Artículos de revistas: "Hydrogen recycling"

1

Michizono, S., T. Banno, and A. Kinbara. "Hydrogen recycling in carbon films." Vacuum 41, no. 4-6 (1990): 1493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(90)94002-8.

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2

Wilson, K. L., and W. L. Hsu. "Hydrogen recycling properties of graphite." Journal of Nuclear Materials 145-147 (February 1987): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(87)90317-5.

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3

Yoshida, Shinji, Susumu Ohshita, Hideo Sugai, and Takayoshi Okuda. "Suppression of hydrogen recycling in carbonizations." Kakuyūgō kenkyū 58, no. 5 (1987): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf1958.58.402.

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4

PENG LI-LIN, XU GUANG-BI, YUAN CHENG-JIE, et al. "HYDROGEN RECYCLING IN HL-1 TOKAMAK." Acta Physica Sinica 41, no. 4 (1992): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.41.594.

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5

Imoto, S. "Synergisms in hydrogen recycling: Session summary." Radiation Effects 89, no. 1-2 (1985): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00337578508220693.

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6

Pisarev, A. A., A. V. Varava, V. M. Smirnov, and E. R. Dryanina. "Hydrogen recycling constant during ion bombardment." Journal of Nuclear Materials 176-177 (December 1990): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(90)90082-x.

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7

Bampaou, Michael, Alexios-Spyridon Kyriakides, Kyriakos Panopoulos, Panos Seferlis, and Spyridon Voutetakis. "Modelling of Methanol Synthesis: Improving Hydrogen Utilisation." Chemical Engineering Transactions 88 (October 2, 2021): 931–36. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2188155.

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Hydrogen is a key component in the methanol (MeOH) synthesis process. It affects both the environmental and economic performance, since renewable hydrogen (usually produced by electrolysis) is the most expensive component of the process. The addition of renewable hydrogen improves the carbon balance of the process but necessitates the planning of a suitable strategy to account for the stochastic nature of renewable energy and the respective costs. For this reason, the focus of this work is the efficient hydrogen utilization in contrast to most of the past literature works that mainly focus on the conversion of the carbonaceous feedstock. Several operating parameters such as the extent of recycling, operating temperature and pressure, stoichiometric number, inlet temperature and total mass flow per tube affect the methanol yield, carbon conversion and hydrogen consumption of the process. The scope of this work is to provide insight on the effect of those parameters on the efficient hydrogen utilisation using a methanol synthesis modelling tool. The findings of this study showed that hydrogen utilisation could be considerably improved if operating at certain conditions. Lower stoichiometric numbers and mass flows per tube, inlet and cooling temperatures up to 510 K and higher operating pressures could reduce the required hydrogen per produced methanol unit. Especially the employment of recycling, could lead to substantial reduction of the associated hydrogen requirements. In particular, recycling 50 % of the residual off-gases could lead to 10 % less fresh hydrogen requirements and 90 % recycling results to 40 % less hydrogen for the production of the same amount of methanol.

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8

Schorer, Linda, Sven Schmitz, and Alexandra Weber. "Membrane based purification of hydrogen system (MEMPHYS)." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 25 (2019): 12708–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.108.

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A hydrogen purification system based on the technology of the electrochemical hydrogen compression and purification is introduced. This system is developed within the scope of the project MEMPHYS. Therefore, the project, its targets and the different work stages are presented. The technology of the electrochemical purification and the state of the art of hydrogen purification are described. Early measurements in the project have been carried out and the results are shown and discussed. The ability of the technology to recover hydrogen from a gas mixture can be recognized and an outlook into further optimizations shows the future potential. A big advantage is the simultaneous compression of the purified hydrogen up to 200 bar, therefore facilitating the transportation and storage.

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9

MICHIZONO, Shinichiro, Tatsuya BANNO, and Akira KINBARA. "Influence of carbonization on hydrogen recycling phenomena." SHINKU 33, no. 8 (1990): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.33.679.

