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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Highway Loss Data Institute"
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Eguchi, Ronald T. y Babak Mansouri. "Use of Remote Sensing Technologies for Building Damage Assessment after the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake—Preface to Remote Sensing Papers". Earthquake Spectra 21, n.º 1_suppl (diciembre de 2005): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2107967.
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This preface introduces a series of papers that describe the use of remote sensing technologies in quantifying the extent of building damage after the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake. These papers represent a significant milestone in post-earthquake loss estimation. For the first time, independent evaluations of regional damage are documented, which will ultimately allow an assessment of the efficacy of these technologies as tools for post-earthquake damage detection and quantification. Not only were different sensors used, but radically different approaches were implemented in quantifying damage. The conclusions and recommendations of the different papers are generally consistent and strongly suggest that regional damage assessment using remotely sensed data is highly feasible. The papers, however, acknowledge that more research is needed before these technologies can be used to make critical emergency response decisions. Finally, the role of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute through its Learning From Earthquakes Program is acknowledged, largely for helping to promote the use of remote sensing technologies in earthquake studies and for recognizing the value of collaboration through its newly formed Subcommittee on Remote Sensing.
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Garway-Heath, David F., Haogang Zhu, Qian Cheng, Katy Morgan, Chris Frost, David P. Crabb, Tuan-Anh Ho y Yannis Agiomyrgiannakis. "Combining optical coherence tomography with visual field data to rapidly detect disease progression in glaucoma: a diagnostic accuracy study". Health Technology Assessment 22, n.º 4 (enero de 2018): 1–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta22040.
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Background Progressive optic nerve damage in glaucoma results in vision loss, quantifiable with visual field (VF) testing. VF measurements are, however, highly variable, making identification of worsening vision (‘progression’) challenging. Glaucomatous optic nerve damage can also be measured with imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). Objective To compare statistical methods that combine VF and OCT data with VF-only methods to establish whether or not these allow (1) more rapid identification of glaucoma progression and (2) shorter or smaller clinical trials. Design Method ‘hit rate’ (related to sensitivity) was evaluated in subsets of the United Kingdom Glaucoma Treatment Study (UKGTS) and specificity was evaluated in 72 stable glaucoma patients who had 11 VF and OCT tests within 3 months (the RAPID data set). The reference progression detection method was based on Guided Progression Analysis™ (GPA) Software (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA). Index methods were based on previously described approaches [Analysis with Non-Stationary Weibull Error Regression and Spatial enhancement (ANSWERS), Permutation analyses Of Pointwise Linear Regression (PoPLR) and structure-guided ANSWERS (sANSWERS)] or newly developed methods based on Permutation Test (PERM), multivariate hierarchical models with multiple imputation for censored values (MaHMIC) and multivariate generalised estimating equations with multiple imputation for censored values (MaGIC). Setting Ten university and general ophthalmology units (UKGTS) and a single university ophthalmology unit (RAPID). Participants UKGTS participants were newly diagnosed glaucoma patients randomised to intraocular pressure-lowering drops or placebo. RAPID participants had glaucomatous VF loss, were on treatment and were clinically stable. Interventions 24-2 VF tests with the Humphrey Field Analyzer and optic nerve imaging with time-domain (TD) Stratus OCT™ (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA). Main outcome measures Criterion hit rate and specificity, time to progression, future VF prediction error, proportion progressing in UKGTS treatment groups, hazard ratios (HRs) and study sample size. Results Criterion specificity was 95% for all tests; the hit rate was 22.2% for GPA, 41.6% for PoPLR, 53.8% for ANSWERS and 61.3% for sANSWERS (all comparisons p ≤ 0.042). Mean survival time (weeks) was 93.6 for GPA, 82.5 for PoPLR, 72.0 for ANSWERS and 69.1 for sANSWERS. The median prediction errors (decibels) when the initial trend was used to predict the final VF were 3.8 (5th to 95th percentile 1.7 to 7.6) for PoPLR, 3.0 (5th to 95th percentile 1.5 to 5.7) for ANSWERS and 2.3 (5th to 95th percentile 1.3 to 4.5) for sANSWERS. HRs were 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34 to 0.90; p = 0.016] for GPA, 0.59 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.83; p = 0.002) for PoPLR, 0.76 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.02; p = 0.065) for ANSWERS and 0.70 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.93; p = 0.012) for sANSWERS. Sample size estimates were not reduced using methods including OCT data. PERM hit rates were between 8.3% and 17.4%. Treatment effects were non-significant in MaHMIC and MaGIC analyses; statistical significance was altered little by incorporating imaging. Limitations TD OCT is less precise than current imaging technology; current OCT technology would likely perform better. The size of the RAPID data set limited the precision of criterion specificity estimates. Conclusions The sANSWERS method combining VF and OCT data had a higher hit rate and identified progression more quickly than the reference and other VF-only methods, and produced more accurate estimates of the progression rate, but did not increase treatment effect statistical significance. Similar studies with current OCT technology need to be undertaken and the statistical methods need refinement. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN96423140. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 22, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. Data analysed in the study were from the UKGTS. Funding for the UKGTS was provided through an unrestricted investigator-initiated research grant from Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY, USA), with supplementary funding from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. Imaging equipment loans were made by Heidelberg Engineering, Carl Zeiss Meditec and Optovue (Fremont, CA, USA). Pfizer, Heidelberg Engineering, Carl Zeiss Meditec and Optovue had no input into the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of any of the UKGTS findings or this work. The sponsor for both the UKGTS and RAPID data collection was Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. David F Garway-Heath, Tuan-Anh Ho and Haogang Zhu are partly funded by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology. David F Garway-Heath’s chair at University College London (UCL) is supported by funding from the International Glaucoma Association.
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Lindsay, Colin R., Emily C. Shaw, Fiona Blackhall, Kevin G. Blyth, James D. Brenton, Anshuman Chaturvedi, Noel Clarke et al. "Somatic cancer genetics in the UK: real-world data from phase I of the Cancer Research UK Stratified Medicine Programme". ESMO Open 3, n.º 6 (septiembre de 2018): e000408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000408.
