Tesis sobre el tema "Hydrodynamic Forces"

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Using a tow tank environment an experiment was set up to measure for response of composite samples of varying stiffness to a geometrically comparable more rigid aluminum sample which was tested at increasing speeds. Also, a square composite shape was tested in a frame providing clamped boundary conditions. Testing of this sample over varying speeds was also performed at varying position angles and was analyzed for force, strain and flow visualization. Results show complex behaviors in fluid flow and structural deformation because of the effects of the free surface and fluid-structure interaction. The comparable mass density between composite plates and water results in pronounced fluid structure interaction. Proximity to the free surface highly influences the test data along with the position angle. Negative position angles in combination with high speeds result in an air pocket open to the atmosphere which translates to a sharp decrease in strain on the sample. Positive position angles yields different free surface effects including vortices and the onset of cavitation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 145 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-135).

The process of froth flotation relies on using air bubbles to collect desired mineral particles dispersed in aqueous media on the surface, while leaving undesirous mineral particles behind. For a particle to be collected on the surface of a bubble, the thin liquid films (or wetting films) of water formed in between must rupture. According to the Frumkin-Derjaguin isotherm, it is necessary that wetting films can rupture when the disjoining pressures are negative. However, the negative disjoining pressures are difficult to measure due to the instability and short lifetimes of the films. In the present work, two new methods of determining negative disjoining pressures have been developed. One is to use the modified thin film pressure balance (TFPB) technique, and the other is to directly determine the interaction forces using the force apparatus for deformable surfaces (FADS) developed in the present work. The former is designed to obtain spatiotemporal profiles of unstable wetting films by recording the optical interference patterns. The kinetic information derived from the spatiotemporal profiles were then used to determine the disjoining pressures using an analytical expression derived in the present work on the basis of the Reynolds lubrication theory. The technique has been used to study the effects of surface hydrophobicity, electrolyte (Al3+ ions) concentration, and bubble size on the stability of wetting films. Further, the geometric mean combining rule has been tested to see if the disjoining pressures of the wetting films can be predicted from the disjoining pressures of the colloid films formed between two hydrophobic surfaces and the disjoining pressures of the foam films formed between two air bubbles. The FADS is capable of directly measuring the interaction forces between air bubble and solid surface, and simultaneously monitoring the bubble deformation. The results were analyzed using the Reynolds lubrication theory and the extended DLVO theory to determine both the hydrodynamic and disjoining pressures. The FADS was used to study the effects of surface hydrophobicity and approach speeds. The results show that hydrophobic force is the major driving force for the bubble-particle interactions occurring in flotation.
Ph. D.

Natural disasters usually occur without any warning. They can leave trail of destruction and cause much tragedy. We are at a time when we witness fast technological advances; hence, we need to apply the force of scientific advancements to decrease economic losses and the number of human deaths. Tsunami is one of the extreme environmental events that leaves nothing but a path of death and destruction, and as a result, it is essential to understand this phenomenon and identify the mitigation strategies. Several mitigation strategies have been proposed so far; however, more investigations are still required to achieve an acceptable solution. Researchers around the world are studying different aspects of this phenomenon. One of the proposed solutions that has received much attention is designing tsunami-resistant structures which can withstand the force of a tsunami bore. Various studies have been done so far to understand the base shear force of tsunami bore on structures. The focus of this thesis is to improve and better understand the characteristics of the tsunami base shear forces on structures. Hence, in this thesis, two numerical studies were proposed and performed with the main goal of estimating the total tsunami forces on structure under two different conditions. Those include structures with various cross sections, as well as positioning a mitigation wall at an appropriate location relative to the structure. The first study focused on developing a numerical model to study the relationship between tsunami forces and the geometry of the structure. The main goal of this study was to define a numerical model capable of simulating this case precisely. To ensure the accuracy of the model, a comparison was carried out between the results of the numerical model and experimental test performed at the NRC-CHC (National Research Council- Canadian Hydraulics Center) laboratory in Ottawa, Canada and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium, which revealed a very good agreement between the results of the experimental test and numerical model. Further, the validated model was applied to investigate the tsunami force on structures with various cross sections. The second study focus was on developing a numerical model for understanding the role of mitigation wall (a novel idea proposed as a mitigation strategy by the second author of technical paper 2) on reducing the exerted force of tsunami on structures. After developing various models and applying several turbulence models, a valuable result was obtained which demonstrated that a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model seems to be an excellent approach for predicting the tsunami forces on the structure with a mitigation wall in the direction of the flow. The results of this study will be used to better estimate the tsunami forces exerted on coastal structures which will light the path to the main goal of designing tsunami resistant-structures.

Within a colloidal dispersion, the presence of negatively adsorbing material can produce a variety of effects on the dispersion properties and interactions. With increasing concentration, the negatively adsorbing material induces both depletion and structural forces on the dispersion, which can dramatically affect both colloidal stability and near-contact hydrodynamics. This project focused on expanding our understanding of the effects of such negatively adsorbing materials on both equilibrium and dynamic interactions between particles. The effects of charged, hard spheres (silica nanoparticle) on the hydrodynamic drag force a particle experiences as it approaches a flat plate were measured experimentally using colloid probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM). Deviation was found between the measured drag force and predictions for the drag force in a simple, Newtonian fluid. The measured drag force was always smaller than the predicted drag force as the particle approached contact with the plate. An effective viscosity, that approached the dispersing fluid viscosity at contact and the bulk viscosity at large separations, was determined for the system. This effective viscosity displayed similar characteristics to those predicted theoretically by Bhattacharya and Blawzdziewicz (J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 128, 214704.). The effects of both anionic and cationic micelles on the depletion and structural forces in a colloidal dispersion were studied both experimentally (with CP-AFM) and theoretically. The depletion and structural forces between a microparticle and a flat plate were measured and compared with the depletion force predicted by the force-balance model of Walz and Sharma (J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1994, 168, 485-496.). Consistent with previous work, the measured depletion force for both micelles was smaller in magnitude than that predicted by the Walz and Sharma model for hard, charged spheres. It is theorized that rearrangement of the micelle surfaces charges or physical deformation of the micelles may be responsible for the observed result. An effective surface potential for the micelles is proposed as a correction to the Walz and Sharma model. Finally, the stability of colloidal dispersions was studied macroscopically in solutions of ionic micelles. The colloidal dispersions displayed clear flocculation behavior in both cationic and anionic micelles. This flocculation behavior was compared with energy profiles determined from CP-AFM experiments between a single particle and a flat plate. A simple phase diagram was proposed for predicting the stability of colloidal dispersions based solely on the depth of the depletion energy well and the height of the repulsive energy barrier.
Ph. D.

Tsunamis are among the most terrifying and complex physical phenomena potentially affecting almost all coastal regions of the Earth. Tsunami waves propagate in the ocean over thousands of kilometres away from their generating source at considerable speeds. Among several other tsunamis that occurred during the past decade, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan, considered to be the deadliest and costliest natural disasters in the history of mankind, respectively, have hit wide stretches of densely populated coastal areas. During these major events, severe destruction of inland structures resulted from the action of extreme hydrodynamic forces induced by tsunami flooding. Subsequent field surveys in which researchers from the University of Ottawa participated ultimately revealed that, in contrast to seismic forces, such hydrodynamic forces are not taken into proper consideration when designing buildings for tsunami prone areas. In view of these limitations, a novel interdisciplinary hydraulic-structural engineering research program was initiated at the University of Ottawa, in cooperation with the Canadian Hydraulic Centre of the National Research Council, to help develop guidelines for the sound design of nearshore structures located in such areas. The present study aims to simulate the physical laboratory experiments performed within the aforementioned research program using a single-phase three-dimensional weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical model. These experiments consist in the violent impact of rapidly advancing tsunami-like hydraulic bores with individual slender structural elements. Such bores are emulated based on the classic dam-break problem. The quantitatively compared measurements include the time-history of the net base horizontal force and of the pressure distribution acting on columns of square and circular cross-sections, as well as flow characteristics such as bore-front velocity and water surface elevation. Good agreement was obtained. Results show that the magnitude and duration of the impulsive force at initial bore impact depend on the degree of entrapped air in the bore-front. The latter was found to increase considerably if the bed of the experimental flume is covered with a thin water layer of even just a few millimetres. In order to avoid large fluctuations in the pressure field and to obtain accurate simulations of the hydrodynamic forces, a Riemann solver-based formulation of the SPH method is utilized. However, this formulation induces excessive numerical diffusion, as sudden and large water surface deformations, such as splashing at initial bore impact, are less accurately reproduced. To investigate this particular issue, the small-scale physical experiment of Kleefsman et al. (2005) is also considered and modeled. Lastly, taking full advantage of the validated numerical model to better understand the underlying flow dynamics, the influence of the experimental test geometry and of the bed condition (i.e. dry vs. wet) is investigated. Numerical results show that when a bore propagates over a wet bed, its front is both deeper and steeper and it also has a lower velocity compared to when it propagates over a dry bed. These differences significantly affect the pressure distributions and resulting hydrodynamic forces acting on impacted structures.

