Artículos de revistas: "India Ocean Tsunami"

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MATSUMOTO, HIROYUKI, YUICHIRO TANIOKA, YUICHI NISHIMURA, YOSHINOBU TSUJI, YUICHI NAMEGAYA, TADASHI NAKASU y SIN-ITI IWASAKI. "REVIEW OF TIDE GAUGE RECORDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 03, n.º 01 (marzo de 2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431109000378.

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According to the NOAA earthquake database, at least 31 events have been found in the Indian Ocean in terms of tsunami event since 1900, most of which occurred along the Sunda Trench. In this study, we review the history of tide level measurements and their datasets archives in Thailand, Indonesia, India, and Australia. We collected tide gauge paper charts recording historical tsunamis including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in those countries. As a result, systematic collection of historical tsunami records by tide gauges in the Indian Ocean has been difficult, because few tsunamigenic earthquakes occurred in the Indian Ocean during the instrumentally observed period.

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Heidarzadeh, Mohammad, Alexander Rabinovich, Satoshi Kusumoto y C. P. Rajendran. "Field surveys and numerical modelling of the 2004 December 26 Indian Ocean tsunami in the area of Mumbai, west coast of India". Geophysical Journal International 222, n.º 3 (4 de junio de 2020): 1952–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa277.

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ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean (Sumatra-Andaman) tsunami, numerous survey teams investigated its effects on various locations across the Indian Ocean. However, these efforts were focused only on sites that experienced major destruction and a high death toll. As a consequence, some Indian Ocean coastal megacities were not examined. Among the cities not surveyed was Mumbai, the principal west coast port and economical capital of India with a population of more than 12 million. Mumbai is at risk of tsunamis from two major subduction zones in the Indian Ocean: the Sumatra–Andaman subduction zone (SASZ) and the Makran subduction zone (MSZ). As a part of the present study, we conducted a field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami effects in Mumbai, analysed the available tide gauge records and performed tsunami simulations. Our field survey in 2018 January found run-up heights of 1.6−3.3 m in the Mumbai area. According to our analysis of tide gauge data, tsunami trough-to-crest heights in Okha (550 km to the north of Mumbai) and in Mormugao (410 km to the south of Mumbai) were 46 cm and 108 cm, respectively. Simulations of a hypothetical MSZ Mw 9.0 earthquake and tsunami, together with the Mw 9.1 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake and tsunami, show that the tsunami heights generated in Mumbai by an MSZ tsunami would be significantly larger than those generated by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman tsunami. This result indicates that future tsunami hazard mitigation for Mumbai needs to be based on a potential large MSZ earthquake rather than an SASZ earthquake.

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Yongjia, Liang. "Between Science and Religion: An Astrological Interpretation of the Asian Tsunami in India". Asian Journal of Social Science 36, n.º 2 (2008): 234–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853108x298716.

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AbstractAstrology plays an important role in Indian social life. Indian astrologers' claim to have accurately predicted the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, or the Asian Tsunami, was an effort to legitimize astrology as a full science. This effort demonstrates a difficulty in knowledge categorization, for in India, astrology is neither classified as a science nor as a religion. This is a result of the idea of an Indian nation-state, which rests upon both science and religion as foundations, but at the expense of expelling astrology from religion for not being scientific. However, as astrology continues to be important in India, the astrological interpretation of the Indian Ocean Tsunami drew substantial public attention. Astrology's significant presence in Indian society shows the role of a mature civil society in India as well.

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Murty, C. V. R., Sudhir K. Jain, Alpa R. Sheth, Arvind Jaiswal y Suresh R. Dash. "Response and Recovery in India after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 731–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206137.

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The rescue and relief work undertaken in the Andaman and Nicobar islands and in mainland India after the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was massive. A number of new initiatives undertaken by the government and nongovernmental agencies were innovative and successful. Also, since the tsunami was not a typical disaster for India, it raised a number of new concerns related to reconstruction along the coast.

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Yeh, Harry, R. K. Chadha, Mathew Francis, Toshitaka Katada, G. Latha, Curt Peterson, G. Raghuraman y J. P. Singh. "Tsunami Runup Survey along the Southeast Indian Coast". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2202651.

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The 26 December Indian Ocean tsunami was an extraordinary event in the history of natural hazards. It severely affected many countries surrounding the Indian Ocean: Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and African countries. Unlike the previous tsunami events in the last 40 years, the seriously affected areas are so vast that a traditional ground-level tsunami survey covering all the necessary areas by a single survey team was impractical. This destructive event will undoubtedly provide many opportunities to explore both basic and applied research in tsunami science and engineering fields and will lead to better preparedness for future disasters. A tsunami runup survey was conducted that spans Vedaranniyam (10° 23.5′ N) to Vodarevu (15° 47.6′ N)—more than 600 km of the southeast Indian coast—which suffered from the distant tsunami, whose source was more than 1,500 km away.

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Sheth, Alpa, Snigdha Sanyal, Arvind Jaiswal y Prathibha Gandhi. "Effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Indian Mainland". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 435–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2208562.

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The 26 December 2004 tsunami significantly affected the coastal regions of southern peninsular India. About 8,835 human lives were lost in the tsunami in mainland India, with 86 persons reported missing. Two reconnaissance teams traveled by road to survey the damage across mainland India. Geographic and topological features affecting tsunami behavior on the mainland were observed. The housing stock along the coast, as well as bridges and roads, suffered extensive damage. Structures were damaged by direct pressure from tsunami waves, and scouring damage was induced by the receding waves. Many of the affected structures consisted of nonengineered, poorly constructed houses belonging to the fishing community.

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Ramadass, Gidugu Ananada, Narayanaswamy Vedachalam, Tata Sudhakar, Raju Ramesh, Vandavasi Bala Naga Jyothi, Naranamangalam Balaji Prashanth y Malayath Aravindakshan Atmanand. "A Study of the Algorithms for the Detection of Tsunami Using an Ocean Bottom Pressure Recorder". Marine Technology Society Journal 48, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2014): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.1.6.

