Tesis: "Import substitution"

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Pamukoglu, Güliz. "Import-substitution industrialization in Turkey". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69265.

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Gupta, Bishnupriya. "Import substitution in capital goods the case of Brazil, 1929-1979 /". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32947115.html.

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Almutawakel, Yahya Y. "Import substitution as an industrial strategy in the Yemen Arab Republic". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316137.

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Al-Saleh, Mohammed Abdulaziz Abdullah. "A study of the foreign investment legislation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia : law & policy". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241312.

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Guimaraes, Alexandre Queiroz. "Institutions, state capacity and economic development : the political economy of import substitution industrialisation in Brazil". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274987.

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Guimar??es, Alexandre Queiroz. "Institutions, state capacity and economic development: the political economy of import substitution industrialisation in Brazil". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FJP, 2003. http://www.repositorio.fjp.mg.gov.br/handle/123456789/455.

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Funda????o Jo??o Pinheiro
Ind??stria
This thesis deals with the determinants and limits of the process of import substitution industrialisation which took place in Brazil from 1930 to 1980. A first important objective is to understand the direction given to the process of industrialisation and the consequent pattern of policy making. Secondly, the thesis asks why the Brazilian state, a key agent in the process of industrialisation, was notable to adopt certain measures and to go in certain directions which could have produced a more solid and sustainable process of economic development. Key attention is given to the concepts of state capacity and the developmental state. The concern with state capacity justifies a careful analysis of industrial policy, undertaken for the capital goods sector in the 1970s. In addition, the thesis is also centred on a comparative analysis. Through the experience of other countries, I intend to highlight the contribution of certain institutional factors to the path of economic development in Brazil. As a conclusion, the thesis shows how institutional factors, e.g. the result of peripheral international insertion and the organisation of social forces and of the state apparatus, constrained the capacity of the Brazilian state to replicate the results achieved by the developmental states in Japan and Korea. The study of the capital goods sector shows this in detail, emphasising the negative effects of divisions inside the state and the resistance of social groups on the coherence and the achievements of Brazilian industrial policy. An important conclusion is that the success of a substantial process of industrial transformation, which affects the interests of several economic groups, demands the construction of a strong coalition able to increase the government???s basis of support. This was an important deficiency of the military government, whose form of domination disregarded the relevance of such political mechanisms.

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Esilmez, Burcu Devrim. "A Critical Review Of The Debates On Populism: Politics Of Import Substitution Industrialisation Or A Hegemonic Project ?" Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1000330/index.pdf.

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The impact of the World Depression of 1929 and the 2nd World War on many developing countries has been significant in terms of economic and political changes. Among the important transformations, changes in accumulation models, political discourses, balance of class forces and/or political regimes can be mentioned. The main objective of this thesis is to undertake a critical review of the debates centring on the concept of populism in Latin America as well as in Turkey so as to account for these changes. The predominant tendency in these debates has been to establish a correlation between populist policies and/or import substitution industrialisation strategy. In this study it is argued that, the line of thought which tried to analyse the developments in Argentina and Brazil as well as in Turkey from 1929 until the 1980s on the basis of such a correlation does not provide an adequate explanation. Instead, it is proposed that the concept of populism can enhance our understanding to the extent that it is conceived as a hegemonic project.

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Зеленська, К. В. "Формування імпортної стратегії вітчизняних підприємств та розвиток імпортозаміщення". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/75555.

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У роботі досліджено сутність та значення імпорту для держави та вітчизняних підприємств. Визначено, що імпортна діяльність, є важливою та необхідною складовою зовнішньоекономічної діяльності учасників ринкової економіки та допомагає компаніям вирішувати низку важливих проблем, Розглянуто імпортозаміщення як інструмент реалізації національних інтересів та інтенсифікації діяльності вітчизняних підприємств.
The master’s thesis focuses on the nature and importance of imports for the state and domestic enterprises. It is determined that import activity is an important and necessary component of foreign economic activity of market economy participants and helps companies to solve a number of important problems. Considered import substitution as a tool of realization of national interests and intensification of activity of domestic enterprises.

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Ващенко, Тетяна Володимирівна, Татьяна Владимировна Ващенко y Tetiana Volodymyrivna Vashchenko. "Формування стратегії імпортозаміщення промислових підприємств як запорука розвитку їх експортоорієнтації". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/42856.

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Підприємство як економічна система у своїй діяльності має головну мету – отримання прибутку у довгостроковій перспективі, досягнення якої можливе за умов виробництва та реалізації конкурентного продукту, здатного задовольнити потреби та побажання споживача у повній мірі. Також, слід враховувати, що діяльність підприємств машинобудівної галузі є основою для наповнення бюджету як окремих регіонів, так і держави в цілому. Ці дві сторони, держава та бізнес, мають різні цілі та задачі, але сучасні умови диктують свої правила, за якими всі суб’єкти мають співпрацювати для досягнення спільної мети, що будуть вигідними для кожної зі сторін.

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Cacho, Joyce Agnes Sabina. "Growth in Brazil's soybean processing industry and government policies, 1970-1993 /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962507.

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Morris, Martha. "The role of the government in the import substitution of sailcloth, cordage and gunpowder in England 1558-1642". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2792/.

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This thesis examines the role of the Crown in the import substitution of munitions of warfare in England from 1558 to 1642. It will attempt to determine whether the Crown was responsible for their introduction and subsequent development, and if it was, why. The cordage, sailcloth and gunpowder industries were chosen as case studies in order to examine this issue. All three were first determined to have been import substituted during this period. While the Crown clearly thought these goods were necessary for national security, it cannot be assumed that it assisted these industries and that it did so because it was concerned that supplies coming from the continent might be difficult to procure. Important aspects to consider are first, the impact of the Crown on these native industries through its direct purchasing behaviour, and secondly, the impact on the industries of government acts and ordinances. If the Crown was interested in reducing dependence on foreign suppliers for these goods, then it would be expected that the Crown would, through purchasing behaviour and through legislation, support the domestic industries. It is argued here that when the Crown did act with the domestic industries in mind, fiscalism and personal finance were important considerations. It often appears to have done nothing at all. This is particularly true of the sailcloth industry. Cordage appears to have received its initial impetus as a result of personal financial concerns, but subsequent Crown support appears to have been fiscal. While interest in a domestic source of gunpowder seems apparent, fiscalism runs like a thread throughout all Crown interactions with the industry.

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Carrillo-Mora, Felipe 1972. "Explaining the increase of competitiveness in the Colombian car industry after the end of import substitution industralization [sic] policies". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30021.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2003.
Numbering for p. 39 is duplicated.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-74).
At the beginning of the decade of the nineties, Import Substitution Industrialization - ISI- policies were dismantled all over Latin America, including Colombia. This meant that tariff protection for locally produced products were lowered and that cheap imports increased. For the motor vehicle sector it also meant that it had to modernize and improve its competitiveness if it did not want to disappear. I evaluate how the sector improved its competiveness despite a very tiny margin for maneuver, and under what variables and aspects this improvement can be measured. I found that many of the key aspects that helped the sector to compete successfully were not directly related with production, but with services and other competitive advantages created outside the plants. These included a postsale service structure that covered many parts of the country which importers lacked. It also tackled the new competition by signing free trade agreements, and making strategic alliances with auto part producers and auto dealers. The alliances, in turn, helped to create important backward and forward linkages to other sectors of the economy as well as new jobs. These linkages have been also very successful to help auto part suppliers in producing with high standards of quality and exporting to foreign markets. Last, I also briefly analyze the advent of the G-3 Agreement between Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela, which will come into effect as of 2005. This poses a major challenge for the national car industry for which I suggest further study.
by Felipe Carrillo-Mora.
S.M.

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13

Williams, Peter. "Structural change and economic development". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11266.

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xiii, 124 p. : ill. (some col.)
This dissertation emphasizes three aspects of structural change in economic development. Structural change is the process by which the distribution of economic output shifts from one sector to another and is crucial to understanding overall economic growth. The first chapter demonstrates that property rights and the relative value of land in rural credit markets have significant implications for the rate and level of economic development. When borrowers have little net worth, access to credit is limited and the transition from agriculture to industry proceeds at a slower rate. A quantitative model provides estimates of the welfare cost of such frictions. The second chapter argues that differential costs of technology adoption across developing countries can explain the failure of some import-substitution strategies. An analytical model demonstrates the importance of such adoption costs, and an empirical section finds evidence in support of it. The primary result is that import-substituting policies aimed at rapid industrialization may in fact inhibit economic growth, explaining why some countries have experienced lower rates of economic development. The third chapter uses a robust econometric procedure to estimate sector-specific productivity growth for a sample of OECD countries. It finds that the sources of productivity growth vary widely across countries. Productivity growth is not concentrated in industrial sectors alone but can also result from advances in service sectors.
Committee in charge: Dr. Shankha Chakraborty, Chair; Dr. Chris Ellis, Member; Dr. Bruce Blonigen, Member; Dr. Jean Stockard, Outside Member

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Khabarova, Anja. "Multinational corporations in Mexico". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2422.

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In this thesis I have examined the role of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in fuelling hostcountries economic developments. By looking closer into Mexico and the case of automobile industry which has been historically the subject of control of foreign affiliates I observed coinciding patterns. Through North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) the channels between trade and investments have become more obvious and even transparent. Speaking about Mexico’s economic developments, albeit the total volumes of trade have increased, the country’s terms-of- trade were deteriorating following the post-NAFTA years. While conducting the research I have made use of neo-liberal economic discourses, theories of international trade and investment in order to explain the underlying motives for free-trade. These motives offer solid arguments to adopt the strategy of export orientation. While investigating the investments form multinationals and comparable Mexican trade performance, I have fund that exports and FDI flows have seemingly unrelated. The country has been a significant receiver of foreign imports at the time of post-NAFTA developments and huge FDI inflows. The result was that capacity of domestic production was limited and the trade imbalance ensured. Analysis explores closer relation between FDI and the country’s import levels which cause deterioration in the terms of trade and economic growth. The explanation lies in the nature of FDI per se. The type of investment in Mexico is essentially market-seeking, since it adjusts to the international competitive pressures, and search access to comparatively advantageous foreign markets, explained by the theory of capital movements. This paper also questions and raises concern with regard to the consequences of these pressures that leads to race-to-the-bottom policies.

