenile horseshoe crab species (Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) are sensitive to reflect heavy metal (lead, nickel and iron) and nutrient (nitrate and ammonia) concentrations of intertidal sediments. In particular, a significant negative correlation was found for the amebocyte viability and ratio of granular–spherical to granular–flattened and degranulated dendritic-like morphological states of amebocytes in juvenile haemolymph with nitrate and lead concentrations respectively. There were also significantly higher concentrations of haemolymph haemocyanin and plasma protein in juvenile C. rotundicauda than in T. tridentatus on the same shore, possibly being related to the difference in foraging habitats of these two horseshoe crab species. Such non-lethal sampling of haemolymph from juvenile horseshoe crabs can be useful for a further development of the monitoring program in assessing potential environmental impacts by anthropogenic activities.

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Senthil Kumar, Kurunthachalam, Kenneth S. Sajwan, Joseph P. Richardson y Kurunthachalam Kannan. "Contamination profiles of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine Savannah GA, USA". Marine Pollution Bulletin 56, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.08.011.

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26

Rumhayati, Barlah y Catur Retnaningdyah. "Integrative Assessment of Pb and Cd Pollution in Porong Estuaries Using Sediment Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Bioconcentration Factor". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 18, n.º 3 (30 de agosto de 2018): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.26603.

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The aims of the research were to perform an integrative assessment of high metal pollution in Porong Estuary by determining (i) the distribution of heavy metals fraction in sediment, (ii) the potential risk of sediment to the metal bioavailability, and (iii) the bioaccumulation factor of heavy metals in benthic. Fractionation of heavy metals in the sediments was carried out by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction method. The potential risk of sediment was determined from RAC (risk assessment code) value. Bioconcentration factor was determined based on the ratio of the concentration of heavy metals in benthic to the concentration of bioavailable metals from sediments. Heavy metal concentrations were measured using AAS. The results showed that non-resistant Pb and Cd was higher than resistant fractions. As a non-resistant fraction, Pb was found mostly as fraction 2, i.e., metal fraction adsorbed on the surface of the iron oxy/hydroxide sediment (34.5 ± 4.9%). Cd was more prevalent as fraction 3, i.e., an organic bound fraction (29.0 ± 1.8%). Furthermore, Porong Estuary sediments had medium risk for contributing the bioavailable Cd in the water bodies based on the RAC (15.6 ± 1.8%). Based on the bioconcentration factor, accumulation of Cd and Pb was low (48.00 ± 7.62% for BCF-Cd and 32.29 ± 6.90% for BCF-Pb). Based on the results above, it could be concluded that the Porong Estuary water bodies have not been polluted by Pb and Cd released from the aquatic sediment.

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Lo, C. K. y Y. S. Fung. "Recovery of Heavy Metals from Acid Digestion of an Estuarine Sediment and Concentration Profiles of Sediment Cores from Hebe Haven and NGAU MEI HOI, Hong Kong". International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 46, n.º 4 (marzo de 1992): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319208032568.

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Hong, Yuanyuan, Moriaki Yasuhara, Hokuto Iwatani y Briony Mamo. "Baseline for ostracod-based northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific shallow-marine paleoenvironmental reconstructions: ecological modeling of species distributions". Biogeosciences 16, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2019): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-585-2019.