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AbstractThe National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, government of India, is engaged in developing and installing systems for tsunami detection and reporting. This involves high-precision bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) installed on the ocean floor, which can detect water level changes in the order of a few centimeters. Data are logged and recorded subsea by instruments located close to the BPRs. The detection of abnormal changes in the water level is required for detecting a tsunami event. This paper describes algorithms incorporated in most BPRs for detecting a tsunami by predictive methods such as Newton’s Extrapolation and Kalman predictor techniques. The most widely used tsunami detection algorithm is based on Newton’s extrapolation. The tsunami detection technique based on the Kalman prediction algorithm developed by NIOT can be an alternative for the existing technique. This paper describes both the algorithms and analyzes their effectiveness during tsunami event detection using MATLAB software. It is found that the Kalman algorithm has a better detection performance over the Newton extrapolation technique for tsunami wave amplitudes up to 300 mm. The Newton extrapolation technique has a better detection performance for tsunami wave duration of less than 10 min. For tsunami wave durations greater than 10 min, the Kalman algorithm has a better detection performance. As the wave durations of most of the recorded tsunamis are greater than 10 min, the Kalman algorithm could be a viable substitute for tsunami detection.

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Saini, Ajay. "Disciplining the other". Contributions to Indian Sociology 52, n.º 3 (12 de agosto de 2018): 308–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0069966718785961.

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The Indian Ocean tsunami (2004) devastated the Nicobar archipelago, a remote tribal reserve in the Indian Ocean, which the Nicobarese indigenes have traditionally inhabited. The catastrophe attracted a massive humanitarian response from the Government of India (GoI), leading to a sociocultural crisis among the Nicobarese that is inextricably linked to the post-tsunami humanitarian government in the Nicobar, which undermined what was once a self-sustaining community. Using Michel Foucault’s analytic of governmentality, this article elucidates how the humanitarian government in the southern Nicobar, motivated by a raison d’état of national security, attempted to discipline the traditional Nicobarese by developing new forms of subjectivities among them.

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GUPTA, HARSH. "INDIA'S INITIATIVE IN MITIGATING TSUNAMI AND STORM SURGE HAZARD". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 02, n.º 04 (diciembre de 2008): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431108000360.

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Soon after the occurrence of the most devastating tsunami caused by the 26th December, 2004 Sumatra earthquake, India took the initiative to set up an end-to-end system to mitigate tsunami and storm surge hazard. The system includes all the necessary elements: networking of seismic stations; deployment of ocean bottom pressure recorders; real time sea level monitoring stations; establishment of radar based monitoring stations for real time measurement of surface currents and waves; modeling for tsunamis and storm surges; generation of coastal inundation and vulnerability maps; operation of a tsunami and storm surges warning centre on 24 × 7 basis; capacity building and training of all the stakeholders and communication with the global community. This initiative was estimated to have a direct cost of US $30 million and was to be operative by August 2007. This has been achieved. The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information and Services (INCOIS), belonging to the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), located at Hyderabad, is the nodal agency for this program. The system fared well during the occurrence of September 12/13, 2007 tsunamigenic earthquakes. One of the problems is delay in estimating the size of large earthquakes. Empirical approaches are being developed to quickly estimate the size of the earthquakes occurring in Sumatra–Andaman zone of tsunamigenic earthquakes.

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Maheshwari, B. K., M. L. Sharma y J. P. Narayan. "Geotechnical and Structural Damage in Tamil Nadu, India, from the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206148.

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A reconnaissance team surveyed the geotechnical and structural engineering aspects of tsunami damage on the coast of Tamil Nadu in India. The area surveyed was from Chennai on the east coast to Thiruvananthapuram on the west coast. There was practically no major evidence of damage from direct ground shaking, although damage from the tsunami was extensive. The geotechnical engineering damage observed was mostly due to erosion of soil, settlement of soil, damage to port and harbor facilities, and damage to lifelines. The structural engineering damage involved damage to compound walls, collapse of rural houses, failure of columns, and toppling of roofs; some of the damage occurred because reinforcement details were lacking. Analyses of damage and its causes were performed, and the level of damage correlated well with the tsunami runup for the localities visited.

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Atmanand, Malayath Aravindakshan, Ramasamy Venkatesan, Mallavarapu Venkata Ramanamurthy, Gidugu Ananda Ramadass, Ramalingam Kirubagaran y Narayanaswamy Vedachalam. "Blue Economy of India and Technology Initiatives II". Marine Technology Society Journal 52, n.º 5 (1 de septiembre de 2018): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.52.5.12.

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AbstractWith land-based resources depleting fast, sustained harvesting of ocean resources with an appropriate trade-off between economic growth, social needs, and the health of the ocean environment is essential. India, with an over 7600-km-long coastline, an exclusive economic zone of 2.3 million km2, and seeking extension for additional 560 km, has initiated blue economic policies for leveraging the growth of the national economy. The first part of the paper presented in the OCEANS '18 conference in Kobe discussed the technology initiatives to harness the vast living and nonliving blue economic resources in India, including deep-ocean minerals, hydrocarbons, renewable energy, ocean desalination, and bioprospecting. This paper describes the activities carried out related to the activities undertaken by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) in the areas of coastal protection, cyclone and tsunami early warning systems, coral habitat observations, sustainable fishing, and numerical studies carried out to understand the influence of natural gas leaks on deep-ocean ecology.

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12

Synolakis, Costas E. y Laura Kong. "Runup Measurements of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2218371.

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We summarize some of the findings and observations from the field surveys conducted in the aftermath of the horrific tsunami of 26 December 2004 and reported in this issue. All these field surveys represent an unprecedented scientific undertaking and involved both local and international scientists working side by side. The 26 December tsunami was the first with transoceanic impact, since comprehensive postevent hydrodynamic surveys began to be conducted in the early 1990s with modern measurement tools. The tsunami impacted at least 16 nations directly: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Oman, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, the Maldives, Rodrigues, Mauritius, Réunion, and the Seychelles. The death toll included citizens from many other countries in Asia, Europe, the South Pacific, and the Americas, giving this tsunami the grim distinction of being the first universal natural disaster of modern times.

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13

Murty, C. V. R., Durgesh C. Rai, Sudhir K. Jain, Hemant B. Kaushik, Goutam Mondal y Suresh R. Dash. "Performance of Structures in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) during the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 321–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206122.

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The damage sustained by buildings and structures in the Andaman and Nicobar islands area was due to earthquake shaking and/or giant tsunami waves. While damage on Little Andaman Island and all the Nicobar Islands was predominantly tsunami-related, damage on islands north of Little Andaman Island was primarily due to earthquake shaking even though tsunami waves and high tides were also a concern. In general, the building stock consists of a large number of traditional and non-engineered structures. Many traditional structures are made of wood, and they performed well under the intensity-VII earthquake shaking sustained along the islands. However, a number of new reinforced concrete (RC) structures suffered severe damage or even collapse. Also, extensive damage occurred to the coastal and harbor structures in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.

