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Konkina, Vera, Olga Lukyanova, Elena Pravdina y Elena Kuvshinova. "Analytical aspects of effective stock-raising when applying high-protein fodder". BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700013.
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The work provides a comprehensive analysis of efficient organization in the stock-raising industry when fed with high protein fodder. For that end, a dynamic analysis of volume and geographical indicators of soybean production, as well as ways to increase productivity, was initially conducted. The authors believe that biologically active preparations should be used for pre-treatment of seeds and foliar top dressing of plants. This will increase the yield by 2–3 dt/ha and the protein content by 3–4 %. The next step in the analytical procedures was conducting an experiment connected with introduction of soybean meal into the diet of young pigs. This will improve the physiological state of pigs and intensify their live weight gain.
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Dearden, Laura y Nina Balthasar. "Sexual Dimorphism in Offspring Glucose-Sensitive Hypothalamic Gene Expression and Physiological Responses to Maternal High-Fat Diet Feeding". Endocrinology 155, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2014): 2144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1131.
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A wealth of animal and human studies demonstrate that early life environment significantly influences adult metabolic balance, however the etiology for offspring metabolic misprogramming remains incompletely understood. Here, we determine the effect of maternal diet per se on offspring sex-specific outcomes in metabolic health and hypothalamic transcriptome regulation in mice. Furthermore, to define developmental periods of maternal diet misprogramming aspects of offspring metabolic balance, we investigated offspring physiological and transcriptomic consequences of maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet feeding during pregnancy and/or lactation. We demonstrate that female offspring of high-fat/high-sugar diet-fed dams are particularly vulnerable to metabolic perturbation with body weight increases due to postnatal processes, whereas in utero effects of the diet ultimately lead to glucose homeostasis dysregulation. Furthermore, glucose- and maternal-diet sensitive gene expression modulation in the paraventricular hypothalamus is strikingly sexually dimorphic. In summary, we uncover female-specific, maternal diet-mediated in utero misprogramming of offspring glucose homeostasis and a striking sexual dimorphism in glucose- and maternal diet-sensitive paraventricular hypothalamus gene expression adjustment. Notably, female offspring metabolic vulnerability to maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet propagates a vicious cycle of obesity and type 2 diabetes in subsequent generations.
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Zimmerman, Benjamin, Payel Kundu, William D. Rooney y Jacob Raber. "The Effect of High Fat Diet on Cerebrovascular Health and Pathology: A Species Comparative Review". Molecules 26, n.º 11 (4 de junio de 2021): 3406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113406.
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In both humans and animal models, consumption of a high-saturated-fat diet has been linked to vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairments. Laboratory animals provide excellent models for more invasive high-fat-diet-related research. However, the physiological differences between humans and common animal models in terms of how they react metabolically to high-fat diets need to be considered. Here, we review the factors that may affect the translatability of mechanistic research in animal models, paying special attention to the effects of a high-fat diet on vascular outcomes. We draw attention to the dissociation between metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in rodents, unlike the state in humans, where the two commonly occur. We also discuss the differential vulnerability between species to the metabolic and vascular effects of macronutrients in the diet. Findings from animal studies are better interpreted as modeling specific aspects of dysfunction. We conclude that the differences between species provide an opportunity to explore why some species are protected from the detrimental aspects of high-fat-diet-induced dysfunction, and to translate these findings into benefits for human health.
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Li, Na, Xiaochuan Ma, Ting Ban, Shaohua Xu, Yingli Ma, Brandon Ason y Liaoyuan A. Hu. "Loss of APJ mediated β-arrestin signalling improves high-fat diet induced metabolic dysfunction but does not alter cardiac function in mice". Biochemical Journal 477, n.º 17 (10 de septiembre de 2020): 3313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200343.
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Apelin receptor (APJ) is a G protein-coupled receptor that contributes to many physiological processes and is emerging as a therapeutic target to treat a variety of diseases. For most disease indications the role of G protein vs β-arrestin signalling in mitigating disease pathophysiology remains poorly understood. This hinders the development of G protein biased APJ agonists, which have been proposed to have several advantages over balanced APJ signalling agonists. To elucidate the contribution of APJ β-arrestin signalling, we generated a transgenic mouse harbouring a point mutation (APJ I107A) that maintains full G protein activity but fails to recruit β-arrestin following receptor activation. APJ I107A mutant mice did not alter cardiac function at rest, following exercise challenge or in response to pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy. Additionally, APJ I107A mice have comparable body weights, plasma glucose and lipid levels relative to WT mice when fed a chow diet. However, APJ I107A mice showed significantly lower body weight, blood insulin levels, improved glucose tolerance and greater insulin sensitivity when fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, loss of APJ β-arrestin signalling also affected fat composition and the expression of lipid metabolism related genes in adipose tissue from high-fat fed mice. Taken together, our results suggest that G protein biased APJ activation may be more effective for certain disease indications given that loss of APJ mediated β-arrestin signalling appears to mitigate several aspects of diet induced metabolic dysfunction.
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Roura, E. y M. Navarro. "Physiological and metabolic control of diet selection". Animal Production Science 58, n.º 4 (2018): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16775.
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The fact that most farm animals have no dietary choice under commercial practices translates the dietary decisions to the carers. Thus, a lack of understanding of the principles of dietary choices is likely to result in a high toll for the feed industry. In healthy animals, diet selection and, ultimately, feed intake is the result of factoring together the preference for the feed available with the motivation to eat. Both are dynamic states and integrate transient stimulus derived from the nutritional status, environmental and social determinants of the animal with hard-wired genetic mechanisms. Peripheral senses are the primary inputs that determine feed preferences. Some of the sensory aspects of feed, such as taste, are innate and genetically driven, keeping the hedonic value of feed strictly associated with a nutritional frame. Sweet, umami and fat tastes are all highly appetitive. They stimulate reward responses from the brain and reinforce dietary choices related to essential nutrients. In contrast, aroma (smell) recognition is a plastic trait and preferences are driven mostly by learned experience. Maternal transfer through perinatal conditioning and the individual’s own innate behaviour to try or to avoid novel feed (often termed as neophobia) are known mechanisms where the learning process strongly affects preferences. In addtition, the motivation to eat responds to episodic events fluctuating in harmony with the eating patterns. These signals are driven mainly by gastrointestinal hormones (such as cholecystokinin [CCK] and glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1]) and load. In addition, long-term events generate mechanisms for a sustainable nutritional homeostasis managed by tonic signals from tissue stores (i.e. leptin and insulin). Insulin and leptin are known to affect appetite by modulating peripheral sensory inputs. The study of chemosensory mechanisms related to the nutritional status of the animal offers novel tools to understand the dynamic states of feed choices so as to meet nutritional and hedonic needs. Finally, a significant body of literature exists regarding appetite driven by energy and amino acids in farm animals. However, it is surprising that there is scarcity of knowledge regarding what and how specific dietary nutrients may affect satiety. Thus, a better understanding on how bitter compounds and excess dietary nutrients (i.e. amino acids) play a role in no-choice animal feeding is an urgent topic to be addressed so that right choices can be made on the animal’s behalf.
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Gulec, Sukru, Gregory J. Anderson y James F. Collins. "Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, n.º 4 (15 de agosto de 2014): G397—G409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2013.
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Iron is an essential trace mineral that plays a number of important physiological roles in humans, including oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Iron absorption by the proximal small bowel is a critical checkpoint in the maintenance of whole-body iron levels since, unlike most other essential nutrients, no regulated excretory systems exist for iron in humans. Maintaining proper iron levels is critical to avoid the adverse physiological consequences of either low or high tissue iron concentrations, as commonly occurs in iron-deficiency anemia and hereditary hemochromatosis, respectively. Exquisite regulatory mechanisms have thus evolved to modulate how much iron is acquired from the diet. Systemic sensing of iron levels is accomplished by a network of molecules that regulate transcription of the HAMP gene in hepatocytes, thus modulating levels of the serum-borne, iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin decreases intestinal iron absorption by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 on the basolateral surface of duodenal enterocytes, causing its internalization and degradation. Mucosal regulation of iron transport also occurs during low-iron states, via transcriptional (by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α) and posttranscriptional (by the iron-sensing iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element system) mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrated that these regulatory loops function in tandem to control expression or activity of key modulators of iron homeostasis. In health, body iron levels are maintained at appropriate levels; however, in several inherited disorders and in other pathophysiological states, iron sensing is perturbed and intestinal iron absorption is dysregulated. The iron-related phenotypes of these diseases exemplify the necessity of precisely regulating iron absorption to meet body demands.
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Kassab, Atheer. "Effect of Supplimenting Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa Linn) in the Ration on the Immune Response of Newcastle Disease and Some Physiological Aspects of Broiler Chicken". Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 29, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v29i2.847.
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The study was conducted to investigate the role of supplementing the diet ofbroiler chicken with Black seed (Nigella sativa Linn) broiler chicken in theimmune response of the bird .The study has also investigated the level of someserum proteins and the activity of amino group transmitting enzymes. The Blackseeds have been ground and supplemented in the diet of the chickens at 2%inclusion rate .A total of 80 Faobro broiler chicks were divided equally into 4groups.Group 1: given Black seed supplemented diet and vaccinated at 8 ,16 and 26 daysof age with one dose of live Newcastle (ND) vaccine in the crop and injected 0.2ml oil adjuvant ND vaccine subcutaneously.Group 2: given Black seed supplemented diet and vaccinated at 8 ,16 and 26 daysof age with one dose of live Newcastle (ND) vaccine in the crop but did notinjected with oil adjuvant ND vaccine.Group 3: A control to group 1, but not supplemented with Black seed in the diet.Group 4: A control to group 2, but not supplemented with Black seed in the diet.Results showed that the supplementation of Black seed with the diet causedsignificant increase in the total serum protein, the serum globuline, the NDantibody examined by Haemagglutination test and the body weight. Thedifferences were more obvious when the birds were vaccinated with oil adjuvantvaccine .The enzyme Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanineaminotransferase(ALT) have not been affected by the inclusion of 2% Black seedin the diet. It was concluded that the inclusion of 2% Black seed in the diet hasled to a better immune response and health conditions shown by the birds.
