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Gilbert, Rosalind A., Gabriele Netzel, Kerri Chandra, Diane Ouwerkerk y Mary T. Fletcher. "Degradation of the Indospicine Toxin from Indigofera spicata by a Mixed Population of Rumen Bacteria". Toxins 13, n.º 6 (28 de mayo de 2021): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060389.
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The leguminous plant species, Indigofera linnaei and Indigofera spicata are distributed throughout the rangeland regions of Australia and the compound indospicine (L-2-amino-6-amidinohexanoic acid) found in these palatable forage plants acts as a hepatotoxin and can accumulate in the meat of ruminant livestock and wild camels. In this study, bovine rumen fluid was cultivated in an in vitro fermentation system provided with Indigofera spicata plant material and the ability of the resulting mixed microbial populations to degrade indospicine was determined using UPLC–MS/MS over a 14 day time period. The microbial populations of the fermentation system were determined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and showed distinct, time-related changes occurring as the rumen-derived microbes adapted to the fermentation conditions and the nutritional substrates provided by the Indigofera plant material. Within eight days of commencement, indospicine was completely degraded by the microbes cultivated within the fermenter, forming the degradation products 2-aminopimelamic acid and 2-aminopimelic acid within a 24 h time period. The in vitro fermentation approach enabled the development of a specifically adapted, mixed microbial population which has the potential to be used as a rumen drench for reducing the toxic side-effects and toxin accumulation associated with ingestion of Indigofera plant material by grazing ruminant livestock.
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MATOS, LAUDICEIO VIANA, SÉRGIO LUIZ RODRIGUES DONATO, BISMARC LOPES DA SILVA, MARCOS KOITI KONDO y JOÃO LUIZ LANI. "STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD OF 'GIGANTE' CACTUS PEAR IN AGROECOSYTEMS IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION OF BAHIA, BRAZIL". Revista Caatinga 33, n.º 4 (octubre de 2020): 1111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n426rc.
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ABSTRACT The adaptation capacity of forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) plants to edaphoclimatic conditions and plant responses to changes in management systems contribute to increase the use of this species in agriculture and the exploration of its productive potential in semi-arid regions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the structural characteristics and cladode yield of forage cactus plants grown under different agroecosystems in the semi-arid region of Bahia, Brazil. Structural characteristics of plants and soils attributes were analyzed. The traditional information on the crop management and its correlations with cladode yield were used to identify the best yield indexes, considering the peculiarities of each agroecosystem. Plant height, cladode thickness, and number of cladodes of the forage cactus plants evaluated were less affected by the agroecosystem than by the production systems. Cladode width, length, and area were more affected by the agroecosystems. The forage cactus crop yields, expressed by the annual cladode fresh matter yield, were positively correlated with the plant structural characteristics: plant height and thickness, and cladode width and length. The cladode weight per plant and fresh matter yield per area were the yield components most affected by the management system adopted by traditional producers.
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Li, Jianjian, Esmat F. Ali, Ali Majrashi, Mamdouh A. Eissa y Omer H. M. Ibrahim. "Compost Enhances Forage Yield and Quality of River Saltbush in Arid Conditions". Agriculture 11, n.º 7 (27 de junio de 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070595.
