Tesis sobre el tema "Iberian language"

This dissertation, Emancipated Peripheries. Politics of Spatial Representation in the Re-imagined Iberia, explores how the emergence of Basque, Galician and Asturian literatures has changed the web of relations between these literatures and the other consolidated Iberian literatures (Castilian, Portuguese, and Catalan), and how the coexistence of these literatures in the Iberian Peninsula forces us to re-conceptualize Iberian space as the place where the identity of a certain linguistic community is performed, understanding space in a performative way. This dissertation questions two predominant assumptions: first, that peripheral literatures are nothing but small imitations of national literatures, and that they follow the same paradigm at a minor scale, with minor achievements which are significant only in their own context. Second, that there is a centripetal center towards which every cultural movement tends to refer. I argue that peripheral Iberian literatures establish themselves as new interconnected centers of cultural production that are no longer dependent, but rather are inter-dependent, transforming the periphery into a privileged place for renovation and the formulation of new cultural proposals and tendencies. This reading of the Iberian context also invites a new reading of the Castilian canon, unearthing hidden masterpieces and alternative readings of the tradition. A post-colonial, ecocritical and biopolitical approach to these issues allows an in-depth understanding of what has been hidden: alternative conceptions of modernity, dissimilar readings of the literary canon, and the strong and concealed voices of the peripheral, the women, or the rural. This dissertation examines how peripheral literatures (and among these I include a certain reading of the Castilian tradition) redefine the relation between the human and non-human, masculine and feminine, nature and culture (focusing on the poetry of the Galician poet Olga Novo); how they draw new symbolic maps of the Iberian literatures and their traditions (as the Asturian writer Xuan Bello does); how they recover the lost memory of certain communities (studying novels by Basque writer Iñigo Aranbarri and the Castilian novelist Julio Llamazares, as well as video installations by artists like Barbara Fluxá or Iván Cortázar); and how certain literary works propose a new web of relations between peripheries (analyzing the novels by the Portuguese writer Valter Hugo Mãe).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.
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Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a análise de textos e imagens extraídos dos meios de comunicação e produção escrita de alunos aprendizes de espanhol, e as diferentes representações que aparecem nesses documentos acerca da América Latina e da Espanha.
This paper has texts and images analysis taken from communication media and texts written by Spanish learners, and different representation about Latin America and Spain that appears on them as study object.

Este trabajo supone un estudio y análisis, así como una transcripción semipaleográfica, del manuscrito inédito P.iii.21 de la Biblioteca del Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, que contiene una copia del Libro declarante o el Libro de las tres creencias, una obra generalmente atribuida al converso castellano Abner de Burgos y que se cree se redactó a mediados del siglo XIV. Consiste de dos partes principales: Una introducción crítica donde se analizan la estructura y el propósito del Libro, así como varios temas que todavía generan controversia y a los que no se ha llegado a dar una respuesta definitiva, como lo son la autoría del Libro y el posible propósito del autor al redactar esta obra. Se comparan estrategias retóricas utilizadas a través del Libro con las estrategias que se usan en otras obras de Abner de Burgos para, así, poder ampliar el campo de argumentación con nuevas evidencias que apoyen la atribución del Libro a Abner. La segunda parte es una transcripción semipaleográfica del contenido del manuscrito escurialense P.iii.21 con anotaciones al margen y referencias en hebreo a los pasajes transliterados del hebreo al alfabeto latino que se encuentran a través de este manuscrito. Se ha intentado emparejar los pasajes bíblicos en latín con el pasaje correspondiente en la Vulgata, y también se ha tratado de identificar las fuentes utilizadas en el texto que quedan fuera de la Biblia hebrea y el Nuevo Testamento. Como marco de referencia, en la primera parte de este trabajo se ofrece una breve introducción biográfica a la figura histórica de Abner de Burgos y la influencia que ejerció en la literatura polemista, tanto judía como castellana. También se incluye una breve introducción a la relación entre Abner, el Libro y los estilos de argumentación que eran populares en la Península Ibérica en los siglos XIII y XIV.