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Narayan, J. P., M. L. Sharma y B. K. Maheshwari. "Tsunami Intensity Mapping Along the Coast of Tamilnadu (India) During the Deadliest Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004". Pure and Applied Geophysics 163, n.º 7 (27 de junio de 2006): 1279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-006-0074-6.

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15

Tang, Alex, Durgesh C. Rai, David Ames, C. V. R. Murty, Sudhir K. Jain, Suresh R. Dash, Hemant B. Kaushik et al. "Lifeline Systems in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 581–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2205874.

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Lifeline systems in the Andaman and Nicobar islands performed poorly during the December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and tsunami. Several power stations and transmission lines were damaged by the ground shaking, affecting the electric power supply to parts of the islands. Telecommunication services were severely affected because of destruction of several telephone exchanges. These services were restored quickly by government agencies. The dams and reservoirs, which supply potable water, sustained minor damage from ground shaking. However, segmented pipelines connecting the dams and reservoirs to various storage sites broke at several places, which significantly affected the water supply for a few days. Ground shaking damaged several elevated as well as ground-supported storage tanks. Damage related to tsunami waves was substantial in the 500–1,000- m strip immediately next to the coastline.

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Momeni, Payam, Katsuichiro Goda, Mohammad Heidarzadeh y Jinhui Qin. "Stochastic Analysis of Tsunami Hazard of the 1945 Makran Subduction Zone Mw 8.1–8.3 Earthquakes". Geosciences 10, n.º 11 (11 de noviembre de 2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110452.

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Historical records of major earthquakes in the northwestern Indian Ocean along the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) indicate high potential tsunami hazards for coastal regions of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, and western India. There are fast-growing and populous cities and ports that are economically important, such as Chabahar (Iran), Gwadar (Pakistan), Muscat (Oman), and Mumbai (India). In this study, we assess the tsunami hazard of the 1945 MSZ event (fatalities ≈300 people) using stochastic earthquake rupture models of Mw 8.1–8.3 by considering uncertainties related to rupture geometry and slip heterogeneity. To quantify the uncertainty of earthquake source characteristics in tsunami hazard analysis, 1000 stochastic tsunami scenarios are generated via a stochastic source modeling approach. There are main objectives of this study: (1) developing stochastic earthquake slip models for the MSZ, (2) comparing results of the simulation with the existing observations of the 1945 event, and (3) evaluating the effect of uncertain fault geometry and earthquake slip based on simulated near-shore wave profiles. The 1945 Makran earthquake is focused upon by comparing model predictions with existing observations, consisting of far-field tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges in Karachi and Mumbai and coseismic deformation along the Pakistani coast. The results identify the source model that matches the existing observations of the 1945 Makran event best among the stochastic sources. The length, width, mean slip, and maximum slip of the identified source model are 270 km, 130 km, 2.9 m, and 19.3 m, respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity of the maximum tsunami heights along the coastline to the location of a large-slip area is highlighted. The maximum heights of the tsunami and coseismic deformation results at Ormara are in the range of 0.3–7.0 m and −2.7 to 1.1 m, respectively, for the 1000 stochastic source models.

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Haryanto, Dwi, Adam Budi Nugroho, Muhamad Irfan y Yudo Haryadi. "STUDI PENENTUAN LOKASI BUOY TSUNAMI DI SAMUDERA INDIA SELATAN JAWA-BALI". Oseanika 2, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/oseanika.v2i1.4874.

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Indonesia terletak di perbatasan tiga lempeng tektonik yang bergeser satu sama lain, Lempeng Indo- Australia, Lempeng Pasifik, dan Lempeng Eurasia. Pergerakan relatif antara lempeng tektonik ini dapat menyebabkan terjadinya gempak tektonik di laut. Gempa tektonik di laut merupakan salah satu penyebab utama tsunami di Indonesia. Ina-Buoy merupakan sistem teknologi peringatan tsunami yang meliputi sensor yang terpasang di dasar laut Ocean Bottom Unit (OBU) dan sensor tersebut mengirimkan sinyal ke stasiun surface buoy yang mengapung di atas permukaan air laut menggunakan sistem mooring. Pemasangan buoy tsunami harus berada pada lokasi yang tepat dan mempertimbangkan beberapa parameter, yaitu: parameter kedalaman, gradien dasar laut, dan tipe material dasar laut. Studi penempatan lokasi buoy tsunami di Selatan Jawa-Bali berdasarkan hasil penilaian tiga parameter telah menghasilkan tiga lokasi yang tepat untuk pemasangan buoy tsunami. Lokasi pertama berada di selatan Malang pada koordinat 112°31’34”BT, 9°11’41”LS yang memiliki kedalaman 2042m, gradien dasar laut 2° atau 2.5%, dan tipe material dasar laut berupa lempung abu kehijauan dengan ketebalan sekitar 20 cm. Lokasi kedua berada di Selatan Selat Sunda pada koordinat 104°00’22”BT, 6o30’19”LS yang memiliki kedalaman 2038m, gradien dasar laut 0.31° atau 0.5% (< 5°), dan tipe material dasar laut berupa lempung abu kehijauan dengan ketebalan sekitar 25 cm. Sedangkan lokasi ketiga berada di Selatan Bali pada koordinat 115°12’37”BT, 9°44’22”LS memiliki kedalaman 4282.5m, gradien dasar laut 0.31° atau 0.5%, dan tipe material dasar laut berupa lempung abu kecoklatan dengan ketebalan sekitar 30 cm.

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McKinnon, Moira. "The Asian tsunami ? the first days of the Australian response". Microbiology Australia 26, n.º 4 (2005): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05150.

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In the Indian Ocean in the early hours of the morning of 26 December 2004, an earthquake measuring 9 on the Richter Scale lifted a 1200km stretch of the earth?s plate up by 20m. This caused a massive movement of water which hit the Sumatran coast, 250kms away, in less than 1 hour. Sequentially, it swallowed islands and coastlines, overall affecting 13 countries, including Indonesia, India, Malaysia, the Maldives, the Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Its destructive pathway reached as far as Somalia, Africa. By the evening of 27 December, the death toll was reported to be expected to be as high as 7,000. Two weeks later, the estimate was over 220,000 and approximately 2 million homeless. The response to this disaster required a rapid, international co-coordinated effort.