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10

Larsson, D., H. Bergsåker, and A. Hedqvist. "Hydrogen recycling in graphite at higher fluxes." Journal of Nuclear Materials 266-269 (March 1999): 856–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(98)00552-2.

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11

Sakamoto, M., Y. Nakashima, Y. Higashizono, et al. "Hydrogen isotope recycling at a tungsten target." Journal of Nuclear Materials 438 (July 2013): S1088—S1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.239.

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12

DANDAPANI, B., and J. BOCKRIS. "Electrochemical recycling of iron for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 11, no. 2 (1986): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(86)90047-9.

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13

Peer, Michael, Burkhard Berninger, Alexander Hofmann, and Thomas Fehn. "Chemical recycling of PVC-containing plastic waste for recycling of critical metals." Detritus, no. 26 (2024): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2024.18360.

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Chemical recycling of polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste to recover critical metals is a promising way to solve two important problems (polyvinyl chloride disposal and critical metal recovery) in waste management and is being transferred on a larger scale in the “CHM-Technology” project. Various polyvinyl chloride containing plastic wastes were pyrolyzed to generate a hydrogen chloride rich vapor. This hydrogen chloride rich vapor is used in a second step to chlorinate indium in liquid crystal displays. Indium chloride has a lower boiling point than indium-tin-oxide and evaporates. This is cooled down and generates a metal concentrate together with the decomposed volatile materials from liquid crystal displays. The chlorine content in the polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste residues is reduced. The products solid, oil, hydrochloric acid and gas can be used for new products. For metal purification the metal concentrate is mixed with water, filtrated, distilled and an electrolysis is carried out to recover metallic indium. Nine waste containing PVC were used with significant differences: when more hydrochloric acid and less volatile organic fraction was produced, more indium was transferred to the metal concentrate. The best recovery of indium (78% purity after electrolysis) was 39 wt-% from LCD panels containing 83 mg In/kg.

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14

Grau, Laura, Peter Fleissner, Spomenka Kobe, and Carlo Burkhardt. "Processability and Separability of Commercial Anti-Corrosion Coatings Produced by In Situ Hydrogen-Processing of Magnetic Scrap (HPMS) Recycling of NdFeB." Materials 17, no. 11 (2024): 2487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17112487.

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The recycling of NdFeB magnets is necessary to ensure a reliable and ethical supply of rare earth elements as critical raw materials. This has been recognized internationally, prompting the implementation of large-scale legislative measured aimed at its resolution; for example, an ambitious recycling quote has been established in the Critical Raw Materials Act Successful recycling in sufficient quantities is challenged by product designs that do not allow the extraction and recycling of these high-performance permanent magnets without excessive effort and cost. This is particularly true for smaller motors using NdFeB magnets. Therefore, methods of recycling such arrangements with little or no dismantling are being researched. They are tested for the hydrogen-processing of magnetic scrap (HPMS) method, a short-loop mechanical recycling process. As contamination of the recycled material with residues of anti-corrosion coatings, adhesives, etc., may lead to downcycling, the separability of such residues from bulk magnets and magnet powder is explored. It is found that the hydrogen permeability, expansion volume, and the chosen coating affect the viable preparation and separation methods as recyclability-relevant design features.

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15

Rivier, Lucie, Pekka Peljo, Laurent A. C. Vannay, et al. "Photoproduction of hydrogen by decamethylruthenocene combined with electrochemical recycling." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 56, no. 9 (2017): 2324–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201610240.