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High temperatures and water scarcity are among the main obstacles to producing fodder in arid regions. Saltbush shrubs are used for livestock in many arid regions, especially in saline conditions, due to their high salt tolerance. The produced forage materials under these saline conditions are often low in quantity and quality. This article presents field studies that were conducted for two growing seasons to evaluate the forage yield and quality of river saltbush (Atriplex amnicola Paul G. Wilson) as a function of compost application. The plants were cultivated in saline soil (15 dS m−1), and compost was added at four rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha−1). River saltbush plant produced 9.23−15.60 t ha−1 of stems and 4.25−7.20 t ha−1 of leaves yearly (over all the treatments). The crude protein (CP) ranged between 48−70 g kg−1 in the stems and between 160−240 g kg−1 in the leaves (over all the treatments). The forage yield, crude protein, dry matter, and mineral contents of the tested plant increased significantly (p < 0.05) due to compost addition. The application of 5, 10, and 15 t ha−1 of compost reduced the Na+ concentrations in the leaves by 14, 16, and 19% (as means of two years) compared with the control. In the same trend, these rates reduced the oxalate concentrations in the leaves by 38, 30, and 29% (as means of two years) compared with the control. Our results show that compost application improves the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT). Compost reduces the adverse impacts of soil salinity by improving the photosynthesis process and increasing the activity of antioxidant defense. Compost also enhances the growth of river saltbush plants cultivated in saline soils, thus, enhancing their value as animal feed. Halophyte plants can be used to utilize saline soils that are not suitable for traditional production. Compost addition is a good agricultural strategy to increase growth and reduce the negative effects of salts.
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Jardim, Alexandre M. da R. F., Thieres G. F. da Silva, Luciana S. B. de Souza, Marcondes de S. Souza, José E. F. de Morais y George do N. Araújo Júnior. "Multivariate analysis in the morpho-yield evaluation of forage cactus intercropped with sorghum". Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2020): 756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n11p756-761.
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ABSTRACT Understanding the effect of the cropping system on the morpho-yield relationship of plants is crucial for success in the agricultural activity, mainly in arid and semi-arid regions, where there are major challenges for food production. In this study, the objective was to apply multivariate statistics in the morpho-yield evaluation of forage cactus clones in cropping systems as sole crop and intercropped with sorghum cultivars. The experiment was conducted in Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil, between March 18, 2017 and June 16, 2018. The design adopted was in randomized blocks with 12 treatments composed of three forage cactus clones in sole-crop system (IPA Sertânia, Miúda and Orelha de Elefante Mexicana) and nine forage cactus-sorghum intercropping systems with the cultivars 467, SF11 and 2502. Morphometric and phytomass measurements of forage cactus clones were performed throughout the cycle. The relationship between the morpho-yield traits of the clones was evaluated by means of principal component analysis. Cladode width, length, perimeter, and area are morphometric variables that determine phytomass accumulation in clones. The cropping systems did not influence the association of morpho-yield traits, but it depends on the genus of forage cactus. Negative correlations between cladode dimensions and phytomass of the clones of the genus Nopalea explained their lower phytomass accumulations. Principal components analysis makes it possible to elucidate associations between morpho-yield variables of forage cactus.
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Nozella, Eduardo F., Sergio L. S. Cabral Filho, Ives C. S. Bueno, Adibe L. Abdalla y Dorinha M. S. S. Vitti. "Tannin contents and in vitro digestibility of Brazilian browses". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007894.
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Brazil has arid regions where livestock production is limited by forage source. However, some native herbaceous legumes have a dry tolerance and had been used as animal feed. Some of those plants have anti nutritional compounds such as tannins that and can interfere on intake and digestibility of these plants. Tannins have a high affinity with proteins and could make these molecules unavailable for animal. Compounds as polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) have been used on tannin studies, because it has more affinity with tannins than proteins. Based on that, it is possible to evaluate the nutritive potential of tanniniferous plants, using PVPP as an inhibitor of tannin effects. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of tannins on in vitro rumen fermentation.
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Nozella, E. F., S. L. S. Cabral Filho, I. C. S. Bueno, P. B. Godoy, C. Longo, A. L. Abdalla y D. M. S. S. Vitti. "Tannin bioassay using semi-automated gas production technique". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011297.
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Brazil has arid regions where livestock production is limited by forage source. However, some native herbaceous browses have a dry tolerance and had been used as animal feed. Some of those plants have anti nutritional compounds such as tannins that can interfere on intake and digestibility. Tannins have a high affinity to proteins and could make these molecules unavailable for animal. Compounds as polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been used on tannin studies, because it has more affinity with tannins than proteins. Based on that, it is possible to evaluate the nutritive potential of tanniniferous plants, using PEG in gas based techniques for assessing anti nutritional factors in tanniniferous plants for ruminants. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of different treatments (oven-, shade- and sun-drying and treatment with urea) on phenolics compounds and on the biological activity of tannins using the in vitro gas method with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG).