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Veerasingam, S., R. Venkatachalapathy, N. Basavaiah, T. Ramkumar, S. Venkatramanan y K. Deenadayalan. "Identification and characterization of tsunami deposits off southeast coast of India from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Rock magnetic and geochemical approach". Journal of Earth System Science 123, n.º 4 (junio de 2014): 905–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-014-0427-y.

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Ioualalen, M., P. Arreaga-Vargas, N. Pophet, M. Chlieh, K. Ilayaraja, J. Ordoñez, W. Renteria y N. Pazmiño. "Numerical Modelling of the 26th December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami for the Southeastern Coast of India". Pure and Applied Geophysics 167, n.º 10 (16 de febrero de 2010): 1205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-010-0053-9.

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Srinivasalu, S., M. P. Jonathan, N. Thangadurai y V. Ram-Mohan. "A study on pre- and post-tsunami shallow deposits off SE coast of India from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: a geochemical approach". Natural Hazards 52, n.º 2 (26 de marzo de 2009): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9385-0.

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22

Singh, A. P., T. S. Murty, B. K. Rastogi y R. B. S. Yadav. "Earthquake Generated Tsunami in the Indian Ocean and Probable Vulnerability Assessment for the East Coast of India". Marine Geodesy 35, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2012): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2011.637849.

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23

Malik, Javed N., C. V. R. Murty y Durgesh C. Rai. "Landscape Changes in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206792.

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Plate tectonics after the 26 December 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake resulted in major topological changes in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Aerial and land reconnaissance surveys of those islands after the earthquake provide evidence of spectacular plate tectonics that took place during the earthquake. Initial submergence of the built environment and the subsequent inundation upon arrival of the tsunami wave, as well as emergence of the new beaches along the islands—particularly on the western rims of the islands and in the northern islands—are the major signatures of this Mw=9.3 event.

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24

Wachtendorf, Tricia, James M. Kendra, Havidán Rodríguez y Joseph Trainor. "The Social Impacts and Consequences of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Observations from India and Sri Lanka". Earthquake Spectra 22, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 2006): 693–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2202650.

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The 26 December 2004 tsunami is one of the most severe disasters of the last several decades. Less than one month after the disaster, a group of social science researchers from the University of Delaware and University of North Texas participated in an Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) reconnaissance team. This team traveled to some of the most heavily impacted areas in India and Sri Lanka. Focusing on the social impacts and consequences of the disaster, the team identified a number of emerging issues, including loss of life and destruction of property and infrastructure, impact on livelihoods, a persistent sense of uncertainty, variation in community-based response and recovery efforts, inequities in disaster relief distribution, gender and age vulnerability and capacities, temporary shelter and housing, and long-term relocation planning.

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Sehgal, Shaina y Suresh Babu. "Economic Transformation of the Nicobar Islands Post-tsunami". Ecology, Economy and Society–the INSEE Journal 4, n.º 2 (31 de julio de 2021): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37773/ees.v4i2.331.

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Natural disasters can have lasting impacts on regional economies. Island economies, in particular, have protracted recoveries from disasters due to their location, size, and economic dependence on trading partners. As imports and exports are especially explicit and discernible in ports, islands facilitate investigations on the long-term effects of disaster relief, reconstruction, and redevelopment on trade. In this paper, we examine the transformational impact of the 2004 Indian ocean earthquake and tsunami. We examine changes to physical imports and exports in the archipelago to reflect on the social, economic, and ecological impacts of the 2004 disaster and subsequent recovery. We analyse disaggregated physical import and export data for 2003–2017 from revenue ports in the Nicobar Islands in India along with data from field surveys and interviews conducted on the islands. We find that while the archipelago’s physical trade balance has been continuously growing since 2003, it increased at a higher rate after the disaster and thereafter stabilized to levels comparable to the pre-tsunami period. However, further analysis indicates that the nature and quantity of physical imports during this period, such as of fuel and construction materials, are unprecedented; and there are diverging trajectories of redevelopment within the archipelago...

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Gruenwald, Hermann. "Global Challenge Disaster Logistics Lessons Learned from the 2004 Tsunami in Thailand". Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (mayo de 2014): 1647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1647.

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Natural and man-made disasters remain one of the global challenges in the future. This paper looks at the disaster logistics surrounding the Tsunami from 2004 which was caused by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean with a magnitude of Mw 9.19.3. In all 14 billion US $ in humanitarian aid were donated to Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand The qualitative study uses grounded theory by Glaser and Strauss with in-depth interviews to analyze the lessons learned from this natural disaster response. The data was collected from ground zero to present day. It looks at all forms of disaster logistics from the private and government (military) sector to national Thai efforts and international disaster relieve efforts by a large number of Asian and European countries as well as the USA. What lessons are there to be learned both for disaster logistics policies as well as procedures and equipment needs and preventive measures and material and design requirements?

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27

Ilayaraja, K., M. Ioualalen, M. Chlieh, R. R. Krishnamurthy y M. V. Ramana Murthy. "Numerical modeling of the 26th December 2004 India Ocean tsunami at Andaman and Nicobar Islands". Journal of Coastal Conservation 12, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2008): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11852-008-0033-8.

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Ilayaraja, Kathirkaman y R. R. Krishnamurthy. "Sediment characterisation of the 26 December 2004 Indian ocean tsunami in Andaman group of islands, bay of Bengal, India". Journal of Coastal Conservation 14, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2010): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11852-010-0087-2.

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29

Wickramaratne, Sanjeewa, S. Chan Wirasinghe y Janaka Ruwanpura. "An update of proposed Sri Lanka warning system for east and west coast tsunamis". International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, n.º 2 (16 de diciembre de 2019): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2019-0052.