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The photo-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by decamethylruthenocene, Cp2*Ru(II), is reported. The use of a metallocene to photo-produce hydrogen is presented as an alternative strategy to reduce protons without involving an additional photosensitizer. The mechanism was investigated by (spectro)electrochemical and spectroscopic (UV/vis and 1H NMR) measurements and the photo-activated hydride involved was characterized spectroscopically. As a consequence of the light activation, the resulting [Cp2*Ru(III)]+ species was electrochemically regenerated in situ on a Fluorinated Tin Oxide (FTO) electrode surface with an onset potential 0.20 V more positive than that required for direct electrochemical evolution of hydrogen on Pt. A promising internal quantum yield of 25 % was obtained. To complete this investigation, optimal experimental conditions, especially the use of weakly coordinating solvent and counter ions, are discussed.

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16

Lisichkin, G. V. "Chemical Problems of Hydrogen Energy." Chemistry at School, no. 6 (August 1, 2024): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.62709/0368-5632-2024-6-8-13.

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The article consistently examines the problems of obtaining, transporting, storing and recycling hydrogen. It is shown that the idea of hydrogen energy as an environmentally friendly process that will be introduced in the near future is a common misconception.

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17

Takahashi, Tetsuya, and Teruo Kimura. "Recycling of Glass Fabric Coated by Polyvinyl Chloride." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 19, no. 2 (2003): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060301900203.

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In order to stabilise recycled cutting waste of PVC coated glass fiber fabric (hereafter “PVC-GF”), a composite material having PVC as a matrix combined with hydrotalcite (hereafter “HT”) and zinc stearate (hereafter “ZS”) was prepared. The mechanical properties were measured and the inhibition effect of generating hydrogen chloride gas in heating was investigated. Cutting waste of PVC-GF was subjected to heated compression molding under various conditions to prepare specimens, and the bending strength was measured. The results showed that as the temperature increased from 120°C to 150°C and as heating the time was extended from 20 minutes to 45 inutes, the bending strength was greatly increased. In bending deformation, glass fibers contained in the specimens showed an effective reinforcing effect. The specimens combined with HT and ZS were obtained by injection molding. The starting time of generating hydrogen chloride gas in heat was investigated for the injection molded specimens. The result showed that the addition of both HT and ZS could greatly retard the time until hydrogen chloride gas was generated proving the benefits. Furthermore, the effect of UV irradiation on hydrogen chloride gas generation was investigated. It was clear that the starting time of hydrogen chloride gas generation was delayed by UV irradiation for the specimens with a relatively large amount (5-10 phr) of HT, as opposed to little change for the specimens with a relatively small amount (0-0.5 phr) of HT. This indicates that HT addition is effective for material recycling of PVC products used outdoors.

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18

Zelinová, V., B. Bočová, J. Huttová, I. Mistrík, and L. Tamás. "Impact of cadmium and hydrogen peroxide on ascorbate-glutathione recycling enzymes in barley root." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 2 (2013): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/517/2012-pse.

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We analyse the effect of Cd and H2O2 short-term treatments on the activity of ascorbate-glutathione recycling enzymes in barley root tip. Even a short transient exposure of barley roots to low 15 &micro;mol Cd concentration caused a marked approximately 70% root growth inhibition. Higher Cd concentrations caused root growth cessation during the first 6 h after short-term Cd treatment. Similarly, a marked root growth inhibition was also detected after the short-term exposure of barley seedlings to H2O2. Our results indicate that root ascorbate pool is more sensitive to Cd treatment than glutathione pool. Rapid activation of dehydroascorbate reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase is the important component of stress response to the Cd-induced alterations in barley root tips. H2O2 is probably involved in the Cd-induced activation of monodehydroascorbate reductase, but it is not involved in the Cd-induced increase of dehydroascorbate reductase activity.

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19

Simmons, Kevin, Wenbin Kuang, Areesa Trevino, Jose Ramos, Dounia Boushab, and Jinwen Zhang. "Reclamation of Continuous, Pristine Carbon Fibers from Filament Wound Composite Pressure Vessels for Sustainable Hydrogen On-board Storage Applications." SAMPE Journal 61, no. 2 (2025): 70–75. https://doi.org/10.33599/sj.v61no2.07.