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Dobarganes, Carmen y Gloria Márquez-Ruiz. "Possible adverse effects of frying with vegetable oils". British Journal of Nutrition 113, S2 (abril de 2015): S49—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002347.
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The question of whether heated fats in the diet may be detrimental to health is nowadays of the upmost concern, but finding an answer is not easy and requires careful consideration of different aspects of lipid oxidation. This review is divided into two sections. The first part deals with the nature of the new compounds formed at high temperature in the frying process as well as their occurrence in the diet while the second part focuses on their possible nutritional and physiological effects. Oxidation products present in abused frying fats and oils are the compounds most suspected of impairing the nutritional properties of the oils or involving adverse physiological effects. The recent studies on their health implications include those related to their fate and those focused on their effects in metabolic pathways and the most prevalent diseases.
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Martin-Conty, José Luis, Francisco Martin-Rodríguez, Juan José Criado-Álvarez, Carlos Alberto Castillo-Sarmiento, Clara Maestre-Miquel, Alicia Mohedano-Moriano, Begoña Polonio-López, Carlos Durantez-Fernández, Miguel Ángel Castro-Villamor y Antonio Viñuela. "How Health Habits Influence the Physiological Response During a Physical Activity in Extreme Temperatures?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 17 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 6374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176374.
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Background: The purpose of the study was to determine to what degree the health habits of university students influence their physiological response during a 10-min high-intensity exercise. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional cohort study with 59 health science students, in which we analyzed their adherence to a Mediterranean and low-fat diet, as well as their activity levels. We correlated these factors with the physiological response (lactic acid and heart rate) and a series of anthropometric parameters in intense physical activity (cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for 10 min) in three scenarios: extreme cold, extreme heat and a control situation at room temperature. Results: The results of this study demonstrate that in university students, a greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a better response to physical exercise, in this case, 10-min CPR, in hostile environments. Conclusions: Following healthy eating guidelines improves physical performance and delays the appearance of fatigue; both are important aspects for a better performance of CPR.
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Tajchman, K. "Selected haematological indices in farmed male fallow deer (Dama dama) depending on the different conditions during the wintering period". Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 9 (27 de septiembre de 2019): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2019-vetmed.
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Fallow deer (Dama dama) are the most common breeding species among farmed cervids in Poland. Monitoring the animals’ health, nutritional status, and welfare are highly important aspects in their breeding. Haematological variables are important indicators for comparing the physiological status of the animals and for monitoring the changes in the organism related to the adaptation to the breeding conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the day’s length and the total protein content in the diet for the farmed fallow deer on the selected haematological variables. The study demonstrated a significant decline in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and an increase of the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P < 0.05) in all the animals after the winter period. However, the animal group exposed to prolonged daylight exhibited a significant increase in the platelet distribution width (PDW) and platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) (P < 0.05). In turn, the group receiving a lower amount of protein in the diet was characterised by a significant reduction in the platelet count (PLT) (P < 0.05). Thus, the length of daylight and the protein content of the diet for fallow deer exert a significant impact on several haematological characteristics, which may serve as indicators of an animal’s nutritional status and welfare.
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Nakajima, Kenichiro, Shalini Jain, Inigo Ruiz de Azua, Sara M. McMillin, Mario Rossi y Jürgen Wess. "Minireview: Novel Aspects of M3 Muscarinic Receptor Signaling in Pancreatic β-Cells". Molecular Endocrinology 27, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2013): 1208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2013-1084.
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The release of insulin from pancreatic β-cells is regulated by a considerable number of G protein–coupled receptors. During the past several years, we have focused on the physiological importance of β-cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3Rs). At the molecular level, the M3R selectively activates G proteins of the Gq family. Phenotypic analysis of several M3R mutant mouse models, including a mouse strain that lacks M3Rs only in pancreatic β-cells, indicated that β-cell M3Rs play a key role in maintaining blood glucose levels within a normal range. Additional studies with transgenic M3R mouse models strongly suggest that strategies aimed to enhance signaling through β-cell M3Rs may prove useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. More recently, we analyzed transgenic mice that expressed an M3R-based designer receptor in a β-cell–specific fashion, which enabled us to chronically activate a β-cell Gq-coupled receptor by a drug that is otherwise pharmacologically inert. Drug-dependent activation of this designer receptor stimulated the sequential activation of Gq, phospholipase C, ERK1/2, and insulin receptor substrate 2 signaling, thus triggering a series of events that greatly improved β-cell function. Most importantly, chronic stimulation of this pathway protected mice against experimentally induced diabetes and glucose intolerance, induced either by streptozotocin or by the consumption of an energy-rich, high-fat diet. Because β-cells are endowed with numerous receptors that mediate their cellular effects via activation of Gq-type G proteins, these findings provide a rational basis for the development of novel antidiabetic drugs targeting this class of receptors.
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Burchfield, E., N. S. Agar y I. D. Hume. "Effects of terpenes and tannins on some physiological and biochemical parameters in two species of phalangerid possums (Marsupialia : Phalangeridae)". Australian Journal of Zoology 53, n.º 6 (2005): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05045.
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The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and the short-eared possum (T. caninus) are closely related but differ in several aspects of their life-history strategy, habitat and diet preferences. Both are generalist herbivores, but T. vulpecula consumes significant amounts of Eucalyptus spp. foliage, while T. caninus instead feeds mainly on Acacia spp. Eucalypt foliage is protected against herbivory by several classes of plant secondary compounds, including terpenes and tannins, while acacia foliage is protected mainly by tannins. We compared the responses of these two possum species to the addition of either sesquiterpenes or a hydrolysable tannin to a basal diet free of these compounds. In both species, sesquiterpenes tended to reduce food intake, and increased plasma concentrations of albumin and decreased concentrations of bicarbonate, the latter consistent with changes in acid–base balance. Tannic acid significantly depressed food intake in both species, and depressed plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, glucose, sodium and chloride, consistent with dehydration. T. vulpecula increased urinary glucuronic acid excretion three-fold in response to dietary sesquiterpenes but there was no increase in T. caninus. T. vulpecula had five- to six-fold greater plasma concentrations of bilirubin, a potent antioxidant, than did T. caninus across all treatments. Results suggest that T. vulpecula can better withstand the detrimental effects of plant secondary compounds, consistent with its wider spectrum of foods and broader habitat preferences.
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Axenov-Gribanov, D. V., D. S. Bedulina, Y. A. Shirokova, V. A. Emshanova, Y. A. Lubyaga, K. P. Vereshchagina, A. E. Saranchina, T. P. Pobezhimova y M. A. Timofeyev. "Diet influence on mechanisms of non-specific stress-response in Baikal endemic amphipod species during long-term laboratory exposure". Crustaceana 92, n.º 11-12 (5 de diciembre de 2019): 1349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003951.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to estimate one of the important aspects of amphipod laboratory culturing — the effect of different types of nutrition on the key biochemical markers widely used in biomonitoring. The study was performed with the Baikal endemic amphipod species Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (Gerstfeldt, 1858), E. cyaneus (Dybowski, 1874), and Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing, 1899). These species are characterized by different ecological properties and evolutionary history. The results of the study demonstrate that a long-term laboratory exposure to different diets has a direct effect on vital and physiological parameters of the species’ adaptation (mortality, weight, protein concentration). Also, feeding imposes its influence on the common stress-markers of oxidative stress (activities of peroxidase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), and on anaerobic metabolism (activity of lactate dehydrogenase) in Baikal amphipods, and this effect has a species-specific character. The results should be taken into consideration in future ecophysiological experiments performed with amphipods.
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Collison, Kate S., Marya Z. Zaidi, Soad M. Saleh, Angela Inglis, Rhea Mondreal, Nadine J. Makhoul, Razan Bakheet, Joey Burrows, Norton W. Milgram y Futwan A. Al-Mohanna. "Effect oftrans-fat, fructose and monosodium glutamate feeding on feline weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipokine and lipid profile". British Journal of Nutrition 106, n.º 2 (24 de marzo de 2011): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451000588x.
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The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing, and new experimental models are required to investigate the diverse aspects of these polygenic diseases, which are intimately linked in terms of aetiology. Feline T2DM has been shown to closely resemble human T2DM in terms of its clinical, pathological and physiological features. Our aim was to develop a feline model of diet-induced weight gain, adiposity and metabolic deregulation, and to examine correlates of weight and body fat change, insulin homeostasis, lipid profile, adipokines and clinical chemistry, in order to study associations which may shed light on the mechanism of diet-induced metabolic dysregulation. We used a combination of partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening and high-fructose corn syrup to generate a high-fat–high-fructose diet. The effects of this diet were compared with an isoenergetic standard chow, either in the presence or absence of 1·125 % dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body imaging and a glucose tolerance test were performed. The present results indicate that dietary MSG increased weight gain and adiposity, and reduced insulin sensitivity (P < 0·05), whereas high-fat–high-fructose feeding resulted in elevated cortisol and markers of liver dysfunction (P < 0·01). The combination of all three dietary constituents resulted in lower insulin levels and elevated serum β-hydroxybutyrate and cortisol (P < 0·05). This combination also resulted in a lower first-phase insulin release during glucose tolerance testing (P < 0·001). In conclusion, markers of insulin deregulation and metabolic dysfunction associated with adiposity and T2DM can be induced by dietary factors in a feline model.
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Li, Y., S. Zhuang, Y. Wu, H. Ren, F. Cheng, X. Lin, K. Wang, J. Beardall y K. Gao. "Ocean acidification modulates expression of genes and physiological performance of a marine diatom". Biogeosciences Discussions 12, n.º 18 (24 de septiembre de 2015): 15809–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-15809-2015.