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Purpose Based on the existing provisions/operations of tsunami warning in the Indian Ocean, authors observed that detection as well as arrival time estimations of regional tsunami service providers (RTSPs) could be improved. In particular, the detection mechanisms have been eccentrically focussed on Sunda and Makran tsunamis, although tsunamis from Carlsberg ridge and Chagos archipelago could generate devastating tsunamis for which inadequate provisions exist for detection and arrival time/wave height estimation. RTSPs resort to assess estimated arrival time/wave heights from a scenario-based, pre-simulated database. These estimations in terms of Sri Lanka have been found inconsistent. In addition, current warning mechanism poorly manages non-seismic tsunamis. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate these drawbacks and attempt to carve out a series of suggestions to improve them. Design/methodology/approach The work initiated with data retrieved from global earthquake and tsunami databases, followed by an estimation of probabilities of tsunamis in the Indian Ocean with particular emphasis on Carlsberg and Chagos tsunamis. Second, probabilities of tsunami detection in each sub-region have been estimated with the use of available tide gauge and tsunami buoy data. Third, the difficulties in tsunami detection in the Indian Ocean are critically assessed with case studies, followed by recommendations to improve the detection and warning. Findings Probabilistic estimates show that given the occurrence of a significant earthquake, both Makran and Carlsberg/Chagos regions possess higher probabilities to harbour a tsunami than the Sunda subduction zone. Meanwhile, reliability figures of tsunami buoys have been declined from 79-92 to 68-91 per cent over the past eight years. In addition, a Chagos tsunami is left to be detected by only one tide gauge prior to it reaching Sri Lankan coasts. Research limitations/implications The study uses an averaged tsunami speed of 882 km/h based on 2004 Asian tsunami. However, using exact bathymetric data, Tsunamis could be simulated to derive speeds and arrival times more accurately. Yet, such refinements do not change the main derivations and conclusions of this study. Practical implications Tsunami detection and warning in the Indian Ocean region have shown room for improvement, based on the inadequate detection levels for Carlesberg and Chagos tsunamis, and inconsistent warnings of regional tsunami service providers. The authors attempted to remedy these drawbacks by proposing a series of suggestions, including a deployment of a new tsunami buoy south of Maldives, revival of offline buoys, real-time tsunami simulations and a strategy to deal with landslide tsunamis, etc. Social implications Indian Ocean is prone to mega tsunamis as witnessed in 2004. However, more than 50 per cent of people in the Indian Ocean rim countries dwell near the coast. This is verified with deaths of 227,898 people in 14 countries during the 2004 tsunami event. Thus, it is of paramount importance that sufficient detection levels are maintained throughout the Indian Ocean without being overly biased towards Sunda tsunamis. With respect to Sri Lanka, Makran, Carlesberg or Chagos tsunamis could directly hit the most populated west coast and bring about far worse repercussions than a Sunda tsunami. Originality/value This is the first instance where the threats from Carlesberg and Chagos tsunamis to Sri Lanka are discussed, probabilities of tsunamis are quantified and their detection levels assessed. In addition, reliability levels of tsunami buoys and tide gauges in the Indian Ocean are recomputed after eight years to discover that there is a drop in reliability of the buoy data. The work also proposes a unique approach to handle inconsistencies in the bulletins of regional tsunami service providers, and to uphold and improve dwindling interest on tsunami buoys.

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Ahmed, Iftekhar y Darryn McEvoy. "Post-tsunami resettlement in Sri Lanka and India: site planning, infrastructure and services". International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 5, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2014): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2012-0028.

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Purpose – After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, major resettlement programmes were implemented in the affected countries including Sri Lanka and India. New settlements were built from scratch on vacant land, which consisted of building new houses and provision of infrastructure and services. Some of these programmes in Sri Lanka and India were reviewed in an Australian Research Council (ARC) funded research and this paper presents and analyses some of the findings of the research. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on interviews of residents and representatives of agencies involved in planning and implementing the resettlement programmes, and on-site observations. The investigation examined critical aspects of settlement development including site planning, transport, drainage, water supply, sanitation, waste management and security. Findings – Very little site planning guidelines were available specifically for resettlement programmes; in both the case study countries, general planning guidelines were applied. Provision and management of infrastructure and services presents great challenges in developing countries as high capital investment and good technical skills for design, implementation and maintenance are required. Some of the resettlement schemes had the advantage of being centrally located and hence had access to schools, health centres and other facilities. However, others were in isolated locations and beneficiaries faced problems in accessing basic facilities. Drainage was a problem – most schemes did not have any surface drainage plan; low areas had not been elevated, slopes not levelled, and land not compacted before construction. Electricity and water supply had been provided in all the programmes, but conditions and quality varied. In many of the schemes, sanitation presented a problem. However, in Chennai, the sewage system worked well and this was one achievement all interview respondents praised. Solid waste management and security posed additional problems. Originality/value – In the global context of increasing frequency and intensity of disasters due to climate change, adequate planning and implementation of reconstruction and resettlement programmes has become more important than ever. In this regard, the lessons gained in this paper should be of value and can provide guidance to post-disaster resettlement programmes in developing countries.

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31

Schindelé, F., A. Loevenbruck y H. Hébert. "Strategy to design the sea-level monitoring networks for small tsunamigenic oceanic basins: the Western Mediterranean case". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, n.º 5 (17 de septiembre de 2008): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1019-2008.

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Abstract. The 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami triggered a number of international and national initiatives aimed at establishing modern, reliable and robust tsunami warning systems. In addition to the seismic network for initial warning, the main component of the monitoring system is the sea level network. Networks of coastal tide gages and tsunameters are implemented to detect the tsunami after the occurrence of a large earthquake, to confirm or refute the tsunami occurrence. Large oceans tsunami monitoring currently in place in the Pacific and in implementation in the Indian Ocean will be able to detect tsunamis in 1 h. But due to the very short time of waves propagation, in general less than 1 h, a tsunami monitoring system in a smaller basin requires a denser network located close to the seismic zones. A methodology is proposed based on the modeling of tsunami travel time and waveform, and on the estimation of the delay of transmission to design the location and the spacing of the stations. In the case of Western Mediterranean, we demonstrate that a network of around 17 coastal tide gages and 13 tsunameters located at 50 km along the shore is required to detect and measure nearly all tsunamis generated on the Northern coasts of Africa.

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NARAYAN, J., M. SHARMA y B. MAHESHWARI. "Run-up and Inundation Pattern Developed During the Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004 Along the Coast of Tamilnadu (India)". Gondwana Research 8, n.º 4 (octubre de 2005): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)71162-x.

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Meshram, D. C., S. J. Sangode, A. R. Gujar, N. V. Ambre, D. Dhongle y S. Porate. "Occurrence of soft sediment deformation at Dive Agar beach, west coast of India: possible record of the Indian Ocean tsunami (2004)". Natural Hazards 57, n.º 2 (23 de septiembre de 2010): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9619-1.

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Lahcene, Elisa, Ioanna Ioannou, Anawat Suppasri, Kwanchai Pakoksung, Ryan Paulik, Syamsidik Syamsidik, Frederic Bouchette y Fumihiko Imamura. "Characteristics of building fragility curves for seismic and non-seismic tsunamis: case studies of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean tsunamis". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, n.º 8 (6 de agosto de 2021): 2313–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2313-2021.