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Abstract. Fossil ostracods have been widely used for Quaternary paleoenvironmental reconstructions, especially in marginal marine environments (e.g., for water depth, temperature, salinity, oxygen levels, pollution). But our knowledge of indicator species autoecology, the base of paleoenvironmental reconstructions, remains limited and commonly lacks robust statistical support and comprehensive comparison with environmental data. We analyzed marginal marine ostracod taxa at 52 sites in Hong Kong for which comprehensive environmental data are available. We applied linear regression models to reveal relationships between species distribution and environmental factors for 18 common taxa (mainly species, a few genera) in our Hong Kong dataset and identified indicator species of environmental parameters. For example, Sinocytheridea impressa, a widely distributed euryhaline species throughout the East and South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific, indicates eutrophication and bottom-water hypoxia. Neomonoceratina delicata, a widely known species from nearshore and estuarine environments in the East and South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific, indicates heavy metal pollution and increased turbidity. The 18 taxa used for this study are widely distributed geographically and divided into the following groups: widespread (throughout the northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific regions), temperate (South China Sea to Russia (Sea of Japan coast) and Japan), subtropical (Indo-Pacific to the East China Sea), tropical (Indo-Pacific and South China Sea), and globally distributed. With statistical support from ecological modeling and comprehensive environmental data, these results provide a robust baseline for ostracod-based Quaternary–Anthropocene paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the tropical–extratropical northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific. Highlights. We provide a robust baseline for ostracod-based (microscopic Arthropods) paleoenvironmental reconstructions from Quaternary and Anthropocene marginal marine sediments. The studied species have wide distributions over the tropics and extratropics of the northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific. Ecological modeling has established ostracod species as reliable indicators for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.

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29

Shui, Lujie, Xiaojie Pan, Xiaojuan Chen, Fengyi Chang, Duanji Wan, Defu Liu, Mingming Hu, Shanze Li y Yuchun Wang. "Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir". Water 12, n.º 6 (24 de junio de 2020): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061798.

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In order to understand the spatial distribution and ecological risk of heavy metal pollution in the sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, surface sediment samples in six typical tributaries and estuaries were analyzed. The heavy metal content in sediment was detected by ICP-MS (PE Elan DRC Ⅱ, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) after digestion by mixed acid. The data were evaluated and analyzed using multiple methods, including the potential ecological risk index, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and cluster analysis. The results show that the tributary surface sediments were polluted by heavy metals to a certain extent. Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr have been enriched in sediments in recent years. The results of Igeo show that the pollution degree is as follows: Pb > Cu > Zn > Cr > Cd > Ni > As > Hg. According to the potential ecological risk index, the grades of Yunyang, Xiaojiang, and Xinjin are all medium risk, and Cd has the highest contribution rate. Combined with field investigation data, cluster analysis, and correlation analysis, we conclude that Cu, Zn, and Cr are likely to come from agricultural chemical fertilizers and industrial sewage, while Pb mainly comes from the discharge of ship fuel.

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30

Stark, Jonathan S. "Heavy metal pollution and macrobenthic assemblages in soft sediments in two Sydney estuaries, Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 49, n.º 6 (1998): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97188.

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The influence of heavy metals (copper, lead and zinc) associated with urban runoff, on assemblages of macrofauna in intertidal soft sediments was studied in two estuaries in the Sydney region. The patterns of distribution and abundance of fauna and assemblages was found to vary significantly at several spatial scales: within bays in an estuary, between bays within an estuary and between bays from different estuaries. Significant differences were found in concentrations of heavy metals in sediments, but there was very little difference among bays in other environmental variables: grain-size characteristics and organic matter content of sediments. Bays polluted by heavy metals had significantly different assemblages to unpolluted bays, were generally less diverse and were characterized by an order-of-magnitude greater abundance of capitellids, spionids, nereids and bivalves. Unpolluted bays had greater abundance of crustaceans and several polychaete families, including paraonids and nephtyids and were generally more diverse. There was a significant correlation between patterns of assemblages and concentrations of heavy metals, but not with other environmental variables.

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31

Gao, Bo, Jin Lu, Hong Hao, Shuhua Yin, Xiao Yu, Qiwen Wang y Ke Sun. "Heavy Metals Pollution and Pb Isotopic Signatures in Surface Sediments Collected from Bohai Bay, North China". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/158796.