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Abstract. Ocean Acidification (OA) is known to affect various aspects of the physiological performance of diatoms, but there is little information on the underlining molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we show that in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum expression of the genes related to light harvesting, carbon acquisition and carboxylation, nitrite assimilation and ATP synthesis are modulated by OA. Growth and photosynthetic carbon fixation were enhanced by elevated CO2 (1000 μatm) under both constant indoor and fluctuating outdoor light regimes. The genetic expression of nitrite reductase (NiR) was up-regulated by OA regardless of light levels and/or regimes. The transcriptional expression of fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c protein (lhcf type (FCP)) and mitochondrial ATP synthase (mtATP synthase) genes were also enhanced by OA, but only under high light intensity. OA treatment decreased the expression of β-carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) along with down-regulation of CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Additionally, the genes for these proteins (NiR, FCP, mtATP synthase, β-CA) showed diel expressions either under constant indoor light or fluctuating sunlight. Thus, OA enhanced photosynthetic and growth rates by stimulating nitrogen assimilation and indirectly by down-regulating the energy-costly inorganic carbon acquisition process.
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Mojarab-Mahboubkar, Malahat, Jalal Jalali Sendi y Alireza Aliakbar. "Effect of Artemisia annua L. essential oil on toxicity, enzyme activities, and energy reserves of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0049.
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AbstractThe essential oil of Artemisia annua L., a weed collected from northern Iran, was studied for its toxicity and physiological aspects on 4th instar larva of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner in controlled conditions (26±1°C, 65±10% RH and 16 L : : 8 D h). The artificial diet was used as a medium for investigating the toxicity and the effect of LC10, LC30, LC50, and LC90on the feeding efficiency of 4th instar larva. The essential oil in doses of LC10, LC30, LC50, and LC90were estimated to be 2.01%, 3.86%, 6.07%, and 18.34%, respectively. The activity of α-amylase, protease, lipase, general esterases, and glutathione S-transferase and protein, triglyceride, glucose for treated larva were measured. The results showed that all of these parameters were decreased compared with the control. Hence, A. annua essential oil is suggested as a botanical for controlling this important pest of field crops.
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Silva, L. F. P., R. M. Dixon y D. F. A. Costa. "Nitrogen recycling and feed efficiency of cattle fed protein-restricted diets". Animal Production Science 59, n.º 11 (2019): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19234.
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The ability of cattle to grow and reproduce when ingesting low-protein diets is a crucial attribute for productive beef cattle systems in the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics. Nitrogen (N) recycling to the rumen is an important and known physiological mechanism allowing ruminants to efficiently grow in low-protein diets, but is usually disregarded in the nutritional models. This review discusses the role and magnitude of N recycling to provide additional N as microbial substrate in the rumen and in determining the efficiency of ruminants ingesting low-protein diets, to better understand the major factors regulating N recycling to the rumen. In addition to a review of the literature, study-adjusted regressions were used to evaluate various aspects of crude protein (CP) intake and availability, N recycling and excretion. There is large variation in N excretion and N-use efficiency among diets and among individuals, illustrating the opportunity for improvement in overall efficiency of cattle production. These data indicated that N recycling to the entire gastrointestinal tract supplies from half to twice as much N available for microbial growth as does the diet. Addition of rumen-degradable protein can increase rumen efficiency in using the available energy, as, conversely, the addition of fermentable energy can increase rumen efficiency in using the available CP. The present review has demonstrated that both are possible because of greater N recycling. Also, the importance of preserving the available N for determining individual variation in feed efficiency and the implications for selection are discussed. Nitrogen recycling can be controlled at both the epithelial wall of compartments of the gastrointestinal tract and at the liver, where ureagenesis occurs. Addition of fermentable energy can increase N recycling to the rumen and to post-ruminal tract by acting at both sites, and the mechanisms for this are discussed in the text. Although the effect of altering CP concentration in the diet has been substantially investigated, other factors potentially modulating N recycling, such as total fermentable energy, sources of protein and energy, hormonal modulation, and genetic variance, remain poorly understood. The selection of more efficient animals and development of diets with a lower environmental impact inescapably means further elucidation of the N-recycling mechanism.
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Badger, Thomas M., Martin J. J. Ronis y Reza Hakkak. "Developmental Effects and Health Aspects of Soy Protein Isolate, Casein, and Whey in Male and Female Rats". International Journal of Toxicology 20, n.º 3 (mayo de 2001): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158101317097755.
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Dietary factors other than the traditional nutrients are found in the so-called functional foods. They are becoming increasingly recognized as potentially important for maintaining good health. Soybeans are rich in such factors thought to help prevent certain chronic diseases. Soy protein isolate (SPI) is one of the three major proteins used in infant formulas sold in the United States, with casein (CAS) and whey (WPH) proteins being the others. We have been studying the health effects of these proteins. Safety concerns have developed over the consumption of soy-based infant formula, partly because of the high circulating levels of the total isoflavones (phytoestrogens) during “critical periods of infant development.” There is a paucity of data on developmental, physiological, neurophysiological, behavioral, metabolic, or molecular effects of soy phytochemicals in humans, especially during pregnancy and infancy. We have studied the effects of CAS, SPI, and WPH in short-term, long-term, and multigenerational studies in rats. Aside from minor differences in body weight gain profiles, CAS-, SPI-or WPH-fed rats did not differ in development, organ weights, in vitro hepatic metabolism of testosterone (T), or reproductive performance. However, some endocrine-related functions differed between rats fed these proteins. We found that SPI accelerated puberty in female rats ( p <.05) and WPH delayed puberty in males and females, as compared with CAS ( p <.05). Gender differences were also found in gonadectomy-induced steroid responses. Male rats had normal serum T levels, but female rats fed SPI had reduced serum 17β-estradiol concentrations and a blunted 17β-estradiol response to ovariectomy, as compared to rats fed CAS or WHP ( p <.05). Female rats fed SPI or WHP or treated with genistein had reduced incidence of chemically induced mammary cancers ( p <.05) compared to CAS controls, with WHP reducing tumor incidence by as much as 50%, findings that replicate previous results from our laboratory. Together, these results suggest gender-specific differences in development and certain endocrine responses among rats fed diets composed of a single protein source such as those used in infant formulas. Whether similar developmental effects occur in human infants is unknown, but unlikely because (1) most infants do not consume such diets throughout life as these rats did, and (2) no such effects have been reported in millions of American infants fed infant formula containing these proteins. The long-term health consequence implications of early diet exposure to SPI and WPH, such as reduced breast cancer incidence, are likely to be very positive.
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Salavelis, A. y S. Pavlovsky. "RATIONAL NUTRITION AS A PART OF RECOVERY MEASURES FOR INCREASED PHYSICAL LOADS". Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 21, n.º 1 (12 de septiembre de 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v21i1.2092.
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The article is devoted to the problem of organizing a balanced diet of student youth who are engaged in active sports. The authors of the article conducted a general analysis of problematic aspects of the organization of these types of nutrition of young athletes, considered current trends in demand for certain types of sports functional foods and recommendations of domestic and foreign experts to address relevant issues.The study of modern experience in the organization of diets of professional athletes allowed to determine the basic principles of building an adequate diet of modern athletes and formulate practical recommendations with certain sets of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of certain types of food that are most suitable for athletes engaged in various active sports. During the formulation of the relevant recommendations, the peculiarities of the course of physiological processes in the body of a person who experiences different types of sports load were taken into account. These loads impose additional requirements on the human body, the observance of which depends on the general state of health and well-being of athletes both during training and during the performance of daily activities related to human life. Based on the understanding of these factors, during the study a questionnaire survey of young athletes was conducted to determine: the general eating habits of modern youth; used diets both during training and during rest; the most popular foods and favorite dishes made from them.Statistical processing of the results of the survey showed a high degree of awareness of students about the importance of balanced diets and the most important food components, the consumption of which affects the likelihood of achieving sports results. It was found that most young people prefer specialized functional products of targeted action, in particular, a variety of protein shakes and gainers, as well as so-called "sports" chocolate bars with different recipes. They are based on carbohydrate- protein mixtures with a certain ratio of simple and complex carbohydrates, which are further enriched with certain types of amino acids, vitamins, as well as creatine, trace elements and unsaturated fatty acids. At the same time, the analysis of the results of the survey of young athletes and the relationship of these data with modern experience in the organization of diets of professional athletes revealed a number of issues that require additional research. Addressing these issues will contribute to more efficient consumption by athletes not only of specialized foods, but also of the simplest, most common components of the human diet. Their combined consumption together with specialized foods will help to achieve the most optimal state of the body with a variety of sports activities and, if necessary, will significantly reduce the degree of consumption by athletes of specialized sports products. That is why the authors analyzed modern sports carbohydrate-protein mixtures and identified the most optimal ratio of simple and complex carbohydrates in them, determined the rational ratio of amino acids, vitamins, creatine, trace elements and unsaturated fatty acids in appropriate mixtures designed to optimize the course of physiological processes before and after sports activities of the body. Based on the modern experience of organizing the diets of professional athletes, recommendations were formulated for the use of both specialized and conventional foods in the diet of young athletes and recommendations were given to adjust the overall diet of young people who lead an active lifestyle.
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Langley, Simon C. y Alan A. Jackson. "Increased Systolic Blood Pressure in Adult Rats Induced by Fetal Exposure to Maternal Low Protein Diets". Clinical Science 86, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1994): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0860217.