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Abstract. Indonesia has experienced several tsunamis triggered by seismic and non-seismic (i.e., landslides) sources. These events damaged or destroyed coastal buildings and infrastructure and caused considerable loss of life. Based on the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) guidelines, this study assesses the empirical tsunami fragility to the buildings inventory of the 2018 Sunda Strait, 2018 Sulawesi–Palu, and 2004 Indian Ocean (Khao Lak–Phuket, Thailand) tsunamis. Fragility curves represent the impact of tsunami characteristics on structural components and express the likelihood of a structure reaching or exceeding a damage state in response to a tsunami intensity measure. The Sunda Strait and Sulawesi–Palu tsunamis are uncommon events still poorly understood compared to the Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT), and their post-tsunami databases include only flow depth values. Using the TUNAMI two-layer model, we thus reproduce the flow depth, the flow velocity, and the hydrodynamic force of these two tsunamis for the first time. The flow depth is found to be the best descriptor of tsunami damage for both events. Accordingly, the building fragility curves for complete damage reveal that (i) in Khao Lak–Phuket, the buildings affected by the IOT sustained more damage than the Sunda Strait tsunami, characterized by shorter wave periods, and (ii) the buildings performed better in Khao Lak–Phuket than in Banda Aceh (Indonesia). Although the IOT affected both locations, ground motions were recorded in the city of Banda Aceh, and buildings could have been seismically damaged prior to the tsunami's arrival, and (iii) the buildings of Palu City exposed to the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami were more susceptible to complete damage than the ones affected by the IOT, in Banda Aceh, between 0 and 2 m flow depth. Similar to the Banda Aceh case, the Sulawesi–Palu tsunami load may not be the only cause of structural destruction. The buildings' susceptibility to tsunami damage in the waterfront of Palu City could have been enhanced by liquefaction events triggered by the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake.

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Heller, Valentin. "Tsunami Science and Engineering II". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, n.º 9 (13 de septiembre de 2019): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090319.

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Chen, ZhiQiang y Tara C. Hutchinson. "Probabilistic Urban Structural Damage Classification Using Bitemporal Satellite Images". Earthquake Spectra 26, n.º 1 (febrero de 2010): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3282886.

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Recent research endeavors in civil engineering have attempted to apply remote sensing technology to urban damage assessment as an aid for post-disaster reconnaissance and recovery. In these attempts, urban structural damage is identified based on pre- and post-disaster satellite images with the use of a pattern classification approach. The result is usually presented in a damage map wherein categorical damage levels, such as “fully collapsed,” “partially collapsed,” or “intact,” are assigned to urban subregions or individual structures in images. However, a major limitation in past attempts is the use of deterministic approaches to classify damage levels. In general, these approaches are not able to capture the inherent uncertainties of structural damage and lack scalability when analyzing damage to built urban subregions of different sizes. To address this, a probabilistic classification framework by means of a multiclass classifier is proposed. By applying this probabilistic approach, classification of urban damage provides posterior probabilities, which can be used to quantify decision uncertainties and to obtain regional urban damage classification. Numerical experiments are conducted using satellite images acquired from a recent earthquake and a tsunami event, namely the 2003 Bam, Iran Earthquake, and the 2004 India Ocean Tsunami.

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Herrick, Denesh J., Mohit Sharma, Prasad K. Bhaskaran y Neeraj K. Goyal. "A peak-over-threshold approach for the numerical modeling of 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami at the Kalpakkam coast, Tamil Nadu, India". ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 26, n.º 4 (5 de agosto de 2018): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2018.1498752.

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Maselli, Vittorio, Davide Oppo, Andrew L. Moore, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Cassy Mtelela, David Iacopini, Marco Taviani et al. "A 1000-yr-old tsunami in the Indian Ocean points to greater risk for East Africa". Geology 48, n.º 8 (12 de mayo de 2020): 808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47257.1.

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Abstract The December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami prompted an unprecedented research effort to find ancient precursors and quantify the recurrence time of such a deadly natural disaster. This effort, however, has focused primarily along the northern and eastern Indian Ocean coastlines, in proximal areas hardest hit by the tsunami. No studies have been made to quantify the recurrence of tsunamis along the coastlines of the western Indian Ocean, leading to an underestimation of the tsunami risk in East Africa. Here, we document a 1000-yr-old sand layer hosting archaeological remains of an ancient coastal Swahili settlement in Tanzania. The sedimentary facies, grain-size distribution, and faunal assemblages indicate a tsunami wave as the most likely cause for the deposition of this sand layer. The tsunami in Tanzania is coeval with analogous deposits discovered at eastern Indian Ocean coastal sites. Numerical simulations of tsunami wave propagation indicate a megathrust earthquake generated by a large rupture of the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone as the likely tsunami source. Our findings provide evidence that teletsunamis represent a serious threat to coastal societies along the western Indian Ocean, with implications for future tsunami hazard and risk assessments in East Africa.

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Tauber, Gertrud. "Architects and rural post-disaster housing: lessons from South India". International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 6, n.º 2 (8 de junio de 2015): 206–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-07-2013-0025.

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Purpose – This research aims to examine three housing projects implemented by local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and planned by local architects after the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 in rural South India. The key to the acceptance of post-disaster houses lies in meeting the peoples’ wishes and needs, and in integrating local know-how into the course of the project process (a premise intensively discussed in theory). After the tsunami of 2004, many (NGOs) appointed architects, assuming that these professionals would be qualified to facilitate the implementation of people-oriented houses (and villages). However, the architects’ roles vary significantly, which had, as will be shown here, a considerable impact on the degree of success of the project. Design/methodology/approach – Primary data for this study were gathered through household questionnaires (110); informal interaction; participant-observation (work assignment: 2.5 years; field survey: 4 months); semi-structured interviews (NGO representatives, architects and engineers). Secondary literature was studied on post-disaster housing, building cultures and cultures of knowledge. Findings – This study reveals that, in the course of rural post-disaster reconstruction, there is a crying need to appoint the “right” personnel having, first of all, the capacity to comply with the social dynamics at project level, and, second, being able to address those aspects critical for the realization of people-oriented housing. Architects can be a valuable resource for both the NGO and the villagers. However, this paper shows that key to this is, among other considerations, a thorough understanding of the rural (building) culture, its abilities and requirements, the strategic interplay of various roles and abilities during the course of an intricate building process and the design of appropriate roles for adequately-skilled architects. Originality/value – To this date, the debate on the role of architects in the context of post-disaster housing has neglected to examine empirically the implications of appointing these professionals in rural post-disaster contexts. This paper addresses this imbalance and complements the existing corpus of work by examining the impact of different roles of architects on the degree of success of the project at village level.