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To investigate the characteristics and potential sources of heavy metals pollution, surface sediments collected from Bohai Bay, North China, were analyzed for the selected metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). The Geoaccumulation Index was used to assess the level of heavy metal pollution. Pb isotopic compositions in sediments were also measured to effectively identify the potential Pb sources. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 0.15, 79.73, 28.70, 36.56, 25.63, and 72.83 mg/kg, respectively. The mean concentrations of the studied metals were slightly higher than the background values. However, the heavy metals concentrations in surface sediments in Bohai Bay were below the other important bays or estuaries in China. The assessment by Geoaccumulation Index indicated that Cr, Zn, and Cd were classified as “the unpolluted” level, while Ni, Cu, and Pb were ranked as “unpolluted to moderately polluted” level. The order of pollution level of heavy metals was:Pb>Ni>Cu>Cr>Zn>Cd. The Pb isotopic ratios in surface sediments varied from 1.159 to 1.185 for206Pb/207Pb and from 2.456 to 2.482 for208Pb/207Pb. Compared with Pb isotopic radios in other sources, Pb contaminations in the surface sediments of Bohai Bay may be controlled by the mix process of coal combustion, aerosol particles deposition, and natural sources.

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32

Simbolon, Anna Rejeki. "Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Pencemaran Timbal (Pb) Pada Kerang Hijau (Perna viridis) di Perairan Cilincing Pesisir DKI Jakarta". Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 3, n.º 3 (29 de diciembre de 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2018.v3i3.207.

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Health Risk Assessment of Lead (Pb) Pollution in Green Mussel (Perna viridis) at Cilincing Waters, DKI Jakarta Littoral. Cilincing waters is one of the river estuaries on the coast of DKI Jakarta with increasing industrial and community activities. These activities certainly produce waste that contains heavy metal lead and into the water. Water pollution will affect the health of humans who interact directly or indirectly in these waters. Green mussel (Perna viridis) is one of the dominant benthic biota in Cilincing Waters and becomes one of the food for the people of DKI Jakarta. Green mussels exposed to lead metals at a certain concentration will adversely affect human health. So that required analysis of water pollution to health risks that may occur. This study aims to analyze the health risks of pollution, especially lead metals found in green mussel against humans. The research was conducted in Cilincing Coastal Waters of DKI Jakarta, from September to December 2017 by using survey method to determine the condition of existing environment. Parameters analyzed included Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Pb metal in water, sediment and green mussels. Health risk analysis of lead metal pollution is carried out using the SEDISOIL risk analysis model. This study shows that the concentrations of Pb metal in sediments and green mussels have been above the quality standard so that green mussels from that area are not feasible for consumption by the community. This is evident from the health risk (RQ) noses that have exceeded each sample location

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Zare, Maryam. "Spatial distribution of sediment pollution in the Khajeh Kory River using Kriging and GIS". Earth Sciences Research Journal 18, n.º 2 (16 de marzo de 2015): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v18n2.44491.

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The aim of this research was to study of sediment pollution conditions in the river bed of Khajeh Kory, which passes from the southern border of the Caspian Sea in Astara City. To determine the pollution of river bed sediment along the route, from the river source in the heights to estuary in the Caspian sea, sampling was conducted at 10 stations. Afterward, each sample was divided into two groups based on size (>63 µm and <63 µm). The concentration of heavy metals Cu, Cd, Co, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Mn in each group was measured using ICP-OES. In the next stage, the enrichment of samples was determined by normalization with aluminum. The data were then interpolated using the Kriging method and various models (including spherical, circular, exponential, Gaussian) were fitted to the data, and the best method was selected using the Cross Validation method. Using the obtained enrichment outcomes, an information layer was produced for each element in the GIS environment utilizing the Kriging method. The layers were aggregated and the compiled layer was classified into 4 layers again. Using this method, the length of the river from its source to the sea estuary was characterized based on the contamination of heavy metals, and contaminated and unpolluted areas in river sediments could be observed. The source of this pollution, either natural or manmade, was revealed through this method. ResumenEl objeto de esta investigación fue estudiar las condiciones de contaminación sedimentaria en el lecho del río Khajeh Kory, que se extiende desde el borde sur del Mar Caspio en la ciudad de Astara. Para determinar la contaminación del lecho sedimentario, se recolectaron muestras en 10 estaciones establecidas entre la fuente del río en sus partes altas hasta los estuarios en el Mar Caspio. Después, cada muestra fue dividida en dos grupos de acuerdo con el tamaño (>63 µm and <63 µm). La concentración de metales pesados Cu, Cd, Co, Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe y Mn en cada grupo se midió con la técnica ICP-OES. En la siguiente etapa, se determinó el enriquecimiento de las muestras por la normalización con aluminio. Los datos se interpolaron luego con el método Kriging y varios modelos (incluidos el esférico, el circular, el exponencial, el gaussiano) se ajustaron a la información y se seleccionó el mejor método a través de la Validación Cruzada. Con los resultados obtenidos del enriquecimiento se produjo una capa de información para cada elemento en el ambiente GIS a través del método Kriging. Las capas fueron agregadas y la compilación de estas se clasificó nuevamente en otras cuatro capas. De esta forma se caracterizó el río a lo largo, desde su nacimiento hasta el estuario marino, con base en la contaminación de metales pesados y se pudo distinguir entre las zonas contaminadas y las áreas limpias en sedimentos. Las fuentes de esta contaminación, sean naturales o humanas, también se identificaron con este método.