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1. Possible associations between maternal nutrition in pregnancy and non-communicable diseases of adulthood were assessed using a rat model. Rats were habituated to diets containing a range of protein levels (18, 12, 9 and 6% by weight), over a 14 day period, before mating. The low protein diets were maintained throughout pregnancy. Lactating mothers and their offspring were transferred to a standard chow diet (20% protein). 2. Pregnant rats demonstrated a graded response to the diets, with those fed 9 and 6% protein tending to consume less energy and gain less weight than 18% protein fed controls. Litter size and newborn death rates were not significantly altered by the low protein diets. 3. Offspring of 12 and 9% protein fed dams were grossly normal, gaining weight at a similar rate to those born to 18% protein fed control rats. Offspring of the 6% protein fed dams were smaller than pups from all other groups, over a 21 week period. 4. At 9 weeks of age, systolic blood pressure was determined in the offspring. All offspring from the three low protein groups were found to have significantly elevated blood pressure (15–22 mmHg) relative to the control group. An inverse relationship between maternal protein intake and the systolic blood pressure of the offspring was observed. Blood pressure remained elevated in the offspring of the 9 and 6% protein fed dams until 21 weeks of age. The observed hypertension was associated with increased pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the low protein groups. 5. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that poor maternal nutrition in pregnancy may irreversibly impair aspects of physiological and biochemical function in the fetus. This has potential adverse consequences for the later health of the offspring.
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Subramanya, Sandeep B., Veedamali S. Subramanian y Hamid M. Said. "Chronic alcohol consumption and intestinal thiamin absorption: effects on physiological and molecular parameters of the uptake process". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 299, n.º 1 (julio de 2010): G23—G31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00132.2010.
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Thiamin is essential for normal cellular functions, and its deficiency leads to a variety of clinical abnormalities. Humans and other mammals obtain the vitamin via intestinal absorption. The intestine is exposed to two sources of thiamin, a dietary and a bacterial (i.e., normal microflora of the large intestine) source. Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with thiamin deficiency, which is caused (in part) by inhibition in intestinal thiamin absorption. However, little is known about the physiological and molecular aspects of the intestinal thiamin uptake process that are affected by chronic alcohol use. To address these issues, we used rats fed an alcohol-liquid diet and human intestinal epithelial HuTu-80 cells chronically exposed to ethanol as model systems. The results showed that chronic alcohol feeding to rats led to a significant inhibition in carrier-mediated thiamin transport across both the jejunal brush-border membrane and basolateral membrane domains. This was associated with a significant reduction in level of expression of thiamin transporter-1 (THTR-1), but not THTR-2, at the protein and mRNA levels. Level of expression of the heterogenous nuclear RNA of THTR-1 in the intestine of alcohol-fed rats was also decreased compared with their pair-fed controls. Chronic alcohol feeding also caused a significant inhibition in carrier-mediated thiamin uptake in rat colon. Studies with HuTu-80 cells chronically exposed to ethanol also showed a significant inhibition in carrier-mediated thiamin uptake. This inhibition was associated with a reduction in level of expression of human THTR-1 and THTR-2 at the protein, mRNA, and transcriptional (promoter activity) levels. These studies demonstrate that chronic alcohol feeding inhibits intestinal thiamin absorption via inhibition of the individual membrane transport event across the polarized absorptive epithelial cells. Furthermore, the inhibition is, at least in part, mediated via transcriptional mechanism(s).
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Begma, N. A. y O. I. Musich. "Increase of the growth rate in young pigs while using the feed additive «Natufactant»". Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine 9, n.º 1 (2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/2021.91006.
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The improvement of production indicators (feed conversion ratio, average daily body weight gain, growth rate, etc.) in animal husbandry implies a high energy requirement. Such a need can only be met by including fats in the diet. Fat is the main and most efficient source of feed energy, but at the same time, one of the most expensive feed component. Using a fat emulsifier is an increase in the quality of the obtained product and a decrease in its cost. The addition of synthetic emulsifiers is a relatively new opportunity to increase fats’ active surface compared to other widely used feed additives. This reduces the cost for oil in the feed and also a chance to reduce feed total cost. By increasing fats’ active surface, emulsifiers expand the action of lipases and promote micelles formation. Higher the fat percentage in the diet, lower the percentage of its absorption. In high-energy diets without the use of complex emulsifiers, from 36% to 70% of the fat introduced into the feed is not absorbed and is excreted from the body. The beneficial effect of emulsifiers is that the digestibility of fat decreases, and it grows with an increase in the fat level in the diet. An assessment of the effect of the «Natufactant» feed additive on the growth rates of young pigs has been carried out. The maintenance and feeding of pigs were carried out in accordance with the technology adopted on the farm. The nutritional value of the main diet that is used on the farm, as well as after the inclusion of the feed additive «Natufactant», were determined. To conduct research according to the principle of analogs were taking into account the breed, live weight, and general physiological state, two groups of animals of a large white pig breed were created, 25 animals in each, with a live weight of 28 kg. The first group served as a control, and in addition to the main diet, the multicomponent emulsifier «Natufactant» was administered to the piglets of the research group at a dose of 250 g/t of feed, which was given together with the feed once per day. It was found that high average daily gains were obtained from animals to which «Natufactant» was added at the rate of 250 g per 1 ton of compound feed from the first day of the experiment and for 60 days in a row. As a result of the production check, it was found that the introduction of a feed additive into the diet of young pigs made it possible to increase the gross increase in animals’ live weight in comparison with the control, by 10.7 centners with the same level of feeding. New influence aspects of the fat emulsifier usage on the pigs’ physiological state and productivity were disclosed. It has been proven that the inclusion of the «Natufactant» feed additive into the animals’ diet stimulates the digestion processes and assimilation of basic nutrients, improves their physiological state, and increases the average daily weight gain of pigs by 15.3%. The solution to the problem of fats’ digestibility is the creation of new emulsifiers by searching for new molecules and developing effective complexes that have a synergistic effect when one component enhances the work of another. In order to significantly increase the pigs’ productivity and thereby increase the production of pork, it is necessary to ensure sufficient and adequate feeding of animals, taking into account the standards of lipid nutrition. It will also help to improve product quality and reduce production costs.
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Montooth, Kristi L., Abhilesh S. Dhawanjewar y Colin D. Meiklejohn. "Temperature-Sensitive Reproduction and the Physiological and Evolutionary Potential for Mother’s Curse". Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, n.º 4 (7 de junio de 2019): 890–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz091.
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Abstract Strict maternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is hypothesized to permit the accumulation of mitochondrial variants that are deleterious to males but not females, a phenomenon called mother’s curse. However, direct evidence that mtDNA mutations exhibit such sexually antagonistic fitness effects is sparse. Male-specific mutational effects can occur when the physiological requirements of the mitochondria differ between the sexes. Such male-specific effects could potentially occur if sex-specific cell types or tissues have energy requirements that are differentially impacted by mutations affecting energy metabolism. Here we summarize findings from a model mitochondrial–nuclear incompatibility in the fruit fly Drosophila that demonstrates sex-biased effects, but with deleterious effects that are generally larger in females. We present new results showing that the mitochondrial–nuclear incompatibility does negatively affect male fertility, but only when males are developed at high temperatures. The temperature-dependent male sterility can be partially rescued by diet, suggesting an energetic basis. Finally, we discuss fruitful paths forward in understanding the physiological scope for sex-specific effects of mitochondrial mutations in the context of the recent discovery that many aspects of metabolism are sexually dimorphic and downstream of sex-determination pathways in Drosophila. A key parameter of these models that remains to be quantified is the fraction of mitochondrial mutations with truly male-limited fitness effects across extrinsic and intrinsic environments. Given the energy demands of reproduction in females, only a small fraction of the mitochondrial mutational spectrum may have the potential to contribute to mother’s curse in natural populations.
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Lill, Alan y Peter J. Fell. "Aspects of the Ecological Energetics of Development in Rainbow Bee-eaters". Australian Journal of Zoology 45, n.º 3 (1997): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo96065.
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Prefledging developmental energetics of rainbow bee-eaters were investigated by comparing the mass, water fraction and energy density of the egg, hatchling and fledgling, determining the growth rate and pattern of the nestling and documenting the reproductive time investments of breeders. The incubation and nestling periods greatly exceeded allometric predictions. On average, the egg contents contained 26% yolk, 80% water and had an energy density of 25·82 kJ g -1 dry mass. The 3·3-g hatchling contained 83% water and had an energy density of 21·28 kJ g-1 dry mass; its size and composition suggested that it was not exceptionally mature and thus that embryonic growth was inherently slow, but no extra energy loading was evident in the egg to meet the predicted high maintenance costs. Nestling growth was also inherently slow, K for the logistic growth model being 0·266 and t10-90 16·5 days. Nestlings attained asymptotic mass after about two- thirds of the nestling period had elapsed, exceeded adult mass by up to 3·5-g and then underwent a 15% prefledging mass recession. Fledglings contained 67% water, had a mean energy density of 23·33 kJ g -1 dry mass and were capable of efficient flight. Nestling growth was highly labile and intrabrood mass hierarchies and brood reduction through nestling starvation were common and may be adaptations to short-term food shortages. The mean incubation constancy (54% of daytime) and the mean nestling feeding rate of 4 meals per nestling h of breeders were comparatively low; the former probably reflects the insulation of the burrow from ambient temperature oscillations and the latter the slow nestling growth rate. Members of breeding pairs often contributed to feeding the brood quite disparately and auxiliaries’ contributions in the 24% of breeding units that contained them were relatively small. The unpredictable nature of the species’ aeroplankton diet may have favoured slow nestling growth through its influence on breeders’ food gathering capacity and by favouring a relatively high degree of physiological maturity and self-sufficiency in fledglings.
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Dungan Lemko, Heather M., Donald K. Clifton, Robert A. Steiner y Gregory S. Fraley. "Altered response to metabolic challenges in mice with genetically targeted deletions of galanin-like peptide". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 295, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2008): E605—E612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90425.2008.
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Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is expressed in the arcuate nucleus and is implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of metabolism and reproduction. To investigate the physiological significance of GALP, we generated and characterized a strain of mice with a genetically targeted deletion in the GALP gene [GALP knockout (KO) mice]. We report that GALP KO mice have a subtle, but notable, metabolic phenotype that becomes apparent during adaptation to changes in nutrition. GALP KO mice are indistinguishable from wild-type (WT) controls in virtually all aspects of growth, sexual development, body weight, food and water consumption, and motor behaviors, when they are allowed unlimited access to standard rodent chow. However, GALP KO mice have an altered response to changes in diet. 1) Male GALP KO mice consumed less food during refeeding after a fast than WT controls ( P < 0.01). 2) GALP KO mice of both sexes gained less weight on a high-fat diet than WT controls ( P < 0.01), despite both genotypes having consumed equal amounts of food. We conclude that although GALP signaling may not be essential for the maintenance of energy homeostasis under steady-state nutritional conditions, GALP may play a role in readjusting energy balance under changing nutritional circumstances.