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Soares, Danielle de Almeida Mota. "Política de substituição de importações : a experiência de industrialização da África do Sul /". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152132.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A industrialização foi um processo transformador para as sociedades modernas, alterando as relações sociais e econômicas. Na África do Sul, teve a peculiaridade de ocorrer em conjunto com o regime de apartheid, o que por muitas vezes desviou os estudos acadêmicos para a negligência com os direitos humanos e relações políticas. Diante disto, o objetivo do presente estudo é fazer uma análise das motivações, contexto, condução e resultados da política de substituição de importações sul-africana, amparada na teoria disponível sobre o tema, nos estudos específicos sobre essa experiência de política e, também, em dados secundários. A industrialização da África do Sul apresenta algumas indústrias relacionadas à mineração que são fortificadas com os incentivos do Governo depois da Primeira Guerra Mundial. No pós-guerra, inicia-se uma política de substituição mais elaborada, em conjunto com a criação de estatais, outros incentivos e o apartheid. Apesar do crescimento econômico e o desenvolvimento industrial alcançados na época, o apartheid ao mesmo tempo que forneceu mão de obra barata inicialmente, potencializou as distorções causadas pela política de substituição de importações, além de causar pressão internacional e conflitos internos.
Industrialization was a transformative process for modern societies, changing social and economic relations. In South Africa, it had the peculiarity of occurring in conjunction with the apartheid regime, which has often diverted academic studies to neglect of human rights and political relations. The objective of the present study is to analyze the motivations, context, conduction and results of the South African import substitution policy, based on the available theory on the subject, in the specific studies on this policy experience, and also in secondary data. South Africa's industrialization features some mining-related industries that are fortified with government incentives after the First World War. In the post-war period, it began a more elaborate policy of substitution, in conjunction with state-building, other incentives and apartheid. Despite the economic growth and the industrial development achieved at the time, apartheid simultaneously provided cheap labor initially and potentialized the distortions caused by the import substitution policy and cause international pressure and internal conflicts.

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Кисіль, Т. В. "Щодо проблем реалізації політики імпортозаміщення на вітчизняних підприємствах промислового сектору". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/38513.

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Низька технологічність багатьох українських промислових виробництв, слабка інноваційна активність підприємств спричинили утворення вільних ринкових ніш, які заповнив імпорт – переважно інноваційною, сучасною, якісною продукцією. Знизити міру імпорту можливо шляхом впровадження процесу модернізації виробничих потужностей, новітніх стратегій розвитку підприємств у ринкових умовах задля їх інтенсивного розвитку та зайняття конкурентних позицій у галузі. Зовнішньоторгівельний баланс високотехнологічної продукції показує, що на сьогоднішній день в Україні відмічається стійка тенденція зниження переважно за рахунок значного перевищення імпорту над експортом у ринкових відносинах.

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Kurečková, Anna. "Protekcionismus latinskoamerických zemí v době hospodářské krize". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193726.

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the change in response of Latin American governments to the economic crisis and thus the change in the character of protectionist measures applied. How do the means of the protection of domestic market change? How does the financial globalization reflect in the Latin American protectionism? What are the further perspectives of the development of Latin American countries? The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter examines the forms of protectionism in the reaction to economic crisis of the 20th century. Firstly, it presents Latin America as a traditionally protectionist region in the period of the import substitution industrialization, secondly it focuses on governments' reactions to the cyclic crises of the 80s and 90s that were caused by the liberalization of the capital accounts and high sensitivity of Latin American economies to the sudden stop on financial markets. The second chapter is devoted to the current global economic crisis. It analyses the means of trade and financial protectionism. Simultaneously, it compares the protectionist measures used to the ones employed in previous periods. The final part of the thesis explores further perspectives of Latin American regionalism and improved macroeconomic stability of Latin American economies.

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Смачило, В. В. y В. Ю. Халіна. "Національний ринок будівельних матеріалів: від імпортозаміщення до експортоорієнтації". Thesis, Ткачов О.О, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47767.

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Зміни, які відбуваються у сучасному геоекономічному просторі, диктують нові правила гри для національних товаровиробників, в тому числі й операторів ринку будівельних матеріалів. Підприємствам цієї галузі належить пройти шлях від імпортозаміщення до орієнтації на експорт, для чого необхідно вирішити зазначені вищи проблеми.

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Ващенко, Тетяна Володимирівна, Татьяна Владимировна Ващенко y Tetiana Volodymyrivna Vashchenko. "Модернізація виробництва промислового підприємства на засадах імпортозаміщення". Thesis, Ткачов О.О, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47111.

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На сьогоднішній день особливого значення набуває вплив новітніх технологій як ключового фактору конкуренції на світовому ринку, а технологічний фактор перетворився в рухому силу і конкурентну перевагу, що формує стратегічне майбутнє підприємства.

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Медовщиков, И. А. y I. A. Medovschikov. "Интеллектуальный анализ данных при принятии решений импортозамещения средств виртуализации (на примере ЕИВЦ СП ГВЦ филиала ОАО «РЖД») : магистерская диссертация". Master's thesis, б. и, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/74343.

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В работе проанализированы вопросы импортозамещения программного обеспечения в России в теоретическом и практическом значении. Предложена матрица принятия решения импортозамещения виртуализации ИТ-инфраструктуры на основе лабораторного тестирования в Екатеринбургском информационном-вычислительном центре структурном подразделении Главного вычислительного центра – филиала ОАО «РЖД» (ЕИВЦ СП ГВЦ филиала ОАО «РЖД») как типового структурного подразделения Холдинга «РЖД».
The paper analyzes the issues of software import substitution in Russia in theoretical and practical terms. A matrix has been proposed for deciding on the import substitution of IT infrastructure virtualization based on laboratory testing at the Yekaterinburg Information and Computing Center, a structural subdivision of the Main Computing Center, a branch of Russian Railways (EISC SP MCC branch of Russian Railway) as a typical structural unit of Russian Railway Holding.

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21

Macuacua, Eduardo F. "Export expansion as determinant of economic growth in Mozambique: a co-integration analysis". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2412_1269987891.

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The objective of this study is to empirically examine the export-led growth hypothesis in Mozambique using quarterly time series data over the period of 1987-2004, applying a co-integration analysis, Engle and Granger&rsquo
s (1987) Error Correction Model (ECM) and the Granger causality test. The paper explores the causal relationship between economic growth and othe explanatory variables, such as real exports, imports, labour force, gross capital formation, terms of trade, civil war and natural disasters (the last two as dummy variables).

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22

Ващенко, Тетяна Володимирівна, Татьяна Владимировна Ващенко y Tetiana Volodymyrivna Vashchenko. "Організаційно-економічні засади формування стратегії імпортозаміщення промислового підприємства". Thesis, СумДУ, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41859.

