Tesis sobre el tema "Hokkien"

Le monde chinois ou sinophone ne se limite pas à la Chine continentale, mais il s’étend au-delà de l’État-nation qui est souvent perçu comme étant le phare médiatique de la culture chinoise. La langue chinoise est aussi parlée dans d’autres pays comme Taïwan et Singapour où elle a un statut officiel; elle est aussi langue d’enseignement en Malaisie et à travers la diaspora.Ce monde sinophone n’est pas unilingue et comprend non seulement les langues des minorités officielles définies par la Constitution de la République populaire de Chine, mais aussi les autres langues chinoises, telles le shanghaïen, le cantonais ou le hokkien pour ne citer que les trois langues chinoises jouissant d’un certain prestige. À Taïwan, société multilingue et multiculturelle, à côté des trois langues chinoises, le mandarin, le hokkien, sous sa dénomination locale de taïwanais, et le hakka sont aussi des langues couramment utilisées dans les médias et plus récemment dans le système éducatif ; à leurs côtés se trouvent plusieurs langues aborigènes qui sont encouragées par le gouvernement et jouissent d’une image positive dans la population Han. Cette diversité linguistique est reflétée dans le cinéma différemment en Chine et dans les autres pays sinophones. En Chine, les minorités ethniques ont longtemps été reléguées au statut de sujet anthropologique et présentées au cinéma d’un point de vue paternaliste reflétant une attitude « orientaliste » telle que théorisée par Edward W. Said. Ce n’est que récemment que le cinéma chinois a commencé à produire des films où les minorités ethniques prennent la parole et sont incarnées par des protagonistes prenant en main leur destin. La situation à Taïwan est plus diversifiée : après l’occupation japonaise la majorité des films était en taïwanais mais l’investissement important de la part des autorités dans des productions sophistiquées en couleur a rapidement vu la fin des productions en taïwanais pendant plusieurs décennies. Ce n’est que vers la fin de l’état de siège au milieu des années 1980 que le cinéma taïwanais recommencé à faire usage d’autres langues que le mandarin ; par contraste avec les périodes précédentes, on assiste surtout à des films multilingues reflétant le mélange multiculturel et linguistique de la société taïwanaise du passé aussi bien que du présent.La relative liberté du cinéma sinophone de refléter les pays de langue chinoise dans leur diversité culturelle, d’articuler les contacts entre minorités ethniques en Chine et la majorité Han, comme dans Kekexili ; le souci de réalisme culturel, linguistique, sociétale et historique comme dans Seediq Bale à Taïwan ; le portrait d’une société multilingue à Singapour telle qu’elle est décrite dans Singapore Dreaming sont les signes avant-coureurs que la société sinophone ne se réduit pas à un seul pays et que sur la scène internationale il sera impossible de considérer la Chine comme seule détentrice d’une culture sinophone. Le développement de ce cinéma sinophone dans les festivals étrangers, sur les plateformes de diffusion vidéo ou de salles de cinéma montre qu’il existe un intérêt pour le cinéma sinophone qui est perçu comme une fenêtre sur la culture, la politique et les sociétés de ses composantes. Il sert aussi d’échange entre les différents pays et régions du monde sinophone et pourrait bien être le premier élément d’une culture sinophone transnationale et transculturelle. Dans ce contexte transnational, Taïwan, comme l’avance June Yip à maintes reprises dans Envisioning Taiwan - Fiction, Cinema and the Nation in the Cultural Imaginary, pourrait être le premier pays à avoir abandonné le concept d’État nation et fait preuve d’avant-garde au même titre que le cinéma sinophone transnational
The Chinese speaking world is not limited to Mainland China. It extends beyond Continental China, a country often perceived as the beacon of Chinese culture. Mandarin and other Chinese languages are spoken in Taiwan and Singapore where the former is an official language. Mandarin is also used as a teaching medium in Malaysia and throughout the diaspora.The sinosphere, as it is increasingly being referred to, is not a unilingual society but also includes not only ethnic minorities languages as defined by the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, but also other Chinese languages such as Shanghainese, Cantonese or Hokkien (a.k.a. Taiwanese); these three languages being the most prestigious among others. Taiwan is a multicultural and multilingual society and includes