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Susantoro, Tri Muji y Ariani Andayani. "Kontaminasi Logam Berat di Kawasan Pesisir Tanjung Selor Kalimantan Utara". Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 4, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2019.v4i1.181.

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Heavy Metal Contamination in the Coastal Area of Tanjung Selor North Kalimantan. The establishment of the North Kalimantan Province transformed the Tanjung Selor region and its surroundings into the provincial capital so that it will grow rapidly, both in terms of development and other activities. Monitoring environmental conditions, one of which is heavy metals in the waters need to be carried out as a starting environment before the area develops. This is important given the nature of heavy metals that change toxic at concentrations that exceed the threshold. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential for heavy metal contamination in the coastal area of Tanjung Selor, Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan Province. Heavy metals studied is limiting to mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn). The location of the sampling was carried out using Landsat 8 imagery designed to represent the condition of the coastal area. Samples come from well water, river water, seawater, and marine sediments at 4, 9 and 5 observation stations respectively. Samples were taken on August 2014 using the grab sample method and analyzed for heavy metal content using the standard American Public Health Association (APHA) method with the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) instrument. Of the 23 samples produced, only 3 observation stations were not contaminated with heavy metals. While in the other 20 samples one of three types of heavy metals were found that exceeded the threshold. In general, Cu is the most detected metal exceeding the threshold in the study area found in samples of river water, sea water and sediment. Zn is found to exceed the threshold in well water. Pb is found to exceed the threshold in sample 5 of river water. Cd is found to exceed the threshold in samples of river water, sea water and sediment. The source of pollution is thought to originate from coal mining activities, oil palm plantations, and household waste. The overall results of this study show that river estuaries tend to accumulate heavy metals.

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Al-Mutairi, Khalid Awadh y Chee Kong Yap. "A Review of Heavy Metals in Coastal Surface Sediments from the Red Sea: Health-Ecological Risk Assessments". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 6 (10 de marzo de 2021): 2798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062798.

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The heavy metal (HM) pollution in sediment is of serious concern, particularly in the Red Sea environment. This study aimed to review and compile data on the concentrations of four HMs (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the coastal surface sediments from the Red Sea, mainly from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen, published in the literature from 1992 to 2021. The coastal sediments included those from mangrove, estuaries, and intertidal ecosystems. It was found that the mean values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in coastal Red Sea sediments were elevated and localized in high human activity sites in comparison to the earth upper continental crust and to reference values for marine sediments. From the potential ecological risk index (PERI) aspect, 32 reports (47.1%) were categorized as ‘considerable ecological risk’ and 23 reports (33.8%) as ‘very high ecological risk’. From the human health risk assessment (HHRA) aspect, the non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) values (HI values < 1.0) of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn represented no NCR for the ingestion and the dermal contact routes for sediments from the Red Sea countries. The reassessment of the HM data cited in the literature allowed integrative and accurate comparisons of the PERI and HHRA data, which would be useful in the management and sustainable development of the Red Sea area, besides being a helpful database for future use. This warrants extensive and continuous monitoring studies to understand the current and the projected HM pollution situation and to propose possible protective and conservative measures in the future for the resource-rich Red Sea ecosystem.