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As the demand for carbon fibers in hydrogen storage infrastructure increases, the sustainable recycling of Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) becomes increasingly important. This study implements a low-temperature, low-pressure autoclave-based chemical recycling process that efficiently recovers continuous carbon fibers from pristine carbon-epoxy COPVs without requiring disassembly or destructive sectioning. Remarkably, this method preserved 99% of the continuous carbon fibers. However, the reclaimed fibers exhibit a slight reduction in tensile strength, approximately 15%, likely due to fraying during the recycling and handling processes. This state-of-the-art recycling approach demonstrates the potential for a sustainable closed-loop system, where reclaimed fibers can be reintegrated into the manufacturing cycle, thereby contributing to a circular economy for high-performance materials in hydrogen storage applications. Future work aims to optimize fiber recovery and cleaning processes to enhance mechanical properties and ensure scalability for broader industrial adoption.

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20

Wu, Wei, Wanhua Wang, John Aston, Meng Shi, and Luis A. Diaz. "Recycling of Protonic Solid Oxide Cells with Physio-Electrochemical Networks (RSPEN)." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 50 (2024): 4886. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02504886mtgabs.

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The global shift towards renewable and sustainable energy, with a focus on reducing reliance on fossil fuels and curbing carbon emissions, has led to the rise of hydrogen production via water electrolysis, powered by carbon-neutral sources. As demand for hydrogen grows, so does the need for efficient electrolyzers, such as solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOCs), with projections indicating a significant increase in global hydrogen electrolyzer capacity by 2050. However, the scaling up of SOC production presents challenges, including the need for large-scale raw material production, reliance on commercial products, and environmental impacts of waste. Particularly, over a ton of valuable waste ceramic materials are used per megawatt of SOC stack, necessitating effective recycling methods. Herein we propose a novel, scalable closed-loop recycling method for both proton conducting and oxygen ion conducting SOCs, involving active comminution, followed by electrochemical leaching and cell regeneration using recycled raw materials/precursors. The technology could achieve above 90% electrolyte material recovery, 95% CRM recovery from cathode and = 95% recovery in full cell performance. This technology not only addresses a significant gap in current recycling practices but also sets a precedent for future advancements in the field, potentially influencing broader practices in the recycling of multi-functional ceramic systems.

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21

TANABE, Tetsuo. "Hydrogen recycling at the first wall in CTR." SHINKU 29, no. 8 (1986): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.29.8_353.

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22

Wiggins, M. D., and S. Vepřek. "Hydrogen recycling and steady state concentrations in inconel." Journal of Nuclear Materials 132, no. 1 (1985): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(85)90396-4.

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23

Gruijters, Bas W. T., Maarten A. C. Broeren, Floris L. van Delft, Rint P. Sijbesma, Pedro H. H. Hermkens, and Floris P. J. T. Rutjes. "Catalyst Recycling via Hydrogen-Bonding-Based Affinity Tags." Organic Letters 8, no. 15 (2006): 3163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol0607387.

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24

Kato, Yukitaka. "Hydrogen Utilization for Carbon Recycling Iron Making System." ISIJ International 52, no. 8 (2012): 1433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.52.1433.

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25

Bertl, W., D. Healey, J. Zmeskal, M. D. Hasinoff, M. Blecher, and D. H. Wright. "A compact hydrogen recycling system using metal hydrides." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 355, no. 2-3 (1995): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)01085-4.

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26

Hoekman, S. Kent, Amber Broch, Curtis Robbins, and Richard Purcell. "CO2 recycling by reaction with renewably-generated hydrogen." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4, no. 1 (2010): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2009.09.012.

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27

Feng, Jiangtao, Hongwei Du, and Ke Li. "Current status of aluminium-water reaction for hydrogen production and cogeneration research." Advances in Computer and Engineering Technology Research 1, no. 2 (2024): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.61935/acetr.2.1.2024.p273.