This dissertation investigates the diverse ways in which the Portuguese language expanded in Brazil, despite the multilingual landscape that predominated prior to and after the arrival of the Europeans and the African diaspora. It challenges the assumption that the predominance of Portuguese was a natural consequence and foregone conclusion of colonisation. This work argues that the expansion of Portuguese was a tumultuous process that mirrored the power relations and conflicts between Amerindian, European, African, and mestizo actors who shaped, standardised, and promoted the Portuguese language within and beyond state institutions. The expansion of Portuguese was as much a result of state intervention as it was of individual agency. Language was a mechanism of power that opened possibilities in a society where ethnic, religious, and economic criteria usually marginalised the vast majority of the population from the colonial system. Basic literacy skills allowed access to certain occupations in administration, trading, teaching, and priesthood that elevated people’s social standing. These possibilities created, in most social groups, the desire to emulate the elites and to appropriate the Portuguese language as part of their identity. This research situates the question of language, identity, and power within the theoretical framework of Atlantic history between 1695 and 1822. Atlantic history contributes to our understanding of the ways in which peoples, materials, institutions and ideas moved across Iberia, Africa and the Americas without overlooking the new contours that these elements assumed in the colony, as they moved in tandem, but also contested each other. Focusing on the mining district of Minas Gerais for its economic and social importance, this dissertation draws on multiple ecclesiastical and administrative sources to assess how ordinary people and authoritative figures daily interacted with one another to shape the Portuguese language.

Esta tesis doctoral estudia la circulación de las traducciones literarias en formato libro entre Bulgaria y el mundo hispánico (España e Hispanoamérica) durante el periodo situado entre 1882 y 2012. La investigación se ocupa de tres aspectos de la traducción literaria: 1) los flujos de traducción; 2) el papel y las prácticas de los mediadores culturales —traductores y editores— que favorecieron el intercambio cultural; y 3) los factores culturales, políticos y económicos que determinaron dicho intercambio. Un corpus de traducciones en formato libro de literatura hispánica en lengua búlgara y de literatura búlgara en lengua española, elaborado ad hoc para llevar a cabo el estudio, constituye la base para el análisis cuantitativo de los flujos de traducción. Entrevistas con traductores y editores, así como publicaciones relevantes para el tema forman la base de un análisis cualitativo de los mediadores culturales y de las dimensiones culturales, políticas y económicas de la traducción literaria entre Bulgaria y el mundo hispánico. La tesis está articulada desde la perspectiva de Bulgaria como espacio que exporta e importa literatura de múltiples campos de producción literaria y está dividida en tres periodos claves para el campo cultural y editorial búlgaro, así como con respecto a las relaciones con la cultura hispánica: un primer periodo de contactos iniciales (1882-1947), un periodo de traducción politizada (1948-1989) y un periodo de relaciones post-totalitarias (1990-2012).
Aquesta tesi doctoral analitza la circulació de traduccions literàries en format llibre entre Bulgària i el món hispànic (Espanya i Hispanoamèrica) durant el període situat entre 1882 i 2012. La investigació s’ocupa de tres aspectes de la traducció literària: 1) els fluxos de traducció; 2) el paper i les pràctiques dels mediadors culturals —traductors i editors— que van afavorir l’intercanvi cultural; i 3) els factors culturals, polítics i econòmics que van determinar aquest intercanvi. Un corpus de traduccions de literatura hispànica en llengua búlgara i de literatura búlgara en llengua espanyola, construït ad hoc per tal de portar a terme l’estudi, constitueix la base per a l’anàlisi quantitativa dels fluxos de traducció. Entrevistes amb traductors i editors, així com publicacions rellevants per al tema formen la base d’una anàlisi qualitativa dels mediadors culturals i de les dimensiones culturals, polítiques i econòmiques de la traducció literària entre Bulgària i el món hispànic. La tesi s’articula des del punt de vista de Bulgària com a espai de exportació i importació de literatures de múltiples camps de producció literària i es divideix en tres períodes claus per al camp cultural i editorial búlgar, així com pel que fa a les relacions amb la cultura hispànica: un primer període de contactes inicials (1882-1947), un període de traducció polititzada (1948-1989) i un període de relacions post-totalitàries (1990-2012).
This doctoral thesis studies the circulation of literary book translations between Bulgaria and the Hispanic world (comprising Spain and the Spanish speaking countries in South America) from 1882 to 2012. Specifically, the research focuses on three aspects of literary translation: 1) translation flows, 2) the role and practices of cultural mediators—translators and publishers—who enabled the cultural exchange, and 3) the cultural, political, and economic factors which determined said exhange. An ad hoc corpus of book translations of Hispanic literature in Bulgarian language and of Bulgarian literature in Spanish is the basis for quantitative analysis of translation flows. Interviews with translators and publishers, as well as relevant literature and publications, inform qualitative analysis on the subject of cultural mediators and the cultural, political and economic dimensions of literary translation between Bulgaria and the Hispanic world. The study takes the perspective of Bulgaria as an exporter and importer of literature to and from multiple fields of literary production and is divided in three key periods for the Bulgarian cultural and publishing field and with respect to the relations with the Hispanic culture: initial contacts (1882-1947), politicized translation (1948-1989) and post-totalitarian relations (1990-2012).