three Chinese languages, Mandarin, Taiwanese and Hakka that are widely used in the media and have recently been made part of the school curriculum; in addition to these languages are found aboriginal languages that are encouraged by the government and enjoy a positive image in the majority Han population.China and other sinophone countries differ in their treatment of this linguistic diversity.In China, ethnic minorities have long been viewed and filmed as an anthropological topic and often examined with a paternalistic slant similar to “orientalist” attitudes as proposed by Edward W. Said. Chinese cinema has only recently started to produce films where ethnic minorities speak for themselves and ethnic protagonists take hold of their own future. At the same time Chinese-language films shot in other Chinese languages are still a relatively rare occurrence, probably due to the official policy of promoting Mandarin as the national normative language.Taiwan presents a more diversified situation: after the Japanese occupation, the majority of films was in Taiwanese, but an important investment drive from government authorities resulting in sophisticated colour productions saw the end of Taiwanese-language productions for many years. One would have to wait for the end of martial law near the middle of the 1980’s to see a return of films featuring non-Mandarin languages; in contrast to preceding periods, the majority of these films was multilingual and reflected the real multicultural and linguistic mix of contemporary and past Taiwanese society.In Singapore and Malaysia, an increasing number of films portray characters switching freely from one language to another.The retrocession to Mainland China of the former British colony, Hong Kong, has triggered an examination of its relationship with the People’s Republic and several films feature interaction between mainlanders and Hong Kong inhabitants.The relative freedom that is enjoyed by Chinese-language cinema to reflect sinophone countries and their cultural diversity; to articulate contacts between ethnic minorities and the Han majority, as in Kekexili; the preoccupation with cultural, linguistic, societal and historical realism as in Seediq Bale in Taiwan; the exposé of multilingual Singaporean society as described in Singapore Dreaming demonstrate that sinophone society is not restricted to one country and that, on the international scene, it will be impossible to consider China as the sole representative and owner of sinophone culture. It is also a means of exchange between the different countries and regions of the sinophone world and could well turn out to be the first element in the construction of a transnational and transcultural sinophone culture. In this transnational context, as proposed in many instances by June Yip in Envisioning Taiwan - Fiction, Cinema and the Nation in the Cultural Imaginary, Taiwan could be the first country to have relinquished the concept of a Nation State and proven to be at the forefront of change in a similar vein with transnational sinophone cinema

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain if the implementation of the 5E learning cycle model in lesson planning and lesson presentation could improve student academics, interest and confidence in science. The 5E learning cycle model consists of five phases of teaching: engage, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate. The phases are not linear and can be taught in a dynamic approach to address demonstrated student comprehension of the content. During this investigation, students completed an interest survey every six weeks and completed pre- and post-tests throughout the treatment period. The treatment consisted of an Illinois State Achievement Test (ISAT) preparation unit and three mini-units: atoms, force and motion introduction, and speed and motion graphing. There were slight gains noted in student self-expressed interest and confidence in science throughout the treatment period and school year, and student self-expressed interest and confidence fluctuated. Interest in a science career demonstrated the greatest gain. Students also demonstrated small gains within the mini-units. However, greater gains were achieved and noted within the ISAT preparation unit, especially when compared to a traditionally taught classroom. Within this research project, it was determined that the 5E model has the potential to improve student academics, interest and confidence in science, when implemented properly and with dedication and fidelity.