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In recent years, hydrogen production by reacting active metals with water has come to the fore, with aluminum having a high energy density and being stable and non-toxic. It is considered to be one of the suitable hydrogen-producing metals, and the reaction of aluminum metal powder with water can not only produce hydrogen, but also generate heat, which can be used for heating, and the hydrogen produced can be used as fuel for storage, and can also be directly circulated into the turbine, or indirectly circulated into the boiler to generate electricity for heating, and the electricity generated can be used to electrolyze alumina, which theoretically achieves the recycling of aluminum water. In this paper, we will describe three aspects of the aluminum water reaction, the preservation of aluminum nano-powder and the thermoelectric recycling system.

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28

Ermek, Aubakirov, Tashmuhambetova Zheneta, Kairbekov Zhaksuntay, and Burkhanbekov Kairat. "Thermal Catalytic Recycling of Plastic Wastes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 618 (August 2014): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.618.136.

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This paper represents the results of researching of recycling plastic wastes by hydrogenation in the presence of catalysts: natural zeolite, bauxite, red sludge (wastes from recycling of bauxite), as a hydrogen source was used heavy residues from oil process. This method allowed to define the optimal conditions of the hydrogenation process and get liquid products enriched with isoalkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrocarbons.

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29

Stopić, Srećko, and Bernd Friedrich. "Formation and application of hydrogen in non-ferrous metallurgy." Vojnotehnicki glasnik 71, no. 3 (2023): 783–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg71-43407.

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Introduction/purpose: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe (75 % by mass) and the lightest element (with a density of 0.00082 g/cm3 ) which consists of only one proton and one electron. Because of its presence in many different forms such as gaseous hydrogen, its plasma species, water, acid, alkaline, ammonia and hydrocarbons, it has various applications in different industrial disciplines. Methods: Different hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods are considered in order to point out many different processes such as formation of hydrogen, reduction of metallic oxides and chlorides, and electrochemical reactions such as hydrogen overvoltage and the spillover effect. Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis enables the formation of very fine aerosols which can be used for the production of metallic powders. Results: Hydrogen formation was observed during the dissolution of metallic alloys with hydrochloric acid. The reduction of metallic oxides and metallic chlorides by hydrogen leads to the formation of metallic powders. Metallic powders were collected by a new developed electrostatic precipitator. Conclusion: Hydrogen can be applied in different reduction processes for the production of metallic powders. Recycling processes can be used for the formation of hydrogen. A new research strategy for powder production is proposed combining recycling of the black mass of used Li-Ion batteries, ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, and hydrogen reduction.

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30

Szymański, Mateusz, Bartosz Michalski, Marcin Leonowicz, and Zbigniew Miazga. "Recycling of Nd-Fe-B Magnets from Scrap Hard Disc Drives." Key Engineering Materials 682 (February 2016): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.682.308.

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A hydrogen-based treatment, including Hydrogen Decrepitation (HD) and Hydrogen Disproportionation-Desorption-Recombination (HDDR), was used as part of a recycling procedure for scrap neodymium-iron-boron magnets. Chemical methods of removing nickel coating out of magnets were tested, however ineffectively. Powders were obtained from magnets after the HD and were further processed by the HDDR. Finally, material with maximum energy product (BH)max of 74 kJ/m3 was produced. Chemical composition of magnets (MS, EDS), magnetic properties (VSM) and microstructure observations (SEM) were carried out.

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31

Hwang, Yewon, Donghyeon Kim, and Tak Hur. "A Study on the Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Cell Vehicles." Korean Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23, no. 1 (2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.62765/kjlca.2022.23.1.23.