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Дисертація присвячена розвитку теоретичних та науково-методичних засад формування стратегії імпортозаміщення промислового підприємства. У дисертації розглянуто передумови та механізм реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення на рівні промислового підприємства. Сформульовано визначення поняття «стратегія імпортозаміщення промислового підприємства». Розвинено науково-методичні положення до визначення перспективних напрямів реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення, що дозволяє обирати найкраще рішення з урахуванням множини критеріїв, що здійснюють різноспрямований вплив на них. Удосконалено науково-методичний підхід до поетапного вибору напрямів реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення, що враховує темпи зростання ринку, ступінь ризику, очікуваний дохід та темпи зростання товарної групи стосовно ринку. Запропоновано організаційно-економічну схему впровадження стратегії імпортозаміщення. У результаті проведеного економічного аналізу товарної політики машинобудівного підприємства було визначено напрям реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення з метою підвищення його конкурентоспроможності та проведено оцінювання ефективності інвестиційного проекту. Впроваджено процес формування, вибору та реалізації стратегії імпортозаміщення на промислових підприємствах Сумської області.
Диссертация посвящена развитию теоретических и научно-методических основ формирования стратегии импортозамещения промышленного предприятия. В диссертации исследованы предпосылки и перспективы реализации импортозамещения отечественными производителями машиностроительной отрасли с учётом анализа опыта различных стран относительно практики применения импортозамещения для обновления экономики. Определены рациональные мотивы формирования и реализации стратегии импортозамещения на уровне предприятия, что позволяет сформировать более чётко миссию и задачи его эффективного управления в нестабильной внешней среде. Уточнён понятийный аппарат теории стратегического управления предприятием, базирующегося на принципах импортозамещения, что позволило определить место стратегии импортозамещения в системе классификации маркетинговых стратегий, предусматривающей выделение классификационного признака «трансформация готовой продукции по удельному весу ее составляющих». Таким образом, выделены возможные направления развития промышленного предприятия с учётом вектора импортозамещения. Предложенный научно-методический подход к определению целесообразности применения стратегии импортозамещения, базирующейся на сочетании оценки микро- и макросреды промышленного предприятия и использовании метода анализа иерархий, позволяет определить наилучшее из решений учитывая множество критериев, осуществляющих разнонаправленное влияние на них. Усовершенствована схема элементов механизма управления стратегией импортозамещения промышленного предприятия, что предполагает проведение поэтапного итерационного исследования выбора направления реализации стратегии импортозамещения под влиянием внешней и внутренней мотивации развития предприятия с учётом вектора импортозамещения, что рационализирует организационно-управленческие решения на промышленном предприятии. Разработана матрица выбора направления реализации стратегии импортозамещения, построенная в координатах «доля группы в товарном портфеле предприятия» и «степень приоритета направления реализации стратегии импортозамещения», определённая при помощи метода анализа иерархий. Согласно матрице возможно выделить пять зон выбора направления реализации стратегии импортозамещения на промышленном предприятии. Обосновано, что с целью определения стратегически эффективного направления развития промышленного предприятия целесообразно по принципу «воронки продаж» проводить поэтапный отбор перспективных групп товарного портфеля по критериям «степень рыночного риска» и «коэффициент дополнительной доходности на единицу риска инвестиций». Анализ этих показателей даёт возможность определить инвестиционно привлекательный проект с учётом риска изменчивой рыночной среды и темпа роста групп товарного портфеля по отношению к рынку. Принятие обоснованного решения обеспечит экономическую выгоду для собственников предприятия и инвесторов. Проведённый анализ деятельности нескольких промышленных предприятий Сумской области, а также их технико-экономического положения позволил определить АО «Сумский завод «Насосэнергомаш» как одно из типичных крупных промышленных предприятий машиностроительной отрасли. На основе модифицированной матрицы БКГ и значений глобального приоритета анализируемых направлений реализации стратегии импортозамещения определенных по методу анализа иерархий для АО «Сумский завод «Насосэнергомаш», выделено товарную группу центробежных нефтяных насосов как наиболее перспективную. Производство комплектующих для удовлетворения собственных потребностей обеспечит с учётом тенденций развития групп товарного портфеля и потребностей рынка эффективное и прогрессивное развитие предприятия.
The thesis deals with the development of theoretical, scientific and methodical bases for import substitution strategy formation at the industrial enterprise. The thesis considers conditions and mechanisms for implementation of the import substitution strategy of the industrial enterprise. The definition of the concept "import substitution strategy of the industrial enterprise" has been formulated. The scientific and methodical aspects to the definition of the perspective directions for the import substitution strategy have been developed, which allows you to choose the best solution, considering the set of criteria offering multidirectional impact on them. The scientific and methodical phased approach to the choice of the import substitution strategy, which takes into account the pace of the market growth, the risk, the expected revenue and the commodity group growth rate relative to the market, has been improved. The author has proposed organizational and economic implementation of the strategy of import substitution. As a result of the economic analysis of the engineering enterprise commodity policy, there was defined the import substitution strategy in order to enhance its competitiveness and to assess the effectiveness of the investment project. The process of formation, selection and implementation of the import substitution strategy of the Sumy region industry has been established.

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23

VUATTOUX, Romain. "INTENSIVE VERTICAL URBAN AGRICULTURE: Rethinking our Cities’ Food Supply. Moving Towards Sustainable Urban Development". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23454.

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Our modern “traditional” agricultural system is not sustainable. This system is highly dependent on limited resources such as land, oil and water. It also has numerous negative impacts, including the depletion of resources leading to higher prices, pollutions leading to health risks, global warming, deforestation and biodiversity loss. These dependencies and consequences are combined with a growing and ever more affluent global population which requires greater amount of resources to support its growth and which increases the negative impacts on the environment. All indicates that our system is reaching its limits and that there is a need for new solutions. This research introduces the general context (problem and existing research) and explores an alternative, namely: Intensive Vertical Urban Agriculture (I.V.U.A.). This method seems to offer two particularly interesting promises beneficial for Sustainable Urban Development: the reduction of transportation, and the integration of food production in the urban nutrient and energy cycles. However, to achieve these potential benefits the technology (in a broad sense) has to meet several challenges and there is a need for further experimentation. This study explores challenges of I.V.U.A. and key factors enabling or hindering experimentation in this field. This investigation identified key barriers to further development of I.V.U.A. through the use of a case study. The Plantagon International ABis a unique project which will be built in 2013, in Linkoping, Sweden. It will be the first vertical greenhouse of a considerable scale in the world with a research and commercial aim. Barriers to I.V.U.A. were identified as: - Lack of awareness about the problems with our modern food supply, and hence missed opportunities for S.U.D. - Attitudes that are working against I.V.U.A. and competition for recognition with other forms of agriculture as alternative to the problem of food production - Lack of technical abilities, knowledge and skills in I.V.U.A. - Funding/supporting infrastructures (physical or informational) - Blockages that are the result of administrations and policies which are largely based around “traditional” agriculture. Finally, a set of recommendations was drawn from the interviews of the case study and the literature review, to help planners and decision-makers lift these barriers and enable experimenting. These four implications to consider and explore are: - Gaining understanding of the complexity of S.U.D.problems and the need for a wide range of solutions which include I.V.U.A.; - Including a greater amount of stakeholders, and considering contexts - Improving access to land but also to resources and infrastructures - Building support to enable I.V.U.A. to thrive on its own

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Brigant, Pierre-Louis. "Brazil and Turkey, a comparative analysis of both countries' economic development and institutional design from the Great Depression to the early 21st century". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11636.

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Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Pierre, the number of the pages are incorrect, the right way is to count from the first page but only put the number at the table of contents page. the quote e acknowledgements has to be before the abstrat. and the abstract should be before the resumo in portuguese. the blue line that you use right below the table of contents and etc. you shouldn't use, because it can't have that line in the thesis. Ana Luiza Holme 3799-7760 on 2014-04-14T16:03:16Z (GMT)
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Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Pierre, according with the the Ata (document that atested your thesis approval), title of the thesis that you post in biblioteca digital is a little bit different from the one you presented, is has to be the same title that you presented. if was change the title, Prof. Manfredini has to come to the graduate office and write in the ata the new title. below the title that was approve: BRAZIL AND TURKEY, A COMPARATIVE ANALISYS OF BOTH COUNTRIES' ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FROM THE GREAT DEPRESSION TO THE EARLY 21st CENTURY. Ana Luiza Holme 3799-7760 on 2014-04-15T12:40:55Z (GMT)
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After experiencing strong economic growth in the first decade of the 21st century, Brazil and Turkey have been regarded as two of the most dynamic and promising emerging economies. Nevertheless, several signs of economic difficulties and political tensions have recently been reappearing simultaneously in both countries. We believe that these signs and their simultaneity in the two countries are better understood by taking a retrospective look into both countries’ economic history, which reveal to be surprisingly parallel. In a first part, a comprehensive comparison of Brazil and Turkey’s economic history is undertaken to show the numerous similarities in the economic policy challenges and choices that both countries went through from the turn of the Great Depression to the first decade of the 21st century. These common economic policy choices define a remarkably analogous development path characterized first by the adoption of the import-substitution industrialization (ISI) model in the context of the world recession in the 1930s, then by the intensification and final crisis of this model in the 1980s, and finally by two decades of stabilization and transition to a liberal economic model. In a second part, the development of economic and political institutions as well as the underlying political economy in both countries are analysed comparatively with a view to providing elements of explanation for the parallel observed in the first part. We contend that the institutional framework set up in both countries throughout this period also shared many fundamental characteristics and contributes to explain the comparable economic policy choices and economic performance. This study intends to give some helpful background to understand the current context in both countries. It is also an invitation to consider emerging economies in a broader historical and comparative perspective in order to better comprehend their institutional weaknesses and adopt a balanced view of their economic potential.
Apos uma década de rápido crescimento econômico na primeira década do século 21, Brasil e Turquia foram considerados duas das economias emergentes mais dinâmicas e promissoras. No entanto, vários sinais de dificuldades econômicas e tensões políticas reapareceram recentemente e simultaneamente nos dois países. Acreditamos que esses sinais e a sua simultaneidade podem ser entendidos melhor com um olhar retrospectivo sobre a história econômica dos dois países, que revela ser surpreendentemente paralela. Numa primeira parte, empreendemos uma comparação abrangente da história econômica brasileira e turca para mostrar as numerosas similaridades entre os desafios de política econômica que os dois países enfrentaram, assim como entre as respostas que eles lhes deram desde a virada da Grande Depressão até a primeira década do século 21. Essas escolhas de política econômica comuns dão forma a uma trajetória de desenvolvimento notavelmente análoga, caracterizada primeiro pela adoção do modelo de industrialização por substituição das importações (ISI) no contexto da recessão mundial dos anos 1930; depois pela intensificação e crise final desse modelo nos anos 1980; e finalmente por duas décadas de estabilização e transição para um modelo econômico mais liberal. Numa segunda parte, o desenvolvimento das instituições econômicas e políticas, assim como da economia política subjacente nos dois países, são analisados comparativamente a fim de prover alguns elementos de explicação do paralelo observado na primeira parte. Sustentamos que o marco institucional estabelecido nos dois países durante esse período também têm varias características fundamentais em comum e contribui a explicar as escolhas de política econômica e as performances econômicas comparáveis, detalhadas na primeira parte. Este estudo aborda elementos do contexto histórico úteis para compreender a situação econômica e política atual nos dois países. Potencialmente também constitui uma tentativa de considerar as economias emergentes numa perspectiva histórica e comparativa mais ampla para entender melhor as suas fraquezas institucionais e adotar um olhar mais equilibrado sobre seu potencial econômico.

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25

Moura, Ernesto Augusto. "A atualidade da produção teórica de Maria da Conceição Tavares". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9207.