This dissertation explores references to islands in 13th and 14th century Iberian literature in a corpus of encyclopedias, travel books and chivalry novels from 1223 through 1396. I explore how island geography became part of the Medieval imago mundi. Many Medieval readers were interested in these faraway lands where, they believed, monstrous races flourished, sea monsters lurked, and Paradise awaited to be rediscovered. The physical and human geography featured in these narratives, gave birth to an imaginary, utopian, exotic, extravagant, and mysterious concept of “islandness” located in idyllic places to be interpreted as cognitive maps of the social, politic and economic conventions of the era. The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute with a new approach to Medieval Island Studies by means of a rhetorical analysis in geography through tropes (metaphor, synecdoche, metonym and irony) and fiction modes (romance, tragedy and comedy). This proposal assumes that the author-narrator is a self-aware geographer willing to satiate the desires and prejudices of its audience by constructing an attractive narrative that may stimulate a longing for this unattainable island world.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The semi-arid Bahia is a very diverse area, with differences not only in climate but also in culture, enabling studies in various areas of knowledge, as well as study of the lexicon that is the window through which a community can see the world (Cf. ISQUERDO, 2007). From the need to explore this lexical inventory, we will address the following question: does the lexicon found in hinterland communities of Bahia's semiarid interior show influences of Galician and / or Archaic Portuguese, ie check if there are in the lexicon used in semiarid Bahia Iberian influences, especially if there is maintenance of so-called archaisms. The existence of this kind of lexicon, especially in the speech of older people, is our initial hypothesis. In this sense, we seek to carry out the survey of backcountry lexicon, checking for influences of the Spanish, Galician, and Portuguese languages, based initially in the corpus of the collection "samples of spoken language in the Bahian semi-arid" UEFS / FAPESB. The research methodology is the quali-quantitavie method. The corpus of data used is part of the database of the research project "Portuguese Language in the Semiarid Bahia." In order to recognize and analyze, in full measure the relevance of the lexicon of the semi-arid Bahia, the decision was made to investigate the unknown and to known about the subject as recognized in the growing literature base for this topic. In this sense, the possibility of studying the Iberian influences within the Bahian semi-arid lexicon means understanding more effectively the great cultural wealth within the the area, culminating in new dialogues for future more watchful eyes of the semiarid cultural source, and hence of its lexical richness. The results indicate that there is maintenance of some archaic terms, especially in the most isolated communities.
O semi?rido baiano ? uma ?rea bastante diversificada, apresentando diferen?as n?o s? clim?ticas, mas tamb?m culturais, o que possibilita estudos em diversas ?reas do conhecimento, como a do l?xico que representa a janela atrav?s da qual uma comunidade pode ver o mundo (Cf. ISQUERDO, 2007). A partir da necessidade de explorar esse invent?rio lexical, iremos debru?ar o nosso olhar sobre o seguinte questionamento: o l?xico encontrado nas comunidades sertanejas do semi?rido baiano apresenta influ?ncias do Galego e/ou do Portugu?s Arcaico, ou seja, verificaremos se h? no l?xico usado no semi?rido baiano influ?ncias ib?ricas, principalmente se h? manuten??o dos chamados arca?smos. A exist?ncia desse tipo de l?xico, principalmente na fala dos mais velhos, ? a nossa hip?tese inicial. Neste sentido, busca-se realizar o levantamento do l?xico sertanejo, verificando se h? influ?ncias da L?ngua Espanhola, do Galego e do Portugu?s Arcaico, baseando-se no corpus da cole??o ?Amostras da l?ngua falada no semi-?rido baiano?, UEFS/FAPESB. A metodologia de pesquisa est? inserida no m?todo qualiquantitativo. O corpus utilizado faz parte do banco de dados do projeto de pesquisa ?A L?ngua Portuguesa no Semi?rido Baiano?. Com o intuito de reconhecer e analisar, na justa medida, a relev?ncia do l?xico do semi?rido baiano, impera a decis?o de buscar no desconhecido e de saber acerca de um tema t?o importante para os estudos lingu?sticos, mas em crescimento. Nesse sentido, a possibilidade de estudar as influ?ncias ib?ricas dentro do l?xico do semi?rido baiano significa conhecer efetivamente mais uma grande riqueza dentro dessa espacialidade, culminando em novos di?logos para futuros olhares mais atentos ao semi?rido, fonte de cultura e, consequentemente, de riqueza lexical. Os resultados indicam que h? manuten??o de alguns termos arcaicos, principalmente nas comunidades mais isoladas.