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Gobindram, N. E., A. Boughalmi, C. H. Moulin, M. Meuret, D. Bastianelli, A. Araba y M. Jouven. "Feeding flocks on rangelands: insights into the local ecological knowledge of shepherds in Boulemane province (Morocco)". Rangeland Journal 40, n.º 3 (2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17006.
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In Mediterranean regions, traditional pastoral systems involve shepherds leading flocks along daily grazing circuits on arid rangelands. Over the past decades, these systems have become increasingly agro-pastoral and the importance given to feeding flocks on rangelands is variable. Our study aimed at investigating the local ecological knowledge (LEK) about forage plants and animal foraging behaviour of shepherds in a pastoral area of Morocco, and eventually analysing the possible interactions between such LEK, its utilisation for grazing management and the pastoral status of the farm. Eleven semi-directive interviews with shepherds, either salaried or owning their own farm, were carried out at three sites differing in terms of agricultural context and available forage resources. Shepherds’ LEK included recognising and naming forage plants and rangeland types, identifying preferred or less preferred plants or plant parts, describing circumstantial palatability of plants depending mainly on season, other locally available plants and watering times. LEK about animal feeding preferences and its integration into grazing management was more extensive at sites where pastoral systems were still most valued, and for shepherds who were either experienced or who were considering the activity in the future. Conversely, young salaried shepherds or farmer-shepherds who devoted more attention to the agricultural component of their system seemed to be less knowledgeable about the subject. In a context where pastoralism is challenged both by the higher profitability of agriculture and by the depletion of pastoral resources as a result of frequent droughts and decreased surface area devoted to grazing lands, the future of such LEK is uncertain. The perpetuation of LEK might depend on the ability of local extension services to value farmers’ LEK and to help them enrich it with scientific knowledge.
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Bell, Lindsay W., Richard G. Bennett, Megan H. Ryan y Heather Clarke. "The potential of herbaceous native Australian legumes as grain crops: a review". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, n.º 1 (18 de agosto de 2010): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000347.
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AbstractMany agricultural systems around the world are challenged by declining soil resources, a dry climate and increases in input costs. The cultivation of plants that are better adapted than current crop species to nutrient poor soils, a dry climate and low-input agricultural systems would aid the continued profitability and environmental sustainability of agricultural systems. This paper examines herbaceous native Australian legumes for their capacity to be developed as grain crops adapted to dry environments. The 14 genera that contain herbaceous species areCanavalia, Crotalaria, Cullen, Desmodium, Glycine, Glycyrrhiza, Hardenbergia, Indigofera, Kennedia, Lotus, Rhynchosia, Swainsona, TrigonellaandVigna. A number of these genera (e.g.,Glycine, Crotalaria, TrigonellaandVigna) include already cultivated exotic grain legumes. Species were evaluated based on the extent to which their natural distribution corresponded to arid and semi-arid climatic regions, as well as the existing information on traits related to harvestability (uniformity of ripening, propensity to retain pod, pod shattering and growth habit), grain qualities (seed size, chemistry, color and the absence of toxins) and fecundity. Published data on seed yield were rare, and for many other traits information was limited. The Australian species ofVigna,CanavaliaandDesmodiummainly have tropical distributions and were considered poorly suited for semi-arid temperate cropping systems. Of the remaining generaGlycyrrhizaandCrotalariaspecies showed many suitable traits, including an erect growth habit, a low propensity to shatter, flowers and fruits borne at the end of branches and moderate to large seeds (5 and 38 mg, respectively). The species for which sufficient information was available that were considered highest priority for further investigation wereGlycine canescens, Cullen tenax, Swainsona canescens, Swainsona colutoides, Trigonella suavissima, Kennedia prorepens, Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa, Crotalaria cunninghamiiandRhynchosia minima.