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WANG, XIAOMING y PHILIP L. F. LIU. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMIS — COASTAL EFFECTS". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 01, n.º 03 (septiembre de 2007): 273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343110700016x.

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The 2004 Sumatra earthquake and the associated tsunamis are one of the most devastating natural disasters in the last century. The tsunamis flooded a huge coastal area in the surrounding countries, especially in Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka, and caused enormous loss of human lives and properties. In this paper, tsunami inundations in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka and North Banda Aceh, Indonesia were simulated by using a finite-difference model based on nonlinear shallow-water equations. The calculated tsunami heights and inundations in these two regions are compared with the field measurements and observations. Fairly good agreement is observed. Numerical results confirm again that the local bathymetric and topographic characteristics play important roles in determining the inundation area. Numerical simulations further indicate that although nonlinearity becomes important in many dynamic aspects when tsunamis approach the shore, its influence on determining the inundation area is relatively small in the regions examined for this tsunami event. Finally, the potential capability of sediment transport and a force index on a virtual structure in flooded areas are introduced and discussed.

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Chandrasekhar, Divya. "‘Setting the Stage’: How Policy Institutions Frame Participationin Post-Disaster Recovery". Journal of Disaster Research 5, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2010): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0130.

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Stakeholder participation is widely acknowledged as being critical to building local capacity to recover from and adapt to disaster events. However, there exists little analytical insight on the factors that affect this participation. Specifically, research is needed on how policies made for disaster recovery facilitate or constrain participation, particularly for places facing unprecedented and catastrophic disasters. This paper uses the case study example of the recovery of Nagapattinam (India) after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami to illustrate how recovery policies set the stage on which stakeholder participation occurs. First, recovery policies did not clearly define beneficiaries of the programs, thus leaving these decisions to interpretations on the ground. Second, recovery policies empowered certain stakeholders over others. And lastly, recovery policies did not provide any standards for the community consultation process. This led to a variety of participatory processes on the ground and opened up the possibility of cooptation by more powerful social groups. The paper uses these lessons to suggest measures for policymakers facing similar unprecedented and catastrophic disasters to facilitate stakeholder participation in recovery and it calls for further research on this subject.

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Patankar, Vardhan y Elrika D'souza. "Conservation needs of the coconut crab Birgus latro on the Nicobar Islands, India". Oryx 46, n.º 2 (abril de 2012): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311000408.

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AbstractWe describe the distribution of the coconut crab Birgus latro, categorized as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List, local perspectives towards the species, and its conservation needs on the Nicobar Islands in the eastern Indian Ocean. The species is threatened with extinction across most of its range and in India it is found only on a few islands in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelagoes. We carried out informal discussions with Nicobari communities to examine issues regarding conservation of the species and conducted timed searches in areas where coconut crabs were likely to be found. The discussions revealed that there are social taboos against hunting the coconut crab on most of the Nicobar Islands. However, on some islands these taboos are not being followed and community members may hunt the crab for consumption. Athough the coconut crab is legally protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act none of the villagers were aware of this. Of the six islands surveyed we recorded the presence of 17 and 14 crabs on two islands, respectively. On four islands villagers reported the presence of the crab prior to the tsunami of 2004, and on two of these islands the species may now be locally extinct. A small population size and a fragmented distribution in areas of coconut plantations suggest that the species is threatened. We recommend monitoring and detailed research on the ecology and genetics of the coconut crab, along with community-based conservation initiatives to conserve the species and its habitat.

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Dawson, Alastair y Iain Stewart. "Tsunami geoscience". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 31, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2007): 575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133307087083.

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Research in tsunami geoscience has accelerated markedly ever since the tragedy of the Indian Ocean tsunami of Boxing Day 2004. Yet, for many decades and centuries, scholars have been describing a multiplicity of tsunami events. Thus the Royal Society devoted a whole volume to the effects of the Great Lisbon earthquake and tsunami of November AD 1755 while in the early nineteenth century Charles Darwin was describing the great tsunami at Valdivia, Chile, in his account of the Voyage of the Beagle. Today, research in tsunami geoscience is still finding its feet. Thus, whereas there has been a wealth of publications on the reconstruction of Late Quaternary and Holocene tsunamis, the literature describing evidence for tsunamis in the geological record are rare. In this paper, we describe how our understanding of tsunamis has changed over time and we try also to identify areas of tsunami geoscience worthy of future study.

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Aldrich, Daniel P. "Between Market and State: Directions in Social Science Research on Disaster". Perspectives on Politics 9, n.º 1 (marzo de 2011): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592710003294.

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Governing after Crisis: The Politics of Investigation, Accountability, and Learning. Edited by Arjen Boin, Allan McConnell, and Paul 'T Hart. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 336p. $99.00 cloth, $34.99 paper.Learning from Catastrophes: Strategies for Reaction and Response. Edited by Howard Kunreuther and Micheel Useem. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2010. 352p. $37.99 paper.The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters. By Charles Perrow. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. 388p. $29.95 paper.Developed and developing nations alike face low-probability but high-consequence exogenous shocks, including ice storms, chemical spills, terrorist attacks, and regional blackouts. Recently, “natural” disasters have dominated the airwaves; mega-catastrophes that claim more than 1,000 lives have become an almost yearly occurrence. In 2010, the Haiti and Chile earthquakes killed more than 200,000 people between them and felt all too familiar to many observers in the West. Before them were Cyclone Nargis in Burma, which took 130,000 lives in 2008; Hurricane Katrina, which killed more than 1,500 New Orleans residents and left 80% of the city flooded in 2005; and the Indian Ocean tsunami, which claimed roughly a quarter of a million lives in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand in 2004.

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Sarkar, Subhradipta. "Right to Sanitation: A Challenge in the Post Disaster Situations". Christ University Law Journal 2, n.º 1 (22 de febrero de 2013): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.2.6.