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This work has as main objective to analyze the trajectory of intellectual economist Maria da Conceição Tavares, passing its main tests since 1963, when he produced his first essay Heyday and decline of the process of import substitution , through analysis of the processes of capital accumulation and industrialization in Brazil, who scored two major works of the author, as the first thesis professor at UFRJ under the title of capital accumulation and industrialization in Brazil (1974) and the second thesis professor also defended at UFRJ, titled Cycle and crisis: the recent movement of the Brazilian economy (1978). From the 1980s, Tavares continues his reflections now through the prism of a contextual view of international political economy, where advances various trials that have examined the main causes and consequences of financial globalization and weaves a series of critiques of neoliberal policies, especially applied the brazilian economy after the 1990s
Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo, analisar a trajetória intelectual da economista Maria da Conceição Tavares, perpassando os seus principais ensaios desde 1963, quando produziu o seu primeiro ensaio Auge e declínio do processo de substituição de importações , passando pela análise dos processos de acumulação de capital e industrialização no Brasil, que marcou duas principais obras da autora, a primeira como tese de professora livre-docente da UFRJ sob o título Acumulação de capital e industrialização no Brasil (1974) e a segunda tese de professora titular também defendida na UFRJ, intitulada Ciclo e crise: o movimento recente da economia brasileira (1978). A partir dos anos 1980, Tavares segue suas reflexões agora sob o prisma de uma visão contextual da economia política internacional, onde avança diversos ensaios que procuraram analisar as principais causas e consequências da globalização financeira e tece uma série de críticas às políticas neoliberais, principalmente aplicadas na economia brasileira pós anos 1990

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26

Morse, Gary Kevin. "The impact of sodium tripolyphosphate substitution in Western Europe". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308935.

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Dantas, Leticia B. Tourinho. "O ISS e a sua incidência na importação de serviços". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5362.

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The objective of this work is to study the rules that deal with the impact of the tax services (ISSQN) in situations that characterize the import of services in order to verify its compatibility with positive legislation. The research has as its starting point the analysis of the constitutional text, seeking to build content, meaning and scope of prescriptive statements that impact directly on the legal regime of the ISS. In this plan, we focus the study of standards of competence of the ISS and what constitutes it and other infraconstitucional enunciations, through studying the role of supplementary law on the conformation of the legal system of the ISS. Traced the boundaries of both substance and form that define the institution of Tax Services at the constitutional level, the archetype of this constitutional duty is achieved, partly to investigate these prescriptive statements introduced in the legal system from the LC 116/03, analyzing the limits of positive law, each of the criteria of the rule of taxation possible from the ISS by building their semantic content, focusing on those that can trigger further discussions in relation to the tax in imports of services, namely the substantive test, the space and subjective criteria. We concluded that neither the constitutional legislator nor complement legislator, the determination of the substantive (conjugation of the verb with the complement), limited, both vehicles sheaths to address the possible materiality of the tax as the provision of services. On the space criterion, closely related to the principle of territoriality, we verify the possibility of adopting the principle of origin, as well as the destination on the taxation of services, being indispensable to the location of taxable activity the existence of evidence of connection to the Brazilian legal system, in order to legitimize the tax. Regarding the subjective criterion, especially on the topic of passive submission, we note that the legislature has the freedom to choose those which are responsible for compliance with the tax liability within the prescribed limits, may choose different person from the one who gets the economic benefit arising from activity of service provision, provided that there is another rule that permits restitution (reimbursement or retention). That done, we begin the analysis of rule of tax incidence of the incident ISS on the import of services covered by the same method in the previous steps, proving its compatibility with the Brazilian legal system
O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar as normas que dispõem sobre a incidência do Imposto sobre Serviços de Qualquer Natureza nas situações que caracterizam a importação de serviços, a fim de verificar a sua compatibilidade com o ordenamento jurídico-positivo. A pesquisa tem como ponto de partida a análise do Texto Constitucional, buscando construir o conteúdo, sentido e alcance dos enunciados prescritivos que influem diretamente no regime jurídico do ISS. Neste plano, as atenções se voltam para o estudo da norma de competência do ISS e dos seus integrantes constitutivos como os princípios e demais enunciados infraconstitucionais, passando pelo estudo do papel da lei complementar na conformação do regime jurídico do ISS. Traçados os limites de fundo e de forma que delimitam a instituição do Imposto sobre Serviços no plano constitucional, alcança-se o arquétipo constitucional deste imposto, parte para a investigação dos enunciados prescritivos introduzidos no ordenamento jurídico a partir da LC n. 116/03, analisando dentro dos limites do direito positivo, cada um dos critérios integrantes da regra-matriz de incidência tributária possível do ISS, a partir da construção dos respectivos conteúdos semânticos, enfatizando aqueles que podem provocar maiores discussões em relação à incidência do imposto na importação de serviços, a saber o critério material, o critério espacial e o critério subjetivo. Conclui que não houve por parte, seja do legislador constitucional seja do legislador complementar, a determinação do critério material (conjugação do verbo com o complemento), limitando-se, ambos os veículos introdutores, a tratar da materialidade possível do imposto como sendo a prestação de serviços. Quanto ao critério espacial, intimamente relacionado ao princípio da territorialidade, verifica-se a possibilidade de adoção do princípio da origem, tanto quanto do destino na tributação da prestação de serviços, sendo indispensável para a localização da atividade tributável a existência de elementos de conexão com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, de modo a legitimar a tributação. Em relação ao critério subjetivo, em especial no tópico da sujeição passiva, constata-se que tem o legislador liberdade para a escolha daquele a quem incumbe o cumprimento da obrigação tributária, dentro dos limites previstos, podendo escolher pessoa diversa daquela que obtém o benefício econômico decorrente da atividade de prestação de serviço, desde que exista uma outra norma, que autorize a restituição (retenção ou reembolso). Feito isso, tem início a análise da regra-matriz de incidência tributária do ISS incidente na importação de serviços, pelo mesmo método percorrido nas etapas anteriores, concluindo pela sua compatibilidade com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

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Marr, Ian. "Identifying the mode and impact of technological substitutions : historical influences and evolutionary patterns". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/f6a5b996-8345-40c3-9750-14b3cc96332f.

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Technological substitutions play a major role in the research and development efforts of most modern industries. If timed and provisioned well, successful technology substitutions can provide significant market advantages to firms that have anticipated demand correctly for emergent technologies. Conversely, failure to commit to new technologies at the right time can have catastrophic consequences, making determining the likely substitution mode of critical strategic importance. This issue is exacerbated for organisations with 20 to 30 year technology development cycles, such as in the aerospace sector, where it could take many years of resource commitment to observe and fully understand development potential of new technologies. With little available data, being able to identify at an early stage whether new technologies are appearing in response to a perceived stagnation in technical developments (potentially signalling a rapid change about to take place), or as a result of pioneering leaps of scientific foresight (potentially signalling the need for a longer development cycle), poses a significant challenge. This research combines bibliometric, pattern recognition, and statistical approaches with data-driven simulations to develop technology classification and substitution models from historical datasets where literature evidence supports mode labelling. The resulting functional regression classification model demonstrates robust predictive capabilities for the technologies considered, supporting the literature-based substitution framework applied, and providing evidence suggesting substitution modes can be recognised through automated processing of patent data. Further, a system dynamics model enables the impact and causal influences of different substitution modes to be explored. Lastly, preliminary evidence suggests classification and forecasting can be achieved based on partial time series. This implies that future extensions to real-time applications may be possible for use in early stages of research and development. This capability would reduce uncertainty in decision-making, and consequently, time-to-market, enabling robust product/service strategies to be developed in response to continually evolving markets.

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29

Gunduz, Seda. "The Impact of Immigrant Language Skills on Canadian Wages". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36624.

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This thesis consists of three chapters investigating the impact of immigrant language skills on Canadian wages. The first chapter, “Linguistic diversity among Canadian immigrants: 1981-2006”, describes the changes in linguistic diversity among Canadian immigrants, as measured by a preferred linguistic distance measure, the Levenshtein Distance (LD) Index, and documents socio-demographic characteristics of recent immigrants as well as their labour market performance based on their language capital at the time of entry. The LD is an approximation of immigrants’ language skills in the Canadian official languages and represents the “distance” of an immigrant’s reported language to the Canadian official languages. Using the 20% micro-data files of the Canadian Censuses between 1981 and 2006, I assign each immigrant an index number based on two language measures: mother tongue and home language. French and English are defined as the Canadian official languages in Quebec and outside of Quebec, respectively. The main findings suggest that although immigrants’ mother tongues became more “distant” to the Canadian official languages in both regions over time, the language skill of an average immigrant based on home language remained almost the same in Quebec, in particular, between 1981 and 1996. In terms of immigrants’ socio-demographic characteristics and their labour market performance, general patterns were similar across the two regions, although there were significant differences by language groups. In particular, the change in immigrants’ wages by language groups is suggestive of the role of language skills in determining wages. The second chapter, “Immigrant versus native men? Substitutability and the role of linguistic diversity in Canada”, estimates the degree of substitutability between immigrant and native men by incorporating immigrants’ language skills into the analysis and calculates the potential wage effects of immigration on Canadian wages. Using the 20% micro-data files of the Canadian Censuses between 1981 and 2006 and imposing a nested-CES production function on the Canadian economy, I estimate immigrant-native substitutability based on immigrants’ language skills in addition to education levels and years of labour market experience. I use the LD Index to represent immigrants’ language skills by the distance of the mother tongue and home language of an immigrant to English outside of Quebec and to French in Quebec. I define three language groups for immigrants as the high language-skilled, the medium language-skilled, and the low language-skilled. The key findings are as follows. First, home language-based estimates suggest imperfect substitutability in Canada outside of Quebec in some cases. Second, by language skill groups, the low language-skilled immigrants are more likely to be imperfect substitutes for the Canadian-born. Third, the findings for Quebec are substantially different from those for Canada outside of Quebec. My simulations suggest that the long-run effect of immigration on immigrants’ wages was negative between 1981 and 2006 while the long-run effect of immigration on the wages of the Canadian-born was small but positive over the same period. The third chapter, “Gender, linguistic diversity, and labour market substitutability”, uses the same methodology and data sources as in the second chapter to incorporate female workers into the analysis of immigrant-native substitutability. This study estimates the elasticity of substitution between immigrant language groups and natives for female workers and the pooled sample of male and female workers. The findings suggest that the degree of substitutability between female immigrants and female natives is similar to the degree of substitutability between male immigrants and male natives. The main results do not change for the pooled sample. Due to potential differences between language accumulation processes between female and male immigrants, the third chapter also estimates female-male immigrants substitutability based on language skills, education levels, and years of labour market experience. The findings suggest that female and male immigrants are imperfect substitutes outside of Quebec regardless of language measures.