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Greco, S. A. y J. B. Cavagnaro. "Growth characteristics associated with biomass production in three varieties of Trichloris crinita (Poaceae), a forage grass native to the arid regions of Argentina". Rangeland Journal 27, n.º 2 (2005): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj05011.
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Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi is an important perennial native grass widespread in the range areas of the arid and semi-arid phytogeographical region of Monte, Argentina. Previous studies have shown great variability in forage biomass production per plant among different varieties of this species. The aim of this work was to assess which morphological and physiological traits are associated with differential productivity of T. crinita varieties. Three varieties: Pichi, of high productivity, Arroyito, of medium productivity, and Encon, of low productivity were tested in a field experiment. Dry matter (DM) produced by different organs, assimilates partitioning, and leaf area per plant were measured on three different dates for each variety, during an annual growth cycle, under watered conditions. Relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf weight ratio (LWR) and leaf area development rate (LADR) were calculated at 72, 128 and 172 days after transplanting. Significant differences among varieties were found for DM production of blades, sheaths + culms, panicles, roots and shoot/root ratio. Pichi and Arroyito produced more total plant biomass than Encon and this was associated with higher dry matter accumulation in aboveground organs and larger leaf area. LADR, LAR and one of its components SLA were the parameters that best explained differences in biomass production. DM partitioning to roots (considered as the percentage of total DM) was very high in Encon, the least productive variety. Differences in productivity seem to be directly associated with the mean annual rainfall and inversely associated with the mean annual temperature of the environment where plants were collected. Thus, the growth characteristics of each variety reflect differential adaptation to their areas of origin.
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Lee, B. S., M. Y. Kim, R. R. C. Wang y B. L. Waldron. "Relationships among 3 Kochia species based on PCR-generated molecular sequences and molecular cytogenetics". Genome 48, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2005): 1104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-070.
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Forage kochia (Kochia prostrata ssp. virescens 'Immigrant' is native to the arid and semiarid regions of central Eurasia. It was introduced into the United States in 1966 as PI 314929 and released as a perennial forage shrub in 1984. Kochia americana is a perennial native to the United States, whereas Kochia scorparia is an introduced annual species that became a weed. To assess both the breeding potential and the possibility of genetic contamination, relationships among the 3 Kochia species were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, sequence tagged site (STS) marker sequences of the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase gene (ndhF), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (MC-FISH). Seventy decamer random primers yielded 458 polymorphic bands from 9 plants of K. americana, 20 plants of K. prostrata, and 7 plants of K. scoparia. Fifty-four and 55 species-specific RAPD markers were identified for K. americana and K. prostrata, whereas 80 RAPD markers were specific to K. scoparia. Based on the presence or absence of informative RAPD markers, the 3 species always grouped into 3 distinct clusters in a NTSYSpc2.01b-generated dendrogram. The same relationships were found among the 3 Kochia species based on ndhF DNA sequence divergence. Using a set of 7 STS markers that can identify each Kochia species, we did not find a single interspecific hybrid from artificial hybridizations among the 3 Kochia species. In GISH studies, chromosomes of 1 species fluoresced in green only when they were probed by genomic DNA of the same species. Cross-hybridization by genomic DNA of another species was not observed. In FISH studies using pTa71 (for 18S–5.8S–26S rDNAs) and pScT7 (for 5S rDNA) as probes, there were 1, 1 and 3 pTa71 sites and 2, 1, and 1 pScT7 sites in each haplome of K. prostrata, K. americana, and K. scoparia, respectively. It is concluded that these 3 Kochia species are so genomically distinct that gene introgression among them would be extremely rare.Key words: RAPD, STS, ndhF, GISH, FISH, mixoploidy, forage kochia.
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SILVA, NALÍGIA GOMES DE MIRANDA E., MÉRCIA VIRGINIA FERREIRA DOS SANTOS, JOSÉ CARLOS BATISTA DUBEUX JÚNIOR, MÁRCIO VIEIRA DA CUNHA, MÁRIO DE ANDRADE LIRA y IVAN FERRAZ. "EFFECTS OF PLANTING DENSITYAND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION DOSES ON PRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF CACTUS PEAR". Revista Caatinga 29, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2016): 976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n423rc.