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IntroductionPhase I of the Cancer Research UK Stratified Medicine Programme (SMP1) was designed to roll out molecular pathology testing nationwide at the point of cancer diagnosis, as well as facilitate an infrastructure where surplus cancer tissue could be used for research. It offered a non-trial setting to examine common UK cancer genetics in a real-world context.MethodsA total of 26 sites in England, Wales and Scotland, recruited samples from 7814 patients for genetic examination between 2011 and 2013. Tumour types involved were breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, ovarian cancer and malignant melanoma. Centralised molecular testing of surplus material from resections or biopsies of primary/metastatic tissue was performed, with samples examined for 3–5 genetic alterations deemed to be of key interest in site-specific cancers by the National Cancer Research Institute Clinical Study groups.Results10 754 patients (98% of those approached) consented to participate, from which 7814 tumour samples were genetically analysed. In total, 53% had at least one genetic aberration detected. From 1885 patients with lung cancer, KRAS mutation was noted to be highly prevalent in adenocarcinoma (37%). In breast cancer (1873 patients), there was a striking contrast in TP53 mutation incidence between patients with ductal cancer (27.3%) and lobular cancer (3.4%). Vast inter-tumour heterogeneity of colorectal cancer (1550 patients) was observed, including myriad double and triple combinations of genetic aberrations. Significant losses of important clinical information included smoking status in lung cancer and loss of distinction between low-grade and high-grade serous ovarian cancers.ConclusionNationwide molecular pathology testing in a non-trial setting is feasible. The experience with SMP1 has been used to inform ongoing CRUK flagship programmes such as the CRUK National Lung MATRIX trial and TRACERx.
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Chalkley, Martin, Barry McCormick, Robert Anderson, Maria Jose Aragon, Nazma Nessa, Catia Nicodemo, Stuart Redding y Raphael Wittenberg. "Elective hospital admissions: secondary data analysis and modelling with an emphasis on policies to moderate growth". Health Services and Delivery Research 5, n.º 7 (febrero de 2017): 1–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr05070.
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BackgroundThe English NHS faces financial pressures that may render the growth rates of elective admissions seen between 2001/2 and 2011/12 unsustainable. A better understanding of admissions growth, and the influence of policy, are needed to minimise the impact on health gain for patients.ObjectivesThis project had several objectives: (1) to better understand the determinants of elective activity and policy to moderate growth at minimum health loss for patients; (2) to build a rich data set integrating health, practice and local area data to study general practitioner (GP) referrals and resulting admissions; (3) to predict patients whose treatment is unlikely to be cost-effective using patient-reported outcomes and to examine variation in provider performance; and (4) to study how policies that aim to reduce elective admissions may change demand for emergency care. The main drivers of elective admissions growth have increased either supply of or demand for care, and could include, for example, technical innovations or increased awareness of treatment benefits. Of the factors studied, neither system reform nor population ageing appears to be a key driver. The introduction of the prospective payment tariff ‘Payment by Results’ appears to have led to primary care trusts (PCTs) having increasingly similar lengths of stay. In deprived areas, increasing GP supply appears to moderate elective admissions. Reducing the incidence of single-handed practices tends to reduce referrals and admissions. Policies to reduce referrals are likely to reduce admissions but treatments may be particularly reduced in the lowest referring practices, in which resulting health loss may be greatest. In this model, per full-time equivalent, female and highly experienced GPs identify more patients admitted by specialists.ResultsIt appears from our studies that some patient characteristics are associated with not achieving sufficient patient gain to warrant cost-effective treatment. The introduction of independent sector treatment centres is estimated to have caused an increase in emergency activity rates at local PCTs. The explanations offered for increasing elective admissions indicate that they are manageable by health policy.ConclusionsFurther work is required to understand some of the results identified, such as whether or not high-volume Clinical Commissioning Groups are fulfilling unmet need; why some practices refer at low rates relative to admissions; why the period effect, which results from factors that equally affect all in the study at a point in time, dominates in the age–period–cohort analysis; and exactly how the emergency and elective sections of hospital treatment interact. This project relies on the analysis of secondary data. This type of research does not easily facilitate the important input of clinical experts or service users. It would be beneficial if other methods, including surveys and consultation with key stakeholders, could be incorporated into future research now that we have uncovered important questions.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Suzuki, Tohru, Yutaka Terada, Luis Enjuanes, Seiichi Ohashi y Wataru Kamitani. "S1 Subunit of Spike Protein from a Current Highly Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Is an Important Determinant of Virulence in Piglets". Viruses 10, n.º 9 (30 de agosto de 2018): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10090467.
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Base on the sequence of S genes, which encode spike proteins, we previously identified three different types (North American, S INDEL, and S large-DEL types) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) that have re-emerged in Japan since 2013. Based on experimental infections with the North American and S large-DEL types, we also hypothesized that PEDV virulence may be linked to the S1 subunit of the S protein. To test this hypothesis, we have now assayed in gnotobiotic piglets various recombinant PEDVs generated by reverse genetics. Piglets inoculated with CV777 maintained in National Institute of Animal Health, along with piglets infected with a recombinant form of the same virus, developed subclinical to mild diarrhea. In contrast, severe watery diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, astasia, and high mortality were observed in piglets inoculated with recombinant strains in which the S gene was partially or fully replaced with corresponding sequences from the highly virulent Japanese PEDV isolate OKN-1/JPN/2013. Indeed, symptoms resembled those in piglets inoculated with the OKN-1/JPN/2013, and were especially pronounced in younger piglets. Collectively, the data demonstrate that the S1 subunit of the S protein is an important determinant of PEDV virulence, and advance development of new vaccine candidate.
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Marcellusi, Andrea, Gianluca Fabiano, Raffaella Viti, Pier Cesare Francesa Morel, Giuseppe Nicolò, Alberto Siracusano y Francesco Saverio Mennini. "Economic burden of schizophrenia in Italy: a probabilistic cost of illness analysis". BMJ Open 8, n.º 2 (febrero de 2018): e018359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018359.
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ObjectivesSchizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating psychiatric disease with highly variable treatment pathways and consequent economic impacts on resource utilisation. The aim of the study was to estimate the economic burden of schizophrenia in Italy for both the societal and Italian National Healthcare perspective.MethodsA probabilistic cost of illness model was applied. A systematic literature review was carried out to identify epidemiological and economic data. Direct costs were calculated in terms of drugs, hospitalisations, specialist services, residential and semiresidential facilities. Indirect costs were calculated on the basis of patients’ and caregivers’ loss of productivity. In addition, the impact of disability compensation was taken into account using a database from the Italian National Social Security Institute —Italy (INPS).ResultsOverall, 303 913 prevalent patients with schizophrenia were estimated. Of these, 212 739 (70%) were diagnosed and 175 382 (82%) were treated with antipsychotics. The total economic burden was estimated at €2.7 billion (95% CI €1771.93 to €3988.65), 50.5% due to indirect costs and 49.5% to direct costs. Drugs corresponded to 10% of direct costs and hospitalisations (including residential and semiresidential facilities) accounted for 81%.ConclusionsThis study highlighted that indirect costs and hospitalisations (including residential and semiresidential facilities) play a major role within the expenses associated with schizophrenia in Italy, and this may be considered as a tool for public decision-makers.