Aggressive attack on samples was monitored by measuring changes in chemical characteristics of the water exposed to cement concrete samples, inter alia pH, calcium and alkalinity. Over the period of the investigation (100 days) the following observations were found to apply to both brown and white water: (i) Generally uncarbonated OPC experiences significantly higher calcium mineral dissolution rates than both carbonated OPC and 30% fly ash OPC cement concretes. (ii) Once steady dissolution rates were attained, measurements indicated that 30% fly ash OPC and carbonated OPC concrete undergo closely the same calcium mineral dissolution rates. Before these findings are implemented, the following practical considerations need to be addressed: (i) An economic assessment of the benefits of using carbonated OPC, fly ash OPC and carbonated fly ash OPC as a means of resisting aggressive attack. (ii) The investigation should be upgraded from laboratory scale to pilot scale. (iii) The influence of accelerated carbonation on corrosion of steel reinforcing.

Propuisive force generated by swimmers' hand/forearm is the key factor determining performances in human competitive swimming. This work analysed the propulsion given by swimmer's arm performing front crawl stroke by using two complimentary methods: experimental tests and computational methods. The experimental part of the project aimed to derive both appropriate input and validation data from wind tunnel experiments on two models of human arm in order to obtain Drag and Lift values and related pressure distribution. However, due to the limitations in the experimental methods in terms of added terms, numerical approach becomes an invaluable tool in such simulations. The most prominent approach is the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The main results reported that the Drag was the one that contributes more for the proplllsioD An important and innovative element that has been analysed in this work is the special consideration to the dynamic of structures surrounded by water in term of induced acceleration and production of extra force on the structure in addition to the fluid-dynamic drag force. These results pointed out that the acceleration of hand/arm provides more propulsion to swimmers, confirming that some unsteady mechanism must be present in swimming propulsion. Another important aspect of this work has been focusing on the real swimmer stroke trajectory, as a three dimensional approach, by recording a competitive swimmer during training with three underwater cameras and by analysing the swimmer arm movement performing stroke. Drag and Lift forces have been calculated and the results obtained showed a lower profile for both forces, compared to those ones obtained in a configuration with straight or fixed elbow angle (20 analysis). This innovative and original approach to the study of swimming made these results more reliable for a complete, comprehensive and reliable analysis.

The thesis addresses the hydrodynamic forces on cylinders where the angle between incoming flow and the cylinder axis, the angle of attack, is low. Measured results for a rigid cylinder with length to diameter ratio of 40 towed at both constant angle of attack and oscilllating in the transverse direction are used to discuss the applicability of suggested methods like the cross flow or the 2D+t principle. It is found that the longitudional flow do influence the transverse forces. The importance of the flow pattern initiated at the nose of the cylinder is clearly illustrated.

A combination of linear and quadratic dependence on the sine of the angle is used to model the response of a flexible cylinder with forced oscillation of the tow point. The result is compared to experimental result for a flexible cylinder with length to diameter ratio of 1100 and Reynolds numbers in and above the critical range. The cylinder is simulated in time domain with a Finite Element Method with second order elements. As an example of practical application of the model, the response of a part of a full scale streamer subject to irregular waves and a control device is investigated. In realistic sea states the response is found to be rather small, but not damped by the control device.

Currently, the accurate prediction of the impact of an extreme wave on infrastructure located near shore is difficult to assess. There is a lack of established methods to accurately quantify these impacts. Extreme waves, such as tsunamis generate, through breaking, extremely powerful hydraulic bores that impact and significantly damage coastal structures and buildings located close to the shoreline. The damage induced by such hydraulic bores is often due to structural failure. Examples of devastating coastal disasters are the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2005 Hurricane Katrina and most recently, the 2011 Tohoku Japan Tsunami. As a result, more advanced research is needed to estimate the magnitude of forces exerted on structures by such bores. This research presents results of a numerical model based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method which is used to simulate the impact of extreme hydrodynamic forces on shore protection walls. Typically, fluids are modeled numerically based on a Lagrangian approach, an Eulerian approach or a combination of the two. Many of the common problems that arise from using more traditional techniques can be avoided through the use of SPH-based models. Such challenges include the model computational efficiency in terms of complexity of implementation. The SPH method allows water particles to be individually modeled, each with their own characteristics, which then accurately depicts the behavior and properties of the flow field. An open source code, known as SPHysics, was used to run the simulations presented in this thesis. Several cases analysed consist of hydraulic bores impacting a flat vertical wall as well as a sloping seawall. The analysis includes comparisons of the numerical results with published experimental data. The model is shown to accurately reproduce the formation of solitary waves as well as their propagation and breaking. The impacting bore profiles as well as the resulting pressures are also efficiently simulated using the model.

In this work, the data analysis of oscillating flapping fins is conducted for mathematical model. Data points of heave and surge force obtained by the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) for different geometrical kinds of flapping fins. The fin undergoes a combination of vertical and angular oscillatory motion, while travelling at constant forward speed. The surge thrust and heave lift are generated by the combined motion of the flapping fins, especially due to the carrier vehicle’s heave and pitch motion will be investigated to acquire system identification with CFD data available while the fin pitching motion is selected as a function of fin vertical motion and it is imposed by an external mechanism. The data series applied to model unsteady lifting flow around the system will be employed to develop an optimization algorithm to establish an approximation transfer function model for heave force and obtain a predicting black box system with nonlinear theory for surge force with fin motion control synthesis.

The flow properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) melts at room temperature were studied by measurement of lubrication forces using an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) colloidal force probe. A glass probe was driven toward a glass plate at piezo drive rates in the range of 12 â 120 μm/s, which produced shear rates up to ~10⁴ s-1. The forces on the probe and the separation from the plate were measured. Two hypotheses were examined: (1) when a hydrophilic glass is immersed in a flow of polymer melt, does a thin layer of water form at the glass surface to lubricate the flow of polymer and (2) when a polymer melt is subject under a shear stress, do molecules within the melt spatially redistribute to form a lubrication layer of smaller molecules at the solid surface to enhance the flow? To examine the effect of a water lubrication layer, forces were compared in the presence and the absence of a thin water layer. The presence of the water layer was controlled by hydrophobization of the solid. In the second part, the possibility of forming a lubrication layer during shear was examined. Three polymer melts were compared: octamethyltrisiloxane (OMTS, n = 3), PDMS (n _avg = 322), and a mixture of 70 weight% PDMS and 30 weight% OMTS. We examined whether the spatial variation in the composition of the polymer melt would occur to relieve the shear stress. The prediction was that the trimer (OMTS) would become concentrated in the high shear stress region in the thin film, thereby decreasing the viscosity in that region, and mitigating the shear stress.
Master of Science

Understanding the impact of coastal forests on the propagation of rapidly advancing onshore tsunami bores is difficult due to complexity of this phenomenon and the large amount of parameters which must be considered. The research presented in the thesis focuses on understanding the protective effect of the coastal forest on the forces generated by the tsunami and its ability to reduce the propagation and velocity of the incoming tsunami bore. Concern for this method of protecting the coast from tsunamis is based on the effectiveness of the forest and its ability to withstand the impact forces caused by both the bore and the debris carried along by it. The devastation caused by the tsunami has been investigated in recent examples such as the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan and the Indian Ocean Tsunami which occurred in 2004. This research examines the reduction of the spatial extent of the tsunami bore inundation and runup due to the presence of the coastal forest, and attempts to quantify the impact forces induced by the tsunami bores and debris impact on the structures. This research work was performed using a numerical model based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method which is a single-phase three-dimensional model. The simulations performed in this study were separated into three sections. The first section focused on the reduction of the extent of the tsunami inundation and the magnitude of the bore velocity by the coastal forest. This section included the analysis of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the individual trees. The second section involved the numerical modeling of some of the physical laboratory experiments performed by researchers at the University of Ottawa, in cooperation with colleagues from the Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Lab at the National Research Council, Ottawa, in an attempt to validate the movement and impact forces of floating driftwood on a column. The final section modeled the movement and impact of floating debris traveling through a large-scale model of a coastal forest.

The aim of this master thesis is to simulate, in a multiphase environment (air and water), a free surface wave by making use of the computational fluid dynamics software “OpenFoam” and evaluate the hydrodynamic forces and physical parameters acting on subsea structures. It will be discussed how the hydrodynamic load and other physical parameters vary, according to water depth, when the action of waves and current act together and impact structures of different cross-sections and geometry that lie on the seabed. A comparison between the obtained software results and the analytical solutions will be presented to assess the reliability of “OpenFoam” and the model created for such a problem, trying to give an explanation of the fluid dynamics around the elements when running the simulations. In particular, starting from the multiphase solver “InterFoam”, will be shown how the “wave” tutorial case, available in “OpenFoam V5.0”, has been modified and adapted in order to implement objects on the seabed and eventually determine the hydrodynamic load on submerged structures. For the implemented elements, it will be examined the horizontal and the lift force, trying to verify and validate the model, making a comparison between the theoretical hydrodynamic load, available from the literature and the model post-processed outcomes, extrapolated by OpenFoam object functions. The evaluation of the force coefficients (Drag, Lift, Added Mass) will be also made on the same structures to see which level of influence certain parameters have to respect with others. It will also be presented the Morison’s theory for the evaluation of waves induced load that represents not only the theoretical load with which the model results have been compared to testify the project but it also plays the key role concept of all the following aspects.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-63).
In bioreactor culture systems that aim to provide a convective flux to address mass transport limitations of oxygen and other nutrients, large hydrodynamic forces and shear stress can potentially serve as a negative signals in tissue formation and morphogenesis. Shear stress and hydrodynamic forces may inhibit the formation of tissue from single cells by disrupting the integrin-mediated bonds with the extracellular matrix or the cadherin-mediated bonds with neighboring cells. In order to explore the relationship between the imposed forces and stresses from fluid flow and the inherent biological forces involved in cell adhesion, this thesis presents a simple model of cells in a planar array subject to perfused flow. The modeling and sensitivity analysis of the system are covered within this thesis. Two models were built using first principles, and a range of physiological parameter values were used to estimate the forces and stresses generated by the perfusion flow. A third dynamical model from the literature was also employed. A computational approach using finite element modeling was also employed as a further tool for analysis. The resulting analyses yield valuable models that can model a range of cellular arrangements expected in a perfused bioreactor arrangement as a means to magnify and highlight the behavior at the microscale.
by Bryan D. Owens.
S.B.