Between 1808 and 1814 England was committed to an expensive and bloody campaign against the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. The Peninsular War, as it came to be known, was initially celebrated as a war of national independence that attracted widespread support. Soon after, it was characterised by political scandal and public controversy. Literary scholars have devoted much attention to the political, social and cultural effects of the French Revolution, but have written surprisingly little about the later years of the campaign against Napoleonic France. The principle objective of this thesis is to offer the first in-depth study of English theatre during the Peninsular War. It considers the most popular plays in performance, and asks what their staging, publication, and reception history reveal about a nation’s literary tastes and its political self-awareness. Sheridan’s Pizarro, a play about the Spanish conquest of Peru, was one of the most successful plays on the Romantic stage. A close analysis of this play considers its popularity between 1799 and 1815, and what it suggests about the flexibility of the contemporary repertoire system. Audiences’ ability to ascribe topical inflections to old plays helps explain the demand for Shakespeare and the bard’s political import to wartime audiences. This thesis explores the London patent stages and popular minor theatres, where programmes were restricted to song, dance, and spectacle. It also offers a case study of provincial theatre in Bristol, underscoring the significant limitations in assumptions that the metropolitan stage was representative of national trends. Archival research on the London and Bristol stages has been crucial to this study, which is based on an examination of playbills, memoranda, letters, playtexts, and prints. The newsprint and cartoons discussed offer an important political and historical framework, suggestive of the cultural expectations likely to have influenced contemporary playgoers.

Cette thèse analyse les changements produits dans l'enseignement d'espagnol et de portugais en tant que langues étrangères dans les systèmes éducatifs du Brésil, de l'Argentine et de l'Uruguay pendant la Décennie Dorée latino-américaine, comprise entre 2003 et 2012. Pendant cette période un certain nombre de lois ont été promulguées, comme la Loi 11 161 / 2005 au Brésil, qui obligeait tous les lycées du pays à proposer l'espagnol comme matière d'étude ; la Loi 26 468 / 2009 en Argentine, qui prévoyait la même obligation pour le portugais ; et la Loi 18 437 / 2008 en Uruguay, qui reconnaissait les dialectes de base portugaise du nord du pays. Ces lois supposent une transformation historique des rapports entre ces deux langues ibériques, jusqu'alors caractérisés par une mutuelle marginalité dans le domaine scolaire. Pourtant, les projets dessinés par ces lois constituent vont se heurter à des réalités d'ordre budgétaire, logistique, idéologique et géopolitique entre autres, qui vont compromettre leur réalisation finale. Tout au long de ce travail nous allons essayer d'identifier les tensions, les acteurs, les forces et les obstacles qui se sont alignés autour de ces langues dans ces trois pays. En partant des schémas théoriques habituels intégrant la notion de politique linguistique, nous proposons un modèle en trois plans, corpus, statut et gravitation, qui permet d'appréhender la spécificité de ce cas d'étude : ces deux langues sont les seules au monde à présenter à la fois un tel degré d'intelligibilité et d'importance sociolinguistique, et jamais on n'avait implémenté leur enseignement réciproque de manière généralisée. Ainsi, nous avons aussi essayé de répondre à un certain nombre d'interrogations : (1) Comment le fait d'être des langues proches détermine leur relation glottopolitique et leur insertion dans le système d'enseignement ; (2) quels discours accompagnent celles-ci comme d'autres langues étrangères scolaires et quels projets politiques elles représentent ; enfin, (3) quels sont leurs traits gravitationnels internes, leur projection externe et vers quelles autres langues elles affichent des préférences dans leurs flux de traduction. Nous avons pu ainsi tirer des conclusions sur les vicissitudes gravitationnelles de l'espagnol et du portugais, ainsi que donner des pistes sur les écueils et les ressources rencontrés par les langues super-centrales en général dans leur quête d'espaces internationaux. Cette analyse permet une meilleure caractérisation de la dichotomie entre deux modèles de globalisation linguistique en tension, hyper-centraliste et super-centraliste : l'un unipolaire avec un anglais hégémonique et des langues super-centrales reléguées à des sphères locales, l'autre pluripolaire où ces langues partagent avec l'anglais leur présence internationale et où prévaudrait l'horizontalité glottopolitique
This thesis focuses on changes that took place in the teaching of Spanish and Portuguese as foreign languages in the education systems of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay during the so-called Golden Decade spanning approximately from 2003 to 2012. Measures like the Law 11.161/2005 in Brazil, which compelled high schools to offer Spanish as an optional subject; the Law 26.468/2009 in Argentina, which established the same requirement for Portuguese; and the Law 18.437/2008 in Uruguay, which recognises Portuguese-based dialects spoken in the north of the country, imply a historical transformation of the relationship between these two Iberian languages, which had thus far been characterised by mutual marginality in school systems. However, the projects embodied in these laws clash with several budgetary, logistic, ideological and geopolitical realities which compromise their final achievement. Throughout this work we will try to identify which actors, forces and obstacles align around these languages in these three countries. Based on standard theoretical schemes integrating the notion of Language Planning, we propose a three-plane model where corpus, status and gravitation will allow us to apprehend the specificities of this case study: No other pair of languages in the world presents this level of both intelligibility and sociolinguistic importance, and never before had a generalised reciprocal teaching of them been so seriously attempted. Therefore this inquiry will focus on : (1) How does the fact that they are closely related languages determine determine their glottopolitical relationship and their insertion into education systems; (2) Which discourses accompany these and other foreign languages taught in schools and which political projects do they represent; (3) What are their internal gravitational characteristics, their projection and for which languages do they show preference in their translation flows. We thus hope to draw valid conclusions on gravitational vicissitudes of Spanish and Portuguese, as well as to shed some light on the challenges faced and resources found by supercentral languages in their quest for international spaces.This analysis shoud allow a better characterisation of the dichotomy between two models of linguistic globalisation: hypercentralist and supercentralist. One is unipolar, with English as the hegemonic language and supercentral languages relegated to local levels; the other is pluripolar, with these languages sharing their international presence under a prevailing glottopolitical horizontality