L'ecole bouddhique tendai, nee en chine au 6e siecle de notre ere, fut officiellement reconnue comme ecole independante au japon au debut du 9e siecle grace aux efforts du religieux japonais saicho. Dans les trois pays d'extreme-orient chine, coree et japon, le tendai joua un role important dans l'evolution de la pensee bouddhique hors de l'inde. Son systeme original, qui voulait mettre sur le meme plan la pratique de la meditation et la recherche d'une expression doctrinale adequate de l'experience religieuse, a provoque l'essor de generations de docteurs, chacun soucieux d'approfondir et d'expliciter l'enseignement du maitre fondateur, zhiyi. De nos jours, c'est au japon seulement que le tendai subsiste encore en tant qu'ecole independante, forte de centaines de temples et monasteres et de milliers de religieux. La presente etude s'attache a montrer l'etat de la dogmatique tendai telle qu'elle est attestee au japon dans l'oeuvre du religieux gishin (781-833), personnage qui, bien que connu pour etre le premier superieur general (zasu) de l'ecole, n'en demeure pas moins enveloppe d'un certain mystere. La plus grande partie de notre travail est donc consacree a la traduction et au commentaire de l'ouvrage redige par gishin et remis a la cour imperiale vers 830, le tendai hokk-shu gi shu ou "compendium des doctrines de l'ecole du lotus tendai", que nous comparons tant avec ses sources chinoises qu'avec deux autres textes, l'un d'origine coreenne (le ch'ontae sakyo-ui), l'autre chinois (le bajiao dayi), respectivement du 10e et 8e siecles, dont la fortune fut grande au japon, au point que le premier devint le manuel le plus repandu d'introduction au tendai. Ce travail permet de mettre en evidence l'ampleur de l'ouvrage de gishin, son orthodoxie, et son travail de decoupage et remaniement des sources montrant une maitrise remarquable chez quelqu' un qui etait en fin de compte le premier a systematiser au japon le vaste edifice des doctrines du tendai. Ceci nous amenait a nous demander pourquoi cette oeuvre n'avait pas joui en son pays du succes qu'elle meritait. Nous avons pense que c'etait a l'histoire de repondre a cette question et nous avons etabli dans notre etude historique que gishin n'avait certes pas ete un personnage de second rang mais une personnalite importante qui fut au centre d'une querelle de factions au sein de l'ecole, querelle dont ses part
The tendai school of buddhism, born in china in the 6th cent. Ad, was officially recognized as an independent school in japan at the beginning of the 9th cent. , due to the efforts of the japanese monk saicho. Tendai played an important part in the evolution of non-indian buddhist thought of the 3 major far-eastern countries, china, korea, japan. In our days, the school still exists independently only in japan, where it boasts hundreds of temples and monasteries and thousands of monks. Our study aims at showing the state of tendai dogmatics as it is attested in japan in the work of monk gishin (781-833), well known for being the first patriarch (zasu) of japanese tendai, but still somehow shrouded in mystery. The major part of our work is devoted to the translation and comentary to the treatise compiled by gishin and presented to the imperial court around 830, the tendai hokke-shu gi shu or "compendium of the doctrines of the lotus school tendai", which we compare with its chinese sources as well as with two other texts, a korean one from the 10th century (the ch'ontae sakyo-ui) and a chinese one of the 8th cent. (the bajiao dayi) ; both were well known in japan, the former even getting to be there the most wide-spread introductory manual to the school. We thus were able to evidence the breadth of gishin's work, his orthodoxy, together with his method of outting and rehandling his sources, which illustrates a remarkable expertise for a man who was but the first in japan to systematize the maze of tendai doctrines. That brought us to ask ourselves why this work did not enjoy in its own country the success it deserved. It was a question for history to answer and we established in our historical inquiry that gishin was definitely not a second-rate character but an important personality who got involved in internal strives inside the school, where his supporters were defeated. His work fell victim to its author's fate and thus remained neglected for a long time, to the point that our thesis is the first overall study bearing on it

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
台灣語文學系
105