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Sheffer, Michal, Yiguo Hu, Ophir Shalem, Neville Sanjana, Eugen Dhimolea, Subhashis Sarkar, Megan A. Bariteau et al. "Genome-Scale Crispr-Cas9 Knockout Studies Reveal Mutifactorial and Functionally Overlapping Mechanisms of Myeloma Cell Resistance to Proteasome Inhibition". Blood 124, n.º 21 (6 de diciembre de 2014): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.273.273.
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Abstract Acquired or de novo resistance to established and investigational therapies represents a major clinical challenge for multiple myeloma (MM) and other neoplasias. Despite extensive efforts, clinically-validated molecular markers that predict for proteasome inhibitor (PSI) resistance in most MM patients remain elusive. This challenge is partly due to limited availability so far of molecular data on MM patients before the start of PSI treatment vs. immediately after resistance to it develops; this challenge may also reflect the heterogeneity of the complex molecular mechanisms regulating MM cell response to PSIs. We hypothesized that resistance to PSIs can be mediated by disruption of several functionally overlapping genes, and that the prevalence of any of these lesions may be too low to detect in datasets available thus far. To examine this latter hypothesis, we performed a genome-wide screen for genes whose loss confers to MM cells resistance against bortezomib, through the use of the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–associated nuclease Cas9 system. Specifically RPMI-8226 MM cells were transduced with lentiviral construct for Cas9 nuclease, followed by lentiviral delivery of a genome-scale pooled library of 123,411 single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs), which selectively align to target sequences at the 5′ constitutive exons of 18,080 genes and direct the Cas9 nuclease to cause double-stranded cleavage and loss of function of the respective gene. From the pool of MM cells transduced with the sgRNA library and treated with bortezomib, treatment-resistant cells were processed for deep sequencing, to identify enriched sgRNAs and their corresponding genes. We identified that loss-of-function of 33 candidate genes is associated with bortezomib resistance. We observed a high level of consistency between independent sgRNAs targeting the same gene, as well as a high rate of hit confirmation across different biological replicates. Notably, this set of candidate bortezomib-resistance genes was distinct from the "hits" we identified through a parallel CRISPR screen on the same cell line for resistance to a different targeted therapy (namely the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1), supporting the ability of this approach to identify treatment-specific resistance genes. These candidate bortezomib-resistance genes have documented or presumed roles in the regulation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic cascades, autophagy, Toll-like receptor and NF-kappaB signaling, aggresome function, heat shock protein expression, chromatin remodeling, nutrient sensing, and tumor suppressor gene networks. Importantly, information from several publically available molecular profiling datasets converge to support the putative clinical relevance of these genes. For instance, gene expression data from tumor cells of bortezomib-naive patients with advanced MM revealed several transcriptional signatures of these candidate genes (defined by low transcript levels for any of the genes in the signature) which correlated with shorter time to disease progression after treatment with bortezomib (p<0.01, log-rank test), but not dexamethasone (p>0.426). Congruent with these findings, the highly bortezomib-responsive clinical setting of newly-diagnosed MM is associated with low cumulative frequency of mutations of these bortezomib-resistance genes (e.g. cumulative mutation rate of 3.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-6.55%). Notably, in other malignancies that are typically PSI-resistant, a higher cumulative frequency of such lesions is observed (average of ~28%, range 0-76%, 95% CI 22.46-32.70%; 57 datasets from 20+ neoplasias examined). In summary, this first application of the CRISPR/Cas9-based technology in MM illustrates its power to interrogate gene function on a genome-wide scale. This approach identifies bortezomib-resistance genes that are associated with pathways linked with the regulation of proteasome inhibitor response. Results from molecularly-annotated clinical samples converge to support a possible role for these genes in bortezomib resistance. This experience supports the value of CRISPR/Cas9-based studies to dissect the molecular mechanisms of treatment resistance in MM and other hematologic neoplasias (* equal contribution of M.S. and Y.H.). Disclosures Shalem: Broad Institute: Patent application for CRISPR technology Patents & Royalties. Sanjana:Broad Institute: Patent application for CRISPR technology Patents & Royalties. Zhang:Broad Institute: Patent application for CRISPR technology Patents & Royalties. Mitsiades:Johnson & Johnson: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Millennium Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria.
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Raad, Lutfi, Eric Johnson, Dave Bush y Stephan Saboundjian. "Parks Highway Load Restriction Field Data Analysis: Case Study". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1615, n.º 1 (enero de 1998): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1615-05.
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The loss of pavement strength during spring thaw could result in excessive road damage under applied traffic loads. Damage assessment associated with the critical thaw period is essential to evaluate current load restriction policies. The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities proposed a plan that will provide an engineering analysis of field conditions with 100-percent loads on the Parks Highway for 1996. Extensive data were collected and analyzed in an effort to monitor pavement damage during the spring of 1996 and to determine loss of pavement strength. Field data included truck traffic data from scalehouse and weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations, pavement temperature data, profilometer data for roughness and rutting, and falling weight deflectometer data. Analyses were performed to compare WIM and scalehouse traffic data and to determine the fraction of overweight axle-loads and corresponding pavement damage during spring thaw. Northbound and southbound truck traffic and its effect on pavement damage were considered. Ground temperature measurements were analyzed to determine when thaw initiates and how long seasonal load restrictions are required. In addition, comparisons of remaining life with and without load restrictions using mechanistic methods were conducted.
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Taylor, Emily J. y Diana C. Emanuel. "Assessment of the Efficacy of a Hearing Screening Program for College Students". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, n.º 07 (julio de 2013): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.7.9.