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Dra, Abdelaiz, Abdelali El Gaidoumi, Karim Tanji, Aziz Chaouni Benabdallah, Abdeslem Taleb y Abdelhak Kherbeche. "Characterization and Quantification of Heavy Metals in Oued Sebou Sediments". Scientific World Journal 2019 (26 de junio de 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7496576.

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The discharge of large quantities of industrial and domestic effluents into the estuaries, with or without treatment, has led to an increase in the amount of micropollutants present in the sediments. In this study, we have assessed the quality of sediments of Sebou river studying the physicochemical parameters, percentage of organic matter, mineralogy, and trace levels of metal elements trapped in the sample sediments of Sebou river. The sediments samples were collected from the upstream of Fez river, confluence between the Fez river and the Sebou river, Ain Nokbi river, and edge of Sebou river, where wastewaters from the city of Fez are discharged. The sediments samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, while trace levels of metallic elements, Calcium, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Iron, and Nickel, were determined by the ICP-AES analysis. The obtained results show that there is a significant change in the values of the studied metals which is probably due to industrial effluents. Indeed, the metal content in the sediments reaches particularly high values exceeding the limit recommended by WHO. These results suggested that the pollution by metallic industrial effluents discharged without treatments poses potential threat to the receiving rivers and may represent a danger for humans which are exposed to pollutants due to the numerous uses of such river waters.

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37

Et al., Glazunova Irina Viktorovna. "Assessment Of Water Quality And Bottom Supplies In The Bottom Of The Mekong River". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n.º 5 (11 de abril de 2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.810.

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The article presents the results of studies of the content of heavy metals in bottom sediments in the lower reaches of the Mekong River (3 estuaries in Ben Tre). The results of the content of heavy metals for 20 research sites were analyzed and compared with the national standards of Vietnam, which are used to assess the level of adverse effects on aquatic animals and river ecosystems, as well as with similar standards adopted in various countries of the world. When compared with the standards, the content of heavy metals in the study area (Ben Tre province) was quite high. The tributaries flowing into the main river also have a relatively high content of heavy metals, which proves that, in addition to pollution from the upper reaches of the river, socio-economic activities in the catchment, including land reclamation, also have a strong effect on the accumulation of heavy metals in channel sediments. In addition, the authors, comparing the content of heavy metals, both with the established standards of Vietnam and with the standards of some countries of the world, creating a basis for rational agriculture and sustainable development.

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38

Kersten, M. y U. Förstner. "Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Anoxic Estuarine and Coastal Sediments". Water Science and Technology 18, n.º 4-5 (1 de abril de 1986): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0187.

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Chemical extraction experiments for estimating characteristic particulate binding forms of heavy metals in anoxic marine and freshwater sediments were carried out under both the presence and absence of atmospheric oxygen during the analytical procedure. Storage methods including aeration of anoxic sediments do not preserve the initial fractionation patterns of heavy metals and may both increase (Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) and decrease (Fe, Mn) their mobility. Elutriate tests of methanogenic freshwater sediments from Hamburg harbour basins show that metals with increased carbonatic fractions (Fe, Hn) and those with predominantly sulphidic/organic fractions (Zn, Cu, Cd) are particularly sensitive to sample aeration. Transformations of oxidizable Ni (11%), Zn (62%), and Cd (67%) predominantly lead to easily reducible associations. Drying of the sediments decreases the proportion of the sulphidic/organic fraction of the metals to a stronger degree. Oxidized Zn and Cd is then found even in the least stable exchangeable fraction. If pretreatment of sediment samples is done adequately the chemical leaching approach may provide information on diagenetic effects and reaction kinetics, which influence the mobility of contaminants in highly complex matrices.

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39

Herut, B., H. Hornung, N. Kress, M. D. Krom y M. Shirav. "Trace metals in sediments at the lower reaches of Mediterranean coastal rivers, Israel". Water Science and Technology 32, n.º 9-10 (1 de noviembre de 1995): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0690.