A slender body theory method developed for a body moving parallel to a wall in shallow water is extended to include angular orientation of the body to the wall. The method satisfies only the zero normal velocity condition on the external boundaries but does not take into account the effect of induced flows on the body itself. A spheroid and a Series 60, block .80 hull were the bodies studied. The side force and yaw moment on each body were determined numerically for varying angular orientation with respect to either a single wall or canal bank. For both cases results for a range of depths and wall separation distances are presented. It is found that the method gives good qualitative side force predictions for a body moving parallel to a wall, but is unable to correctly predict the yaw moment or the side force due to angular orientation. This result dictates the need for a more complex mathematical model to properly represent the flow than the simple model and quasiâ steady method used here.

Master of Science

Today, more than forty percent of the world’s population lives within 100 kilometers of a coastal area, and population densities are only increasing. In recent years, extreme conditions have resulted in several failures of coastal protection structures around the world. During these failure events, the incurred cost of damages and loss of life has been nearly immeasurable. Rubble mound breakwaters have been used for millennia, and are critical even today for the protection of coastal areas. In the last several decades, the popularity of using concrete armour units in place of natural rock has risen greatly. However, the quantitative interaction between wave hydrodynamics and the armour layer is still not clearly understood. Due to highly complex, turbulent flow patterns that occur in the armour layer, direct assessment of forces acting on individual units has not been practical. This has prevented the coastal engineering field from applying a force-balance design approach that is commonplace in other civil engineering disciplines. Instead, a wealth of experimental testing and past case studies have resulted in a wide array of empirical formulae and design techniques. These approaches are often very idealized and do not account for all parameters that have been shown to affect armour unit stability. The current study aims to quantify the forces and pressures acting on units within an armour layer, using an experimental approach. This was achieved by developing an instrumented Core-Loc armour unit. This armour unit was outfitted with 6 pressure sensors, and the ability to be mounted on a force transducer. This unit was then put through a performance analysis and calibration procedure, before being extensively tested in a breakwater setting. Wide ranges of wave conditions were utilized, with the unit at three different locations along the breakwater slope. This was done to isolate both the effect of various sea state parameters, and the effect of unit location along a breakwater slope versus generated forces and pressures. In addition to the experimental study, an accompanying numerical study was performed in OpenFOAM. This had the intent of both developing general modeling rules of thumb for rubble mound breakwaters, and for replicating the experimental results. The results showed that using relatively low-tech, low-cost, and widely available instrumentation was capable of performing in a coastal engineering setting. The performance of the unit showed great promise for “smart-units” to usher in a new paradigm of experimental testing for rubble mound breakwaters. From the results of the performance analysis and calibration procedure, it was evident that the unit could record forces and pressures to a high degree of accuracy. From the breakwater testing program, notable relationships between unit location, surf similarity, and wave steepness emerged. It appeared that the largest hydrodynamic interaction with units occurs slightly below the SWL. As well, both decreased surf similarity, and increased wave steepness resulted in higher hydrodynamic interaction for all locations. General rules of thumb for modeling armour units, as well as wave conditions in a breakwater setting were developed for the numerical study in OpenFOAM. Additionally, the calibrated numerical model was capable of reproducing the experimental results with reasonable accuracy.

This thesis presents theoretical formulations and numerical computations for predicting first- and second-order hydrodynamic forces on a marine vehicle advancing in waves. The theoretical formulation starts with the derivation of the governing equations for the boundary-value problem of potential flow and its consequence leads to linearised radiation and diffraction problems using the peturbation expansion technique. Solutions of these two problems are obtained by solving the three-dimensional Green function integral equations over the mean wetted body surface. The forward speed free surface Green function representing a translating pulsating source potential for infinite water depth and finite water depth is derived using double Fourier transformation technique. This source potential reduces to an oscillating source at zero speed or to a Kelvin source at zero frequency. In order to solve the three-dimensional Green function integral equations efficiently, symmetry properties of the Green function and the body surface are exploited in the numerical implementation. Using a fully submerged ellipsoid and a half-submerged ellipsoid as examples, the free surface and forward speed effects on hydrodynamic coefficients are investigated. Their cross coupled hydrodynamic coefficients calculated by the present theory satisfy with Timman-Newman relationships. Numerical results for the first-order hydrodynamic coefficients, the wave excitation loads and the resulting motion responses of surface ships are presented. For zero speed case excellent correlations between the calculated and experimental results are found. For the forward speed case, the three-dimensional translating pulsating source modelling and three-dimensional oscillating source modelling with simple speed corrections on the linearised body boundary condition for pitch and yaw motions are used for a realistic ship. When the calculated results are compared with available experimental data, the three-dimensional translating pulsating source, modelling gives better correlations than the three-dimensional oscillating source modelling. Based on the first-order solutions, the mean second-order forces and moments are obtained by direct integrating second-order pressures over the mean wetted body surface. Using zero speed horizontal drifting forces and mean yaw moment as examples, the predictions of the mean second-order forces and moments are compared with available experimental results and found good agreement. For forward speed case the numerical computations for the added resistances of surface ships in head waves are performed by the three-dimensional translating pulsating source modelling and three-dimensional oscillating source modelling. The performance of the former is much better than the latter in comparison with available experimental results. It is found that the successful prediction of the peak of the added resistance is critically dependent upon the motion response results, especially in pitch. Effects of ship heading, forward speed, water depth on the first-order and second-order hydrodynamic forces are investigated.

The movement of granular material along a streambed has been a challenging subject for researchers for more than a century. Predicting the limiting case of nearly zero bedload transport, usually referred to as threshold of motion or critical condition, is even more challenging due to the highly fluctuating nature of turbulent flow. Numerous works have advocated that the peak turbulent forces, randomly occurring in time and space with magnitudes higher than the average, initiate the bed material motion. More recent findings have shown that not only the magnitude of the peak turbulent forces acting on individual grains but their duration as well have to be considered for determining the incipient conditions. Their product, or impulse, is better suited for specifying such conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate the mechanism responsible for initiation of sediment motion under turbulent flow conditions. The impulse concept was investigated by utilizing appropriate measurement methods in the laboratory for determining the condition of incipient motion. The experimental program included measurements of particle entrainment rates of a mobile grain and turbulence induced forces acting upon a fixed grain for a range of flow conditions. In addition, near bed flow velocities were measured synchronously with both the entrainment and pressure measurements at turbulent resolving frequencies. Results of this work covered the limitations and uncertainties associated with the experimental methods employed, and the description of the inadequacies of existing incipient motion models via the impulse framework. The extreme sensitivity of bed material activity to minute adjustments in flow conditions was explained by the associated change in the frequency of impulse events. The probability density function proposed for impulse was used together with the critical impulse to estimate the particle entrainment rate for a range of flow conditions. It was shown that the impulse events with potential to dislodge the grain were occurring mostly during sweep type of flow structures. The impulse events were also typically accompanied by positive lift forces. The force patterns showed that the positive peaks in the lift consistently occurred before and after the impulse events in the drag force. The magnitude of these lift forces were significantly higher in the wake of a cylinder compared to that of uniform flow conditions. The time average lift force in the wake of a cylinder was also observed to be positive with magnitudes reaching more than 30% of the submerged weight of the particle. The cylinder caused the downstream turbulence intensity to increase slightly but the particle entrainment rate to increase significantly. This finding provided a physically based explanation for the modification of turbulent force fluctuations and resulting changes in the particle movement rates by such unsteady flow conditions.
Ph. D.