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Background: The Towson University (TU) Speech-Language-Hearing Center (SLHC) conducts annual hearing screenings for college students entering education or health-care professions. Hearing is screened in therapy rooms, and students who fail the screening are rescreened in a sound-treated booth. Students who fail the rescreening are referred for a comprehensive audiological assessment, which is offered at no cost to students at the SLHC. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the hearing screening program, to report trends in hearing screening statistics for the college student population, and to make recommendations regarding ways universities can optimize hearing screening programs. Research Design: The study included retrospective and prospective portions. Hearing screening records were reviewed from 1999 to 2011. The prospective study involved recruiting students to participate in diagnostic testing following the hearing screening and measuring background noise levels in the therapy rooms. Study Sample: Hearing screening records from 1999 to 2011 were reviewed. In addition, during the three-day fall 2011 hearing screenings, 80 students were selected to participate in diagnostic testing. Data Collection and Analysis: Data from the retrospective review were used to determine positive predictive value (PPV) between screening and rescreening. Return rates were also examined. For the prospective study, pure tone threshold results were compared to screening results to determine sensitivity, specificity, and PPV. Results: The retrospective file review indicated that the hearing screening in the therapy room had poor PPV compared with the rescreening in the sound booth. Specifically, if a student failed the screening, they had only a 49% chance of failing the rescreening. This may have been due to background noise, as the prospective study found noise levels were higher than allowed by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard. Only a third of students referred for diagnostic testing from 1999 to 2010 returned for recommended diagnostic testing. For the prospective study, specificity and sensitivity were good when considering hearing loss present at the same frequencies as those screened (1000, 2000, 4000 Hz) but poor in comparison to hearing loss overall. The screening missed many students with a high frequency notch, which was most prevalent at 6000 Hz. The prevalence of a high frequency notch was 21 and 51%, using two different criteria for establishing the presence of a notch. Conclusions: If college hearing screenings are conducted in rooms that are not sound treated, poor PPV should be expected; thus, an immediate second stage rescreening for failures should be conducted in a sound booth. Hearing screenings limited to 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz will miss many cases of hearing loss in the college-age population. College hearing screening program directors should carefully consider the purpose of the screening and adjust screening protocol, such as adding 6000 Hz and a question about noise exposure, in order to identify early signs of noise-induced hearing loss in college students. Programs should focus on ways to promote high return for follow-up rates. Estimates of prevalence of a high-frequency audiometric notch are highly dependent on the criteria used to define a notch.
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Kamitaki, N., B. Handsaker, D. Morris, C. Langefeld, R. Graham, L. Criswell, S. Mccarroll y T. Vyse. "THU0002 SOLVING THE COMPLEX MHC ASSOCIATIONS IN SLE IDENTIFIES SEX-RELATED GENE EFFECTS". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (junio de 2020): 213.1–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2041.
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Background:Genome-wide association analyses reveal that the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is the site of the strongest association signals in SLE and Sjögren’s syndrome. This associations in lupus and Sjögren’s syndrome are linked toHLAalleles: HLA-DRB1*03:01 and HLA-DRB1*15:01 (in Europeans). The DRB1*03:01 allele resides on an extended MHC haplotype which includes loss of the complement C4A gene. Whether C4 makes a genetic contribution to SLE/Sjogren’s risk has been a long standing issue of contention1. In comparison, it has been shown that elevated copy number of C4 is a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia2.Objectives:To define the causal MHC genes in SLE/Sjogren’s accommodating both structural and highly polymorphic variation.Methods:Use NG sequencing data from across the MHC to generate a panel of variants that inform class III structural variation involving the candidate genes coding complementC4AandC4Bas described2. To further improve the resolution of the association using transancestral mapping approach in SLE: examining cohorts of European ancestry (from ImmunoChip) and data from the MHC region of an African-American GWAS in SLE.Results:Comparing European and African data, we have shown that the association signals in SLE can be best explained by signals arising from 1) copy number variation of the complement component 4 (C4) genes in the MHC locus (Fig. 1) and 2) by a shared region in the class II region on the HLA-DRB1*15:01 (in Europeans) and HLA-DRB1*15:03 (in Africans) that likely operates to elevated HLA class II gene expression (Fig. 2). TheC4locus generates a 7-fold variation in risk for lupus (95% CI: 5.88-8.61;p<10-117in total) and 16-fold variation in risk for Sjögren’s syndrome (95% CI: 8.59-30.89;p<10-23in total), withC4Aprotecting more strongly thanC4Bin both illnesses. In schizophrenia, elevated C4 copy number elevates disease risk, whereas in SLE and Sjögren’s lower copy numbers ofC4genes correlate with higher disease risk. In all three illnesses,C4alleles acted more strongly in men than in women: common combinations ofC4AandC4Bgenerated 14-fold variation in risk for lupus and 31-fold variation in risk for Sjögren’s syndrome in men (versus 6-fold and 15-fold among women respectively) and affected schizophrenia risk about twice as strongly in men as in women. At a protein level, both C4 and its effector (C3) were present at greater levels in men than women in cerebrospinal fluid (p<10-5for both C4 and C3) and plasma among adults ages 20-50, corresponding to the ages of differential disease vulnerability. Sex differences in complement protein levels may help explain the larger effects ofC4alleles in men, women’s greater risk of SLE and Sjogren’s, and men’s greater vulnerability in schizophrenia.Figure 1.Loss ofC4is risk in African and European ancestry cohorts. A = C4A, B = C4B, A-B = C4A + C4B (L) = Long form (with HERV), (S) = short formFigure 2.Common class II association after removing C4 signalConclusion:These results nominate the complement system as a source of sexual dimorphism in vulnerability to diverse illnesses.References:[1]Hanscombe KB, Morris DL, Noble JAet al. Hum Mol Genet. 2018; 27(21): 3813-3824.[2]Sekar A, Bialas AR, de Rivera Het al. Nature.2016; 530(7589): 177-83.Acknowledgments:This work was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (HG006855), the National Institute of Mental Health (MH112491, MH105641, MH105653), and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research. The KCL/GSTT biomedical research centre.Disclosure of Interests:Nolan Kamitaki: None declared, Bob Handsaker: None declared, David Morris: None declared, Carl Langefeld: None declared, Robert Graham Employee of: Genentech, Speakers bureau: Genentech, Lindsey Criswell: None declared, Steve McCarroll: None declared, Tim Vyse: None declared
Tesis sobre el tema "Highway Loss Data Institute"
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Shu, Ning. "A comparative study of the physical mechanisms related to highway noise barrier insertion loss measurements versus modeling assumptions /". 2005. http://etd.louisville.edu/data/UofL0099d2005.pdf.
Texto completoLibros sobre el tema "Highway Loss Data Institute"
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Institute, Highway Loss Data. Profile: Highway Loss Data Institute. Arlington, VA (1005 N. Glebe Rd., Arlington 22201): The Institute, 1993.
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Institute, Highway Loss Data. Highway Loss Data Institute, a profile of the organization: Comparing automobile insurance losses since 1972. Washington, D.C: Highway Loss Data Institute, 1987.