This thesis is concerned with the monastic rules that were written in seventh century Iberia and the relationship that existed between them and their intended, contemporary, audience. It aims to investigate this relationship from three distinct, yet related, perspectives: physical, literary and philological. After establishing the historical and historiographical background of the texts, the thesis investigates firstly the presence of a monastic rule as a physical text and its role in a monastery and its relationship with issues of early medieval literacy. It then turns to look at the use of literary techniques and structures in the texts and their relationship with literary culture more generally at the time. Finally, the thesis turns to issues of the language that the monastic rules were written in and the relationship between the spoken and written registers not only of their authors, but also of their audiences. This is concluded with an investigation into the employment of Latin synthetic passive and deponent verb forms in the texts and its implications for the study of language change and language use in early medieval Iberia.

O presente trabalho trata da língua galega. É principalmente um estudo sobre a história da língua galega, desde o nascimento do galego até o tempo contemporâneo. O estudo explica o surgimento do problema da falta de um consenso lingüístico quanto ao galego. Dependendo de quem é a pessoa a quem se pergunta, as respostas sobre o que é a língua galega, são sempre diferentes. Consultando diferentes dicionários e opiniões de lingüistas a língua que se fala na Galiza, pode classificar-se como: uma língua independente ibero-românica, um dialeto do português, uma língua ibero-românica fortemente “castelhanizada” etc. Isto deve-se às complexas relações políticas, que a Galiza teve com Portugal e com a Espanha. Relatando sobre os principais problemas em relação à questão da evolução lingüística da língua galega, apresento dois movimentos lingüísticos, o movimento reintegracionista e o isolacionismo. Eles mostram de maneira clara, que há diferentes alternativas possíveis de um desenvolvimento para a língua galega. A dificuldade de chegar a um consenso lingüístico quanto à língua galega, mostra o fato de existirem paralelamente diferentes normas ortográficas.