Philippine Hokkien language is a variation of the Chinese Hokkien dialect of the Min Nan language as spoken by ethnic Chinese in the Philippines, who refer to their dialect as Lán-lâng-uē, or ‘our people’s language’. The first written records date back to 1575 when missionaries produced evangelizing materials, giving the dialect a documented history of 440 years. However, the ethnic Chinese in the Philippines did not gain recognition until 1973 with the promulgation of the New Nationality Law, which resolved their established status and recognized Philippine Hokkien as one of the country’s minority languages. This paper explores two dimensions of this dialect: First, to understand the phonology of Philippine Hokkien, we conducted traditional linguistic and sociolinguistic research. We found that the phonology of Philippine Hokkien shows some differences with the phonology of the dialect of Jinjiang, its place of origin, but also that after contact with surrounding languages, its vocabulary has become its most distinguishing feature. A large-scale questionnaire survey was conducted to explore the current language situation of the Chinese population in the Philippines. It was noticed that functional language transfer has almost already emerged in the young generation, and language transfer has already been completed in the student community. Second, to understand the troubles that Philippine Hokkien has faced through history and assess the feasibility of preserving the dialect, we first did a literature review to clarify the troubled past of the dialect, and we conducted an exploration from a language preservation perspective. I think that the position of Philippine Hokkien in the post-1973 situation must be redefined, and must be included in the Regulations for the Preservation of Special Languages Including First Languages, in order to replace the fragmented teaching model of Chinese community schools by the bilingual teaching model of public schools, for the purpose of effective preservation. The ethnic Chinese of the Philippines have a high level of support for Philippine Hokkien, as they feel the dialect represents their identity, which is the very reason the dialect has been able to survive to date without any legal protection. However, incorporation into the education system would be a more appropriate way to pass on the legacy, and it would be instrumental in enhancing the vitality of Philippine Hokkien.

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
台灣語文學系
105
There are three focuses of this research paper: the language characteristics of the Penang Hokkien; viewing the signs in Penang and advertisements in the "Penang Sin Poe" from the Code Priority Theory; decoding the language password and cultural significance of the Penang street names from hundreds of years ago. First of all, organizing the dialect system of Penang Hokkien, and comparing it with the related subdialect, the conclusion was reached that Penang Hokkien is closer to Zhangzhou, Longhai through the language survey. Due to the contact between languages, there are loanwords from Malay and English in Penang Hokkien that makes it different from the Minnan dialect from other regions. Next, signs are an important part of the language landscape. Viewing how the language of the physical world is presented on the signs of Penang is possible through the interpretation of signs. The linguistic landscape of "Penang Sin Poe" is diverse and rich. There are a number of languages in advertisements for cigarettes and alcohol, so a multilingual landscape is the norm. The language landscape has the functions of passing messages and symbols, thus newspapers, magazines and signs pass on meaning from the local ethnic groups in Penang. Finally, road names are a product of combining language and culture with hidden historical memories. In this paper, the research material is based on the road name records of Lo Man Yuk. The focus is analyzing road names in the Hokkien dialect, and exploring the language characteristics and cultural words hidden in the road names. Language features have the characteristics of both Zhangzhou and Xiamen with the largest proportion derived from the Zhangzhou accent. In terms of loanwords, they are mainly based on transliteration. In terms of cultural words, three areas of consanguinity, geographic, and business interactivities among overseas Chinese are high, and included with their own cultural connotations. Understanding a language can be done from a multifaceted perspective. This paper depicts the plane language system, characteristics, and three-dimensional advertisement signs using the methods of traditional linguistics, language landscapes, and literature organization to show the localities and specialties of Penang Hokkien.