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Highway Loss Data Institute insurance collision report: Initial results for 1989 automobiles. Arlington, Va. (1005 N. Glebe Rd., Arlington 22201): HLDI, 1989.
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Institute, Highway Loss Data, ed. Highway Loss Data Institute insurance collision report: Initial results for 1988 automobiles. Washington, DC (Watergate 600, Washington 20037): The Institute, 1988.
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Institute, Highway Loss Data, ed. Highway Loss Data Institute insurance collision report: Initial results for 1986 automobiles. Washington, DC (Watergate 600, Washington 20037): HLDI, 1986.
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Highway Loss Data Institute insurance theft report: Passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles, 1985 models during their first year, 1984 models during their first two years, 1983 models during their first three years. Washington, D.C. (Watergate 600, Washington 20037): HLDI, 1986.
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Nuckols, Teryl, Kanaka Shetty, Laura Raaen y Dmitry Khodyakov. Technical Quality and Clinical Acceptability of a Utilization Review Guideline for Occupational Conditions: ODG® Treatment Guidelines by the Work Loss Data Institute. RAND Corporation, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/rr1819.
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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: EPA needs more data from FHWA on changes to highway projects : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1990.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Highway Loss Data Institute"
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Blackwell, Clive. "A Security Architecture to Protect Against Data Loss". En Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 102–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11530-1_12.
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Khan, Muhammad Saleem, Mohammad Hossein Anisi, Saira Waris, Ihsan Ali y Majid I. Khan. "Data Rate Adaptation Strategy to Avoid Packet Loss in MANETs". En Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 57–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51207-5_6.
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Maj, S. "State Model Diagrams". En Software Engineering for Secure Systems, 192–210. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-837-1.ch007.
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The Internet is an integral part of business communications, however it was based on open standards without due regard to security issues consequently security threats are not only persistent but also increasing. The Computer Security Institute (CSI) 2007 reported a doubling of average annual loss by US companies. There are three primary network security threats: policy, technology, and configuration. This chapter is primarily concerned with the configuration and management of network devices. There are a number of different network management tools currently available, however typically it is problematic to concurrently display configuration data from devices and protocols whilst maintaining a navigational context. This chapter demonstrates how the State Model Diagram method is not only a universal model-driven network tool but also useful for the configuration and management of complex security protocols and devices.
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Yan, Xiao, Jinguang Zang, Ting Xiong, Xi Sui, Yanping Huang y Zejun Xiao. "The Basic Thermal Hydraulic Issues of Applying Supercritical Fluid to Nuclear Reactors". En Advanced Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Energy Systems, 481–553. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2047-4.ch015.
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This chapter is mainly focused on illustrating some introductory progress on thermal hydraulic issues of supercritical water, including heat transfer characteristics, pressure loss characteristics, flow stability issues and numerical method. These works are mainly performed in Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC) these years, to give a basic idea of elementary but important topics in this area. An analytical method was proposed up to predict the heat transfer coefficient and friction coefficient based on the two-layer wall function. Flow instability experiments have been carried out in a two-parallel-channel system with supercritical water, aiming to provide an up-to-date knowledge of supercritical flow instability phenomena and initial validation data for numerical analysis. An in-house code has been developed in NPIC in order to better utilize and further expand the experimental results on supercritical flow instability. At last, some future research directions are suggested for reference.
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De Luca, Domenico, Simone Di Pasquale, Marco Cherubini, Alessandro Petruzzi y Gianni Bruna. "International Benchmark Activity in the Field of Sodium Fast Reactors". En Recent Advances on Numerical Simulations [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97812.
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Global interest in fast reactors has been growing since their inception in 1960 because they can provide efficient, safe, and sustainable energy. Their closed fuel cycle can support long-term nuclear power development as part of the world’s future energy mix and decrease the burden of nuclear waste. In addition to current fast reactors construction projects, several countries are engaged in intense R&D and innovation programs for the development of innovative, or Generation IV, fast reactor concepts. Within this framework, NINE is very actively participating in various Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) organized by the IAEA, aimed at improving Member States’ fast reactor analytical simulation capabilities and international qualification through code-to-code comparison, as well as experimental validation on mock-up experiment results of codes currently employed in the field of fast reactors. The first CRP was focused on the benchmark analysis of Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) Shutdown Heat Removal Test (SHRT-17), protected loss-of-flow transient, which ended in the 2017 with the publication of the IAEA-TECDOC-1819. In the framework of this project, the NINE Validation Process– developed in the framework of NEMM (NINE Evaluation Model Methodology) – has been proposed and adopted by most of the organizations to support the interpretation of the results calculated by the CRP participants and the understanding of the reasons for differences between the participants’ simulation results and the experimental data. A second project regards the CRP focused on benchmark analysis of one of the unprotected passive safety demonstration tests performed at the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), the Loss of Flow Without Scram (LOFWOS) Test #13, started in 2018. A detailed nodalization has been developed by NINE following its nodalization techniques and the NINE validation procedure has been adopted to validate the Simulation Model (SM) against the experimental data of the selected test. The third activity deals with the neutronics benchmark of China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) Start-Up Tests, a CRP proposed by the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) launched in 2018 the main objective of which is to improve the understanding of the start-up of a SFR and to validate the fast reactor analysis computer codes against CEFR experimental data. A series of start-up tests have been analyzed in this benchmark and NINE also proposed and organized a further work package focused on the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the first criticality test. The present chapter intends to summarize the results achieved using the codes currently employed in the field of fast reactor in the framework of international projects and benchmarks in which NINE was involved and emphasize how the application of developed procedures allows to validate the SM results and validate the computer codes against experimental data.
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Tong, Carrison K. S. y Eric T. T. Wong. "Information Security Management in Picture Archiving and Communication Systems for the Healthcare Industry". En Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 682–90. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch092.