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Middlecote, Lucy. "Know your patient: an introduction to the nursing care of donkeys". UK-Vet Equine 4, n.º 6 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2020.4.6.190.
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With approximately 44 million of them worldwide, it is important that veterinary professionals can treat and care for donkeys effectively. In the UK, a decreased workload and nutrient-rich diet can cause donkeys to become metabolically unstable and develop debilitating disease. Donkeys are very resilient and have the ability to mask signs of pain and distress. This often results in veterinary surgeons being presented with donkeys that are already compromised and require high levels of intervention. Most donkeys living in temperate climates are working animals, so there is little research specific to donkeys kept as companion animals, which can be problematic for veterinary professionals working in farm or equine practice in the UK. To deliver the most appropriate diagnoses, treatments and care for donkeys, and to fully support owners, veterinary surgeons and nurses must understand the physiological differences and management requirements of donkeys, compared to horses or ponies. Appropriate care is essential when nursing donkeys and should include all aspects of a holistic approach.
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Jermacz, Łukasz y Jarosław Kobak. "The Braveheart amphipod: a review of responses of invasive Dikerogammarus villosus to predation signals". PeerJ 6 (2 de agosto de 2018): e5311. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5311.
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Predator pressure is a fundamental force driving changes at all levels of the community structure. It may protect native ecosystems from alien species. Therefore, resistance to diverse predators resulting from a universal anti-predator strategy seems crucial for invasion success. We present a comprehensive review of the responses of an invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus to sympatric and allopatric predator signals. We summarize diverse aspects of the gammarid anti-predator strategy, including predator identification, morphological and behavioural adaptations, effectiveness of shelter use and resistance to indirect predator effects. The response of D. villosus is independent of predator species (including totally allopatric taxa), which assures the high flexibility of its predator recognition system. It has a harder exoskeleton and better capability of utilizing shelters compared to other gammarids, resulting in relatively high resistance to predators. Therefore, it can use predator kairomones as indirect food signals (sharing the diet with the predator) and follow the predator scent. This resistance may allow D. villosus to reduce the costs of its physiological responses to predators and sustain growth in their presence. This might facilitate invasion success by increasing its competitive advantage.
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Paone, Paola y Patrice D. Cani. "Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners?" Gut 69, n.º 12 (11 de septiembre de 2020): 2232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322260.
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The gastrointestinal tract is often considered as a key organ involved in the digestion of food and providing nutrients to the body for proper maintenance. However, this system is composed of organs that are extremely complex. Among the different parts, the intestine is viewed as an incredible surface of contact with the environment and is colonised by hundreds of trillions of gut microbes. The role of the gut barrier has been studied for decades, but the exact mechanisms involved in the protection of the gut barrier are various and complementary. Among them, the integrity of the mucus barrier is one of the first lines of protection of the gastrointestinal tract. In the past, this ‘slimy’ partner was mostly considered a simple lubricant for facilitating the progression of the food bolus and the stools in the gut. Since then, different researchers have made important progress, and currently, the regulation of this mucus barrier is gaining increasing attention from the scientific community. Among the factors influencing the mucus barrier, the microbiome plays a major role in driving mucus changes. Additionally, our dietary habits (ie, high-fat diet, low-fibre/high-fibre diet, food additives, pre- probiotics) influence the mucus at different levels. Given that the mucus layer has been linked with the appearance of diseases, proper knowledge is highly warranted. Here, we debate different aspects of the mucus layer by focusing on its chemical composition, regulation of synthesis and degradation by the microbiota as well as some characteristics of the mucus layer in both physiological and pathological situations.
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Hu, Chunyan, Jayalakshmi Lakshmipathi, Deborah Stuart, Janos Peti-Peterdi, Georgina Gyarmati, Chuan-Ming Hao, Peter Hansell y Donald E. Kohan. "Renomedullary Interstitial Cell Endothelin A Receptors Regulate BP and Renal Function". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, n.º 7 (2 de junio de 2020): 1555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020020232.
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BackgroundThe physiologic role of renomedullary interstitial cells, which are uniquely and abundantly found in the renal inner medulla, is largely unknown. Endothelin A receptors regulate multiple aspects of renomedullary interstitial cell function in vitro.MethodsTo assess the effect of targeting renomedullary interstitial cell endothelin A receptors in vivo, we generated a mouse knockout model with inducible disruption of renomedullary interstitial cell endothelin A receptors at 3 months of age.ResultsBP and renal function were similar between endothelin A receptor knockout and control mice during normal and reduced sodium or water intake. In contrast, on a high-salt diet, compared with control mice, the knockout mice had reduced BP; increased urinary sodium, potassium, water, and endothelin-1 excretion; increased urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion associated with increased noncollecting duct nitric oxide synthase-1 expression; increased PGE2 excretion associated with increased collecting duct cyclooxygenase-1 expression; and reduced inner medullary epithelial sodium channel expression. Water-loaded endothelin A receptor knockout mice, compared with control mice, had markedly enhanced urine volume and reduced urine osmolality associated with increased urinary endothelin-1 and PGE2 excretion, increased cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression, and decreased inner medullary aquaporin-2 protein content. No evidence of endothelin-1–induced renomedullary interstitial cell contraction was observed.ConclusionsDisruption of renomedullary interstitial cell endothelin A receptors reduces BP and increases salt and water excretion associated with enhanced production of intrinsic renal natriuretic and diuretic factors. These studies indicate that renomedullary interstitial cells can modulate BP and renal function under physiologic conditions.
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Hardy, B. "Diets for young pigs". BSAP Occasional Publication 15 (1992): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00004122.
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AbstractIn the United Kingdom, the majority of pigs are weaned at 3 to 4 weeks of age. Prior to weaning the main source of nutrients is milk produced by the sow. After weaning, suitable complete diets need to be given that are compatible with the physiological state of the digestive system and supply adequate nutrient inputs to achieve maximal growth with minimum digestive upset. The weaning process, however, imposes considerable stress on the piglet which frequently results in a retardation of growth, often accompanied by problems associated with diarrhoea.The challenge to the commercial nutritionist and the pig producer is to achieve sufficiently high nutrient intakes to reach the maximum growth potential. Improved understanding of the digestive physiology of the weaned pig and better estimations of the nutrient requirements of genetically improved stock has led to the development of appropriate diet specifications. There is a perpetual need to reconsider the most suitable food ingredients to use in diet formulations to meet these nutrient specifications, due to economic circumstances. The food ingredients need to be highly digestible, extremely palatable and to contain no anti-nutritive factor or antagonist to the digestive process. The food form and method of feeding can greatly influence food intake post weaning. The piglet weaning weight to age relationship can also affect the subsequent food intake, growth rate and incidence of problems associated with diarrhoea.There are continual changes and developments within the animal food and pig production industries that affect nutrition of the young pig. These include genetic selection for prolificacy, development of outdoor pig breeding systems, ‘green issues’ including welfare and use of food additives, use of enzymes and probiotics and improvements in food production technology. In the development of diets for young pigs all these aspects need to be considered in achieving an optimal solution in terms of nutrition, management and economics.
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Szakos, Dávid, László Ózsvári y Gyula Kasza. "Perception of Older Adults about Health-Related Functionality of Foods Compared with Other Age Groups". Sustainability 12, n.º 7 (1 de abril de 2020): 2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072748.
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The proportion of older adults in the population is significantly growing in the EU, therefore, wellbeing of the older population has become a social challenge. Functional foodstuffs are food products with nutritional composition that may reduce the risk of diet-related diseases or enhance physiological functions. Therefore, they could play an important role in prevention and mitigation of health-related problems, and in promotion of healthy ageing. The aim of this study is to present the impact of age on consumer preferences about functionality of foods, covering attitude aspects, nutrition claims, possible carriers, some particular health problems and expectations about sustainable production. The results are based on a representative quantitative survey. Findings highlight statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences in preferences of older adults compared to other age segments. They generally accept functional foods, especially when functionality is attached to increased vitamin, protein, and fiber content. Older adults also prefer products with lower salt and sugar content, which were less relevant for other age groups. Products of fruit and vegetable origin are distinguished as carriers of functional traits. Compared to other segments, older adults accept products of animal origin (especially milk products) and even breakfast products on a higher level. The paper provides details about particular health issues that could be addressed by functional foods based on actual consumer concerns.
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Farionik, T. V. y V. V. Gnatyuk. "Вплив хелатних сполук (метіонатів) на м’ясні якості та ветеринарно-санітарні показники яловичини". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, n.º 78 (4 de abril de 2017): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7817.
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Providing the population with food and, first of all, meat is one of the main prerequisites for the development of Ukraine. Biologically complete and relatively inexpensive beef can only be obtained from animals of the meat production direction. One of the conditions for obtaining high-quality products is the full feeding of animals, which allows them to realize the genetic potential laid in the breed. At the same time, the problem of balancing rations for a microelement nutrition, which is characterized by a shortage in soil and feeds of macro- and microelements, becomes important. Some of these elements are components of biologically active compounds and regulators of various metabolic processes, and their lack or excess can lead to significant metabolic disorders in the animal's body and loss of productivity.Despite numerous studies devoted to the study of metabolism and individual parts of antioxidant protection of animals, work revealing the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of these processes in cattle for the influence of scarce microelements is quite limited. The issues not only of protein metabolism and the antioxidant defense system in the age aspect remain, but also the course of these processes for the correction of mineral nutrition, which predetermined the choice of the direction of research, the purpose and objectives of this work.The imbalance in the diet of cattle fattening on mineral substances is accompanied by a violation of metabolism, reduced productivity and resistance of animals, deterioration of the indicators of veterinary and sanitary examination and meat quality. Ratios of cattle, which include feeds require the mandatory enrichment of their iron. Feeding iron metionates positively affects the physiological state of the organism, increases the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin.When using iron in the form of chelates, a high coefficient of its assimilation is established. In blood, the serum iron content of iron increased and this contributed to a decrease in total and latent iron binding capacity of serum. Iron chelates (metionates) more intensively stimulate protein synthesizing function, which manifests itself by increasing the content of total protein, albumin and reducing the amount of globulins.Application of micronutrients and their chelate compounds (metionates) and other biologically active substances has its advantages, the level of assimilation of heavy metals, radionuclides from contaminated feeds and water is reduced, chelate complexes of trace elements (МЕ) easily penetrate through cell membranes, allowing to carry out purposeful influence on exchange substances and energy and to correct the deficit of ME in the relevant biogeochemical zones.