博士
國立臺灣大學
中國文學研究所
106
Northern Malaysian Hokkien refers to the Southern-Min dialect spoken in the northern part of Malaysia covering the area of Perlis, Kedah, Penang and northern Perak. This research focuses on three aspects of this dialect: the source and formation processes of the Malay components in Northern Malaysian Hokkien, the source and formation processes of multi-pronunciation in Northern Malaysian Hokkien, and how Mandarin influences the language potential of Northern Malaysian Hokkien. The second chapter discusses the influences of Malay and Baba culture on Northern Malaysian Hokkien. The Malay vocabulary entered Southern Min dialect by means of phonetic matching. The lexical syllables are adapted to the phonemic and tone system of the Southern Min dialect. The Malay language differentiates between standard language, Malay dialects, and Baba Malay. This paper points out that there are two sources of Malay composition. In addition, the Malay grammar had also affected Southern Min dialect and left traces in the grammatical structure of Northern Malaysian Hokkien. The third chapter points out that the contact between Zhangzhou and Quanzhou Hokkien has brought about the multi-pronunciation phenomenon. Observation from the phonological performances of Northern Malaysian Hokkien speakers shows that the discordant sounds are result of speech superposition substitution and structural conspiracy in the sub-dialects contact. The fourth chapter analyzes the impact of Mandarin, which has developed into the lingua franca among different dialect groups during the second half of the 20th century on the language potential of Northern Malaysian Hokkien. Survey results show that the vitality of Northern Malaysian Hokkien has declined and the linguistic universality has decreased, with a shrunk in the number of speakers who speak Northern Malaysian Hokkien as their mother tongue and second language. With the lack of rich language accumulation, Northern Malaysian Hokkien gradually weakens and leads down towards language conversion. The observation of diverse contact helps to understand the formation, development and evolution of Northern Malaysian Hokkien. It also helps to define Northern Malaysian Hokkien more accurately.

碩士
國立交通大學
客家文化學院客家社會與文化學程
101
Using Hokkien women in Toufen Hakka Township, Miaoli County, as subjects, this study explores their daily family lives, their sense of ethnic identity and differences from another ethnic group due to their exogamy with the Hakkas, and their journeys of taking part in Hakka social gatherings. The subjects of the study had different levels of encounters with Hakka people when they were still single. After they were married to Hakka men, they gather together to adjust to the traditional Hakka culture and use their gatherings as a means to rebuild social networks. Through such a female bonding, it reveals how contemporary women find a balance between Hokkien and Hakka cultures, traditions and modern life, families and self-expressions. With ethnography as a research method, this research employs the subjects’ homes and their daily living areas to undertake participant observation and interviewing. The first chapter describes the natural and humanitarian environments in Toufen in order to understand the life of local residents. The second chapter records the daily lives of Hokkien women, including the arrangements of their daily activities, their housework, and interactions with their folks. The third chapter focuses on the ethnic differences they feel in their marriages, for example, ethnic characteristics, gender, dietary habits, language, sacrifice offerings and so forth. The fourth chapter discusses the process of how they bond together and how they establish a close friendship and space through chatting, gatherings, Rotating Savings and Credit Associations. Finally, the concluding chapter further explores the nature and limits of female bonding and examines the needs of contemporary women through conversations between the research subjects’ experiences and the theory of “empowerment.”

碩士
國立臺灣大學
台灣文學研究所
104
Recording technology hits Taiwan in the early 20th century. People in Taiwan used gramophone to record and listen to sounds. The content of these recordings vary from traditional music such as nanguan and beiguan to newly composed popular songs and Taiwanese opera, and from classical Chinese music to humorous anecdotes. Listening to music and sound was apparently a unique mental experience for the public. In addition, historical recordings not only recorded music and gave birth to sound culture in Japanese colonial Taiwan, but also contributes to the study of languages and linguistics in that particular era, as they have captured the sound of the different languages in Taiwan including Southern Hokkien, which is one of the major languages among all. Focusing on Columbia records, Red Regal records and Black Regal records by Nippon Phonograph Company, this thesis aims to discuss the characteristics of Southern Hokkien in recordings and explain the causes and significance of the mixture of dialects. The structure of this thesis is as follows. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 examines the phonological structure of Southern Hokkien in Taiwanese opera (歌仔) and popular songs recordings respectively, and discusses the different usages and distribution of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Amoy dialects and the significance of music genre and performer causing the difference in language use. Chapter 4 discusses the different forms of Chinese writing shown in the lyrics of Columbia Taiwanese opera recordings, such as phonetic loan words and transcriptions, and analyzes the relationship between the writing system and sound of Southern Hokkien in Japanese colonial Taiwan, highlighting the importance of sound in Southern Hokkien writing.