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Like other information systems in banking and commercial companies, information security is also an important issue in the health care industry. It is a common problem to have security incidences in an information system. Such security incidences include physical attacks, viruses, intrusions, and hacking. For instance, in the USA, more than 10 million security incidences occurred in the year 2003. The total loss was over $2 billion. In the health care industry, damages caused by security incidences could not be measured only by monetary cost. The trouble with inaccurate information in health care systems is that it is possible that someone might believe it and do something that might damage the patient. In a security event in which an unauthorized modification to the drug regime system at Arrowe Park Hospital proved to be a deliberate modification, the perpetrator received a jail sentence under the Computer Misuse Act of 1990. In another security event (The Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, 2003), six patients received severe overdoses of radiation while being treated for cancer on a computerized medical linear accelerator between June 1985 and January 1987. Owing to the misuse of untested software in the control, the patients received radiation doses of about 25,000 rads while the normal therapeutic dose is 200 rads. Some of the patients reported immediate symptoms of burning and electric shock. Two died shortly afterward and others suffered scarring and permanent disability. BS7799 is an information security management standard developed by the British Standards Institution (BSI) for an information security management system (ISMS). The first part of BS7799, which is the code of practice for information security, was later adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ISO17799. The ISO 27002 standard is the rename of the existing ISO 17799 standard. It basically outlines hundreds of potential controls and control mechanisms, which may be implemented. The second part of BS7799 states the specification for ISMS which was replaced by The ISO 27001 standard published in October 2005. The Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS; Huang, 2004) is a clinical information system tailored for the management of radiological and other medical images for patient care in hospitals and clinics. It was the first time in the world to implement both standards to a clinical information system for the improvement of data security.
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Janczewski, Lech. "Road Map to Information Security Management". En Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 1249–56. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch169.
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Developments in multimedia technology and in networking offer to organizations new and more effective ways of conducting their businesses. That includes both internal as well as external contacts. Practically every business person owns a mobile phone, has PDA/laptop with wireless capabilities, and is able to communicate with colleagues/clients all over the world and from every place on the globe. As a result, well defined barriers between different organizations are becoming less and less visible. This technical progress intensifies the competing forces. In the past, an organization was directly exposed to competition located within their city or region. Now, due to easy communication, their competitor could be located on the opposite side of the globe. The advantage of using multimedia technology and networking could be accomplished only if data handled by a company are secure, that is, are available only to the authorised persons (confidentiality), represent true values (i.e., had not been changed during storage, processing, or transport), and are available on demand (availability). Thus, managing security of information becomes an obligatory part of running any modern IT system. There is not absolute IT system security. If a system is accessible by authorised people, by definition it is impossible to eliminate chances of unauthorised access. However, proper means exist to dramatically decrease the probability of occurrence of such unauthorised activities. This article illustrates the importance of proper managing in information security processes in an organization and presents a first level guidance on how to approach this problem. The most widely known document on information security is an annual Computer Crime and Security Survey (CCSS), conducted by San Francisco’s Computer Security Institute in cooperation with the FBI (CSI, 2006). It is based on responses from over 500 professionals representing all types and sizes of organizations from huge international corporations to small businesses from nationwide government agencies to small community centres. The message the survey is conveying is frightening: • Total losses for 2006 were $52,494,290 (USD) for the 313 respondents that were willing and able to estimate losses. • Losses due to virus contamination caused the most significant loss (over $15 million). • Unauthorised access to information was the second-most expensive computer crime among survey respondents. • As in previous years, virus incidents (65.2%) and insider abuse of network access (47%) were the most cited forms of attack or abuse. • The impact of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act on information security continues to be substantial. In fact, in open-ended comments, respondents noted that regulatory compliance related to information security is among the most critical security issues they face.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Highway Loss Data Institute"
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Pecnik, Rene, Wolfgang Sanz y Paul Pieringer. "Numerical Investigation of Unsteady Boundary Layer Transition Induced by Periodically Passing Wakes With an Intermittency Transport Equation". En ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53204.
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A numerical study was performed to investigate unsteady flow transition under the effect of periodically passing wakes on a highly loaded low-pressure turbine cascade. The simulation was done by a time-accurate 2D Navier-Stokes solver, which was developed at the Institute for Thermal Turbo-machinery and Machine Dynamics. The transition process was modeled by coupling a baseline two-equation k-ω turbulence model with an intermittency transport equation via the turbulence production term. The experimental investigations on the highly loaded low-pressure turbine cascade, called T106D-EIZ were carried out at the Institut fu¨r Strahlantriebe der Universita¨t der Bundeswehr Mu¨nchen (Germany). The available experimental data contains three test cases by varying the isentropic exit Reynolds number from 200.000 to 60.000. The objective of this paper is to show the ability of an intermittency transport equation to model unsteady wake induced transition and separation mechanisms. The numerical results are compared by the pressure distribution, shape factor and loss behavior to the experiments.
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Haug, Jakob P., Rudolf P. M. Rademakers, Marcel Stößel y Reinhard Niehuis. "Numerical Flow Field Analysis in a Highly Bent Intake Duct". En ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76633.
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In many modern aircraft concepts, civil as well as military ones, the engine is fully integrated into the fuselage. This integration often requires a highly bent intake duct. Due to the high degree of curvature and also the diffusive character of the intake duct, the inflow at the engine’s fan is non-uniform and may feature severe flow distortions. The size, strength, and pattern of these flow distortions may affect the engine’s compressor system and its safety margins. In this paper the flow through a short highly bent intake duct geometry is analysed by means of CFD. The numerical simulations are validated against experimental data, which are obtained in extensive investigations at the institute’s engine test facility. The setup for the numerical investigations is based on previous studies of the aerodynamics of intake ducts at the Institute of Jet Propulsion, where it is shown that the shape of the entrance cross-section of the intake duct has a strong influence on the flow field throughout the entire intake duct. In this paper the flow throughout the duct is analysed in order to gain information on the flow features which cause the flow distortion at the aerodynamic interface plane (AIP) and how these flow features interact. Two main flow distortion patterns exist at the AIP, one of them is a system of two twin vortices, one on each side in the lower part of the AIP. These are caused by the particular shapes of the cross-sections in the front part of the duct. The dominating flow distortion in the AIP is caused by a large flow separation in the rear part of the duct, which resides in the upper half of the AIP and results in a large total pressure loss and axial velocity deficit, combined with a twin swirl. Although no direct interaction between these two flow patterns is present, it was found that the small vortices in the lower part are influenced by the flow separation at the upper wall in the rear section of the intake duct.
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Bohn, Dieter E., Jing Ren, Christian Tu¨mmers y Michael Sell. "Unsteady 3D-Numerical Investigation of the Influence of the Blading Design on the Stator-Rotor Interaction in a 2-Stage Turbine". En ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68115.