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30

Ludik, Henk. "An investigation into the impact of the substitution of platinum in auto catalysts on the South African economy". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/989.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has historically benefited from its mineral wealth, building one of the leading mining industries in the world. South Africa holds the worlds largest known PGM (or precious group metals) resource base (in a geological formation known as the Bushveld Igneous Complex), with an estimated life of 230 years (at current mining rates). This precious commodity is a precious source of both the direct as well as indirect contributions into the South African economy, as well as a leading source of employment in the South African mining industry. PGMs are predominantly used in auto catalysts, with an estimated 60% of global demand emanating from this application, where the commodity is used in breaking down noxious compounds in exhaust emissions. Given the strong correlation between automotive production and platinum sales, it seems viable to assume that platinum sales will continue to grow as more stringent legislation is introduced globally to reduce automotive emissions. This can currently only be down by increasing the platinum loads in auto catalysts, as alternative technologies are not widely accepted or developed at present. Given the influence (and positive correlation between) demand and prices, it appears that PGM prices will be driven upwards as demand continues to grow. This effect may be exacerbated by the fact that the expansion in demand is likely to outgrow the expansion in supply, given that few significant platinum operations have been started in recent years. Following the strong rally of commodity prices, specifically PGM prices in mid-2008 that saw platinum at a record high of USD2276/oz, major automotive producers have indicated that they are investigating alternatives to the application of precious metals in catalytic converters, in an attempt to curtail production costs. Although no viable substitute could be developed as yet, various alternatives (such as silver alloys) have been mentioned throughout the media. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of such a substitution event on South African PGM producers and its resultant effect on the South African economy. The study will attempt to determine, at a high level, the direct impact of the event, as well as the indirect consequences of the proposed substitution event.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie is histories op die mynbou- en landbousektore gebaseer, wat gelei het tot Suid-Afrika se wêreldklas mynbou industrie. Suid-Afrika beskik oor die wêreld se grootste PGM reserwes (in 'n geologiese formasie, ook bekend as die Bosveld Stollings Kompleks), met ‘n geskatte lewe van 230 jaar (teen huidige mynbou tempo's). Die komoditeite is verantwoordelik vir ‘n aansienlike hoeveelheid direkte en indirekte waardetoevoeging tot die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. PGM’s word hoofsaaklik in katalisators in voertuie gebruik, met nagenoeg 60% van wêreldwye vraag wat uit die toepassing voortspring. PGMs word gebruik om uitlaatgasse op te breek en te verwerk in motorvoertuie. Gegewe die hoë mate van korrelasie tussen PGM en voertuigverkope, blyk dit voor die handliggend dat platinumverkope sal aanhou styg soos wat omgewingswetgeging in bepaling van toelaatbare uitlaatgasse in motorvoertuie strenger word. Die vermindering van uitlaatgasse is huidiglik slegs moontlik deur die verhoging van PGM ladings in katalisators, gegewe dat alternatiewe tegnologieë nog nie ver genoeg gevorder is om geimplementeer te word nie. Die hoë mate van korrelasie tussen PGM pryse en PGM vraag dui dat dit hoogs waarskynlik is dat die prys van edelmetaal sal aanhou styg soos wat vraag toeneem. Die verskynsel sal moontlik verder bou op die verwagting dat vraag vir die metaalaanbod oor die langtermyn sal oorskadu, siende dat geen wesenlike nuwe PGM myne onlangs oopgemaak is nie. Voertuigvervaardigers het aangedui dat hul alternatiewe tegnologieë opndersoek, nadat die platinumprys tot 'n rekord hoogtepunt van USD2276/ oz gestyg het in mid 2008. Die uitspraak is gelewer met die oog op koste kontrole in die vervaardiging van motorvoertuie. Alhoewel geen werkbare alternatief vir die edelmetale huidiglik bestaan nie, is verskeie moontlike materiale reeds in die media bespreek (byvoorbeeld verskeie silwer allooie). Die doel van die dokument is om die potensiële impak van so ‘n vervangings senario op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie te ondersoek. Die studie sal poog om op ‘n hoë vlak die direkte en indirekte gevolge van die gebeurtenis te bepaal.

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31

Sharpe, James. "Three Essays on the Economic Impact of Immigration". UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/20.

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With the significant rise in immigration to the U.S. over the last few decades, fully understanding the economic impact of immigration is paramount for policy makers. As such, this dissertation consists of three empirical essays contributing to the literature on the impact of immigration. In my first essay, I re-examine the impact of immigration on housing rents and completely controlling for endogenous location choices of immigrants. I model rents as a function of both contemporaneous and initial economic and housing market conditions. I show that existing estimates of the impact of immigration on rents are biased and the source of the bias is the instrumental variable strategy common in much of the immigration literature. In my second essay, I present a new approach to estimating the effect of immigration on native wages. Noting the imperfect substitutability of immigrants and natives within education groups, I posit an empirical framework where labor markets are stratified by occupations. Using occupation-specific skill to define homogeneous skill groups, I estimate the partial equilibrium (within skill group) effect of immigration. The results suggest that when one defines labor market cohorts that directly compete in the labor market, the effect of immigration on native wages is roughly twice as large as previous estimates in the literature. In my third essay, I return to the housing market and examine the effects of immigration within metropolitan areas. Specifically, I investigate the relationship between immigrant inflows, native outflows, and rents. Taking advantage of the unique settlement patterns of immigrants, I show that the effect of immigration on rents is lower in both high-immigrant neighborhoods and portions of the rent distribution where immigrants cluster. Contrary to the existing belief in the literature, the results suggest that the preferences of natives, not immigrants, bid up rents in response to an immigrant inflow.

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32

Hultman, Erik y Viktor Olsson. "Miljöeffekterna av den svenska flygskatten? : En analys av olika styrmedels miljöeffekter på flygmarknaden". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69778.

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I april 2018 realiserade den svenska regeringen förslaget om skatt på flygresor. Den empiriska undersökningen som samlat material från andra länder inom EU med liknande flygskatter visar på varierande effekter på miljön. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilket styrmedel mellan en flygskatt och en kvotplikt som medför störst klimatreducering för den svenska flygmarknadens koldioxidutsläpp. Studien tillämpar efterfrågeelasticiteter, korspriselasticiteter och sekundärdata från internationella och nationella institutioner för att estimera flygskattens samt en kvotplikts miljöeffekter på det svenska flyget. Resultatet visar på att en kvotplikt reducerar koldioxidutsläppen till en högre grad än dagens flygskatt. Flygskattens komparerade miljöeffekt härleds till resenärernas förutsättningar gällande substitut, geografiskt läge och överflyttningseffekt på den internationella flygmarknaden.
In april 2018, the Swedish government realize the proposal for tax on air passenger travel in Sweden. The aggregate empirical investigation from other EU countries with similar flight tax application, the investigation concludes inconclusive effects on the environment. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate which control measure of an aviation tax and a quota that result in the greatest climate reduction for the Swedish airline carbon dioxide emission. The thesis applies demand elasticities, cross-price elasticities, and secondary data from international and national institutions to estimate the environmental impact of the airline tax and a quota obligation on the Swedish airline. The result shows that a quota obligation reduces carbon dioxide emissions to a greater extent than today's air tax. The comparative environmental impact of the aviation tax is derived from travelers' conditions regarding substitutes, geographical location and transfer effect on the international airline market.

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33

Wei, Xin 1971. "HIV-1 reverse transcription initiation : impact of A-rich loop deletion and M184V substitution and development of novel antiretroviral strategies". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84447.

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Reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is primed by cellular tRNALys3, which is selectively packaged into viral particles where it is bound at its 3' terminus to a complementary sequence of viral RNA termed the primer binding site (PBS). In addition to the PBS, other regions within the viral genome also interact with tRNALys3. Initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription requires specific recognition of the viral genome, tRNA primer, and reverse transcriptase (RT). In this work, we study the important role played by the initiation complex in the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription. An "A-rich loop" located upstream of the PBS has been shown to interact with the anticodon loop of tRNALys3 and deletion of this A-rich loop caused diminished viral replication fitness. We have now studied the mechanisms involved in the altered replication capacities of the deletion-containing viruses in the context of both wild type HIV-1 and viruses also containing the M184V substitution in RT. We found that the M184V mutation in RT compromises the ability of deletion-containing viruses to restore wild-type replication. Further biochemical study indicates that both the M184V mutation in RT and deletion of sequences upstream of PBS caused diminished viral replication fitness by compromising the efficiency of reverse transcription initiation.
Since the initiation of DNA synthesis was shown to be a highly specific process, it represents a potential target for the development of novel antiviral agents. We developed strategies for inhibition of the HIV-1 replication via interference with the tRNALys3/viral RNA complex. To target primer tRNALys3, we employed oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) that are complementary to different parts of the tRNA primer. To target viral RNA, we devised a tRNALys3-like molecule, termed tRNA Lys*, that contained sequence alterations that direct initiation from a region distant from the natural PBS, designated PBS*. PBS* is involved in the formation of the natural tRNA/PBS complex and binding of tRNALys* was shown to interfere specifically with the initiation of reverse transcription. Inhibition of the synthesis of (-) strand strong-stop DNA was achieved successfully with both strategies by interfering with the formation of the initiation complex.