碩士
國立中央大學
客家社會文化研究所
93
The Fluid Ethnic Boundary between Hokkien and Hakka: The Impact of Intermarriage on Women’s Ethnic Memory and Identity Abstract The thesis examines how intermarriage influences women’s ethnic memory and their perception of ethnic identity and how their memory and perception reflects the social process in which the boundary Hokkien and Hakka shifts with different situations. Hakka people have continuously interacted with Hokkien people since they immigrated to Taiwan. An indication of the growing cultural and social interchange between the two groups is the increasing frequency with which intermarriages between the two groups have taken place. Though much research has been done in recent years on the interaction between Hokkien and Hakka, intermarried women have seldom been accorded a place in the study of that interaction. Because they have encountered the “other” culture, the culture of their husbands’ group, at the most mundane level, cultural and social differences make more profound an impact on them than on others. They confront and experience those differences in the details of everyday cultural practices, such as ancestry worship, family cuisine, the use of a different dialect, and the education of children. Since they straddle two cultures and since they play a pivotal role in cultural reproduction, they contribute not only to the transmission and preservation of ethnic memory and heritage but to the fluidity of identity-formation and to the changing complexity in the negotiation of the cultural boundary between Hokkien and Hakka. Drawing on theories of collective memory and ethnic identity-formation, the thesis analyzes the stories told by intermarried women about the differences between their pre-marital and post-marital lives. The twenty-four women interviewed belong to two age categories: ages 28-40 and ages 55-67. Of the twenty-four, twelve are Hakka women married to Hokkien men while the other twelve are Hokkien women married to Hakka men. Each group of women comprises six members of each age category. By analyzing their narratives, the thesis argues that ethnic identity is to be located not only at the macro-level, in the social relation between different ethnic groups and the gender relation in the family, but at the micro-level, in the plurality of the domestic and the everyday. Furthermore, intermarried women provide a unique perspective from which to look at the interaction between Hokkien and Hakka cultures. Having been brought up in a culture different from that of their husbands and compelled to accommodate themselves to the latter, they participate in the everyday practice of the “other” ethnic community with mixed feelings accompanied by a sense of mixed identities. Positioned in the cultural interface between two ethnic groups, they tend to see the relation between those groups as multifarious, the boundary between those groups as fluid, and ethnic identity-formation as a social process shifting with changing life-situations. By embedding their ethnic memory and the social process of identity-formation in their involvement in, and their negotiation with, the everyday practice of the other culture, they offer new directions for Hakka studies. Keywords: Intermarriage, Ethnic Boundary, Ethnic Memory and Identity, Cultural Reproduction, Cultural Practice

碩士
國立臺南大學
台灣文化研究所
93
In this article, the appendix, ”statistics of numbers of Hokkein Phrases in Legend of Lychee Mirro ”, was composed of Hokkien phrases, participles, and statistics from “Legend of Lychee Mirror. It was also collected and categorized on the basis of wordbuilding in Taiwanese. From the listed of the analysis of types of development on words in the story of “Chen, Shan and Wu, Niang” plus the word usage adopted from different places and in difference time, the situation of the development of pronunciation in Hokkien can be found and provided as the material of “words” in Taiwanese literature. Chapter 1: Introduction, indicates the motivation, purposes, data, methods, and steps of this study, and the discussion of document, the system of phonetic symbols adopted, and the principle of word usage. Chapter 2: QuanZhou Dialect, ZhangZhou Dialect, ChaoZhor Dialect, Amoy Dialect, and the Brief History of Taiwanese, briefs the history of development in Hokkien dialects and the feature of pronunciation regarding to the area of its Hokkien dialects prevailed within. Chapter 3: The Story of Chen, San and Wu, Niang and the Introduction of the Text, is the summary of the story of Chen Shan and Wu Niang, and also the analysis of the drama of south