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The development of green mobility and clean energy are the key point for carbon neutrality. Currently, as an alternative of fossil fuel, hydrogen is being produced from various technologies and fuel cell vehicle production is on the rise according to the policies such as hydrogen economy. The LCA is a technique for evaluating the environmental aspects and potential impacts on the life cycle of the product system. The life cycle of the fuel cell vehicle included the following stages: raw material acquisition, pre-manufacturing, manufacturing, WTW(Well-to-Wheel), maintenance, and EoL(End-of-Life). In the WTW stage, the environmental impacts of natural gas steam reforming hydrogen, COG(Coke Oven Gas) steam reforming hydrogen, petroleum refinery hydrogen, PEM(Proton Exchange Membrane) water electrolysis hydrogen, and SOEC(Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell) water electrolysis hydrogen were compared. As a result, the GWP values were identified in order of petroleum refinery hydrogen(3.67E+02 g CO2 eq./km), COG(Coke Oven Gas) steam reforming hydrogen(2.39E+02 g CO2 eq./km), natural gas steam reforming hydrogen(1.75E+02 g CO2 eq./km), SOEC(Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell) water electrolysis hydrogen(8.34E+01 g CO2 eq./km), and PEM(Proton Exchange Membrane) water electrolysis hydrogen(8.31E+01 g CO2 eq./km). To improve the environmental performance of the vehicle with natural gas steam reforming hydrogen, the recycling scenario of CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) was considered, and the recycling can reduce up to 1.6% of GWP impact.

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32

Hostert, Leandro, Eduardo G. C. Neiva, Aldo J. G. Zarbin, and Elisa S. Orth. "Nanocatalysts for hydrogen production from borohydride hydrolysis: graphene-derived thin films with Ag- and Ni-based nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 44 (2018): 22226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05834b.

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33

Kenji Arnaya, Agung, I. Ketut Suyasa, I. Gede Eka Wiratnaya, and I. Wayan Juli Sumadi. "Differences in Cell Death and BMP-2 Expression in Core Biopsy Specimens of Malignant Bone Tumors Given Hydrogen Peroxide Compared to Liquid Nitrogen." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 5, no. 4 (2023): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2023.5.4.1840.

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Introduction: Malignant bone tumors have a global prevalence of 1% of the overall malignancy case, with a very low 5-year survival rate and high local recurrence. The limb-salvage surgery with bone recycling is widely developed in the management of malignant bone tumors. Hydrogen peroxide and liquid nitrogen are bone recycling mediator agents destroying the malignant tumor cells while preserving healthy bones as much as possible. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide and liquid nitrogen with the number of tumor cell deaths using the Huvos score and BMP-2 expression in malignant bone tumors. Materials and Method: In vitro experimental research was performed on 30 core needle biopsy samples of bone malignant tumors divided into 2 groups of hydrogen peroxide and liquid nitrogen. The parameters measured are Huvos score and BMP-2 level. Results: Based on this study, the characteristics of malignant bone tumors were dominated by primary tumors (83.9%), in female patients (53.3%) with an average age of 30 years. Liquid nitrogen gave better results than hydrogen peroxide, marked by a lower Huvos score (average 12.13 vs. 18.87, p=0.033) and a higher BMP-2 (average 39.53 ± 26.59 vs. 63.87 ± 27.61, p=0.020). Conclusion: Liquid nitrogen is an effective bone recycling agent for the management of malignant bone tumors.

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34

Accardo, Antonella, Trentalessandro Costantino, and Ezio Spessa. "LCA of Recycled (NdDy)FeB Permanent Magnets through Hydrogen Decrepitation." Energies 17, no. 4 (2024): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17040908.

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Compared to conventional fossil-fueled vehicles, electric vehicles offer several environmental benefits. However, even electric vehicles are not completely environmentally friendly because many of their parts are not recycled today. These parts, especially the magnets that power them, end up in landfills at the end of the vehicle’s life cycle. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of recycled (NdDy)FeB permanent magnets obtained by means of a novel hydrogen-decrepitation-based, magnet-to-magnet recycling technique. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology was used to compare, on a like-to-like basis, recycled and virgin permanent magnets. The core data provided by an industry partner served as the foundation for modelling the recycling process. Three different functional units were investigated based on three parameters, namely the magnet mass, magnetization coercivity, and energy product. Results revealed that the recycled magnet outperformed the virgin magnet in most impact categories. In terms of carbon footprint, recycling permanent magnets through hydrogen decrepitation would allow for an 18─33% reduction with respect to their production from virgin materials, depending on the assumed functional unit.