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34

Filho, Joaquim Messias Matos. "Increase the value of the collection of the economics ICMS cearense with the adoption of tax regime change: a case study in the industrial sector of footwear". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8418.

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The present work has as its principal aim to analyze the impact of the Tributary Substitution regime of the collection of ICMS in the industrial sector of CearÃ, through a case study in the footwear sector, whose collection of taxes has been realized since 2006 by the cited regime, through Decree No. 28326 of 25/07/06. The Tributary Substitution institute of the segment in analysis came to be used rather than normal regime, in view of its facility to control a larger number of companies, assigning to a responsible the collection of the entire commercialization chain. We used a information database from the Department of Finance of the State of CearÃ (Sefaz- Ce) and we used the Differences in Differences methodology considering a control group - companies that remained in the normal regime of taxes collection; and a treatment group - companies that passed to the Tributary Substitution. After the analysis we perceive a positive impact of 24,38% of collection in the footwear industry, for the considered period from 2003 to 2009
O presente trabalho tem como escopo principal analisar o impacto do regime de SubstituiÃÃo TributÃria da arrecadaÃÃo de ICMS no setor industrial do CearÃ, atravÃs de um estudo de caso no setor calÃadista, cuja arrecadaÃÃo passou a ser realizada a partir de 2006 pelo citado regime, atravÃs do Decreto nÂ 28.326, de 25/07/06. O instituto da SubstituiÃÃo TributÃria do segmento em anÃlise veio a ser utilizado ao invÃs do regime normal, tendo em vista a facilidade de controlar um maior nÃmero de empresas, atribuindo a um responsÃvel a arrecadaÃÃo de toda a cadeia de comercializaÃÃo. Utilizamos um Banco de Dados de informaÃÃes da Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado do CearÃ (Sefaz-Ce) e usamos a metodologia DiferenÃas em DiferenÃas, considerando um grupo de controle â empresas que permaneceram no regime normal de cobranÃa; e um grupo de tratamento â empresas que passaram para o regime de substituiÃÃo tributÃria. Ao final da anÃlise chegamos Ã conclusÃo de que o regime de SubstituiÃÃo TributÃria contribuiu para um incremento de 24,38% na arrecadaÃÃo do setor industrial de calÃados, para o perÃodo considerado de 2003 a 2009.

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35

El, Halabi Hai͏̈fa. "Les médicaments génériques : réglementation, comparaison des marchés américains et européens, impact sur les professionnels de santé français". Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P104.

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36

Adepoju, Olusegun A., Devaiah K. Shiva y Cecelia A. McIntosh. "Using Site-Directed Mutagenesis to Determine Impact of Amino Acid Substitution on Substrate and Regiospecificity of Grapefruit Flavonol 3-O-Glucosyltransferase". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/346.

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Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are important in plant defense, protection and human health. Most naturally-occurring flavonoids are found in glucosylated form. Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a high energy sugar donor to an acceptor molecule. A flavonol-specific 3-O-GT enzyme has been identified and cloned from leaf tissues of grapefruit. The enzyme shows rigid substrate specificity and regiospecificity. F3-O-GTs from grape (Vitis vinifera) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) were modeled against F7-O-GTs from Crocus sativus and Scrutellaria biacalensis, and several non-conservative amino acid differences were identified that may impact regioselectivity. This research is designed to test the hypothesis that specific amino acid residues impart the regiospecificity of the grapefruit enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on three potentially key amino acid residues within the grapefruit F3-O-GT that were identified through homology modeling. Analyses of the enzyme activity of the mutant F3-O-GT proteins revealed that the single point mutations of serine 20 to leucine (S20L) and proline 297 to phenylalanine (P297F) rendered the recombinant enzyme inactive with flavonol substrates. Mutation of glycine 392 to glutamate (G392E) was active at 80% relative to the wild type. The mutant enzyme also did not show broadened acceptor specificity as it also favored flavonols as the preferred acceptor substrate. The glucosylation products of the active mutant enzyme will be analyzed to determine if this resulted in a change in regiospecificity.

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37

Adepoju, Olusegun Adeboye. "Using Site-Directed Mutagenesis to Determine Impact of Amino Acid Substitution on Substrate and Regiospecificity of Grapefruit Flavonol Specific 3-O-Glucosyltransferase". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2404.

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Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are important in plant defense, protection, and human health. Most naturally-occurring flavonoids are found in glucosylated forms. Glucosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of glucose from high-energy sugar donors to an acceptor molecule. The grapefruit flavonol-specific 3-O-glucosyltransferase (F3-O-GT) is highly substrate and regio-specific. The goal of this research is to unravel the amino acid residues responsible for the grapefruit enzyme’s rigid specificity, while attempting to alter the regiospecific glucosylation pattern through site-directed mutagenesis and homology modeling. This research tested the hypothesis that substitution of potential key amino acid residues within the grapefruit Cp-F3-O-GT with position equivalent residues within F7-O-GTs would alter the 3-O-glucosylation of the enzyme. Results reveal that specific single point mutations of residues are capable of abolishing enzymatic activity. Recombinant mutant G392E retained activity and showed an increased affinity for kaempferol relative to the wild-type; however, the rigid regiospecific glucosylation pattern of the enzyme was retained.

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38

Hobbs, Jeremy. "The role of business organisations in the transition from an import substituting to an export orientated model of growth in Mexico after 1982". Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31994612.html.

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39

Langle, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'élaboration de design de substitution en similitude indirecte sur modèles réduits : application à l'étude du comportement en collision des absorbeurs axiaux". Valenciennes, 1997. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ada00313-2944-431c-9aa0-8bbd91c168be.

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La conception d'un véhicule ferroviaire doit intégrer des critères de dimensionnement à la collision. Il existe de nombreux outils de calculs numériques qui permettent de réaliser des simulations du comportement au choc des structures. Mais ces modèles numériques doivent être validés par l'intermédiaire d'essais expérimentaux. La réalisation d'essais à l'échelle 1 nécessite des moyens considérables (infrastructure, cout du prototype) et ne peut être envisagée qu'en phase de validation finale. L’étude sur modèle réduit permet de contourner ce problème. Parmi toutes les techniques de similitude recensées, seule la similitude indirecte peut être employée dans un cadre industriel. Elle permet le couplage d'un modèle par éléments finis et d'essais expérimentaux a échelle réduite afin d'optimiser le design. Pour valider ce concept sur une structure complexe multi-matériaux et multi-assemblages, un crash test d'une cabine de conduite ferroviaire a l'échelle 1/4 et un modèle par éléments finis sont réalisés. Néanmoins la conception de maquettes pose des problèmes de fabrication et d'assemblage. Ces problèmes sont principalement dus aux opérations de soudage. L’influence de l'assemblage sur la réponse en similitude est illustrée sur des absorbeurs en compression axiale. Des techniques d'assemblages (soudage laser, collage structural, rivetage) et des design de substitution sont testés. Le choix d'un design de remplacement est proposé à l'aide d'un couplage entre pam-sfe (super folding element) et l'optimiseur mathématique pam-opt. Le logiciel pam-sfe permet de déterminer la caractéristique effort/écrasement en compression axiale de structures mono et multitubulaires à parois minces, il est basé sur une formulation analytique. L’intégration de la dissipation énergétique due au joint de colle sur des profilés à parois minces est développée dans la phase de post effondrement. La validation est réalisée sur des structures simple et double chapeaux.

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40

Michel, Laurent. "Impact des conduites addictives sur les stratégies de prévention et de prise en charge du VIH et de l'hépatite C". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066513.

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La révolution des années 90 en termes de prévention (politique de réduction des risques) puis de thérapeutique (traitements de substitution aux opiacés, antirétroviraux, bi-thérapie anti-HVC) pour les usagers de drogues a eu des effets spectaculaires. Dans différents contextes (prison ou précarité sociale par exemple) ou pour certaines populations (co-infection par le VIH/VHC, comorbidités psychiatriques et/ou addictives), ces bénéfices sont moins nets, et peuvent limiter à terme l’efficacité de la politique de santé publique. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de démontrer que les conduites addictives, et souvent les troubles psychiques associés, ont un impact direct sur les stratégies de prévention et de prise en charge du VIH et des hépatites, et que des interventions ciblées, adaptées à des situations ou populations particulières (prison, co-infection, troubles psychiatriques…), pourraient optimiser les stratégies de prévention et de soins actuelles. Pour cela, j’ai exploité les données de 2 cohortes françaises importantes et d’une étude transversale majeure, mais également effectué une revue des travaux portant sur les soins et les risques infectieux en prison en France. J’ai ainsi pu mettre en évidence que des ajustements concernant le cadre légal de prescription des traitements de substitution (TSO) ou leurs modalités de prescription ou d’accès sont souhaitables. Par ailleurs, des facteurs comme la consommation excessive d’alcool ou l’existence de symptômes dépressifs, et leur prise en charge, influencent les mesures de prévention et la prise en charge des sujets atteints par le VIH ou co-infectés VIH-VHC. Des ajustements de la politique de santé publique actuelle sont nécessaires.

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41

Rudi, Jeta. "Two Applied Economics Essays: Trade Duration in U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Imports & Goods-Time Elasticity of Substitution in Household Food Production for SNAP participants and nonparticipants". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34034.