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ABSTRACT Cactus is crucial for the livestock of semi-arid regions in Brazil. This plant has shown the high productivity of forage, which is influenced by several management factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic fertilization doses (20, 40 and 80 t/ ha of bovine manure/ha/two years) and planting densities (20, 40, 80 and 160 thousand plants/ha) on the productivity of cactus pear Clone IPA-20 (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill). At the Experimental Station of Caruaru at the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, IPA has conducted the experiment. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with split plot arrangements. Higher shoot productivity was observed with increased population density and the application of manure at 80 t ha-1 two years-1 with values of 61, 90, 117 and 139 t DM ha-1 two years-1 at densities of 20, 40, 80 and 160,000 plants ha-1. The planting density influenced the productivity of cladode-plant and root dry weight, showing exponential responses, with higher cladode-plant and roots weight by area observed with increased plant density. The efficiency of organic fertilization decreased with the increase in manure doses. For increase cactus productivity, 40 t of bovine manure ha-1 two years-1 for plantations with 160,000 plants/ha is recommended.
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Mbarki, Sonia, Milan Skalicky, Ons Talbi, Amrita Chakraborty, Frantisek Hnilicka, Vaclav Hejnak, Marek Zivcak, Marian Brestic, Artemi Cerda y Chedly Abdelly. "Performance of Medicago sativa Grown in Clay Soil Favored by Compost or Farmyard Manure to Mitigate Salt Stress". Agronomy 10, n.º 1 (9 de enero de 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010094.
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The use of saline water for the irrigation of forage crops to alleviate water scarcity has become necessary in semi-arid and arid regions and researchers have been seeking ways to offset the harmful results of soil salinity. Soil amendments with compost, manure and other organic material provide a valuable source of plant nutrients and appear to speed up soil recovery. The aim of this study was to compare the benefits of farmyard manure and a municipal solid waste (MSW) compost (40 mg ha−1) for raising alfalfa (Medicago sativa, cv. Gabès) under salt-water irrigation. Both compost and manure improved plant mineral uptake and growth of alfalfa cultivated in clay soil. Using compost in clay soil increased the content of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in plant tissues compared to manure, while the bio-accumulation factor (BAF) of Cu, Pb and Zn was higher in plants grown with manure compared to MSW compost with salt stress. Compost addition could enhance alfalfa growth under salt stress, which depends on salt doses and can greatly improve the recovery effects in a cost-effective way, although additional amendment type should receive special attention in order to be used as a tool for sustainable agriculture.
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Negarestani, Mohammadreza, Enayatollah Tohidi-Nejad, Gholamreze Khajoei-Nejad, Babak Nakhoda y Ghasem Mohammadi-Nejad. "Comparison of Different Multivariate Statistical Methods for Screening the Drought Tolerant Genotypes of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)". Agronomy 9, n.º 10 (17 de octubre de 2019): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100645.
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Drought is the main limiting factor of crops production in major regions of the world. Forage plants such as pearl millet and sorghum are drought tolerant and suitable for arid regions to grow. In this study, for selecting and introducing the best drought tolerant genotypes, seven pearl millet and five sorghum genotypes in three locations (Kerman, Jiroft, and Bardsir in Kerman Province) were studied with different climatic conditions. The experiments were conducted for three consecutive years of cultivation (2016, 2017, and 2018) under regularly irrigated conditions and the 100% (I100, full irrigation) plant water requirement and under water deficiency, (50%) plant water requirement (I50) in two randomized complete block designs in triplicate separately at each location. Eight drought tolerance/susceptibility indices were used. Multivariate factor analysis (FA) and stress tolerance score (STS) methods were employed to compare the most drought tolerant genotypes in each region. The STS method was more efficient and effective than the FA method for detecting the most drought tolerant genotype with any number of used genotypes. Based on the results of drought tolerance indices and STS, the IP13150 and IP13151 genotypes of pearl millet and speed feed genotype of sorghum in Kerman, Jiroft, and Bardsir respectively, were introduced as the most drought tolerant genotypes for three consecutive years of cultivation.