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Sanitation is an integral part of healthy living conditions. It is identified in various legal instruments in the form of right to adequate housing, health, water, etc. These rights are closely interlinked. The enforcement of these rights is dependent upon sanitation facilities. Sanitation remains one of the most neglected issues having serious implication on the lives and livelihoods of billions of people around the world. This paper contends that India being extremely disaster prone, sanitation is one of the crucial areas which require immediate attention in the aftermath of every disaster. Whether it is the Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004) or Aila (2009), the government failed to provide adequate sanitation facilities in most of the temporary shelters. The lack of inadequate drainage facilities, dysfunctional state of toilets, and absence of sufficient drinking water had resulted in unhygienic conditions. The paper cites various international instruments pertaining to the scope and importance of protection of right to water and sanitation during disasters. The Supreme Court of India has conceptualized ̳right to sanitation‘ within the meaning of ̳right to life‘ as guaranteed under our Constitution. Though sanitation has found mention in various domestic legislation including the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the scenario is far from encouraging. The paper identifies indifference of authorities towards the problem, unscientific construction of shelters and theory oriented policies as causes responsible for the failure to address the issue of adequate sanitation. The paper offers certain suggestions to ensure a comprehensive policy safeguarding right to adequate sanitation in post disaster situations.

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Arcas, Diego y Harvey Segur. "Seismically generated tsunamis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, n.º 1964 (13 de abril de 2012): 1505–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0457.

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People around the world know more about tsunamis than they did 10 years ago, primarily because of two events: a tsunami on 26 December 2004 that killed more than 200 000 people around the shores of the Indian Ocean; and an earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan on 11 March 2011 that killed nearly 15 000 more and triggered a nuclear accident, with consequences that are still unfolding. This paper has three objectives: (i) to summarize our current knowledge of the dynamics of tsunamis; (ii) to describe how that knowledge is now being used to forecast tsunamis; and (iii) to suggest some policy changes that might protect people better from the dangers of future tsunamis.

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Shuto, Nobuo. "Message from the Winner". Journal of Disaster Research 14, n.º 4 (1 de junio de 2019): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0567.

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After the 1960 Great Chilean Tsunami, coastal dikes were remodeled and new ones constructed in Japan. In 1968, immediately after the completion of those construction and remodeling works, the Tokachi-Oki Earthquake struck, but fortunately the structures involved sustained very little damage. This led to a general feeling that it was possible to protect against the tsunamis completely by simply building coastal dikes and other defense structures. Japan did not see an increase in the number of tsunami researchers, but things were worse in the U.S. The National Science Foundation allocated its tsunami-related budget only to the NOAA, which issues tsunami forecasts, and allocated the rest of the budget entirely to ocean development. This situation continued until the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu Earthquake Tsunami struck. In 1992, there was a tsunami earthquake off the coast of Nicaragua. Following that, research was conducted based on international cooperation through fax communications. Then cooperative international research continued to be done on tsunamis such as the 1992 Flores Tsunami, the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake Tsunami, and the 1996 Irian Jaya Tsunami. However, their findings were provided only through Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium every two years, and most of the findings were limited to factual information about tsunamis. Requests for information on tsunamis rapidly increased after the 2004 Great Indian Ocean Tsunami, information not only on the tsunami itself but also on tsunami countermeasures. It was when JDR made its appearance. The JDR disseminated the latest information for practical use. It also benefitted those who were the sources of information, as they no longer had to deal with the frustration of having to wait for conferences held only every two years. In addition, the JDR reviews submissions much more quickly than do other journals. Tsunamis, such as the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami and the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake Tsunami, continue to strike. As a platform for sharing knowledge related to reconstruction and countermeasures, as well as to tsunamis themselves, the importance the JDR is growing. This is why you are encouraged to contribute to the JDR.

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IMAMURA, FUMIHIKO. "DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION AND EVACUATION PROCEDURES IN THE 2004–2007 TSUNAMIS, INCLUDING THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 03, n.º 02 (junio de 2009): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431109000457.

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Three steps taken to obtain information, make the decision to escape and complete safe evacuation were identified from field investigations and interviews of survivors of the 2004–2007 tsunamis in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Three kinds of knowledge gaps among the people and experts caused a delay in evacuation even though they received warnings of the tsunamis. The response to such a disaster should be related to a balance between recognition of the tsunami warning and evaluation of individual risk bias. For an appropriate tsunami warning, the tsunami information in the system should be selected and modified to overcome risk bias, which should be reduced and unified by public awareness and education, including creation of hazard maps designed by both natural and social scientists.

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Hentry, C., N. Chandrasekar, S. Saravanan y J. Dajkumar Sahayam. "Influence of geomorphology and bathymetry on the effects of the 2004 tsunami at Colachel, South India". Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 69, n.º 3 (9 de julio de 2010): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0303-1.

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Otake, Takuro, Constance Ting Chua, Anawat Suppasri y Fumihiko Imamura. "Justification of Possible Casualty-Reduction Countermeasures Based on Global Tsunami Hazard Assessment for Tsunami-Prone Regions over the Past 400 Years". Journal of Disaster Research 15, n.º 4 (1 de junio de 2020): 490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0490.

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Tsunami hazards can be considered as multiregional in their impacts, as transoceanic waves can propagate beyond local areas, as evidenced in recent tsunami events, e.g., the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Great East Japan tsunamis. However, in a single event, the characteristics of a tsunami (wave amplitude and arrival time) can differ from location to location, due to a myriad of reasons including distance from the source, bathymetry of the seafloor, and local effects. Tsunami countermeasures cannot be similarly applied globally. It is prudent to investigate tsunami hazard characteristics at a regional scale in order to evaluate suitable tsunami countermeasures. On this basis, approximately 300 major historical tsunamis have been reproduced in this study based on seismic records over the last 400 years. In this study, numerical analysis was performed to reproduce tsunami waveforms at each global tidal station, and numerical results were verified by comparing them with the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami record data. Non-structural tsunami countermeasures were proposed and selected for each region based on two main criteria – wave amplitudes and arrival times. Evaluation of selected countermeasures indicate that planning for evacuation processes (such as evacuation route mapping, signage and evacuation drills) are important in all situations. For local large tsunamis, evacuation drills are essential to ensure a community is well prepared for self-evacuation due to the short amount of time available for evacuation. Early warning systems were most effective where tsunamis are of large and distant origins. On the other hand, it would be more appropriate to invest in public alert systems for tsunamis of smaller magnitudes. Using these selection criteria, combinations of countermeasures were proposed for each region to focus their attention on, based on the simulated results of the historical tsunami events. The end-goal of this study is to inform decision-making processes and regional planning of tsunami disaster management.

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