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35

Cheng, Peifeng, Pengcheng Qiao, Chunmeng Zheng, Ziyu Liu, Zhanming Zhang, and Yiming Li. "Study on the Performance and Mechanism of Cold-Recycled Asphalt Based on Permeable Recycling Agent." Materials 16, no. 19 (2023): 6464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16196464.

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In order to investigate the influence of recycling agent composition on the recycling effect of aged asphalt in the cold recycling process, the design and optimization of cold recycling agent composition were performed through the central composite design-response surface method combined with the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test and the bending beam rheometer (BBR) test. The molecular weight distribution and component changes in aged asphalt before and after the addition of a cold recycling agent were also analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and hydrogen-flame ionization test. The results showed that the permeable cold recycling agent has a recycling effect on the aged asphalt, but its effectiveness is greatly affected by recycling agent composition. The best recycling effect was achieved when the ratio of aromatic oil and penetrant in the cold recycling agent was 61.2:38.8, respectively. In terms of the recycling agent and aromatic functional groups in the aromatic oil, the aromatics in the recycling agent are derived from the aromatic oils, and the penetrant is only fused and permeated with the aromatic oils. After the admixture of the cold recycling agent, the penetrant in the recycling agent allows the aromatic oil to enter the aged asphalt at room temperature. The light components volatilized by aging are replenished, allowing the aged asphalt to recover some of its properties.

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36

KAWAMURA, Gakushi, Yukihiro TOMITA, Masahiro KOBAYASHI, and David TSKHAKAYA. "1D Modeling of LHD Divertor Plasma and Hydrogen Recycling." Plasma and Fusion Research 5 (2010): S1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.5.s1020.

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37

Marchand, R., and J. Lauzon. "Hydrogen recycling with multistep and resonance line absorption effects." Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics 4, no. 4 (1992): 924–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860490.

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38

Zakotnik, M., E. Devlin, I. R. Harris, and A. J. Williams. "Hydrogen Decrepitation and Recycling of NdFeB-type Sintered Magnets." Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International 13 (January 2006): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(08)60197-1.

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39

Peng, Lilin, Chengjie Yan, Zen Cao, et al. "Hydrogen recycling and its control on HL-1 tokamak." Journal of Nuclear Materials 196-198 (December 1992): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(06)80091-7.

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40

Ahmed, Oday H., Mohammednoor Altarawneh, Mohammad Al-Harahsheh, Zhong-Tao Jiang, and Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski. "Recycling of zincite (ZnO) via uptake of hydrogen halides." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 2 (2018): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp06159e.

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41

Ehrenberg, J., P. Coad, L. De Kock, et al. "Hydrogen and helium recycling in tokamaks with carbon walls." Journal of Nuclear Materials 162-164 (April 1989): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(89)90258-4.

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42

Rivier, Lucie, Pekka Peljo, Laurent A. C. Vannay, et al. "Photoproduction of Hydrogen by Decamethylruthenocene Combined with Electrochemical Recycling." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 56, no. 9 (2017): 2324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201610240.

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43

Rivier, Lucie, Pekka Peljo, Laurent A. C. Vannay, et al. "Photoproduction of Hydrogen by Decamethylruthenocene Combined with Electrochemical Recycling." Angewandte Chemie 129, no. 9 (2017): 2364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201610240.

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44

Piotrowicz, A., S. Pietrzyk, P. Noga, and Ł. Mycka. "The use of thermal hydrogen decrepitation to recycle Nd-Fe-B magnets from electronic waste." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200207032p.