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Vastolo, Alessandro, Serena Calabrò, Monica Isabella Cutrignelli, Girolamo Raso y Massimo Todaro. "Silage of Prickly Pears (Opuntia spp.) Juice By-Products". Animals 10, n.º 9 (22 de septiembre de 2020): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091716.
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Cactus pear cladodes are used as forage in the most arid regions. In Italy, the human consumption of prickly pear fruits and juice is gradually increasing for their numerous health benefits. In manufacturing plants that produce prickly pear juice, several by-products (prickly pear by-products PPB) are obtained. Despite their interesting nutritional characteristics, PPB are not very usable because of their poor shelf-life which is related to their high moisture and sugar content. The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of ensilage to preserve PPB and to compare different inclusion levels (0, 5, and 10% as fed) of wheat straw. For each treatment, four under vacuum micro-silos were prepared and, after 35 days of storage, the state of preservation was evaluated. Subsequently, the aliquots were analyzed for chemical composition and incubated with bovine rumen fluid to evaluate the fermentation kinetics. The PPB 5% of straw showed significant lower pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration, indicating a better preservation process. Moreover, PPB 5% of straw showed better nutritional parameters (higher crude protein and lower Neutral Detergent Fibre) and fermentation characteristics (higher degradability and VFA volatile fatty acids production) when compared with the other PPB silages. Ensilage with straw represents a suitable storage technique to preserve the nutritional characteristics of PPB.
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Almeida, Mirna Clarissa Rodrigues de, Mauricio Luiz de Mello Vieira Leite, Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza, Vicente José Laamon Pinto Simões, Luiz Guilherme Medeiros Pessoa, Leandro Ricardo Rodrigues de Lucena, Manoela Gomes da Cruz y Eduardo Henrique de Sá Júnior. "Agronomic characteristics of the Pennisetum glaucum submitted to water and saline stresses". Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 43 (19 de agosto de 2020): e50468. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.50468.
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Agricultural production in semi-arid regions is limited due to water availability. In addition, the water quality available for irrigation is often compromised due to the high salt content present. Millet is a forage species considered tolerant to water deficit and moderately salt tolerant. In view of the above, the objective was to evaluate the growth of millet under water and saline stress associates. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in a 4x3 factorial scheme, composed of four levels of water replacement, based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 25%.ETc, 50%.ETc, 75%.ETc and 100%.ETc and three levels of water salinity (0.03, 2.0 and 4.0 dS m-1). With 25%.ETc independent of salinity, all morphological characteristics of millet were affected, occurring death of plants in the initial growth phase. In the absence of salt and greater availability of water, greater plant growth occurred. With respect to salinity, there was a reduction in the increment of all variables evaluated, with the highest reduction at the highest saline level (4.0 dS m-1). Water and salt stresses, when associated, reduce the growth of millet, since concentrations above 2.0 dS m-1 and less than 50%.ETc compromise its full development, providing declines in yield.
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Kankarla, V., M. K. Shukla, D. VanLeeuwen, B. J. Schutte y G. A. Picchioni. "Growth, Evapotranspiration, and Ion Uptake Characteristics of Alfalfa and Triticale Irrigated with Brackish Groundwater and Desalination Concentrate". Agronomy 9, n.º 12 (22 de noviembre de 2019): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120789.