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Strasser, Barbara, Dominik Pesta, Jörn Rittweger, Johannes Burtscher y Martin Burtscher. "Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences". Nutrients 13, n.º 5 (22 de abril de 2021): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051409.
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Regular physical exercise and a healthy diet are major determinants of a healthy lifespan. Although aging is associated with declining endurance performance and muscle function, these components can favorably be modified by regular physical activity and especially by exercise training at all ages in both sexes. In addition, age-related changes in body composition and metabolism, which affect even highly trained masters athletes, can in part be compensated for by higher exercise metabolic efficiency in active individuals. Accordingly, masters athletes are often considered as a role model for healthy aging and their physical capacities are an impressive example of what is possible in aging individuals. In the present review, we first discuss physiological changes, performance and trainability of older athletes with a focus on sex differences. Second, we describe the most important hormonal alterations occurring during aging pertaining regulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure and the modulatory role of exercise training. The third part highlights nutritional aspects that may support health and physical performance for older athletes. Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for adequate energy and protein intake for preventing low bone and muscle mass and a higher demand for specific nutrients (e.g., vitamin D and probiotics) that may reduce the infection burden in masters athletes. Fourth, we present important research findings on the association between exercise, nutrition and the microbiota, which represents a rapidly developing field in sports nutrition.
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Botene de Moura, Daiane, Fábia Benetti y Dionara Volkweis. "AVALIAÇÃO DO ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E DO CONSUMO ALIMENTAR DE UM GRUPO DE IDOSOS". Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Saúde 7, n.º 1 (29 de noviembre de 2018): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/ries.v7i1.1137.
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Introdução: O envelhecimento é determinado por alterações fisiológicas, morfológicas e bioquímicas que leva o indivíduo ter a diminuição da capacidade de adaptação ao meio ambiente. É considerado idoso no Brasil o indivíduo que possui 60 anos de idade. A nutrição, a saúde e o envelhecimento estão relacionados a manutenção do estado nutricional e a alimentação equilibrada. Objetivo: Este trabalho visa avaliar a frequência do consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional de um grupo de idosos do Município de Cristal do Sul. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e de natureza analítica. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada uma tabela composta por questões de identificação do paciente, em seguida foi aplicado um questionário de frequência alimentar. Resultados: Foram avaliados 25 idosos, sendo que 76% eram mulheres e 24% eram homens. Com relação ao estado nutricional 60% apresentaram sobrepeso, 40% presentaram eutrofia. O aspecto positivo foi a preservação de hábitos saudáveis como o consumo de arroz e feijão. Como aspectos negativos observou que a alimentação é monótona, poucos alimentos contribuem para o consumo de vários nutrientes. Apresentam baixo consumo de frutas, verduras, leite e derivados. Além disso houve um elevado consumo de carboidratos refinados, óleos e gorduras e petiscos. Conclusão: A alta prevalência de sobrepeso em ambos os sexos interfere diretamente no estado nutricional dos idosos socialmente ativos, possuem uma alimentação inadequada devido aos seus costumes alimentares, assim faz-se necessário medidas educativas que visem orientar e promover uma alimentação saudável. Contudo estes idosos poderão vivenciar um envelhecimento ativo bem sucedido.Palavras-chave: Avaliação nutricional. Consumo de alimentos. Idosos. ABSTRACT: Introduction: Aging is determined by physiological, morphological and biochemical changes that lead the individual to have a reduced ability to adapt to the environment. It is considered elderly in Brazil the individual who is 60 years old. Nutrition, health and aging are related to maintenance of nutritional status and balanced nutrition. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the frequency of food consumption and the nutritional status of a group of elderly people from the city of Cristal do Sul. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive and analytical study. For data collection, a table composed of patient identification questions was used, followed by a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Twenty-five elderly individuals were evaluated, of which 76% were women and 24% were men. Regarding nutritional status, 60% were overweight, 40% presented eutrophy. The positive aspect was the preservation of healthy habits such as the consumption of rice and beans. As negative aspects noted that food is monotonous, few foods contribute to the consumption of various nutrients. They present low consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk and derivatives. In addition there was a high consumption of refined carbohydrates, oils and fats and snacks. Conclusion: The high prevalence of overweight in both sexes directly interferes with the nutritional status of the socially active elderly, they have an inadequate diet due to their eating habits, and educational measures are necessary to guide and promote a healthy diet. However these elderly people may experience a successful active aging.Keywords: Nutritional assessment. Food consumption. Elderly people.
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Blundell, John E. y John Cooling. "Routes to obesity: phenotypes, food choices and activity". British Journal of Nutrition 83, S1 (junio de 2000): S33—S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500000933.
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Gain in body weight over a number of years could be achieved through cumulative positive energy balances. These positive balances could come about through adjustments in the various components of energy expenditure or fuel utilization, together with shifts in food selection or eating patterns leading to adjustments in macronutrient intake. This means that many combinations of intake and expenditure could lead to a positive energy balance; these combinations can be called routes to body weight gain. However, these routes are difficult to trace by studying random samples of individuals. Previous investigations have found a clear association between high fat consumption and the occurrence of obesity, and although a high fat intake is a strong behavioural risk factor for weight gain, the relationship does not constitute a biological inevitability. Some normal-weight and lean individuals appear to eat a high-fat diet. To investigate reasons for this we have studied individuals initially defined by particular clusters of dietary characteristics related to fat and carbohydrate consumption. Habitual high-fat (HF) and low-fat (LF) consumers have been termed phenotypes. Various aspects of energy expenditure (physiological and behavioural) and energy intake were measured in these individuals with contrasting profiles. HF phenotypes had high intakes of fatty foods and an overall higher energy intake than LF. However, these groups of young adult males had similar BMIs and percentage body fat. The HF had a significantly higher resting metabolic rate (RMR) and a lower RQ, together with high plasma fasting leptin levels, and a higher sleeping heart rate. In HF individuals the physical activity level was somewhat lower and they had significantly more periods of sedentary behaviour than LF subjects. Although HF individuals appear to be more vulnerable to developing obesity, both phenotypes carry particular risk factors and protective factors for weight gain. The use of phenotypes has allowed the identification of different potential routes to weight gain. Different strategies are required to prevent age-related increase in body weight in these quite different individuals.
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Visweswaraiah, Naveen y Kousalya Nathan. "Adolescent Obesity and Eating Disorders: Can Calorie Restriction have a Positive Impact". Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, n.º 4 (13 de julio de 2020): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401315666190114153400.
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Background: The current obesogenic environment with relatively increased affordability and availability of high calorie food and beverages, has led to an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity and related lifestyle disorders in children and adolescents, predisposing them to accelerated aging. The increased prevalence may be due to the eating behavior of adolescents, their genetic and molecular etiology and/or due to the impact of psychological stress and their wrong lifestyle choices. Calorie restriction has been extensively researched for reducing the obesity in adolescents and adults but is yet to be successfully implemented. Objective: The present review paper focuses on the types of calorie restriction diets, the role of its mimics and the nutrigenomic mechanisms that may be helpful in reducing obesity and related disorders in the adolescents. The role of behavioral therapeutic techniques and physical activity has also been highlighted in addition to the calorie restricted diet for bringing about an overall lifestyle modification in the management of obesity. Conclusion: Food preferences are acquired in childhood and sound nutritional practices should be established in childhood to prevent lifestyle disorders and premature aging. Though CR is a known and preferred non-pharmacological intervention in the management of obesity, its implemention has not been explored and evaluated extensively. This is a vital area that needs scientific research as the goals of obesity managements are no longer just weight loss through dietary restrictions. An interdisciplinary method to lifestyle modification in the management of adolescent obesity addressing all physiological and psychosocial aspects is recommended.
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Gurgel-Lourenço, Ronaldo César, Carlos Alberto de Sousa Rodrigues-Filho, Ronaldo Angelini, Danielle Sequeira Garcez y Jorge Iván Sánchez-Botero. "On the relation amongst limnological factors and fish abundance in reservoirs at semiarid region". Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 27, n.º 1 (marzo de 2015): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2414.
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Aim:To evaluate possible nycthemeral and seasonal temporal patterns in fish assemblage associated with limnological aspects and biotic factors in two reservoirs in semarid Northeastern Brazil.MethodsFish were sampled with gillnets in nycthemeral cycles throughout the dry and rainy season in two reservoirs (Paulo Sarasate/PS and Edson Queiroz/EQ). The stomach contents of the predator species were surveyed. The limnological variables were submitted to principal components analysis, while their relation to fish abundance was determined by canonical correspondence analysis. Temporal patterns in relative fish species abundance were detected with nMDS.ResultsTemperature and dissolved oxygen levels segregated the reservoirs physico-chemically. Turbidity and chlorophyll-a levels differed between seasons, and the relative abundance of species differed between the reservoirs. Predators were more abundant in PS, while detritivores were more abundant in EQ. Triportheus signatusand Plagioscion squamosissimus were the most abundant species in both reservoirs. In general, predator abundance was positively associated with high temperature and dissolved oxygen (PS>EQ) and negatively associated with turbidity. The activity patterns of P. squamosissimus could not be explained by fluctuations in environmental variables. Non-predators tended to cluster around the vectors chlorophyll-a, pH and turbidity. Predators had a more diversified diet in PS in accordance with food availability, while predators in EQ ate only fish and shrimp. Nycthemeral patterns varied for the same species depending on the reservoir. Generally, in PS predators were more active during daylight hours while non-predators were more active after dark. However, in EQ predators and non-predators displayed similar nycthemeral activity patterns. Regardless of the reservoir, predators were more abundant in the rainy season. No seasonal trend was observed for non-predators.ConclusionsLimnological differences between PS and EQ influenced temporal species abundance patterns. The species distribution was determined by predation conditions and physiological attributes.