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The first study investigates the factors that impact the duration of U.S. fresh fruit and vegetable imports. We employ both survival analysis (Kaplan Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards model) as well as count data models. Our results indicate that SPS treatment requirements positively impact the duration of trade while new market access has the opposite effect. Other factors typically included in trade duration models (such as: GDP, transportation costs, tariff rates, etc.) were also investigated. We also employ a probit model to understand the factors impacting the probability that a country selects into exporting fresh fruits and vegetables to the United States. The second study estimates the goods-time elasticity of substitution for Food Stamp/SNAP participants versus non participants. We find that the elasticity of substitution for SNAP participants is not statistically different from zero. This indicates that SNAP participants have Leontief production function in household food production, implying that increasing the amount of SNAP benefits paid to participants will not lead to more food production if the time households dedicate to food preparation remains unchanged. This finding extends the analysis done by Baral, Davis and You (2011) and offers insights for policies related to the SNAP program.
Master of Science

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42

Louzada, JoÃo Marcos de Campos. "The tax substitution in transactions with ornamental rocks in the State Ceara - an empirical analysis of the impact of the decree n Â 30256/2010". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15182.

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nÃo hÃ
Na intenÃÃo de fomentar o setor de rochas ornamentais no CearÃ, a SEFAZ-CE instituiu o regime de substituiÃÃo tributÃria para este segmento. Os objetivos da nova polÃtica tributÃria visaram estabelecer um regime de tributaÃÃo operacional e simplificado, propiciar maior competitividade no mercado nacional, neutralizar a concorrÃncia desleal entre os contribuintes do Estado e desenvolver o parque industrial do setor. Para verificar o impacto desta nova polÃtica tributÃria na arrecadaÃÃo do setor, aplicou-se a metodologia economÃtrica do estimador de diferenÃa em diferenÃas em uma base de dados dos anos de 2003 a 2013 de contribuintes do Estado do CearÃ e considerou-se o Decreto nÂ 30.256/2010 como evento base para uma comparaÃÃo entre o antes e o depois. Em termos gerais, houve crescimento de arrecadaÃÃo para os contribuintes do setor no regime de recolhimento EPP e MICROEMPRESA, e nÃo foi possÃvel concluir se houve impacto na arrecadaÃÃo para os contribuintes do regime de recolhimento NORMAL.
With the intention of encouraging the sector of ornamental rocks in CearÃ, SEFAZCE established the tax substitution system for this segment. The intention of the new tax policy aimed to establish an operational and simplified tax regime, provide greater competitiveness in the domestic market, neutralize unfair competition between state taxpayers and develop the industrial park industry. To check the impact of this new tax policy in the sector's revenues, applied econometric methodology of the difference estimator in differences in a database the years 2003-2013 of the State of CearÃ taxpayers and considered the Decree 30.256/2010 for an event based on comparison between before and after. Overall, there was revenue growth for industry taxpayers in the payment scheme EPP and MICROEMPRESA, and it was not possible to conclude whether there was an impact on revenue for taxpayers NORMAL payment scheme.

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43

Hansen, Anja. "From impact to resource". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17790.

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Energie und Rohstoffe auf Basis von Biomasse gelten als wichtiger Beitrag, um den anthropogen begründeten Klimawandel zu mindern. Diese publikationsbasierte Arbeit analysiert, inwiefern Aussagen über Vorzüglichkeit von Biomassenutzung im direkten Vergleich oder auch in komplexeren wirtschaftlichen Nutzungssystemen durch Unsicherheiten in den Treibhausgasemissionen (THG) oder durch die Anwendung der Bewertungsmethodik beeinflusst werden. Eine Fallstudie zur stationären Biostromerzeugung aus der Vergasung von Pappelhackschnitzeln zeigte mittels Monte-Carlo-Analyse, dass dieser Biostrom trotz Unsicherheiten weniger THG emittiert bzw. sogar Kohlendioxid sequestrieren könnte. Die zweite Fallstudie analysierte Biomassenutzung im Systemzusammenhang. Sie bezog neben THG-Emissionen als Bewertungskriterien sowohl den Bedarf an Agrarfläche als auch an fossilen Ressourcen mit ein. Für das Beispiel der Häuserdämmung mittels Hanffasern oder Styropor konnte aus den drei Kriterien auch unter Berücksichtigung mehrerer Szenarien keine eindeutige Vorzugslösung der Biomassenutzung abgeleitet werden. Basierend auf dem Produktivitätskonzept stellt der dritte Beitrag mit CUDe (Carbon Utilization Degree) einen Ansatz vor, wie die Nutzungseffizienz des in der Biomasse bereitgestellten Kohlenstoffs bewertet werden könnte. THG-Minderungsrechnungen erfordern eine fundierte Kenntnis der Methode als auch des Produktionssystems in seinem regionalen Kontext. Als Landnutzungseffekte sollten neben Änderungen im Bodenkohlenstoffgehalt auch Unterschiede in Lachgas-Hintergrundemissionen von annuellen gegenüber mehrjährigen Kulturen berücksichtigt werden. Trade-Offs sprechen dafür, Biomassenutzungssysteme nicht nur hinsichtlich Klimawirksamkeit zu optimieren. Ergänzend könnte Kohlenstoff auch als Ressource betrachtet und mit Effizienzkriterien bewertet werden. Biomassenutzung ließe sich so optimieren, dass gemeinsam mit Klimaschutz weitere aktuelle Handlungsfelder adressiert werden.
Biomass-based energy and materials are considered important for the mitigation of human-induced climate change and as relevant bioeconomic feedstock. This publication-based dissertation aims to contribute to the discussion about the reliability of mitigation assessment of biomass applications in an increasingly bio-based, low-carbon economy that also fulfils sustainability constraints of resource conservation. It analysed how preference of biomass use in direct comparison as well as in larger economic context is affected by single uncertainties as well as by mitigation calculation methods. A case study on stationary bioelectricity generation from poplar wood chip gasification with a Monte Carlo approach showed that such bioelectricity could emit less greenhouse gases (GHG) or even sequester carbon despite existing uncertainties. The second case study analysed biomass use in a systemic context. Besides GHG emissions also resource demand of cropland and fossil fuels were used to assess two strategies to isolate buildings. From the three criteria, none of the strategies would clearly be preferred. The third case study presented an approach to assess the efficiency of biomass carbon use (CUDe; Carbon Utilization Degree) and applied it exemplarily to a biogas and a hemp insulation system. GHG mitigation analyses of biomass use must be performed with profound knowledge of the methodology and the biomass system in its regional context. In land use change assessment, emissions resulting from deviating nitrous oxide baselines from annual and perennial crops should be considered in addition to carbon stock changes. Optimization of biomass applications only with respect to GHG emissions (or other single criteria) might overlook trade-offs. However, multi-criteria analyses might yield ambiguous results. A resource-efficient viewpoint on biogenic carbon use instead of its sole GHG implications might help to foster a transformation to bio-based, low-carbon economies.

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44

Rune, Björn y Simon Longuet. "Why does not a professional sport team impact local economy, or does it? : An explanation and extension from earlier studies in Sweden". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54475.

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Subsidies to professional sports teams remain a controversial issue, and in most European countries these subsidies have decreased over the past decades. However, in Sweden they are a common occurrence, municipalities are giving generous amounts of money to their local team. To justify these subsidies, proponents of sports team claim their great economic impact on the local area. Nevertheless, in the sport economic literature, most of the researchers cannot find any positive impact and some of them even find negative impact from a hosting a professional sports team. This study will give an explanation and extension to the earlier articles about sport economics written in Sweden by Emelie Värja (2014) and Lars Behrenz (2009). In this essay we will present two models. The idea behind our first model is to investigate if professional sport events should be considered as a substitute to other leisure activities. This model indicates that there is a substitution effect between ice hockey games and cinema admissions in Sweden. The outcome from our other model which studies the condominium market strongly contradicts the generous sport subsidies given by Swedish municipalities. The results indicate that the presence of a professional ice hockey team lowers the condominiums prices.

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45

Haus, Sylvia. "Climate impact of the sustainable use of forest biomass in energy and material system : a life cycle perspective". Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69561.

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Human society releases greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere while providing housing, heat, mobility and industrial production. Man-made greenhouse gas emissions are the main causes of climate change, coming mainly from burning fossil fuels and land-use changes. Sustainably managed forests play an important role in climate change mitigation with the prospect of sustainably providing essential materials and services as part of a low-carbon economy, both through the substitution of fossil-intensive fuels and material and through their potential to capture and store carbon in the long-term perspective. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop a methodology under a life cycle perspective to assess the climate impact of the sustainable use of forest biomass in bioenergy and material systems. To perform this kind of analysis a methodological framework is needed to accurately compare the different biological and technological systems with the aim to minimize the net carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and hence the climate impact. In such a comparison, the complete energy supply chains from natural resources to energy end-use services has to be considered and are defined as the system boundaries. The results show that increasing biomass production through more intensive forest management or the usage of more productive tree species combined with substitution of non-wood products and fuels can significantly reduce global warming. The biggest single factor causing radiative forcing reduction was using timber to produce wood material to replace energy-intensive construction materials such as concrete and steel. Another very significant factor was replacing fossil fuels with forest residues from forest thinning, harvest, wood processing, and post-use wood products. The fossil fuel that was replaced by forest biomass affected the reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, with carbon-intensive coal being most beneficial to replace. Over the long term, an active and sustainable management of forests, including their use as a source for wood products and bioenergy allows the greatest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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46

Fiher, Imane. "Impact de substitutions de résidus de la charnière 4-5 et du domaine 5 de la glutamyl-ARNt synthétase d'Escherichia coli sur son activité catalytique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28949/28949.pdf.