play to the same story (Chen, San and Wu, Niang), Taiwanese opera, drama of Taiwanese opera, and so on. The drama of south play are mainly “Legend of Lychee Mirror” and “Legend of Lychee in Qing Guangxu Journal”; Taiwanese Opera are mainly "Songs of Silk Image Legend of Lychee Chen, Shan", Amoy Hui Wen Tang "Songs of Chen, Shan", Hsin Chu Chu-Ling Publishing House"Songs of Chen, Shan and Wu, Niang"; the drama of Taiwanese Opera are mainly "The Plan of Arrangement on Taiwanese Opera Drama" and Lanyang drama series "Chen, Shan and Wu, Niang". Chapter 4: The Hokkein Phrases in the “Legend of Lychee Mirror”, are used as the draft to further investigate the Hokkein phrases and phrases. According to the rule from “Search articles and analyze words ─ The research of Chinese phrases and the standard of participle in IT fields.”, the Hokkein Phrases could be divided into two categories: single phrases and combined phrases. The combined phrases could also be categorized into superimposed phrases, appended phrases (derivatives), and compound phrases. The compound phrases even could be further divided into “subject and predicate type compound phrases”, “conjunction type compound phrases”, “subject and dangling modifier type compound phrases”, “predicate and object type compound phrases”, and “predicate and complement type compound phrases”. Some phrases from other sources in the “Legend of Lychee Mirror” are also listed, such as common terms and foreign terms etc. Chapter 5. The Development of Hokkein phrases in the Story of "Chen, San and Wu, Niang", is to expore the change of Hokkein phrases in these four hundred years from "Legend of Lychee Mirror" by eight different directions: 1. polysemous words. 2. synonyms. 3. synonyms with different words. 4. the meaning of phrases changed without changing the phrase irself. 5. distinguished or changed grammatically meaning . 6. narrowed or extended meaning of phrases. 7. ancient Han language. 8. no change in the meaning of phrases. Chapter 6: The Conclusion, presents the trend of Hokkein phrases changes discovered from the arrangement of Hokkein phrases. First, the speed of the change in Hokkein phrases was slow. Second, the folk literature emphasized on the correctness of tones more than on words. Third, the Han words represented the simplification in meanings. Fourth, the meanings of some phrases were changed. Fifth, it provided the materials in “phrases” for Taiwan literature. Sixth, the changes in society could be seen from the arrangement of Hokkein phrases. Seventh, the Hokkein phrases were quickly replaced by the Han phrases.

博士
國立成功大學
台灣文學系
106
At the end of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century due to many causes of war and economy, many immigrants from China came to Vietnam. After residing in Vietnam, these Chinese immigrant groups, on the one hand adapted and integrated into the native society in Vietnam, on the other hand tried to maintain their own cultural identity. Today, Chinese immigrants and their descendants have become one of the fifty-four ethnic groups in Vietnam. The Chinese immigrants are currently categorized by the Vietnamese government as Hoa People (người Hoa) or ethnic Chinese. Nowadays, ethnic Chinese mainly inhabit in Southern Vietnam. In particular, Chinese people who live in Ho Chi Minh City account for 90% of Vietnam’s ethnic Chinese. Ethnic Chinese in Saigon are categorized into five groups including Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, Hainan, and Hakka. In order to study the use and vitality of heritage language of Hokkien people in Ho Chi Minh City, I did a fieldwork in district 5 in Ho Chi Minh City. In order to study the use and vitality of heritage language of Hokkien people in Ho Chi Minh City, the dissertation focuses on some aspects such as: the use of language, the language proficiency, the identity of mother tongues, the education of heritage languages, and the vitality of heritage languages, etc. In particular, the dissertation was based on self-assessment of the language ability of interviewees to judge their language proficiency. In addition, the dissertation based on self-assessment of the using language levels of interviewees to judge their mother tongue using status. Key words: The ethnic Chinese, Hokkien, language use, language vitality, heritage language

碩士
國立屏東大學
教育學系碩士班
107
This purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of board games on elementary school students with different learning styles toward the learning attitudes and achievements in Taiwanese Hokkien language. The researcher conducted 20 lessons of experimental teaching on fourth-graders of Kaohsiung City in the school year of 2018. The data collection tools for this study include: Taiwanese Hokkien Learning Attitude Scale, Taiwanese Hokkien achievement assessment papers, and Learning Style Scales. The research materials went through the data processing of mean, standard deviation, independent sample t test, and one-way analysis of covariance so as to gain the results of the study. 　　Through nonequivalent pretest-posttest design of quasi-experimental design, we learned the relationship between learning attitudes and learning achievements on board games applied to Taiwanese Hokkien language teaching. The research showed: 　　I. Explore the influence of board games applied to Taiwanese Hokkein teaching on the students' learning attitudes. 　　This research showed board games applied to Taiwanese Hokkein teaching was not statistically significant in terms of influencing students' learning attitudes as a whole. However, further analysis on the Scales showed that the students' attitudes toward teachers and attending classes were statistically significant while their attitudes toward courses remained insignificant. 　　II. Explore the influence of board games applied to Taiwanese Hokkein teaching on the students' learning achievements. This research showed the influence on the students' learning achievements was not significant, with very small score differences. 　　III. Explore the difference of learning attitudes between students with different learning styles 　　This research showed that the influence on the students' learning attitudes was not significant in terms of message processing phase, message perceiving phase, message inputting phase, and message understanding phase which the students with different learning styles had showed. 　　IV. Explore the difference of learning achievements between students with different learning styles 　　This research showed that the influence on the students' learning achievements was not significant in terms of message processing phase, message perceiving phase, message inputting phase, and message understanding phase which the students with different learning styles had showed.

碩士
東吳大學
日本語文學系
105
This study explores the devoicing tendency in the initial voiced plosive (+VOT tendency) in Japanese and examines plosive perception comprehension amongst Taiwanese Hokkien speakers (who have the voicing contrast) and Taiwanese Mandarin speakers (who do not). The results of listening test suggest that the +VOT tendency does not influence the perception of Japanese speakers and Taiwanese Hokkien speakers, but does for Taiwanese Mandarin speakers. This factor contributes to the confused perception of voiced plosive /b, d, g/ with +VOT tendency as voiceless plosive /p, t, k/, due to L1 plosive phonological system differences. Furthermore, this examination highlights the importance of voiced plosive changing (+VOT tendency) at the word initial position in Japanese, as well as the L1 plosive voicing contrast influencing the perception of the target language.

碩士
逢甲大學
自動控制工程研究所
83
This research is focused on resolving the speech recognition pro blem for highly confusing abrupt-tone syllables of Taiwanese Hokkian. A series of analytic experiments are implemented to investigate certain characteristics of abrupt- tone syllables in Taiwanese Hokkian. From the spectral analysis, it can be conclu- ded that the ending part of abrupt- tone syllables represents not an individual phoneme,but an shifting version of non-abrupt-tone one. There are totally 37 syllables containing abrupt-tone and non-abrupt-tone sets being selected for the recognition experi- ments. Different features including cepstrum, mel-cepstrum, and LPC code with HMM models for these confusing syllables from a speaker-dependent to a speaker-independent mode are used to test the recognition performance. Also, a new feature called modified mel-cepstrum with emphasis in the band of 1K to 4K Hz is applied to the experiments. At best,the speaker-independent recognition rate for the whole database is over70%. the top two recognition rates can improve to 87%. For abrupt-tone syllables only, the recognition rate is about 65% for top one, and 82.8% for top two. The new feature of modified mel-cepstrum performs well in a speaker-independent mode with 81.6% top two recognition rate in comparison with 79.2% of mel-cepstrum. In a summary, cepstrum outperforms the other three features for the recognition of the abrupt-tone syllables in Taiwanese Hokkian, but the difference with mel-cepstrum or modified mel-cepstrum is less than 3%.