Ce travail de thèse fait partie intégrante de l’ANR PLAYER (début janvier 2012), projet visant à étendre les simulations d'écoulements gaz-particules à des particules non-sphériques ayant une inertie couvrant une large gamme. Les avancées de cette ANR portent notamment sur la détermination des forces et couples élémentaires sur de tels objets avec la question du nombre de degrés de liberté supplémentaires à prendre en compte, l'impact de la forme et de l’effet d'inertie ainsi que l’influence d’une force extérieure telle que la gravité sur les interactions particule-turbulence. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier finement la dispersion de particules non-sphériques rigides dans un écoulement turbulent à l’échelle mésocospique (il est supposé que les particules sont des points matériels). Pour ce faire, un suivi lagrangien de particules ellipsoïdales couplé à un code de simulation numérique directe d’un écoulement turbulent de canal a été utilisé. Cette méthode nécessite alors une bonne estimation des forces et couples hydrodynamiques agissant sur ce type de particules, ainsi qu’un couplage des équations du mouvement de translation et de rotation. En se basant sur les résultats obtenus par une simulation numérique directe résolue à l’échelle de la particule (Ansys Fluent, body-fitted method), nous avons établi, dans un premier temps, des corrélations pour les coefficients hydrodynamiques (traînée, portance, couple de tangage) dépendant du nombre de Reynolds particulaire, de la forme, et de l'orientation des particules. L’originalité de ce travail réside en la validité de ces corrélations pour des gammes étendues de facteurs de forme (rapport entre la longueur et la largeur de la particule w ∈ [0,2-32] et de Reynolds particulaires Rep ∈ [1-240]. Ces corrélations ainsi que les équations du mouvement de rotation ont été ensuite intégrées dans le code « maison » de simulation numérique directe d’un écoulement turbulent gaz-solide à l’échelle mésocospique. Après avoir validé ce code à travers différents cas tests, nous avons étudié la dispersion de différentes particules ellipsoïdales dans un écoulement de canal turbulent pour un nombre de Reynolds modéré. Trois principaux effets sont à l’étude : l’effet de forme, l'effet d'inertie et l'effet du croisement de trajectoires
The present work is a part of a program research ANR PLAYER (started from January 2012), the aim of the project is to extend the simulations of gaz-particles flow to the non-spherical particles with a large range of inertia. The main objectives of this project consist, firstly, on the founding of hydrodynamic forces and torques occurring on these non-spherical particles. As results, we focus on the additional degrees of freedom that must be considered, shape effects and effects of inertia. Secondly, we are interested on the study of particle-turbulence interaction and particle-particle interaction. The aim of this Phd thesis consists on the studying of the dispersion of solide non-spherical particles in turbulent channel flow at mesoscopic scale. In order to achieve this work, we considered a one way coupling and we used a technique of Particles Lagrangian Tracking coupled with a Direct Numerical Simulation of the turbulent channel flow (DNS/PLT). This technique requires a well prediction of hydrodynamic forces and torques occurring on each particle. In addition, this technique requires a coupling of translational and rotational motions. Firstly, a Direct Numerical Simulation is used with a body-fitted method in CFD code Ansys-Fluent to simulate flow around ellipsoids. Based on the obtained results, models of correlation for hydrodynamic coeffients (drag, lift and torque) are proposed. The major results of this part is the accuracy models for a large ranges of particles Reynolds number, aspect ratio and orientations. Indeed these models take the particle Reynolds number Rep ∈ [1-240], the shape (aspect ratio w ∈ [0.2-32]) and the orientation of the particle into account. Secondly, these models of correlation as well as translational and rotational motions are implemented in the in-house DNS code. After a rigorous validation of the code using a different test cases, simulations of dispersion of ellipsoidals particles in a tubulent channel flow is performed for a moderate Reynolds number. Three main effects are investigated in this study: shape effect, inertial effect and the “effect of crossing trajectories”

Construction d'une soufflerie et d'un générateur de gouttes monodimensionnelles. On utilise l'anémométrie laser Doppler sur des petites particules discrètes pour déterminer le champ turbulent et sur des particules lourdes pour l'étude de la dispersion particulaire

Microfluidic networks and microporous materials have long been of interest in areas such as hydrology, petroleum engineering, chemical and electrochemical engineering, medicine and biochemical engineering. With the emergence of new processes in gas separation, cell sorting, ultrafiltration, and advanced materials synthesis, the importance of building a better qualitative and quantitative understanding of these key technologies has become apparent. However, microfluidic measurement and theory is still relatively underdeveloped, presenting a significant obstacle to the systematic design of microfluidic devices and materials. Theoretical challenges arise from the breakdown of classical viscous flow models as the flow dimensions approach the mean free path of individual molecules. Experimental challenges arise from the lack of flow profilometry techniques at sub-micron length scales. Here we present an extension of scanning probe microscopy techniques, which we have termed Hydrodynamic Force Microscopy (HFM). HFM exploits fluid drag to profile microflows and to map the permeability of microporous materials. In this technique, an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever is scanned close to a microporous sample surface. The hydrodynamic interactions arising from a pressure-driven flow through the sample are then detected by mapping the deflection of an AFM cantilever. For gas flows at atmospheric pressure, HFM has been shown to achieve a velocity sensitivity of 1 cm/s with a spatial resolution of ~ 10 nm. This compares very favorably to established techniques such as hot-wire and laser Doppler anemometry, whose spatial resolutions typically exceed 1 μm and which may rely on the use of tracer particles or flow markers. We demonstrate that HFM can successfully profile Poiseuille flows inside pores as small as 100 nm and can distinguish Poiseuille flow from uniform flow for short entry lengths. HFM detection of fluid jets escaping from porous samples can also reveal a "permeability map" of a sample’s pore structure, allowing us to distinguish between clear and blocked pores, even in cases where the subsurface fouling is undetectable by conventional AFM. The experimental data is discussed in context with theoretical aspects of HFM microflow measurement and practical limits of this technique. Finally, we conclude with variations of standard HFM techniques that show some promise for investigation of smaller nanometer-scale flows of gases and liquids.

Les infections bactériennes touchant la circulation sanguine conduisent à un vaste éventail de graves pathologies, comme les chocs septiques ou les infections locales (endocardites et méningites). Neisseria meningitidis colonise avec succès l’endothélium vasculaire et cause des sepsis sévères. Ces infections résultent de la colonisation des cellules endothéliales de l’hôte, étape clef de la pathophysiologie à laquelle les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit se sont intéressés. La colonisation de l’endothélium par N. meningitidis est un processus complexe qui implique l’adhésion et la multiplication des bactéries à la surface des cellules endothéliales dans le contexte particulier de la circulation sanguine, où des forces mécaniques sont générées par le flux sanguin sur les objets circulants. Bien que de nombreuses études se soient intéressées à l’interaction entre les cellules endothéliales et N. meningitidis, plusieurs aspects demeurent incertains comme par exemple l’impact des contraintes générées par le flux sanguin et la participation relative des deux partenaires de l’interaction dans la colonisation de l’endothélium par N. meningitidis.L’adhésion de la bactérie à la surface des cellules endothéliales est dépendante de facteurs bactériens (les pili de type IV, PT4) et induit une réponse de la part de la cellule hôte, qui se traduit par un remodelage de la membrane plasmique et une réorganisation du cytosquelette d’actine sous les microcolonies. Dans un premier temps, ces travaux de thèse montrent que la réponse cellulaire induite par N. meningitidis participe activement à la colonisation. En effet, la formation de projections membranaires permet à chaque bactérie de la microcolonie d’établir des contacts avec la cellule hôte, nécessaires à la résistance des microcolonies face aux forces mécaniques générées par le flux sanguin. De plus, nous montrons que la protéine PilV, composant des PT4, est impliquée dans le remaniement de la membrane plasmique et la réorganisation du cytosquelette. Nous avons développé une méthode combinant vidéo-microscopie et analyse de fluorescence pour décrypter les événements précoces prenant place lors du contact entre les bactéries et la surface des cellules hôtes. Nous avons alors montré que le remodelage de la membrane induit par N. meningitidis ne dépend pas de la réorganisation du cytosquelette d’actine au site d’infection mais plutôt des propriétés intrinsèques de la bicouche lipidique.Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux étapes tardives de l’infection, c'est-à-dire à l’initiation d’un nouveau cycle de colonisation. Bien que solidement ancrées à la surface des cellules par l’intermédiaire des projections membranaires, quelques bactéries se détachent des microcolonies pour coloniser des nouveaux sites au sein de l’hôte. Nous avons démontré l’importance de modifications post-traductionnelles de la piline majeure dans cette étape de l’infection et caractérisé les mécanismes impliqués.Cette étude a permis d’affiner les mécanismes impliqués dans l’induction de la réponse cellulaire induite par N. meningitidis et son impact sur la colonisation efficace de l’endothélium par ce pathogène
Bacterial infections targeting the bloodstream lead to a wide array of severe clinical manifestations, such as septic shock or focal infections (endocarditis and meningitis). Neisseria meningitidis colonizes successfully the vascular wall and causes severe sepsis. Such infections result from an efficient colonization of host endothelial cells, a key step in meningococcal diseases which has been the subject of the work presented here. Endothelium colonization by N. meningitidis is a complex process implying bacterial adhesion and multiplication on the endothelial cell surface in the specific context of the bloodstream, where mechanical forces generated by the blood flow are applied on circulating bacteria. Even though many studies focused on the interaction between N. meningitidis and the endothelial cell, many aspects remain elusive, such as the impact of shear stress generated drag forces and the relative contribution of the two partners involved in this interaction.Adhesion to the endothelial cell surface is dependent on bacterial factors called type IV pili (Tfp) and leads to induction of a host cell response, characterized by a local remodeling of the plasma membrane and reorganization of actin cytoskeleton underneath bacterial microcolonies. First, we have shown that the cellular response induced by N. meningitidis actively participate in the colonization process. Indeed, membrane deformation allows contact with every bacterium inside the microcolony, which is necessary for microcolony resistance to mechanical forces. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the PilV protein, a Tfp component, is involved in plasma membrane remodeling and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. We designed a method combining high resolution live-cell fluorescence video-microscopy and fluorescence quantification to decipher the early events induced on contact of bacterial aggregates with the host cell surface. Using this technique we have shown that membrane remodeling does not rely on actin cytoskeleton reorganization but rather on intrinsic properties of the lipid bilayer. Second, we focused on latter steps of the infection process when initiation of a new colonization cycle is initiated. While firmly attached to the host cell surface through the membranous projections, some bacteria can detach from the microcolony to disseminate throughout the host. We have demonstrated the importance of post-translational modification of the major piline in this step and characterized the underlying mechanisms.This work allows refinement of the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of the cellular response induced by N. meningitidis and its impact on successful endothelium colonization by this pathogen