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Persistent drought, low snowfall, and low rainfall have reduced availability of fresh water for irrigating agricultural crops in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Brackish groundwater (electrical conductivity; EC > 3 dSm−1) is increasingly used for irrigation in New Mexico. This study investigates the effect of ion uptake from brackish groundwater and concentrate irrigation on the performance of two forage species, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and triticale (×Triticosecale), in sand soils in greenhouse conditions. Two simultaneous experiments were run for 90 days using tap water (control; 0.7 dSm−1), brackish groundwater (BGW; 4 dSm−1), reverse osmosis concentrate (RO; 8 dSm−1, Ca2+ dominant), and BGW plus sodium chloride (BGW + NaCl; 8 dSm−1, Na+ dominant). BGW + NaCl irrigation significantly reduced the evapotranspiration (ET) of both the species. Deep percolation (DP) increased significantly with RO and BGW + NaCl irrigation in alfalfa but only with BGW + NaCl irrigation in triticale. Alfalfa plant growth decreased with increasing salinity, while triticale plants followed an opposite trend. ET continued to decrease with increasing salinity for both species. Na+ dominant (BGW + NaCl) irrigation produced robust growth and early flowering and ear head formation in triticale. Na+ ion concentration in shoots was above 0.66%, which led to reduced alfalfa growth, while more than 1.22% did not decrease triticale growth or biomass. Increased Ca2+ sequestration in alfalfa played a crucial role in reducing Na+ ion toxicity. Species performance primarily confirmed that alfalfa is moderately salt-tolerant while triticale is confirmed to be a halophyte producing abundant growth and biomass with higher Na+ uptake. Triticale proved to be a promising species for reuse of RO concentrate for agriculture in marginal lands.
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DI RENZO, M. A., M. A. IBAÑEZ, N. C. BONAMICO y M. M. POVERENE. "Estimation of repeatability and phenotypic correlations in Eragrostis curvula". Journal of Agricultural Science 134, n.º 2 (marzo de 2000): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007522.
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Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees s. lat., a highly polymorphic polyploid complex, can be considered as one of the most important warm season perennial grasses for the semi-arid regions of central Argentina. In apomictically propagated and perennial plants such as weeping lovegrass, where successive measurements can be done across time, repeatability estimates provide an indication of the degree of influence of permanent effects on the phenotypic variation and allow prediction of future performance from past records. Analysis of variance of the experiment showed highly significant variation (P < 0·01) for the main factors in all four traits. Although there was very high variability between cuts, hybrids of E. curvula exhibited considerable inter-entry variability, in particular for those traits determining forage yield. Repeatability calculated in this experiment was highest for the crown diameter (0·86), leaf length (0·84) and dry matter (0·84), while in panicle number (0·66) it was lowest. Repeatability estimates for the vegetative characteristics indicate small effects of temporal environment. The four traits studied, including panicle number with their moderate repeatability, do not require an essentially different number of observations to obtain measures at the same level of accuracy. For vegetative characters two harvests provided 98% of the accuracy of the total obtained with four cuts, and for panicle number the same percentage was obtained for three harvests. This stability of performance is a desirable characteristic for grass cultivars. Patterns of trait associations were also described. Because leaf length is closely associated with dry matter and has high repeatability, to use leaf length as an indirect evaluation criterion should be almost as efficient as direct evaluation for aerial biomass yield. Reliable estimates of parameters such as repeatability and phenotypic correlation are needed for prediction of production values and for the design of efficient improvement programmes. For genotype evaluation additional research is required to quantify the extent of genotype × environment interaction across years and localities of semi-arid regions.
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Kartamysheva, Е. V., V. Е. Kondaurova, Т. N. Luchkina, А. V. Reutina y V. А. Gavrilova. "ALMAZ IS VARIETY OF SAFFLOWER". Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science, n.º 6 (3 de diciembre de 2018): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30850/vrsn/2018/6/41-44.