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47

Kurdi, Heba. "The impact of minimum wages on the incentives of education for the youth". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-67217.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the incentives regarding the education decisions, resulting from a minimum wage over the period 2005-2014. The question is investigated by comparing the changes in the wage dispersion and upper secondary graduation rate in 17 OECD countries. And then, by comparing the changes in the bites of the minimum wage and educational attainment for upper secondary students in 11 OECD countries, where minimum wages are regulated by law. The majority of previous research seem to point out a negative educational effect of minimum wages. However, this paper finds no evidence that increasing the minimum wage can decrease the high school graduation rate. A possible explanation is that the correlation between the higher employment prospect and educational attainment can create incentives for young individuals to undergo education. This study seems to be the first to investigate the educational effects of minimum wages using internationally comparative data.

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48

Castelli, Jonattan Rodriguez. "Brasil (des)acorrentado : uma análise evolucionária do processo de inserção da economia brasileira nos paradigmas tecno-econômicos da produção em massa e da tecnologia da informação". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87470.

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O objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar o processo de industrialização da economia brasileira, entre 1930 e 1980, sob uma ótica evolucionária. Ademais, se buscará analisar o catching-up que possibilitou a inserção da economia brasileira no quarto paradigma tecno-econômico, entre 1956-1980. E o subsequente falling-behind dessa economia, que entravou a sua entrada no paradigma tecno-econômico da tecnologia da informação. Como objetivos específicos emerge, em primeiro lugar, a necessidade de se descrever os aspectos tecnológicos, econômicos e institucionais desses dois paradigmas. Em segundo lugar se demonstrará de que maneira o Processo de Substituição de Importações foi fundamental para a inserção da economia brasileira no paradigma da produção em massa. E em terceiro lugar, se demonstrará que o legado institucional dessa mesma estratégia de desenvolvimento veio a ser um obstáculo à inserção da economia brasileira no quinto paradigma tecno-econômico. Destarte, a hipótese assumida é de que a dificuldade enfrentada pelo Brasil para assimilar os fatores-chave derivados da quinta revolução tecnológica advém da precária estrutura institucional construída ao longo da industrialização via substituição de importações. A passividade tecnológica e fragilidade institucional desse modelo de desenvolvimento, que não estabeleceu um nexo micro-macro, foi um obstáculo à endogenização do processo inovativo e impediu que a indústria brasileira ficasse em sintonia com a tecnologia dominante.
The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the process of industrialization of the Brazilian economy, between 1930 and 1980 under an evolutionary perspective. Moreover, it will try to analyze the catching-up which allowed the insertion of the Brazilian economy in the fourth techno-economic paradigm, from 1956 to 1980. Besides that it will investigate the subsequent falling-behind of this economy, which impeded their entry into the techno-economic paradigm of information technology. The specific objectives emerge, first, the need to describe the technological, economic and institutional features those two paradigms. Secondly it will demonstrate how the Import Substitutive Process was essential for the insertion of the Brazilian economy in the paradigm of mass production. And thirdly, it will demonstrate that the institutional legacy of that development strategy came to be an obstacle to the insertion of the Brazilian economy in the fifth techno-economic paradigm. Thus, the assumption made is that the difficulty faced by Brazil to assimilate the key factors derived from the fifth technological revolution comes from poor institutional structure built along the industrialization through import substitution. Technological passivity and institutional weakness of this model of development, which has not established a micro-macro link, was an obstacle to endogenization of the innovative process and prevented the Brazilian industry to stay in tune with the dominant technology.

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49

Paula, Felipe Viana de. "O impacto do regime de substituição tributária sobre o preço de produtos derivados do leite no Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-23112011-090356/.

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O mecanismo da substituição tributária tem ganhado, sobretudo nos últimos anos, grande importância como instrumento para reduzir a sonegação fiscal e incrementar a arrecadação do ICMS pelos Estados. Nesse contexto, o Estado de São Paulo tem sido aquele que mais tem lançado mão de tal prerrogativa, acreditando que a fiscalização tem se tornado menos dispendiosa, com a redução do esforço fiscal. Em virtude desse comportamento, observa-se um descontentamento por parte do meio empresarial, com a colocação de diversos argumentos contrários ao sistema. Dentre os argumentos, cita-se a possibilidade de que a introdução de tal mecanismo esteja gerando um impacto no preço final dos produtos para o consumidor, em virtude da substituição tributária poder aumentar o ônus fiscal para os produtores. Nesse sentido, este trabalho buscou verificar se a inserção da substituição tributária no Estado de São Paulo em um segmento específico é capaz de interferir nos preços de seus produtos. O setor escolhido para realização da analise foi o de lacticínios, representado por três produtos: leite UHT (longa vida), leite em pó e manteiga, que passaram a responder pelo novo regime tributário em maio de 2008. A análise baseou-se na construção de um modelo de séries temporais para os preços dos produtos, tendo sido efetuado testes de presença de quebras estruturais nas séries e, adicionalmente, realizado um comparativo entre os preços efetivamente realizados nesse mercado e os previstos, caso não houvesse alteração da legislação. Os resultados mostraram que para os três produtos analisados não houve impacto do novo regime tributário sobre os preços ao consumidor final.
The tax substitution mechanism has gained, especially in recent years, a great importance as instrument to reduce tax evasion and increase ICMS collection to states. In this context, the State of São Paulo has been the one that has most made use of this prerogative, believing that the tax inspection has become less expensive, including decreasing of the tax collection effort. As a result of this behavior, dissatisfaction among the business owners has been created and several arguments against the system have been raised. Within these arguments, the possibility of generating an impact on the final price of goods to consumers, after the introduction of this mechanism, is based on the fact that tax substitution is able to increase producer tax burden. In this sense, this work attempts to verify if the adoption of tax substitution in São Paulo in a specific market can interfere in the pricing system of the products. The sector chosen was the dairy market, represented by three products: UHT milk (long life), powder milk and butter. These goods got the new tax mechanism in May of 2008. A time series model to prices of the goods was constructed. A structural break test in the series, as well as comparative of effective realized and forecasted market prices, in case of non existence of rule modifications, was done. Based on the adopted hypothesis and model, the results showed for three analyzed goods there was no impact over consumer prices because of the new tax substitution rules.

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50

Fiorito, Giancarlo. "Studies in environmental, production and transport economics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462767.

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Aquesta tesi de doctorat fa servir l’estadística i el modelatge d’econometria per explorar, en termes empírics, tres qüestions sobre energia i economia ambiental. El primer estudi aborda la connexió energia-economia en una perspectiva amplia: emprant l’energia, dades d’ingressos i població de 133 països durant quatre dècades, proporciona un examen gràfic de la intensitat energètica combinant anàlisis estàtics i dinàmics per avaluar la utilitat d’aquest popular indicador. L’ús de ‘Gapminder’ permet la visualització de quatre variables a la vegada per tal de donar a conèixer els patrons que caracteritzen les dades de l’energia i del PIB a llarg termini. Les conclusions de l’article responen negativament a la pregunta del títol. El segon estudi entra en la producció. Amb un enfocament sobre les entrades, la capacitat de substitució capital/energia s’investiga mitjançant la estimació de la funció de producció del sector manufacturer de set països de la OECD. Utilitzant una especificació de ‘Translog’ de quatre entrades, la substitució de les entrades és quantificada per la elasticitat creuada de substitució. Aquest tractament econòmic tradicional proporciona figures actualitzades sobre els límits tecnològics dins els quals els sistemes econòmics han d’operar durant temps d’escassetat d’energia, restriccions ambientals i volatilitat dels preus dels recursos. Una altra prova de que l’energia (barata) i matèries primeres són entrades essencials per la producció, tal com la coneixem i, per tant, que el món no pot seguir avançant sense recursos naturals. L’últim capítol tracta una qüestió urgent tant per la salut humana com pel medi ambient: les sempre creixents emissions del sector del transport, i focalitzant sobre vehicles de carretera. Després d’estimar la demanda dels consumidors tant pels combustibles tradicionals i com pels eco-combustibles àmpliament disponibles, i el gas liquat del petroli (GLP) i el metà, simulo els efectes d’introduir una taxa de carboni a Itàlia tant sobre l’elecció de combustible/vehicle i com en les emissions. Els resultats indiquen una positiva resposta del consumidor cap al GLP i metà, dirigint-se cap a una significant reducció del CO2; sent la difusió de la seva infraestructura de proveïment un factor essencial. Tots els estudis estan publicats a revistes científiques, i fan servir dades originals i verificables i procediments de càlcul, per tal de contribuir sobre noves i rellevants idees.
This PhD thesis uses statistics and econometric modelling to explore in empirical terms three energy and environmental economics issues. The first study approaches the energy-economy connection in a broad perspective: employing energy, population and income data for 133 countries over four decades, it provides a graphical examination of energy intensity combining static and dynamic analyses to assess the usefulness of this popular indicator. The use of Gapminder graphical tool allows the visualization of four variables at the time so as to unveil long term patterns characterizing energy and GDP data. The article conclusions answer negatively to the title’s question. The second study enters into production. With a focus on inputs, capital/energy substitutability is investigated by estimating the production function of the manufacturing sector for seven OECD countries. Using a four-input translog specification, input substitution is quantified by the cross-price elasticity of substitution. This traditional economics treatment provides updated figures about the technological limits in which economic systems have to operate during times of energy scarcity, environmental constraints and resource price volatility. One more proof that (cheap) energy and raw materials are essential inputs in production, as we know it and, thus, the world cannot get along without natural resources. The last chapter concerns an urgent issue for both human health and the environment: the ever-increasing emissions form the transport sector, focusing on road vehicles. After estimating consumer demand for both traditional and widely-available eco-fuels, LPG and methane, I simulate the effects of the introducing a carbon tax in Italy on both fuel/vehicle choice and emissions. The results indicate a positive responsiveness of consumer toward LPG and methane, leading to significant CO2 reduction; an essential factor being the diffusion of their refueling infrastructure. All the studies, are published in scientific journals, and they use original and verifiable data and calculation procedures, to contribute to relevant and new insights.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Import substitution"

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