Les simulations des écoulements diphasiques à l’échelle réelle de l’application nécessitent des modèles pour les termes non fermés des équations macroscopiques. Des simulations numériques directes à particule résolue utilisant la méthode de pénalisation visqueuse ont été réalisées afin de mesurer les interactions entre des particules de différentes formes (sphérique et ellipsoïdale) et le fluide porteur à différents régimes d'écoulement (de stokes à l'inertiel). Deux méthodes ont été développées durant cette thèse afin d'extraire les forces hydrodynamiques ainsi que le transfert de chaleur sur les frontières immergées représentant les particules. Plusieurs validations ont été conduites pour différentes configurations de particules : de la simulation d’une particule isolée à un réseau aléatoire de sphères en passant par réseau cubique face centrée de sphères. Une corrélation du nombre de Nusselt est proposée pour un sphéroïde allongé plongé dans un écoulement uniforme
The simulations of multiphase flows at real application scale need models for unclosed terms in macroscopic equations. Particle-Resolved Direct Numerical Simulations using Viscous Penalty Method have been carried out to quantify the interactions between particles of different shapes (spheres, ellipsoids) and the carrier fluid at different regimes (from Stokes to inertial). Two methods have been developed to extract hydrodynamic forcesand heat transfers on immersed boundaries representing the particles. Validations have been conducted for various configuration of particles: from an isolated sphere and spheroid to Face-Centered Cubic to a random arrangement of spheres. A correlation of the Nusselt number for an isolated prolate spheroid past by a uniform flow is proposed

With a proven ability to uncover fundamental biological processes, the atomic force microscope (AFM) represents one of the most valuable and versatile tools available to the biophysical sciences. We study the unsteady small-scale flows generated within the AFM by its sensing probe (a long thin cantilever), which have received relatively little attention to date, yet which are increasingly relevant in an age of microdevices. The early parts of this thesis investigate some canonical two-dimensional flows driven by oscillations of an infinite-length rigid cantilever. These prove amenable to analysis and enable us to investigate many of the important physical phenomena and compile a comprehensive collection of asymptotic expressions for the drag. The corresponding results lay out the influence of a nearby wall, geometry and oscillation frequency. The limitations of a two-dimensional approach are then explored through the development of a novel unsteady slender-body theory (USBT) for finite-length cylinders, an asymptotic treatment of which offers corrections to traditional resistive-force-theory (RFT) methods by accounting for geometric factors and flow inertia. These ideas are then extended to the study of thin rectangular plates. Two key parameters are identified which promote two-dimensionality in the flow, namely the frequency of oscillation and the proximity of a nearby boundary. We then examine flexible cylinders and plates by coupling the hydrodynamics to linearized elastic beam and plate equations, which simulate the hydrodynamically-damped high-speed deformable motion of the AFM's cantilever, when driven either externally or by Brownian motion. In the latter case, we adopt an approach which offers notable improvements over the most advanced method currently available to the AFM community.