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Lianov, Liana S., Grace Caroline Barron, Barbara L. Fredrickson, Sean Hashmi, Andrea Klemes, Janani Krishnaswami, Jenny Lee et al. "Positive psychology in health care: defining key stakeholders and their roles". Translational Behavioral Medicine 10, n.º 3 (junio de 2020): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibz150.
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Abstract Lifestyle-related diseases have common risk factors: physical inactivity, poor diet, inadequate sleep, high stress, substance use, and social isolation. Evidence is mounting for the benefits of incorporating effective methods that promote healthy lifestyle habits into routine health care treatments. Research has established that healthy habits foster psychological and physiological health and that emotional well-being is central to achieving total well-being. The Happiness Science and Positive Health Committee of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine aims to raise awareness about strategies for prioritizing emotional well-being. The Committee advocates for collaborative translational research to adapt the positive psychology and behavioral medicine evidence base into methodologies that address emotional well-being in nonmental health care settings. Another aim is to promote health system changes that integrate evidence-based positive-psychology interventions into health maintenance and treatment plans. Also, the Committee seeks to ameliorate health provider burnout through the application of positive psychology methods for providers' personal health. The American College of Lifestyle Medicine and Dell Medical School held an inaugural Summit on Happiness Science in Health Care in May 2018. The Summit participants recommended research, policy, and practice innovations to promote total well-being via lifestyle changes that bolster emotional well-being. These recommendations urge stakeholder collaboration to facilitate translational research for health care settings and to standardize terms, measures, and clinical approaches for implementing positive psychology interventions. Sample aims of joint collaboration include developing evidence-based, practical, low-cost behavioral and emotional assessment and monitoring tools; grants to encourage dissemination of pilot initiatives; medical record dashboards with emotional well-being and related aspects of mental health as vital signs; clinical best practices for health care teams; and automated behavioral programs to extend clinician time. However, a few simple steps for prioritizing emotional well-being can be implemented by stakeholders in the near-term.
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Gupta, Vipin, Ruchi Saxena, Gagandeep Kaur Walia, Tripti Agarwal, Harsh Vats, Warwick Dunn, Caroline Relton et al. "Gestational route to healthy birth (GaRBH): protocol for an Indian prospective cohort study". BMJ Open 9, n.º 4 (abril de 2019): e025395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025395.
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IntroductionPregnancy is characterised by a high rate of metabolic shifts from early to late phases of gestation in order to meet the raised physiological and metabolic needs. This change in levels of metabolites is influenced by gestational weight gain (GWG), which is an important characteristic of healthy pregnancy. Inadequate/excessive GWG has short-term and long-term implications on maternal and child health. Exploration of gestational metabolism is required for understanding the quantitative changes in metabolite levels during the course of pregnancy. Therefore, our aim is to study trimester-specific variation in levels of metabolites in relation to GWG and its influence on fetal growth and newborn anthropometric traits at birth.Methods and analysisA prospective longitudinal study is planned (start date: February 2018; end date: March 2023) on pregnant women that are being recruited in the first trimester and followed in subsequent trimesters and at the time of delivery (total 3 follow-ups). The study is being conducted in a hospital located in Bikaner district (66% rural population), Rajasthan, India. The estimated sample size is of 1000 mother-offspring pairs. Information on gynaecological and obstetric history, socioeconomic position, diet, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, depression, anthropometric measurements and blood samples is being collected for metabolic assays in each trimester using standardised methods. Mixed effects regression models will be used to assess the role of gestational weight in influencing metabolite levels in each trimester. The association of maternal levels of metabolites with fetal growth, offspring’s weight and body composition at birth will be investigated using regression modelling.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the ethics committees of the Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi and Sardar Patel Medical College, Rajasthan. We are taking written informed consent after discussing the various aspects of the study with the participants in the local language.
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Macdermid, Paul W. y Stephen R. Stannard. "A Whey-Supplemented, High-Protein Diet versus a High-Carbohydrate Diet: Effects on Endurance Cycling Performance". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 16, n.º 1 (febrero de 2006): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.1.65.
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This study compared a training diet recommended for endurance athletes (H-CHO) with an isoenergetic high protein (whey supplemented), moderate carbohydrate (H-Pro) diet on endurance cycling performance. Over two separate 7-d periods subjects (n = 7) ingested either H-CHO (7.9 ± 1.9 g · kg−1 · d−1 carbohydrate; 1.2 ± 0.3 g · kg−1 · d−1 fat; 1.3 ± 0.4 g · kg−1 · d−1 protein) or H-Pro (4.9 ± 1.8 g · kg−1 · d−1; 1.2 ± 0.3 g · kg−1 · d−1; 3.3 ± 0.4 g · kg−1 · d−1) diet in a randomized, balanced order. On day 8 subjects cycled (self-paced) for a body weight dependent (60 kJ/bm) amount of work. No differences occurred between energy intake (P = 0.422) or fat intake (P = 0.390) during the two dietary conditions. Performance was significantly (P = 0.010) impaired following H-Pro (153 ± 36) compared with H-CHO (127 ± 34 min). No differences between treatments were observed for physiological measures taken during the performance trials. These results indicate an ergolytic effect of a 7-d high protein diet on self-paced endurance cycling performance.
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Mehta, H. C., A. S. Saini, Harjit Singh y P. S. Dhatt. "Biochemical aspects of malabsorption in marasmus: effect of dietary rehabilitation". British Journal of Nutrition 54, n.º 3 (noviembre de 1985): 567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850143.
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1. Sixty marasmic children were investigated for the absorption of xylose, proteins and fats. Their duodenal juice samples were also analysed for bile salts and microflora.2. The marasmic children were then studied in three groups of twenty by allocating them to three different dietary schedules: a high-protein diet (30% of the total energy from protein), a high-fat diet (40% of the total energy from fat) and a high-carbohydrate diet (70% of the total energy from carbohydrate) for 2 weeks and the previous measurements repeated.3. Whereas the high-fat diet resulted in improved fat absorption, along with an increase in total and conjugated bile acids, and the high-carbohydrate diet led to improved xylose absorption, the diet rich in protein resulted in an improvement in the absorption of all three dietary ingredients. It appears that a high-protein diet improves the overall absorption process by improving the intestinal environment as a whole, while high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets bring about adaptive changes related to the respective absorptive processes.
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Pluske, J. R., D. K. Kerton, P. D. Cranwell, R. G. Campbell, B. P. Mullan, R. H. King, G. N. Power et al. "Age, sex, and weight at weaning influence organ weight and gastrointestinal development of weanling pigs". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, n.º 5 (2003): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02156.
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The present study was designed to determine the interrelationships between sex, weaning age, and weaning weight on aspects of physiological and gastrointestinal development in pigs. Forty-eight Large White × Landrace pigs were used in a factorial arrangement with the respective factors being: age at weaning (14 or 28 days), weight at weaning (heavy or light), sex (boar or gilt), and time after weaning (1, 7, and 14 days). At weaning, 48 pigs were removed from the sow: 16 pigs were then fasted for 24 h before euthanasia for determination of organ weights, gut histology, and enzymology, and 32 pigs were offered a high quality pelleted weaner diet ad libitum for subsequent assessment of organ weights, histology, and enzymology at 7 and 14 d after weaning. On Day 6 and 13 after weaning, 2 pigs from each group had their feed removed, and 24 h later were euthanased and similar measurements were taken. In general, the data highlighted the overall gastrointestinal underdevelopment of pigs weaned at 2 weeks of age and of pigs weaned light-for-age at either 2 or 4 weeks. Heavier body organs, gastrointestinal organs, and accessory digestive organs observed after weaning, except for the spleen, presumably reflected the increase in substrates available for cellular growth as feed intake increased after weaning, and the development of organs required to process this feed. Interestingly, the relative weights (% of liveweight) of the stomach and small intestine and, to a lesser extent, the caecum and colon, were greater in the light, 14-day-old weaned pigs, but these differences diminished with increasing time after weaning. Consistent effects due to age, weight, and sex were not observed for villous height and crypt depth, or for the specific activities of the brush-border and pancreatic enzymes measured. However, increases (P < 0.001) in the activities of maltase (P�<�0.001), glucoamylase (P < 0.001), and sucrase (P = 0.020) (all expressed per gram of mucosa), and that of trypsin (per gram of pancreas), occurred by 14 days after weaning. This most likely reflected the inducible nature of these enzymes in response to the increasing intake of substrates provided in the diet. In contrast, the specific activity of lactase declined (P = 0.012) in the first 14 days after weaning. These data suggest that pigs weaned at 2 weeks of age and pigs weaned light-for-age at either 2 or 4 weeks have a less developed gastrointestinal tract, and that its development after weaning might proceed differently to that of pigs weaned older and heavier.
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Shevchuk, M. O., V. G. Stoyanovskyy y I. A. Kolomiiets. "Technological stress in poultry". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, n.º 88 (13 de noviembre de 2018): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8811.