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Concentrations of mercury, lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, iron and partially chromium, manganese, nickel and aluminium, were recorded in surface sediments at the lower reaches of 11 rivers from the Mediterranean coastal zone of Israel, during 1988-1993. Excluding the lower Kishon river, no major contamination was found at most of the stations when trace metal concentrations were normalized against iron concentrations (trace metal/iron ratios) and compared to levels recorded in stream sediments from the southern drainage basin of the Kishon river. Minor enrichments found in part of the rivers are attributed to land-based point sources of pollution. Variations in trace metal concentrations at the estuaries are related to high influx of fine-grained sediments transported by heavy floods during rainy winters, which later are resuspended and transported seaward by bottom currents.

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40

Lubis, Ali Arman. "Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) of Cisadane Estuarine Sediments". Jurnal Natur Indonesia 10, n.º 1 (4 de mayo de 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.10.1.58-65.

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Nuclear analytical technique instrumental neutron activation analysis was employed for the multielemental analysis of sediments collected from Cisadane estuary. This analytical technique provides concentration of 20 elementswhich consist of heavy metals and rare earth elements simultaneously. Two sediments cores were collected using core sampler for determining the distribution of all elements in the depth profiles of sediments. Sediment cores were subdivided into 2 cm increment, dried and sent to reactor for irradiation using thermal flux of ?1013 neutrons.cm-2.s-1 for 20 minutes in Research Reactor Siwabessy, National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN), Serpong. Irradiated samples were measured using a multichannel analyzer (MCA) gamma spectrometer coupled with high purity germanium detector. Analysis of particle size was done since uptake of heavy metals by sediments is particle-size dependent. The results are presented and discussed.

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41

Shrestha, Parmeshwar L. y Gerald T. Orlob. "Multiphase Distribution of Cohesive Sediments and Heavy Metals in Estuarine Systems". Journal of Environmental Engineering 122, n.º 8 (agosto de 1996): 730–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1996)122:8(730).

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42

Couto, Thiago, Bernardo Duarte, Dimitri Barroso, Isabel Caçador y João C. Marques. "Halophytes as sources of metals in estuarine systems with low levels of contamination". Functional Plant Biology 40, n.º 9 (2013): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12300.

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Heavy metal concentrations present in the above- and beowground tissues of Scirpus maritimus L., Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald and Zostera noltii Hornem were analysed seasonally in the Mondego Estuary, Portugal. The sediments of the estuary were confirmed to contain only low concentrations of heavy metals. The belowground tissues of all three species showed higher heavy metal concentrations than the aboveground tissues. Although the sediments only contained low levels of contamination, because the area occupied by S. maritimus and Z. noltii was large, significant quantities of heavy metals were accumulated and exported to the surrounding water bodies. In contrast with observations of highly contaminated estuaries, it was found that in spite of the low level of contaminants in the sediments of the Mondego Estuary, aquatic vegetation functioned as a source of metals for nearby systems.

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43

Cicero-Fernández, Diego, Manuel Peña-Fernández, Jose A. Expósito-Camargo y Blanca Antizar-Ladislao. "Role ofPhragmites australis(common reed) for heavy metals phytoremediation of estuarine sediments". International Journal of Phytoremediation 18, n.º 6 (16 de septiembre de 2015): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1086306.

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44

Dong, Aiguo, Shikui Zhai, Matthias Zabel, Zenghui Yu, Huaijing Zhang y Feifei Liu. "Heavy metals in Changjiang estuarine and offshore sediments: responding to human activities". Acta Oceanologica Sinica 31, n.º 2 (marzo de 2012): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13131-012-0195-y.

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45

Grecco, Laura Edith, Eduardo Alberto Gómez, Sandra Elizabeth Botté, Ángel Omar Marcos, Jorge Eduardo Marcovecchio y Diana Graciela Cuadrado. "Natural and anthropogenic heavy metals in estuarine cohesive sediments: geochemistry and bioavailability". Ocean Dynamics 61, n.º 2-3 (22 de diciembre de 2010): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-010-0354-7.

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46

El-Sebae, A. H. "Egyptian Mediterranean Coastal and Estuarine Pollution by Pesticides and Heavy Metals". Water Science and Technology 18, n.º 4-5 (1 de abril de 1986): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0219.