Дисертаційна робота присвячена розробленню методики розрахунку та вдосконаленню геометрії багатошпаринних ущільнень відцентрових насосів. Наукове обґрунтування та опрацювання методики визначення статичних і динамічних силових характеристик та уточнений розрахунок величини витоків в багатошпаринних ущільненнях дають змогу покращити вже існуючі конструкції та підвищити енергоефективність при забезпеченні допустимо низького рівню вібрацій роторів відцентрових насосів. На основі аналізу літературних джерел встановлено можливість підвищення загального коефіцієнту корисної дії (К.К.Д.) відцентрових насосів за рахунок зменшення об’ємних втрат на передніх та міжступеневих шпаринних ущільненнях при великих значеннях перепадів тиску та швидкостях обертання роторів. Це можливо за рахунок використання багатошпаринних ущільнень. Конструкції таких ущільнень створюється послідовно розміщеними дроселями, з’єднаними між собою камерами, коефіцієнт гідравлічних втрат яких приблизно дорівнює сумі коефіцієнтів втрат всіх дроселів. Відповідно зменшується витоки через ущільнення. З літератури стає зрозумілим, що в таких ущільненнях, як і у звичайних одношпаринних, не тільки обмежуються втрати, а й внаслідок високих значень перепадів тиску виникають радіальні сили, які впливають на динамічні характеристики роторів відцентрових насосів, тобто вони виконують функції гідродинамічних опор і можуть, як стабілізувати ротор, так і викликати втрату його динамічної стійкості. Для визначення розподілу тиску в короткому кільцевому каналі з відповідними граничними умовами прийнято рівняння течії в’язкої нестисливої рідини (рівняння Рейнольдса). Отримані аналітичні залежності для розрахунку радіальних сил, що виникають в кільцевих дроселях двохшпаринних і трьохшпаринних ущільнень, зумовлені радіальним зміщення вала та перекосом осей ротора та статора. Проведена оцінка впливу конусності щілин на силові коефіцієнти багатошпаринного ущільнення. Розглядаються сили, зумовлені осьовим перепадом тиску p F і потоком витіснення: дисипативна сила d F і циркуляційна сила сF , які можуть привести до втрати стійкості, яка супроводжується автоколиваннями ротора з великою амплітудою. Інерційні сили (гіроскопічна і сила інерції), зважаючи на їх відносно малі значення, не враховуються. Отримані аналітичні залежності для визначення амплітуди та фази вимушених радіальних коливань вала, а також визначення умови його стійкості. Також розглянуті вільні коливання ротора в багатошпаринному ущільненні та отримані частоти власних коливань системи ротор-ущільнення з врахуванням демпфірування в залежності від частоти обертання при різних значеннях ущільнювального тиску. Виконано порівняння величин динамічних коефіцієнтів та витоків двох- та трьохшпаринних ущільнень з одношпаринним ущільненням при умові використання достатньо великих камер, яке демонструє суттєві переваги багатошпаринних ущільнень. Так, наприклад, трьохшпаринне ущільнення з однаковим радіальним зазором всіх шпарин ущільнення має у середньому на 48,5 % більші динамічні коефіцієнти, та на 41,2 % менші витоки, а подібне двохшпаринне ущільнення має на 15 % більшу пряму жорсткість та на 9,1 % більше пряме демпфірування та на 20,6 % менші витоки. Для проведення експериментальних досліджень на базі проблемної лабораторії гермомеханіки та вібродіагностики кафедри комп’ютерної механіки імені Володимира Марцинковського виконана модернізація існуючої експериментальної установки для досліджень одношпаринних ущільнень. Установка забезпечує подачу ущільнювального тиску від 0 до 1 МПа, при умові достатнього гасіння його пульсацій, при величині витоків до 1,2 л/с та частоті обертання вала - 8000 об/хв. Виконувались експериментальні дослідження трьохшпариного ущільнення двох варіантів конструкцій: з однаковими радіальними зазорами на кожній шпарині і з вдвічі збільшеним радіальним зазором на другій шпарині при двох осьових розмірах з’єднувальних камер – 1 та 3 мм. Для визначення впливу радіальної та тангенціальної сил, окремо проведені дослідження як з не обертовим, так і з обертовим валом. В експериментальних дослідженнях з не обертовим валом проведено вимірювання розподілу тиску по довжині першої шпарини та в з’єднувальній камері на виході з неї у двох протилежних радіальних положеннях вала – у місці з мінімальним та максимальним радіальним зазором; та сумарних витоків з ущільнення в залежності від радіального зміщення вала (ексцентриситету) в діапазоні 0,04-0,16 мм при різній величині ущільнювального тиску 1,25; 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10 атм. Отримані результати по розподілу гідростатичного тиску по довжині першої шпарини показали, що перший варіант конструкції трьохшпаринного ущільнення має децентруючу радіальну гідростатичну силу, яка підвищується зі збільшенням радіального зміщення валу та зменшується при збільшені осьового розміру з’єднувальних камер. У другому варіанті конструкції радіальна гідростатична сила на першій шпарині у більшості випадків має центруючу дію, та сумарна гідростатична радіальна сила збільшується зі збільшенням радіального зміщення вала і осьового розміру з’єднувальних камер. Величина витоків дещо зменшується з радіальним зміщенням валу для першого варіанту конструкції, але має суттєво більшу величину і майже не змінюється як від радіального зміщення, так від збільшення осьового розміру камер. Порівняння величини витоків отриманих за допомогою аналітичних залежностей з експериментальними даними для конструкцій трьохшпаринних ущільнень дало максимальну похибку 3,3 %, що підтверджує достатню адекватність обраної теоретичної моделі. Помічено, що під час експериментальних досліджень в першому варіанті конструкції при осьовому розмірі з’єднувальних камер 3 мм при відсутності власного обертання спостерігався прецесійний рух вала, траєкторія якого відстежувалась на екрані осцилографа. В експериментальних дослідженнях з обертальним валом отримані амплітудно-частотні характеристики (АЧХ), траєкторії руху та значення витоків в залежності від частоти обертання вала при різних значеннях ущільнювального тиску. Визначено, що у більшій частині досліджуваного діапазону параметрів, загальне число Рейнольдса у трьохшпаринному ущільненні відповідає турбулентному режиму течії. Аналіз АЧХ показав, що у другому варіанті конструкції ущільнення з удвоєним радіальним зазором другої шпарини та збільшеним осьовим розміром з’єднувальних камер при збільшенні ущільнювального тиску суттєво збільшуються значення критичних швидкостей. В першому варіанті конструкції зі зменшеним осьовим розміром з’єднувальної камери тенденція є зворотною. Для обох варіантів конструкцій зі збільшенням ущільнювального тиску дещо збільшуються критичні амплітуди коливань. При чому, у другому варіанті конструкції трьохшпаринного ущільнення максимальна критична амплітуда коливань на 36 % менша. Аналіз траєкторій руху стінки вала підтверджує той факт, що найменшу величину амплітуди коливань має другий варіант конструкції ущільнення зі збільшеним осьовим розміром з’єднувальних камер. Також підтверджено, що як і у традиційних шпаринних ущільненнях, витоки зменшуються зі збільшенням частоти обертання вала. Порівняння експериментально отриманих амплітудно-частотних характеристик(АЧХ) з АЧХ отриманими за аналітичними залежностями, показало краще їх співпадіння для другого варіанту конструкції зі збільшеними з’єднувальними камерами. Так максимальна відносна похибка дорівнювала 15 %. Це пояснюється тим, що в аналітичних розрахунках не враховується рух рідини в циліндричних каналах з’єднувальних камер. Для дослідження гідродинаміки течії рідини у циліндричних каналах багатошпаринного ущільнення використовувався програмний комплекс ANSYS CFX, в якому за допомогою метода скінченних об’ємів елементів розв’язувалися рівняння Нав'є-Стокса осереднені за Рейнольдсом, які замикались k-ɛ моделлю турбулентності. Розглядалась ізотермічна течія рідини (води). Точність використання вищенаведеної моделі турбулентності підтверджується наявними в літературі результатами розрахунків шпаринних ущільнень. Проведені розрахункові дослідження трьохшпаринних та двохшпаринних ущільнень в стаціонарній та нестаціонарній постановках. Отримані поля швидкостей, розподіли тиску та значення витоків. В стаціонарній постановці розглядалось радіальне зміщення валу без урахування його власного обертання. Порівняння отриманих розподілів гідростатичного тиску з результатами експериментальних досліджень показало, що максимальна похибка між результатами розрахунків та експериментів для конструкцій трьохшпаринного ущільнення склала 12,4 %, а максимальна відносна різниця за величиною витоків склала 15% при максимальному значенні величини радіального зміщення вала. Виникнення в експериментальних дослідженнях прецесії вала без його власного обертання в першому варіанті конструкції пояснюється результатами розрахункових досліджень. Так, радіальні коливання вала вздовж вертикальної осі, які викликані децентруючою силою в цьому напрямку, при мінімальному випадковому стаціонарному зміщенні валу в горизонтальному напрямку, можуть викликати додаткові радіальні коливання в цьому напрямку. Це пов’язано з виникненням негативного демпфірування в першому варіанті конструкції трьохшпаринного ущільнення. В нестаціонарній постановці розглядався рух вала за циліндричною траєкторію при прямій синхронній прицесії. Величина ексцентриситету дорівнювала 10 % від величини зазора. За відомими аналітичним залежностями, за величинами радіальних та тангенціальних сил, отриманими в розрахункових дослідженнях, оцінювались динамічні коефіцієнти жорсткості та демпфірування багатошпаринних ущільнень. Нестаціонарний аналіз динаміки валу в трьохшпаринному ущільненні показав, що максимальні сумарні значення динамічних коефіцієнтів має другий варіант конструкції зі збільшеною камерою. Основні динамічні коефіцієнти – прямі жорсткості і демпфірування та перехресне демпфірування мають позитивне значення, негативне значення перехресної жорсткості лише збільшує стабілізуючу дію сил на вал в цьому варіанті конструкції ущільнення. Що також підтверджується результатами експериментальних досліджень. Подальше намагання покращити динамічні характеристики вала в трьохшпаринних ущільненнях за рахунок використання нових конструкцій з гальмами та обертовими лопатками, які встановлюються на стаціонарних та роторних елементах з’єднувальних камер, не дало очікуваного результату. Так, пряма жорсткість має негативну величину для цих конструкцій ущільнень. Присутність гальм та лопаток не зменшує, а навпаки збільшує перехресну жорсткість в конструкції трьохшпаринного ущільнення. Виконані розрахункові дослідження турбулентної течії нестисливої рідини для трьох варіантів конструкцій двохшпаринного ущільнення: базової конструкції (змінювався лише осьовий розмір з’єднувальної камери), конструкції з радіальною проточкою на зовнішньому радіусі та конструкції з радіальною проточкою на внутрішньому радіусі з’єднувальної камери. Розрахункові дослідження в стаціонарній і нестаціонарній постановках показали більшу ефективність другого варіанту конструкції, який має найбільшу величину радіальної гідростатичної центруючої сили і змінення направлення сили відбувається при менших осьових розмірах з’єднувальної камери, та відповідно має найбільші значення прямої жорсткості та демпфірування. В результаті проведених розрахункових досліджень видані практичні рекомендації по величині осьового розміру і конструкції з’єднувальної камери та проаналізовано вплив з’єднувальної камери на гідродинамічні сили, які виникають в циліндричних зазорах двохшпаринних ущільнень. Достовірність отриманих наукових положень і результатів забезпечується: достатнім узгодженням розрахункових та експериментальних даних; використанням методів і засобів вимірювання, що забезпечують допустиму похибку експериментального визначення основних величин.
The thesis is devoted to the development of calculation methods and improvement of the geometry of multi-annular seals of centrifugal pumps. Scientific substantiation and elaboration of the method of determining static and dynamic forces characteristics and refined calculation of leakage in multi-clearance seals allow to improve existing structures and increase energy efficiency while ensuring a low level of vibration of centrifugal pump rotors. Based on the analysis of literature sources, the possibility of increasing the total efficiency of centrifugal pumps by reducing the volume losses on the front and interstage annular seals, with large values of pressure drops and rotational speeds. This is possible through the use of multi-clearance seals. Sequentially placed throttles connected by chambers creates the design of such seals, the coefficient of hydraulic losses is approximately equal to the sum of the coefficients of loss of all throttle. Accordingly, leakage through seals is reduced. From the literature, it is clear that in such seals, as in conventional single-clearance, not only limited losses but also due to high values of pressure drops radial forces that affect the dynamic characteristics of the rotors of centrifugal pumps, i.e. they perform hydrodynamic support and can both to stabilize the rotor and to cause the loss of its dynamic stability. The flow equation of a viscous incompressible fluid (Reynolds equation) determines the pressure distribution in a short annular channel with corresponding boundary conditions. Analytical dependences for calculating radial forces arising in the ring chokes of two-annular and three-annular seals due to the radial displacement of the shaft and the skew of the axes of the rotor and stator are obtained. The influence of the conicity of the slits on the force coefficients of the multi-annular seals is estimated. The forces due to the axial pressure drop p F and the displacement flow are considered: dissipative force dF and circulating force сF , which can lead to loss of stability, accompanied by self-oscillations of the rotor with a large amplitude. Inertial forces (gyroscopic and inertial forces), due to their relatively small values, are not taken into account. Analytical dependences for the determination of amplitude and phase of forced radial oscillations of a shaft and the definition of its stability condition are received. The free oscillations of the rotor in the multi-annular seal are also considered, and the natural frequencies of the rotor-seal system are obtained, taking into account damping depending on the rotational frequency at different values of the sealing pressure. Comparing the values of dynamic coefficients and leakage of two- and threeannular seals with a one-clearance seal under the condition of using sufficiently large chambers demonstrates the significant advantages of multi-annular seals. For example, a three-clearance seal with the same radial clearance has an average of 48.5% higher dynamic coefficients and 41.2% fewer leakages. A similar twoclearance seal has 15% greater direct stiffness and 9.1 % more direct damping, and 20.6% fewer leaks. To conduct experimental research on the basis of the problem laboratory of hermomechanics and vibrodiagnostics of the Department of Computer Mechanics named after Volodymyr Martsynkovskyy, the modernization of the existing experimental installation for the study of single-well seals was performed. The unit provides the supply of sealing pressure from 0 to 1 MPa, provided sufficient suppression of its pulsations, with the value of leaks up to 1.2 l/s and shaft speed - 8000 rpm. Experimental studies of three-annular seals of two design variants were performed: with the same radial clearance on each hole and twice the radial clearance on the second hole with two axial sizes of connecting chambers - 1 and 3 mm. To determine the influence of radial and tangential forces, separate studies with both non-rotating and rotating shafts were conducted. In experimental studies with a non-rotating shaft, the pressure distribution was measured along the length of the first clearance and in the connecting chamber at its outlet in two opposite radial positions of the shaft - in the place with the minimum and maximum radial clearance; and total leaks from the seal depending on the radial displacement of the shaft in the range of 0.04-0.16 mm (eccentricity) at different values of the sealing pressure of 1.25; 2.5; 5; 7.5, 10 atm. The obtained results on the distribution of hydrostatic pressure along the length of the first clearance showed that the first design of the three-clearance seal has a decentralized radial hydrostatic force, which increases with increasing radial displacement of the shaft and decreases with increasing axial size of connecting chambers. In the second variant, the radial hydrostatic force on the first clearance has a centering effect in most cases. The total hydrostatic radial force increases with increasing radial displacement of the shaft and the axial size of the connecting chambers. The magnitude of the leaks decreases slightly with the radial displacement of the shaft for the first design variant but has a significantly larger value and does not change almost from the radial displacement and increase in the axial size of the chambers. Comparison of the magnitude of leaks obtained with the help of analytical dependences with experimental data for the construction of three-annular seals gave a maximum error of 3.3%, which confirms the sufficient adequacy of the chosen theoretical model. It was noticed that during experimental studies in the first version of the design, with an axial size of the connecting chambers of 3 mm in the absence of its own rotation, precession movement of the shaft was observed on the oscilloscope screen. In experimental studies with a rotating shaft, amplitude-frequency characteristics (frequency response), trajectories and values of leaks depending on the frequency of rotation of the shaft at different values of sealing pressure were obtained. It is determined that in most of the studied range of parameters, the total Reynolds number in the three-annular seal corresponds to the turbulent flow regime. The frequency response analysis showed that in the second variant of the seal design with a double radial clearance of the second annular and an increased axial size of the connecting chambers, the values of critical velocities increase significantly with increasing sealing pressure. The trend is reversed in the first version of the design with the reduced axial size of the connecting chamber. The critical oscillation amplitudes increase slightly as the sealing pressure increases for both designs. Moreover, in the second variant of the three-annular seal design, the maximum critical amplitude of oscillations is 36% smaller. The analysis of the shaft wall trajectories confirms that the second value of the seal design with the increased axial size of the connecting chambers has the smallest value of the oscillation amplitude. It is also confirmed that leaks decrease with increasing shaft speed, as in traditional annular seals. Comparison of the experimentally obtained frequency response with the frequency response obtained by analytical dependences showed a better match for the second design option with enlarged connecting chambers. Thus, the maximum relative error was 15%. This is because the analytical calculations do not consider fluid movement in the cylindrical channels of the connecting chambers. The ANSYS CFX software package was used to study fluid flow in cylindrical multi-annular sealing channels. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved using the finite-volume element method, which closed the k-ɛ turbulence model. The isothermal flow of liquid (water) was considered. The accuracy of using the above model of turbulence is confirmed by the results of calculations of annular seals available in the literature. Calculated research of three-annular and two-annular seals in stationary and non-stationary installations is carried out. Velocity fields, pressure distributions and leak values are obtained. The radial displacement of the shaft without taking into account its own rotation was considered in the stationary setting. Comparison of the obtained distributions of hydrostatic pressure with the results of experimental studies showed that the maximum error between the results of calculations and experiments for the structures of the three-annular seal was 12.4%, and the maximum relative difference in the magnitude of the leaks was 15% with the maximum value of the radial displacement of the shaft. Numerical calculations explain the occurrence in experimental research of the precession of a shaft without its own rotation in the first variant of a design. Thus, the radial oscillations of the shaft along the vertical axis, which are caused by the decentralizing force in this direction, with the minimal accidental stationary displacement of the shaft in the horizontal direction, can cause additional radial oscillations in this direction. This is due to the negative damping in this version of the three-annular seal design. In a non-stationary setting, the precession movement of the shaft along a cylindrical trajectory was considered. The magnitude of the eccentricity was equal to 10% of the magnitude of the gap. According to the known analytical dependences, the values of radial and tangential forces obtained in the calculation studies, the dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of multi-annular seals were estimated. Non-stationary analysis of the shaft dynamics in a three-annular seal showed that the maximum total values of the dynamic coefficients have the second design option with an enlarged chamber. The main dynamic coefficients - direct stiffness, damping, and cross-damping have a positive value. The negative value of cross-stiffness only increases the stabilizing effect of forces on the shaft in this version of the seal design. The results of experimental studies also confirm this. However, attempts to improve the dynamic characteristics of the shaft in three-annular seals by using new designs with brakes and rotating vanes, which are installed on stationary and rotary elements of the connecting chambers, did not give the expected result. So, the direct stiffness has a negative value for these seal designs. The presence of brakes and blades does not reduce but rather increases the cross-stiffness in the design of the three-annular seal. Numerical calculations of the turbulent flow of incompressible fluid were performed for three variants of two-annular seal designs: basic design (only the axial size of the connecting chamber changed), design with a radial groove on the outer radius and design with the radial groove on the inner radius of the connecting chamber. Computational studies in stationary and non-stationary settings have shown greater efficiency of the second design variant, which has the largest value of radial hydrostatic centering force and changes in the direction of force occurs at smaller axial dimensions of the connecting chamber and therefore has the highest values of direct stiffness and damping. As a result, practical recommendations on the axial size and design of the connecting chamber are issued, and the influence of the connecting chamber on the hydrodynamic forces that occur in the cylindrical gaps of two-annular seals is analyzed. The reliability of the obtained scientific statements and results is ensured by: sufficient coordination of calculated and experimental data, using methods and means of measurement that allow the permissible error of experimental determination of basic values.