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The article presents the data of domestic and foreign literature on the changes that occur in the bird of industrial cultivation for the development of technological stress. Stress factors are outlined, among which the most significant for the bird organism is the high density of content, the microclimate of the production premises, the conditions of content and composition of the diet, vaccination, transportation. Investigators include high excitability, fear, aggressiveness, anxiety, fatigue, loss of appetite, and disturbance of behavioral reactions of young chickens, quail, ducks, and industrial growth to inadequate changes in external and internal environmental factors. Common signs of stress in the mature chickens, quails, ducks during the development of technological stress set premature mass maturation, decrease and complete cessation of oviposition, reproductive function, weakening of muscle tone. In stress, the activity of all systems of an organism, directed on self-defense and adaptation to new conditions of existence, strains. A prerequisite for the development of stress-reaction is to strengthen the function of the glands of the inner secretion and especially the hypothalamus system – the anterior part of the pituitary gland – the adrenal cortex. It has been established that in the process of adaptation of the organism to the action of adverse factors the concentration of blood sugar increases due to the cleavage of the glycogen in the liver, the mobilization of lipids from the fat depots increases, the intensity of metabolic processes in the adipose tissue increases, and this ensures an increase in the concentration of fatty acids in the blood. The negative influence of stress factors on resistance, immunological reactivity, microbiocenosis state, functioning of the digestive system, preservation and productivity of the bird population are shown. These states are directly related to the activity of the hormonal and autonomic nervous systems and are determined by nonspecific protective factors of the organism. Different ways of correction of disturbed homeostasis are shown. The effectiveness of the use of probiotics, symbiotics, humic substances in the poultry diet is given to prevent the development of negative stress phenomena in their body. It is proved that the management of the processes of development of adaptive ability of the bird organism is one of the key aspects of the development of the corresponding complex of technological measures of their growing and feeding that is conducive to the increase of economic efficiency. The search for methods for the prevention of stress in poultry farming is aimed at eliminating the etiological factors of stress, the removal of birds resistant to stress, the use in feeding substances that reduce the response to the action of adverse stimuli or increase resistance to the organism. Affecting the formation of adaptive reactions of the bird organism long before the stress, as well as in the development of the adaptive syndrome, it is possible to implement its prophylaxis, that is, to ensure the consistent functioning of all physiological systems and the activation of protective forces through the use of biologically active harmless feed additives in diets.
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Athar, Mohammad. "Impact of Protein Diet Supplements on Athletes". Food Science & Nutrition Technology 6, n.º 2 (2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt16000264.
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Protein supplements are one of the most commonly consumed nutritional supplements, whether by professional athletes or amateurs, even by those who use them for aesthetic purposes instead of sporting ones. The thirst for becoming better is increasing day by day and so is the quest for competition. Sports have been one of the greatest of platforms to showcase one’s talent, thus leading to constant hustle for getting better day by day. To improve the performance, diet and physical appearance of the body i.e. muscle growth of athletes, sports nutrient products are developed. The use of these protein supplements in diet has increased the physiological requirement of protein but whether the use of these supplements is having positive or negative effect on the host is still a topic of debate for many. Large amount of protein derived constituents end up in the large intestine in case of high protein diets as compared to medium or low protein diets, leading to more bacterial amino acid metabolism in colon having positive as well as negative effects on the host. We, here, will try to summarize the impact of protein diet supplements on athletes.
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Yurkevych, Ihor S., Lindsey J. Gray, Dmytro V. Gospodaryov, Nadia I. Burdylyuk, Kenneth B. Storey, Stephen J. Simpson y Oleh Lushchak. "Development of fly tolerance to consuming a high-protein diet requires physiological, metabolic and transcriptional changes". Biogerontology 21, n.º 5 (29 de mayo de 2020): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10522-020-09880-0.
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Bajracharya, Rijan, Sonia Bustamante y John William O Ballard. "Stearic Acid Supplementation in High Protein to Carbohydrate (P:C) Ratio Diet Improves Physiological and Mitochondrial Functions of Drosophila melanogaster parkin Null Mutants". Journals of Gerontology: Series A 74, n.º 10 (11 de diciembre de 2017): 1564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx246.
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Abstract Optimizing dietary macronutrients benefits the prevention and management of many human diseases but there is conflicting dietary advice for Parkinson’s disease (PD), and no single strategy is universally recommended. Recently, it was shown that dietary stearic acid (C18:0) improves survival and mitochondrial functions in the parkin null Drosophila model of PD. Here, we incorporate stearic acid into high protein and high carbohydrate diets and study survival, climbing ability, mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration, basal reactive oxygen species, and conduct lipidomics assays. We observed that parkin null flies showed improvement in all assays tested when stearic acid was added to the high protein diet but not to the high carbohydrate diet. When lipid proportion was examined, we observed higher levels in flies fed the high protein diet with stearic acid diet and the high carbohydrate diet. Unexpectedly, free levels of fatty acids exhibited opposite trend. Combined, these data suggest that dietary Protein: Carbohydrate ratio and stearic acid influences levels of bound fatty acids. The mechanisms that influence free and bound fatty-acid levels remain to be explored, but one possible explanation is that breakdown products can bind to membranes and improve the mitochondrial functions of parkin null flies.
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Sams, Michael G., Robert L. Lochmiller, Eric C. Hellgren, Mark E. Payton y Larry W. Varner. "Physiological responses of neonatal white-tailed deer reflective of maternal dietary protein intake". Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 1995): 1928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-226.
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Previously, we observed a strong correlation between immunity parameters of neonatal white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns and probability of survival in an overpopulated herd. As a result, we monitored age-related changes in neonatal fawn physiology, with an emphasis on measures of passive immune transfer, to test the hypothesis that maternal protein malnutrition adversely influences the vigor and immunocompetence of newborn fawns. Body mass and physiological data were collected from 55 neonatal fawns (1–28 days old) born to captive does on either a high-protein (16%) or low-protein (6.5%) diet during the latter half of gestation through lactation (15 March – 1 September). The study was conducted over two breeding seasons (1992 and 1993), with does receiving the same diet the second year to assess diet × year interactions. We found little evidence of compromised immunocompetence of neonatal fawns born to protein-malnourished does in either year. The absence of any sign of suppressed in utero development suggested that the nutritional deficiencies of the diet regime we used may not have been chronic enough to mirror conditions that exist in the wild. Birth mass, hematology, and serum chemistries of fawns suggested that low-protein diets caused reductions in maternal nutritional status by the second year. The results of this study and those of preliminary field observations suggested that compromised immunocompetence of neonatal fawns may be manifested only during chronic malnutrition, when the protein reserves of does become depleted or insufficient.
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Picchi, Monike Garlipp, Andresa Marques de Mattos, Marina Rodrigues Barbosa, Camila Passos Duarte, Maria de Azevedo Gandini, Guilherme Vannucchi Portari y Alceu Afonso Jordão. "A high-fat diet as a model of fatty liver disease in rats". Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 26, suppl 2 (2011): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502011000800006.
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PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to analyze the physiological and metabolic changes occurring in rats subjected to high-fat diet for one month. METHODS: The animals received a modified AIN-93 diet with increased lipid content and decreased carbohydrate content, while the control group received the normal AIN-93 diet. RESULTS: It was observed that the high-fat diet did not induce weight gain but led to greater gain of hepatic fat compared to control. Biochemcal parameters, glycemia, total cholesterol and serum protein did not differ between groups. In parallel, rats receiving the high-fat diet consumed less feed. CONCLUSION: The development of obesity through high-fat diet is associated with increased energy intake and time of exposure to the diet, while the metabolic syndrome is more associated with the combination of a diet rich in fat and carbohydrates.
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Gao, Wen-rong, Zheng-kun Wang y Wan-long Zhu. "Plasticity in the physiological energetics of Apodemus chevrieri: the role of dietary fiber content". Animal Biology 66, n.º 3-4 (2016): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002503.
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Small mammals are usually adapted to cope with changes in food quality and availability. In order to investigate the adaptive strategy of small rodents responding to varying dietary fiber content, in the present study,Apodemus chevrieriindividuals were acclimated to a high-fiber diet for four weeks and then a relatively low-fiber diet for another four weeks. The results show that body mass was relatively stable over the course of acclimation, but dry matter intake, gross energy intake and the mass of the digestive tract increased significantly and digestibility decreased significantly in high-fiber diet mice, while the digestible energy intake was similar for both high-fiber and low-fiber diet mice except for the first week. High-fiber/low-fiber diet mice showed only a significant lower basal metabolic rate and nonshivering thermogenesis compared to low-fiber diet mice on day R1. The high-fiber diet induced a decrease in serum leptin levels and brown adipose tissue mass associated with a reduction in the cytochromecoxidase activity and uncoupling protein 1 content of brown adipose tissue. Body mass, thermogenic capacity, energy intake, serum leptin levels and digestive tract morphology returned to the control levels after 4 weeks of refeeding low-fiber diet. Further, serum leptin levels were positively related to body fat mass and negatively related to food intake. These data indicated that body mass, energy intake, serum leptin levels and organ morphological plasticity were the main strategies by whichA. chevriericopes with variations in dietary fiber content.
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Okiyama, A., K. Torii y M. G. Tordoff. "Increased NaCl preference of rats fed low-protein diet". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 270, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1996): R1189—R1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.6.r1189.
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Four studies were conducted to assess the effect of a low-protein diet on NaCl intake. Young rats fed either control (20% casein) or low-protein (5% casein) high-carbohydrate (CHO) diet were allowed to drink either water alone or water and 300 mM NaCl. Relative to rats fed control diet, rats fed the low-protein diet progressively increased NaCl intake so that, despite lower food and water intakes, they drank 180% more NaCl during the last 3 days of the 21-day test. Additional studies found that rats fed low-protein diet always maintained positive sodium balance, were neither sodium depleted nor hypovolemic, and had normal plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations. The elevated NaCl intake was not secondary to calcium deficiency and was unaffected by mineral supplementation of the protein-deficient diet. Increases in the diet's CH and/or fat content incidental to decreases in its protein content influenced, but could not completely account for, the effect of protein deficiency on NaCl intake. We conclude that protein deficiency is the primary cause of the elevated NaCl preference produced by being fed a low-protein diet and that a novel physiological mechanism underlies this behavior.