És unànimement acceptat que va existir una escriptura paleohispànica original, probablement adaptada de l'escriptura fenícia, que explicaria les característiques comunes de les diferents escriptures paleohispàniques. En canvi, son diverses les hipòtesis sobre el seu desenvolupament, que pretenen explicar les característiques específiques que presenten aquestes escriptures. Aquesta tesi consta de sis articles que posen de manifest diverses característiques específiques de les escriptures paleohispàniques que permeten proposar un nou model que explicaria millor com es van desenvolupar. En el primer article vaig proposar una millor definició del sistema dual de l’escriptura ibèrica nord-oriental, eliminant les dualitats a les labials per concentrar el seu ús a les oclusives dentals i velars, on tenen per funció distingir les sonores de les sordes, que són els signes marcats. En el segon article vaig justificar estadísticament l’existència d’una variant del sistema dual a la zona edetana, que afegeix a les dualitats habituals noves dualitats per a les vocals, essent el cas de la vocal e el més clar, i també per a algunes de les consonants contínues, essent el cas de la vibrant ŕ el més clar. Mentre que la nova dualitat de la sibilant pot ser interpretada en termes de sorda i sonora i la de la vibrant, en termes de simple i múltiple, en general fortis contra lenis. En el tercer article vaig identificar com a abecedaris nord-orientals un grup d’inscripcions que presentaven característiques especials. Els abecedaris duals s’identifiquen amb facilitat perquè presenten les dualitats de forma consecutiva, primer el signe complex i després el simple, mentre que els no-duals s’identifiquen entre els segments més llargs que estan formats per signes diferents i que superen el llindar que estadísticament descarta l’atzar calculat en 12 signes. En el quart article vaig identificar un sistema dual a l’escriptura ibèrica sud-oriental, que inclou les oclusives dentals i velars i també algunes consonants contínues i nasals, com a mínim n, ś i ŕ, però no les vocals. A les oclusives, el valor del sentit de la marca està invertit respecte del que passa a l’escriptura nord-oriental, de forma que el signe marcat correspon a la sonora. En el cinquè article vaig analitzar l’escriptura del sud-oest des del punt de vista combinatori, anàlisi que confirma en la major part dels casos que les propostes de consens per als valors dels signes conflictius són correctes i que, a diferència de les escriptures ibèriques, existia una sèrie de signes sil·làbics addicional a les tres sèries tradicionals, dental, velar i labial. A més, l’anàlisi de la paleografia dels signes confirma que aquesta escriptura no amaga un sistema dual com el detectat tant a l’escriptura ibèrica nord-oriental com a la sud-oriental. Finalment, en el sisè article, el més recent, he proposat un nou model genealògic per a les escriptures paleohispàniques que faci encaixar les evidències proporcionades pels altres articles i expliqui coherentment les importants diferències que hi ha entre l’escriptura ibèrica nord-oriental i la sud-oriental. El primer punt clau del nou model és la proposta de dues escriptures intermèdies entre la paleohispànica original i les escriptures documentades: la meridional original, per justificar les característiques comunes de totes les meridionals, i la nord-oriental original, amb la mateixa finalitat, per a les nord-orientals. L’altre punt clau és considerar que l’escriptura paleohispànica original només disposaria de signes sil·làbics per a tres vocals, a, e/i i o/u, però, probablement, sense cap vocal explícita. Les adaptacions posteriors són les que van crear els signes vocàlics i els signes sil·làbics addicionals: en realitzar-se de manera independent per a llengües diferents, els criteris seguits no van ser iguals i van crear les noves escriptures intermèdies.
It is unanimously accepted that there existed an original Paleohispanic script, probably adapted from the Phoenician script, which would explain the common features of the different Paleohispanic scripts. Instead, there are several hypotheses about its development, which seek to explain the specific characteristics that these scripts present. This dissertation consists of six articles that reveal several specific characteristics of the Paleohispanic scripts that allow to propose a new model that would explain better how they were developed. The first article led to a better definition of the dual system of the north-eastern Iberian script, eliminating the dualities of the labial stop consonants, so as to concentrate their use in dental and velar stop consonants. The second article statistically justifies the existence of a variant of the dual system in the Edetanian zone that adds dualities for the vowels to the usual dualities and for some of the continuant consonants, among which the trill ŕ is the clearest. The third article aims at identifying non-dual north-eastern abecedaries among the longest segments that are formed by different signs exceeding the threshold that statistically discards the random, which is calculated to be 12 signs. The fourth article identifies a dual system in the south-eastern Iberian script that includes dental and velar stop consonants and some continuant and nasal consonants, at least n, ś and ŕ. The fifth article aims to analyse the south-western script from the combinatorial point of view, confirming that there was an additional syllabic set of signs to the traditional dental, velar and labial series. In addition, the analysis of the palaeography of the signs confirms that this script does not hide a dual system. Finally, in the sixth article, I propose a new genealogical model of the Paleohispanic scripts. The main key point of the new model is to consider that the original Paleohispanic script would only have had syllabic signs for three vowels, a, e/i and o/u, but, probably without any explicit vowel. The later adaptations are those that created the vocalic signs and the additional syllabic signs; when carried out independently for different languages, the criteria followed were diverse and led to the creation of the two new intermediate scripts.