The problem addressed in this thesis is that of the behaviour of large offshore structures subjected to ice and earthquake loading. The theoretical formulation of the fluid force and associated added mass and damping coefficients acting on an isolated vertical surface-piercing rigid circular cylinder which is excited by sinusoidal unidirectional ground motions is presented. The closed-form solution is first developed on the basis of potential flow theory for arbitrary values of excitation frequency and, in addition, its asymptotic form for high frequencies is considered. The latter is found to be accurate in predicting the high-frequency added mass only for high structure radius-to-water depth ratios and the high-frequency damping for all radius-to-depth ratios. A computer method for numerical evaluation of the force coefficients is devised and theoretical results for different values of radius-to-depth ratios are thereby generated. An experimental study has been conducted in the Earthquake Engineering Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of British Columbia to verify the theoretical results obtained for the vertical distribution of the force coefficients of a model cylinder which satisfies the large body regime of fluid-structure behaviour for which effects due to fluid viscosity are negligible. Owing to unanticipated technical problems, the current study is unsuccessful and data recorded in the sinusoidal tests are unrealistic, although the calculated coefficients appear to be independent of base displacement (an observation which indicates that viscous effects were insignificant during testing). Nevertheless, values of total force coefficients which were obtained experimentally for a similar model in a previous investigation are found to agree very well with the corresponding theoretical results for frequencies of up to 6 Hz. It is concluded that the theoretical formulation provided for the hydrodynamic force coefficients of a vertical surface-piercing circular cylinder subjected to horizontal sinusoidal base motions of arbitrary frequency may be used to accurately predict the total added mass and damping of real structures satisfying the conditions imposed by the theory.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

The research summarised in this thesis addresses the problem of determining the hydrodynamic properties of damaged ships subjected to forced oscillations in calm water. Traditionally forces of hydrodynamic reaction acting on a rigid body moving through a fluid are derived either analytically or numerically. The former approach is usually restricted to small amplitude motions of the body moving through an unbounded domain of ideal fluid. The methodology is relatively simple and computationally effective but, as experimental results suggest, accuracy of the prediction, particularly for roll motion is unsatisfactory even for intact ships. The advanced CFD-based techniques are more suitable in addressing this problem, particularly the case of a damaged ship, but they are computationally demanding. Therefore, in order to tackle the issue efficiently, there is a need for high-quality experimental data for validation of the numerical results. However, the experiments, particularly in roll , are very difficult and there is very little data available for the simpler case of intact ships and virtually none for damaged ships. As the problem involves complex nonlinear phenomena, the physical tests should be performed in a controllable environment and therefore, the 'classical' sea-keeping tests have very limited applicability in this respect. Furthermore, the calm-water experiments are usually performed with oscillations about a fixed axis and the adequacy of such an approach for investigating hydrodynamic properties of damaged ships can be questioned. That is, the physical tests on partially restricted models are of great value, particularly for validating analytical / numerical approaches, but the presence of constraints may introduce artificial conditions affecting the dynamical characteristics of the system. Accounting for this, the approach adopted in this thesis involves a freely-floating body subjected to harmonic excitations generated by an internal forcing mechanism. It is postulated that by removing all kinematic constraints the system can be analysed in the most realistic (achievable in calm water) and controllable configuration. Although use of gyroscopic moment generators for forced roll experiments is not a novelty, this methodology has never been fully exploited for measurements of hydrodynamic reaction forces acting on an unconstrained model of a damaged ship. As the experiments were unprecedented, they resulted in a modest amount of collected data but provided great opportunity for examining the nature and scale of the underlying phenomena. Furthermore, in the course of the research the methodology has been refined and has eventually reached the point at which it can be utilised to produce large amount of experimental data in an accurate and efficient way. From this perspective, the research is prenormative.