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An important goal in the development of turbine bladings is improving their efficiency to achieve an optimized usage of energy resources. This requires a detailed insight into the complex 3D-flow phenomena in multi-stage turbines. In order to investigate the flow characteristics of modern highly loaded turbine profiles, a test rig with a two-stage axial turbine has been set up at the Institute of Steam and Gas Turbines, Aachen University. The test rig is especially designed to investigate different blading designs. In order to analyze the influence of the blade design on the unsteady blade row interaction, the 3D flow through the two-stage turbine is simulated numerically, using an unsteady Navier-Stokes computer code. The investigations include a comparison of two bladings with different design criteria. The reference blading is a commonly used cylindrical designed blading. This blade design will be compared with a bow-blading, which is designed to minimize the secondary flow phenomena near the endwall in order to achieve a balanced mass flow through nearly the whole passage height. The investigations will focus on the different loss behavior of the two bladings. Unsteady profile pressure distributions and radial efficiencies of the two blade designs will be discussed in detail. The flow conditions are taken from experimental investigations performed at the Institute of Steam and Gas Turbines. On the basis of the experiments a validation of the code will be performed by comparing the numerical results to the corresponding experimental data at the inlet and the outlet of the blading.
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Atarod, Mohammad. "Reconstruction of Passenger Vehicle Underride: An Analysis of Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Semitrailer Rear Underride Crash Data". En Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-5091.
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Iseler, Jens, Lothar Hilgenfeld y Michael Pfitzner. "Investigations of the Boundary Layer on a Highly Loaded Compressor Cascade With Wake-Induced Transition". En ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90665.
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The flow field through a turbomachinery compressor cascades is significantly affected by the unsteady flow originating from the upstream blade rows. The interaction is caused by the wakes from the upstream blades, which affect the properties of the boundary layer of the downstream blades. In addition, pressure fluctuations exist between upstream and downstream blades. These phenomenona play a significant role in the loss generation process on turbomachinery blades because it influences the onset of transition in the boundary layer and has the potential to suppress a boundary layer separation in some cases. Extensive experimental investigations have been performed at the Institute of Jet Propulsion in Neubiberg, where these effects where studied in detail. The measurements were performed on a large scale compressor cascade called V103-220. The chord length of l = 220 mm chosen allowed the unsteady boundary layer development to be studied in great detail and provided high quality data for this complex flow, which can be used for the validation of CFD codes. Unsteady CFD calculations were performed using the RANS-code TRACE developed at DLR Cologne. A modern variant of the Wilcox k-ω turbulence model in combination with a newly implemented transition model was used, allowing a better determination of multimode transition. A multiblock grid with an O-type grid around the blade and a boundary layer resolution of y+<1 was used. Experimental and numerical results confirm that wake passing has a large influence on the unsteady boundary layer development also in this compressor flow case. The premature forced transition is followed by a stable calmed region, which partially suppresses laminar separation due to its higher shear stress level and delays the onset of transition in the path between wakes. In addition, it was found that the leakage from two slots, which are opened in the rig when the wake generator device is installed, changes the flow field considerably. This effect is not fully reproduced by the CFD calculations. To study this effect in more detail, three-dimensional steady and unsteady CFD calculations were undertaken and are being continued.
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Semones, Paul T., H. Alex Roberts y David A. Renfroe. "Vehicle Evaluation During Sustained Solid Axle Tramp: Part 2 — Application of Methodology to Shock Absorber Design Strategies". En ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51833.
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EI Consultants (formerly The Engineering Institute) has, for over a decade, researched and tested methods of mitigating the controllability effects of solid rear axle tramp by optimizing rear axle rotational damping. This optimization has explored the balance between increasing the damping forces of the shock absorbers and increasing the distance between the shock absorbers positioned along the axle. Axle tramp is detrimental to vehicle handling and stability, since the reduction in normal force at the rear tires can lead to a total loss of control situation. On solid rear axles such as those common on SUVs and light trucks, underdamped tramp motion will result in an oversteer characteristic of the vehicle as the rear lateral capacity is compromised due to the tires alternately bouncing out of firm contact with the road surface. In severe cases of axle tramp, the alternating normal forces at both the input tire and the opposite tire will go to zero when each tire fully leaves contact with the ground. EI Consultants has tested numerous SUVs and light trucks and their responses to axle tramp. In order to excite the tramp mode in a sustained fashion for close study of suspension design alternatives, the test methodology utilizes one rear tire with three vulcanized rubber lumps, placed equidistant about the circumference of the tire. Throughout this research, increased effective rotational damping has been repeatedly demonstrated to have a direct relationship to increased controllability. The most recent testing included maneuvers modeled after those recommended in test standard SAE J266: Steady-State Directional Control Characteristics for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks. This testing included multiple shock absorber configurations, and the data was analyzed in multiple domains to provide insight on the effectiveness of various shock absorber design strategies. Several shock absorber design variables were evaluated, with the most significant of these being the lateral distance between the shock mounts along the axle. Other variables that were able to be observed and evaluated in the latest testing included the balance between shock absorber rebound and compression forces, and the relative effect of “staggered” shocks in side-view angle, where one shock is positioned with a rearward angle, and the other shock is positioned with a forward angle. The effectiveness of placing shocks further apart along the length of the axle was unmatched. This paper is the second of two companion papers presenting theory and results on EI Consultants’ most recent axle tramp testing. Where the first paper focused on new understandings of test data analysis theory, this paper will summarize the results of numerous tests and their application to various design strategies for improving solid rear axle tramp damping, with a motivation for enhancing vehicle controllability and highway safety.
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Salim, Alawudin, Myounghoon Jeon, Pasi Lautala y David Nelson. "Using Naturalistic Driving Study Data to Investigate Driver Behavior at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings". En 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6261.
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Although accidents at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings (HRGCs) have been greatly reduced over the past decades, they continue to be a major problem for the rail industry, causing injuries, loss of life, and loss of revenue. Recently, the Strategic Highway Research Program sponsored a Naturalistic Driving Study, the SHRP2 NDS, which produced a unique opportunity to look at how drivers behave while traversing HRGCs. This research deviates from previous studies by concentrating on day-to-day actions of drivers who traverse the HRGCs without an incident, instead of focusing on the accident events that have formed the foundation most earlier studies. This paper will focus on the effects of the external environment, weather and day/night conditions, on driver behavior at HRGCs. We will present the methodology and data used for the study and provide some early results from the analysis, such as differences in compliance during poor versus clear weather. We will use both a compliance score based on scanning and speed reduction and an analysis of brake and gas pedal usage during the approach to a HRGC. The paper will conclude with a brief discussion of future research concepts.
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Hilgenfeld, Lothar y Michael Pfitzner. "Unsteady Boundary Layer Development Due to Wake Passing Effects on a Highly Loaded Linear Compressor Cascade". En ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53186.