La thèse analyse le commentaire du Psaume de Moïse ben Samuel Ha-Kohen Ibn Chiquitilla, né à Cordoue vers le début du XIe siècle. La thèse étudie l'incorporation de l'herméneutique coranique-arabe dans les méthodes exégétiques d'Ibn Chiquitilla et le situe dans le contexte intellectuel de l'époque. N'étant pas une analyse historique, il se demande s'il existe un lien entre l'intérêt herméneutique des grammairiens et des rhéteurs pour la dichotomie forme-sens et la linguistique pragmatique communicative.Il analyse leur introduction dans l'exégèse rabbinique par des exégètes ibériques formant ce qui est devenu la méthode d'exégèse peshat. Ce terme, introuvable chez Ibn Chiquitilla, est sous-entendu par ses méthodes et son intérêt pour la forme et le sens grammaticaux. Nous proposons de suivre la tradition grammaticale arabe selon laquelle Ibn Chiquitilla ne confond pas le sens avec la grammaire ou la syntaxe, mais l'accepte comme faisant partie d'une tradition reçue. Le sens opère dans des domaines distincts de la grammaire, mais les deux sont réunis pour expliquer l'intention derrière le texte. Cette idée est élargie pour inclure la déviation grammaticale et lexicale et/ou le langage figuré. Nous demandons si les origines de ces déviations peuvent être attribuées à l'exégèse rabbinique de la période talmudique ainsi qu'aux idées philosophiques contemporaines de l'Ibérie médiévale et du monde islamique en général. Ce faisant, il essaie de prouver que les exégètes ibériques sont moins sur l'innovation et plus sur l'introduction de nouvelles méthodes d'exégèse dans le judaïsme rabbinique médiéval
He thesis analyses the commentary of the Psalm of Moses ben Samuel Ha-Kohen Ibn Chiquitilla, born in Cordoba around the beginning of the 11th century. The thesis studies the incorporation of Qurʾânic-Arabic hermeneutics in the exegetical methods of Ibn Chiquitilla and situates it in the intellectual context of the time. Not being a historical analysis, it questions whether there is a connection between the hermeneutic interest of grammarians and rhetoricians in the form-meaning dichotomy and communicative pragmatic linguistics It analyses their introduction into rabbinic exegesis by Iberian exegetes forming what has become the peshat method of exegesis. This term, not found in Ibn Chiquitilla, is implied by his methods and his interest in grammatical form and meaning. We propose to follow the Arabic grammatical tradition according to which Ibn Chiquitilla does not confuse meaning with grammar or syntax, but accepts it as part of a received tradition. Meaning operates in separate areas of grammar, but the two come together to explain the intent behind the text. This idea is expanded to include grammatical and lexical deviation and/or figurative language. We ask whether the origins of these deviations can be traced to the rabbinical exegesis of the Talmudic period as well as contemporary philosophical ideas in medieval Iberia and the Islamic world in general. In doing so, we try to prove that Iberian exegetes are less about innovation and more about introducing new methods of exegesis into medieval Rabbinic Judaism

This investigation examined the functions of two Spanish discourse markers, pues and bueno, in the interlanguage of intermediate English-speaking learners of Spanish. Pues is translated in English to ‘so’, ‘then’, ‘cos’, and ‘well’, and bueno is translated in English to ‘well’ and ‘alright’. Discourse markers like pues and bueno provide cohesion in spoken interaction, and despite the lack of attention received in second language research and classrooms, they are important linguistic features for second language users. While several studies have addressed discourse markers by non-native speakers, the present investigation contributed to the scarce body of research on interlanguage discourse marker use in Spanish and to general theoretical discussions about second language discourse marker use and acquisition by considering discourse marker frequency in input and describing the use of pues and bueno in the interlanguage of Spanish learners. In this investigation, frequency of use, functional range, and functional distribution were analyzed as three distinct facets of discourse marker proficiency.

Using a native speaker functional framework established by Travis (2005) for reference, the analyses responded to the following general questions: How do Spanish learners compare to native speakers of Peninsular Spanish in their frequency of use, functional range, and functional distribution of pues and bueno? How are these three variables among learners affected by a 6-week, language immersion study abroad program? Finally, how do native speakers of Peninsular Spanish and second language learners of Spanish compare in their characteristic patterns of pues and bueno functional use? Using oral interviews of 58 non-native (L2) Spanish speakers at the beginning and end of a program abroad and 14 native speakers (NS) of Spanish from Madrid, all tokens of pues (N = 506) and bueno (N = 273) were analyzed according to the functional framework (Travis, 2005). Analyses revealed infrequent L2 use of pues and bueno with a limited range of functions and distinct functional distribution compared to NS data. Over the program abroad, learners significantly increased their functional range of pues. No other significant differences in learner use over the program were identified. Detailed analysis of the patterns of use of native speakers and learners led to the identification of unique discourse marker uses in the interlanguage of learners. These findings were discussed in light of issues of interlanguage discourse marker use, discourse marker frequency in input, and second language instruction.