In this thesis, two practical models for predicting the drag force exerted on flexible riparian vegetation under hydrodynamic loading have been developed. The models were formulated based on the results of a unique experimental data set that consisted of high resolution force-velocity and physical property measurements for twenty-one full-scale riparian trees, in both foliated and defoliated conditions. One of the models has then been used to numerically simulate the impact of riparian woodland on the flooding characteristics of a mid-catchment river site. Analysis of photographs and video footage of the trees from the experimental study during drag force testing allowed the frontal projected area to be determined, both in still air and as a function of flow velocity. The observed reductions in projected area and drag coe�cient with velocity were normalized using the projected area in still air to provide an empirical relationship between the ‘rigid’ drag coe�cient and area Reynolds number. The resulting drag force predictions were found to be accurate when properly calibrated against the vegetation under consideration. A second, more physically based model to predict the reconfiguration of flexible vegetation has been developed based on dimensional analysis of the relevant parameters, including flexural rigidity. The model utilizes a novel vegetative Cauchy number to determine the extent of the reconfiguration and has been shown to be more accurate than two existing drag force models. The model has also been validated against independent drag force data, demonstrating that it is applicable to vegetation of di�ering scale, morphology and flexibility. Serial and parallel optimizations of an existing two-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling code have enabled detailed numerical simulations of extreme flood events to be undertaken for a mid-catchment river site in Somerset, UK. The results indicated that riparian vegetation has a minimal impact on the downstream flooding characteristics, at least for the small site investigated herein. Significant reductions in key flow properties, namely velocity and bed shear stress, were however observed within the vegetated areas.

A global analysis for the hydrodynamical system defined for a homogeneous, incompressible layer of fluid on the β-plane is performed in both infinite and finite function space. Its application to global stability has yielded an algorithm for characterizing flows based on the existence of initially growing perturbations as opposed to the normal mode analysis; its application to the search for optimal initial perturbations has led to the least upper bound of energy growth rate; its application to multiple equilibria has given rise to a necessary condition for their existence; its application to the study of the relationship of modal to nonmodal growth rates has uncovered the cause underlying many aspects of the limitation of the modal stability analysis including the failure to predict transient growth of disturbances in stable flows and the underestimation of the intensity of initial development of instability in unstable flows. Numerical illustrations made for some specific flows have strengthened the general results, suggesting that a stability analysis of a hydrodynamical system without a global analysis is likely to be limited in many important aspects. The local analysis of asymptotic behavior of nonmodal disturbances to hyperbolic equilibria of the system have established: a) for any subcritical flow outside of monotonic, global stability regime, there exists a finite neighborhood around the origin of RM such that a disturbance initialized in this neighborhood will ultimately decay to zero after it exhibits Orr's temporal amplification; b) for any supercritical flow, there exists a finite neighborhood adjacent to the origin of RM such that a disturbance initialized in this neighborhood will persist as t→∞; and c) the nature of the persistent disturbances is related to the nature of the nonhyperbolic point in parameter space of interest. The numerical experiments are seen to confirm these predictions. Closure modeling of forced-dissipated statistical equilibrium of perturbed flows arising from initially uniform zonal flows over random topography is done with special regard to the correlation between disturbance and underlying topography and the resulting stress. Such an exercise has led to, on one hand, the numerical results for topographical stress suggesting clearly the significance of this force in overall momentum budget of large scale ocean circulations. On the other hand, it has led to an appreciation that the detailed conservation of energy and potential enstrophy, which holds regardless of the presence of dissipation in the system, provides a means for systematic investigation of nonlinear transfer of the these quantities among interacting triads, an area not accessible to other approaches.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

Cette thèse expérimentale s’inscrit dans le domaine des sciences séparatives et se base sur la technique de SPLITT (SPLIT-flow Thin fractionation). Son objectif consiste en l’étude des mécanismes qui sont à l’origine de la séparation, en continu et sans membrane, d’objets de taille micrométrique dans des mini-séparateurs fluidiques (Step-SPLITT). Les expériences menées, en laboratoire et lors de vols paraboliques, ont révélé le couplage complexe comme l’influence des effets hydrodynamiques et du champ gravitationnel sur la migration transverse des espèces en écoulement. Des visualisations tridimensionnelles par holographie digitale ont corroboré nos résultats et dévoilé des comportements inattendus. Les capacités séparatives des Step-SPLITT ont rendu possible l’analyse et la séparation d’objets biologiques et biomimétiques. Enfin, cette étude complétée par une modélisation tridimensionnelle de l’écoulement nous a permis de mettre au point un nouveau prototype de séparateur.

This experimental thesis belongs to the field of separative sciences and is based on the SPLITT technique (SPLIT-flow Thin fractionation). The objective is to study the mechanisms that are at the origin of continuous and membraneless separation of micron-size species in mini fluidic separators (Step-SPLITT). Experiments undertaken in laboratory and during parabolic flights revealed the complex coupling of the hydrodynamic effects and the gravitational field influencing the transverse migration of the flowing species. Three-dimensional visualizations performed by digital holography confirmed our results and disclosed unexpected behaviours. The separation capacities of Step-SPLITT made the analysis and the separation of biological and biomimetic species possible. In addition this study in conjunction with a three-dimensional flow modelling enabled us to develop a new prototype of separator.
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The research into hydrodynamic loading on ocean structures is concentrated mostly on circular cross section members and relatively limited work has been carried out on wave loading on rectangular sections, particularly in waves and currents. This research work is therefore carried out focussing on the evaluation of hydrodynamic force coefficients for sharp edged rectangular cylinders of various cross-sections (aspect ratios), subjected to waves and currents. Three cylinders with three different cross-sections are constructed and tested vertically, as surface piercing and horizontally, as fully submerged with the cylinder axis parallel to the wave crests. The aspect ratios considered for this investigation are 1.0, 112, 2/1, 3/4 and 4/3. The length of each cylinder is 2000mm. The sectional loadings are measured on a 100mm section, which is located at the mid-length of the cylinder. The forces are measured using a force measuring system, which consists of load cells, capable of measuring wave and current forces. The in-line & transverse forces (for vertical cylinders) and horizontal & vertical forces (for horizontal cylinders) have been measured. For horizontal cylinder, to study the effect of depth of variation on submergence of the cylinder, the tests are carried out for two depths of submergence. The experiments are carried out at the Hydrodynamic Laboratory, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, University of Glasgow. The tests are carried out in a water depth of 2.2m with regular and random waves for low Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) number up to 4.5 and the Reynolds number varied from 6.397xl03 to 1.18xl05 • The combined wave and current effect has been produced by towing the cylinders in regular waves, along and opposite to the wave direction at speeds of ± 0.1 mis, ± 0.2 mls and ± 0.3 mls. Based on Morison's equation, the relationship between inertia and drag coefficients are evaluated and are presented as a function of KC number for various values of frequency parameter, {3. For the vertical cylinders, the drag coefficients decrease and inertia coefficients increase with increase in KC number up to the range of KC tested for all the cylinders. For the horizontally submerged cylinders, the drag coefficients showed a similar trend to vertical cylinders, whereas the inertia coefficients decrease with increase in KC number for all the cylinders. This reduction in inertia force is attributed to the presence of a circulating flow [Chaplin (1984)] around the cylinders. The random wave results are consistent with regular wave results and the measured and computed force spectrum compares quite well. While computing the force coefficients in the case of combined waves and currents, only the wave particle velocity is used, as the inclusion of current velocity tends to produce unreliable drag force coefficients. For vertical cylinders, the drag and the inertia coefficients in combined waves and currents are lower than the drag and the inertia coefficients obtained in waves alone. For horizontal cylinders the drag coefficients are larger than those obtained for waves alone and the inertia coefficients are smaller than those measured in waves alone. The Morison's equation with computed drag and inertia coefficients has been found to predict the measured forces well for smaller KC numbers. However, the comparison between measured and computed positive peak forces indicate that the computed forces are underestimated. It is suggested that if the wave particle kinematics are directly measured, this discrepancy between measured and computed forces might well be reduced. Wave excitation forces are also reported in non-dimensional forms in the diffraction regime, using 3D-Green function method. Wave induced pressure distribution around the cylinder in regular waves have been measured and are reported as normalised pressures. Wave run-up on the cylinder surfaces has been measured and simple empirical formulae are presented for run-up calculations on the cylinder surfaces. The results of this investigation show that the cylinder aspect ratio plays major role on hydrodynamic force coefficients, dynamic pressure distribution and on wave run-up on cylinder surfaces.