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Rare earth magnets based upon neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) are employed in many high tech applications, including hard disk drives (HDDs). The key elements in manufacturing NdFeB magnets are rare earth elements (REEs) such as neodymium. This element has been subject to significant supply shortfalls in the recent past. Recycling of NdFeB magnets contained within waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) could provide a secure and alternative supply of these materials. Various recycling approaches for the recovery of sintered NdFeB magnets have been widely explored. Hydrogen decrepitation (HD) can be used as a direct reuse approach and effective method of recycling process to turn solid sintered magnets into a demagnetised powder for further processing. In this work, sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets were processed without prior removal of the metallic protective layer using the thermal HD process as an alternative recycling method. The gas sorption analyzer have been used to determine the quantity of the hydrogen absorbed by a samples of magnets, under controlled pressure (1, 2, 3 and 4 bar) and temperature (room, 100, 300 and 400?C) conditions, using Sieverts? volumetric method. The composition and morphology of the starting and the extracted/disintegrated materials were examined by ICP, XRD and SEM-EDS analysis.

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45

Valeev, S. F., and E. A. Kalinenko. "Recycled Polymers: Market Trends, Regulation, Advanced Technology Routes." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 640, no. 6 (2023): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2023-640-6-12-18.

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Over the last 5 years, a significant number of technologies for recycling plastic waste into petrochemical products with high added value have emerged: plastic waste can be recovered for processing into petrochemical products with added value, including aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogen, synthesis gas and bio feedstock, using various technologies including thermochemical, catalytic conversion and chemolysis. The article discusses the prospects of the polymer recycling market and production of secondary polymers,basics of regulation and stimulation, and overviews the expertise of LINK (LUKOIL's production and service center) on the topic of polymer waste recycling and carbon footprint assessment.

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46

Orefice, Martina, Anas Eldosouky, Irena Škulj, and Koen Binnemans. "Removal of metallic coatings from rare-earth permanent magnets by solutions of bromine in organic solvents." RSC Advances 9, no. 26 (2019): 14910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01696a.

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47

Schmidt, Fabian, Bastian Zehner, Marlene Kaposi, et al. "Activation of hydrogen peroxide by the nitrate anion in micellar media." Green Chemistry 23, no. 5 (2021): 1965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc03497e.

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Surface-active imidazolium nitrates activate hydrogen peroxide, which enables the epoxidation of olefins. The micelles solubilise the substrate in the aqueous oxidant phase and allow for simple product separation and catalyst recycling.

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48

Takase, Mai, Shingo Furukawa, Shun Matsuda, Kei-ichi Nishimori, and Yasuharu Kanda. "Development of Hydrogen Recycling Systems for Petroleum Refineries: Hydrogen Sulfide Decomposition Using Titania Photocatalyst." Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 61, no. 6 (2018): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi.61.361.

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49

Kuzmin, A., K. Miura, M. Kobayashi, et al. "Atomic and ionic hydrogen flux probe for quantitative in-situ monitoring of hydrogen recycling." Fusion Engineering and Design 189 (April 2023): 113462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113462.

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50

Ozola, Zanda U., Rudite Vesere, Silvija N. Kalnins, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Paper Waste Recycling. Circular Economy Aspects." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 3 (2019): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0094.

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Abstract Paper waste is a raw material for a lot of products with different added value. The engineering, economic and environmental aspects of paper waste recycling are analysed for production of composite material, cellulose nanofibers and nanocrystals, bricks with paper components, porous carbon, film of biopolymer, enzymatic sugar and bioenergy: bioethanol, hydrogen and biofuel. Through multicriteria analysis, it was possible to determine the most feasible paper waste recycling product in case of four product groups: egg packaging boxes, cardboard, reused paper, cellulose nanomaterials (nanofibers and nanocrystals). The production of cellulose nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals has an advantage over egg packaging and cardboard production as well as reusable paper.

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