This project examined the acquisition of third person accusative clitics in Spanish by Chinese-speaking learners. Specifically, it focused on the role of cross-linguistic influence and patterns of language exposure and use in the acquisition of the syntactic and semantic properties constraining the production and intuition of overt and null clitics in Spanish. An elicited production task and an acceptability judgment task were performed on a total of 83 participants divided into four groups. A group of Chinese immigrants in Spain (n = 24), a group of classroom learners in China with study abroad experience (n = 23), and a group of learners without study abroad experience (n = 19) were compared to a group of native speakers of Spanish (n=17). The results showed that, while all the experimental groups showed knowledge of accusative clitics, their knowledge regarding the distribution of overt and null clitics was generally not related to definiteness or syntactic island. However, some participants with higher proficiency or more use of Spanish showed some sensitivity to the syntactic property of null clitics but not definiteness. Proficiency in Spanish had different effects on the immigrants and the classroom learners. Use of Spanish also played different roles between the pure classroom learners and the other two groups with naturalistic exposure. Finally, the results also showed that, while the three groups all showed influence from Chinese, the Spanish and Chinese grammars of the immigrants showed more similarity, compared to the two groups of classroom learners. Based on a proposed path of acquisition, the results were discussed in line with second language acquisition theorizing on feature accessibility and reassembly. Some implications on classroom instruction are also discussed.

L’obiettivo di questa tesi è analizzare un gruppo di testi in lingua portoghese e grafia ebraica, riflettendo sul contesto più ampio del corpus medievale portoghese in caratteri ebraici. I testi analizzati sono inclusi nel codice Vat. ebr. 372, un manoscritto quattrocentesco di origine portoghese contenuto presso la Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Il codice è composto da tre parti: due testi in grafia ebraica e uno in caratteri latini, tutti e tre di argomento medico. Nella prima parte del codice è trascritto il Necessario, un trattato medico-chirurgico attribuito al cordovese Samuel Esperel e indirizzato a David chirurgo di Jaen. Il testo venne trascritto in portoghese dal medico Yosef Catelan per uso personale. Il Necessario non si presenta come un trattato di grande innovazione scientifica poiché riporta teorie e pratiche piuttosto diffuse all’epoca, che si rifanno agli insegnamenti dei grandi maestri della medicina. Tra le fonti citate ci sono Galeno, Avicenna, Abulcasis, Ugo e Teodorico de’ Borgognoni. Poche sono le notizie biografiche riguardo all’autore, ma si può pensare che fosse un medico piuttosto conosciuto e apprezzato nell’ambiente scientifico dell’epoca, soprattutto nel contesto ebraico, poiché alcune ricette dello stesso Samuel Esperel si ritrovano anche nella parte finale di un altro codice: il ms. 14 FA della Biblioteca Municipale di Porto. In questa tesi saranno riportate queste ricette, sia in caratteri ebraici, che latini con il fine di fornire un maggior numero di testi che registrano l’attività di Samuel Esperel come medico e studioso. La seconda parte del codice contiene un ricettario anche questo trascritto da Yosef Catelan per uso personale. In questa sezione sono nuovamente citati Avicenna e Teodorico de’ Borgononi, ma si fa riferimento anche ad altre illustri personalità: Lanfranco da Milano e Demostene Filalete. Esistono inoltre indicazioni precise che confermano la paternità di alcune ricette: si tratta di Guy de Chauliac e Isacco Israelita, conosciuto anche come Isacco Giudeo. Per ampliare la prospettiva sul corpus si è deciso di affiancare allo studio del Necessario quello di altri due testi: il Livro de como se fazen as cores e il Libro de Magica, entrambi quattrocenteschi in portoghese arcaico e caratteri ebraici. Viene effettuata un’analisi linguistica che ha l’obiettivo di studiare le varianti diatopiche e diacroniche presenti in questi testi, facendone emergere i punti di contatto e divergenza. L’analisi dei testi in grafia ebraica e lingua portoghese inclusi nel Vat. ebr. 372 permette di riflettere sia sulla natura versatile di un testo che mescola due sistemi linguistici sia sulla complessa situazione del portoghese quattrocentesco: una lingua fortemente instabile che sta attraversando numerosi cambiamenti sia fonologici che grafici.