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47

Noegrohati, Sri. "BIOACCUMULATION DYNAMICS OF HEAVY METALS IN _{Oreochromis nilotycus}: PREDICTED THROUGH A BIOACCUMULATION MODEL CONSTRUCTED BASED ON BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL (BLM)". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 6, n.º 1 (13 de junio de 2010): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21775.

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In estuarine ecosystem, sediments are not only functioning as heavy metal scavenger, but also as one of potential sources for heavy metals to the ecosystem. Due the capability of aquatic organisms to accumulate heavy metals, there is possibility of heavy metals to exert their toxic effect towards the organisms and other organisms positioned in higher trophic level, such as fish, and further to human beings. To understand the different processes of heavy metal bioaccumulation in a dynamic manner, a bioaccumulation model is required. Since bioaccumulation starts with the uptake of chemical across a biological membrane, the bioaccumulation model was constructed based on Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). The input for the model was determined from laboratory scale simulated estuarine ecosystem of sediment-brackish water (seawater:Aquaâ 1:1) for determining the heavy metal fractions in sediments; simulated Oreochromis nilotycus - brackish water (fish-water) ecosystem for determining the rate constants; simulated fish-water-sediment ecosystem for evaluating the closeness between model-predicted and measured concentration, routes and distribution within specific internal organs. From these bioaccumulation studies, it was confirmed that the internalization of metals into the cells of gills and internal epithelias follows similar mechanisms, and governed mostly by the waterborne or hydrophilic heavy metals. The level of hydrophilic heavy metals are determined by desorption equilibrium coefficients, 1/KD, and influenced by salinity. Physiologically, the essential Cu and Zn body burden in O. nilotycus are tightly homeostasis regulated, shown as decreasing uptake efficiency factor, EW, at higher exposure concentrations, while non essential Cd and Hg were less or not regulated. From the distribution within specific internal organs, it was revealed that carcass was more relevant in describing the bioaccumulation condition than liver. It is clear that every heavy metal has its own bioaccumulation dynamics, depend to the metal studied and environmental conditions, however the obtained parameters are applicable to bioaccumulation of Cd and Hg in natural estuarine ecosystem of Segara Anakan, Central Java. Keywords: heavy metal, estuarine, bioaccumulation, model, dynamics

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48

Acevedo-Figueroa, D., B. D. Jiménez y C. J. Rodríguez-Sierra. "Trace metals in sediments of two estuarine lagoons from Puerto Rico". Environmental Pollution 141, n.º 2 (mayo de 2006): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.037.

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Simpson, Stuart L., Louisa Rochford y Gavin F. Birch. "Geochemical influences on metal partitioning in contaminated estuarine sediments". Marine and Freshwater Research 53, n.º 1 (2002): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01058.

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Stormwater runoff has resulted in heavy metal contamination throughout much of the Port Jackson estuary, Sydney, Australia. Metal partitioning was investigated in the benthic estuarine sediments of Iron Cove, an off-channel embayment of Port Jackson. Contamination was greatest near the stormwater canal, where sediments were anoxic and contained high concentrations of sulfide in the porewater. Away from the canal a layer of non-cohesive, sub-oxic surficial sediment containing high dissolved iron was found overlaying a more cohesive substratum. At all sites, porewater Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were <2.5 g L–1, and negligible metal release was observed upon sediment resuspension. According to water quality guidelines, the ecological risk posed by dissolved metals from the Iron Cove sediments is low. Estimated fluxes of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from the sediments were calculated to be <0.2 mol m–2 day–1. The rapid oxidation then hydrolysis of iron(II) in porewaters caused a drop in pH and the formation of iron hydroxide precipitate. These processes may affect dissolved metal concentrations; hence, oxidation of samples must be avoided during sampling and extraction procedures. Sediment-bound zinc was the metal most easily mobilized.

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Chen, Zhongyuan, Yoshiki Saito, Yutaka Kanai, Taoyuan Wei, Luqian Li, Heshun Yao y Zhanghua Wang. "Low concentration of heavy metals in the Yangtze estuarine sediments, China: a diluting setting". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 60, n.º 1 (mayo de 2004): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2003.11.021.

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