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The effects of wake passing on boundary layer development on a highly loaded linear compressor cascade were investigated in detail on the suction side of a compressor blade. The experiments were performed in the High Speed Cascade Wind Tunnel of the Institut fuer Strahlantriebe at Mach and Reynolds numbers representative for real turbomachinery conditions. The experimental data were acquired using different measurement techniques, such as fast-response Kulite sensors, hot-film array and hot-wire measurements. The incoming wakes clearly influence the unsteady boundary layer development. Early forced transition in the boundary layer is followed in time by calmed regions. Large pressure fluctuations detectable in the ensemble averaged Kulite data reveal the existence of coherent structures in the boundary layer. Distinct velocity variations inside the boundary layer are amplified when approaching the blade surface. The time-mean momentum thickness values are reduced compared to the steady ones and therefore clarify the potential for a loss reduction due to wake passing effects.
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Sagareli, Sergo. "Traction Power Systems Reliability Concepts". En ASME/IEEE 2004 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtd2004-66012.
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Reliability of a traction power system may be defined as its ability to continuously supply electrical power of adequate quality during sudden disturbances such as a short circuit or loss of system elements, while operating with a normal scheme configuration, or during scheduled maintenance and repairs, without causing safety hazards, train delays or public nuisance. While the utility power systems’ reliability may be expressed in outage minutes per year (or any other time period), which is calculated as a ratio of customers’ electrical energy deprivation to system’s total power capacity, for a traction power systems’ reliability evaluation, minutes of train delays caused by power interruption or relative values such as delay minutes per passenger-mile may be utilized. Considering the accelerated growth of traction power systems across the US in recent and coming years [1], creation of a reliability council similar to NERC [2] to develop reliability standards within the railroad industry may be highly beneficial: it could pull together statistical data on reliability from different railroads, analyze them, and develop guidelines and recommendations for optimal solutions to provide adequate reliability with the lowest cost possible. IEEE Traction Power Substation Committee and AREMA Committee 33 on Electrical Energy Utilization could initiate and lay groundwork for the creation of such a council. While most of the contingency situations may be predicted and counteracted on the design stage, only the real-life experience is the ultimate test for reliability. That’s why it is so important to keep and analyze records of any outages and contingencies encountered during traction power system operations. Records for these purposes may be provided by Multi-Purpose Relays [3] that become widely used in recently built substations. Classification of voltage events in future Standard may be based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Standard 1159-1995 “IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality” [4], classification of reliability events — according to NERC Planning Standards [2].
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Heath, Garett, Temi Okesanya y Simon Levey. "A Practical Study of the Influence of Drill Solids on the Corrosion of Downhole Tubulars When Using Brine Based Drilling Fluids". En SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200886-ms.
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Abstract The proliferation of highly concentrated brine drilling fluids systems due to their enhanced performance benefits has instigated a plethora of technical studies on the mechanisms and control of their induced corrosion on downhole drilling tools and tubulars. The majority of these studies often overlook the effect of drill solids on corrosion rates. Therefore, a pragmatic and experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of various factors on the corrosion rates of downhole tubulars with a streamlined focus on the obscure role of the understudied drill solids; which have not been fully elucidated. Drill pipe corrosion coupons and drilling fluids/solids obtained from 5 similar wells (located in Grande Prairie, Alberta, Canada) were utilized for experimental analysis. Wells 1 to 4 were on the same pad (surface drilling location) drilling the same formation with the same fluid properties, while the 5th well was on a different pad but drilled the same formation with the same fluid properties to exclude disparity. Industry-standard measurement was carried out on the live used corrosion coupon rings, drilling fluids and solids obtained from these wells to determine selected properties. The total solids content analysis was carried out using an OFITE API (American Petroleum Institute) filter press. Weight loss tests on drill pipe corrosion coupons were used to determine field corrosion rates which were bolstered with the Parr Hastelloy autoclave test in the Laboratory. The oxygen content was monitored using Hach 2100Q dissolved oxygen meter. Field data, images and experimental results showed that a rapid and minuscule increase of drill solids (as little as 1% v/v) in the active system can impact corrosion rates greater than chemical additives and even oxygen content. It was discovered that low concentration of solids can produce significant damage and a high corrosion potential in non-viscosified fluids thereby making live monitoring of drilling fluids’ properties a priority to mitigate corrosion. This study fills an important technical gap in corrosion study that is indispensable for the optimization of corrosion control in drilling operations. By carrying out a controlled and investigative study backed up with drilling field data and images, the effects of the less understood drill solids have been partially demystified.
Informes sobre el tema "Highway Loss Data Institute"
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Duvvuri, Sarvani y Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Researching Relationships between Truck Travel Time Performance Measures and On-Network and Off-Network Characteristics. Mineta Transportation Institute, julio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1946.
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Trucks serve significant amount of freight tonnage and are more susceptible to complex interactions with other vehicles in a traffic stream. While traffic congestion continues to be a significant ‘highway’ problem, delays in truck travel result in loss of revenue to the trucking companies. There is a significant research on the traffic congestion mitigation, but a very few studies focused on data exclusive to trucks. This research is aimed at a regional-level analysis of truck travel time data to identify roads for improving mobility and reducing congestion for truck traffic. The objectives of the research are to compute and evaluate the truck travel time performance measures (by time of the day and day of the week) and use selected truck travel time performance measures to examine their correlation with on-network and off-network characteristics. Truck travel time data for the year 2019 were obtained and processed at the link level for Mecklenburg County, Wake County, and Buncombe County, NC. Various truck travel time performance measures were computed by time of the day and day of the week. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was performed to select the average travel time (ATT), planning time index (PTI), travel time index (TTI), and buffer time index (BTI) for further analysis. On-network characteristics such as the speed limit, reference speed, annual average daily traffic (AADT), and the number of through lanes were extracted for each link. Similarly, off-network characteristics such as land use and demographic data in the near vicinity of each selected link were captured using 0.25 miles and 0.50 miles as buffer widths. The relationships between the selected truck travel time performance measures and on-network and off-network characteristics were then analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. The results indicate that urban areas, high-volume roads, and principal arterial roads are positively correlated with the truck travel time performance measures. Further, the presence of agricultural, light commercial, heavy commercial, light industrial, single-family residential, multi-family residential, office, transportation, and medical land uses increase the truck travel time performance measures (decrease the operational performance). The methodological approach and findings can be used in identifying potential areas to serve as truck priority zones and for planning decentralized delivery locations.