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Creation of a new safflower variety is due to the need an unpretentious oilseed crop introduction into the agriculture of the Southern region in connection with climate aridization. Weather conditions are becoming more arid every year in the Rostov region. Meteorological data was recording during the years of research which confirm this trend. Soil condition is becoming worse on the background of a moisture deficit, this leads to a decrease in the productivity of main crops cultivated in the region and crop losses. Biology of safflower is completely corresponds to arid conditions of steppe areas. Safflower is widely used in many industries as an oilseed, dyeing, and forage crop. The safflower oil is practically indistinguishable from sunflower; its taste is softer and indifferent. This crops cultivation is allowing farmers to profit without special methods of farming using. In recent years, the cultivation areas of safflower in Russia have increased tens of times is indicated the need to conduct selection work and educate agricultural producers about the possibilities and properties of this almost forgotten agricultural crop. A variety of safflower Almaz was created by the breeders of the "L.A. Zhdanova Don Experimental Station VNIIMK" by the method of six-fold induction of an elite plant, isolated from the collection. A new early-ripening variety is characterizing the alignment of plants, amicable maturation and short stature, the absence of spines on the leaves and resistance to conditions of insufficient moisture. The potential yield of seeds is 2,0-2,5 t/ha in the Rostov region conditions. The flowers of the variety have an orange color of the corolla. Variety Almaz is listed in the Russian Federation State Register of Selection Achievements and is allowed to be used on all regions of culture cultivation from 2017.
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Praxedes, Saulo Samuel Carneiro, Manoel Januário da Silva Júnior, José Francismar de Medeiros, José Leôncio de Almeida Silva, Francisco Valfisio da Silva y Ana Jaqueline de Oliveira Targino. "DESEMPENHO DO CAPIM TANZÂNIA IRRIGADO COM ÁGUA SALOBRA APLICADA VIA ASPERSÃO E GOTEJAMENTO". IRRIGA 24, n.º 2 (27 de junio de 2019): 236–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2019v24n2p236-253.
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DESEMPENHO DO CAPIM TANZÂNIA IRRIGADO COM ÁGUA SALOBRA APLICADA VIA ASPERSÃO E GOTEJAMENTO
SAULO SAMUEL CARNEIRO PRAXEDES1; MANOEL JANUÁRIO DA SILVA JÚNIOR2; JOSÉ FRANCISMAR DE MEDEIROS2; JOSÉ LEÔNCIO DE ALMEIDA SILVA3; FRANCISCO VALFISIO DA SILVA4 E ANA JAQUELINE DE OLIVEIRA TARGINO5
1Doutorando do PPGMSA, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572 - Bairro Costa e Silva, CEP: 59.625-900, Mossoró/RN/Brasil, saulosamuel@rn.gov.br;
2Departemento de Ciências Agronômicas e Florestais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572 - Bairro Costa e Silva, CEP: 59.625-900, Mossoró/RN/Brasil, mjanuario@ufersa.edu.br, jfmedeir@ufersa.edu.br;
3Doutorando do PPGEA, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV/MG, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n - Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa - MG, jose.leoncio@ufv.br;
4Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572 - Bairro Costa e Silva, CEP: 59.625-900, Mossoró/RN/Brasil, francisco@yahoo.com.br;
5Mestre em Manejo de Solo e Água, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA, Av. Francisco Mota, 572 - Bairro Costa e Silva, CEP: 59.625-900, Mossoró/RN/Brasil, ana_jacqueline2@hotmail.com.
1 RESUMO
O capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum) é uma forrageira que vem se destacando nos últimos anos na alimentação de animais em todo o mundo, tanto pelo incremento de produtividade como fonte de nutrientes, sendo, portanto, a avaliação do seu crescimento e produção sob estresse salino, fator importante para potencializar o cultivo desta forrageira em regiões semiáridas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho desta gramínea sob estresse salino, estabeleceu-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente aleatorizado, analisado em esquema fatorial (5x2), com quatro repetições, totalizando 40 unidades experimentais. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de águas com cincos níveis de salinidade (0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5 e 4,5 dS m-1) às plantas via aspersão e gotejamento. Avaliaram-se os componentes: altura (ALT), fitomassa fresca (FMF) e fitomassa seca (FMS) da parte aérea das plantas, as quais foram obtidas em 4 sucessivos cortes. Concluiu-se que a água de irrigação de elevada salinidade reduz a FMF e a FMS da gramínea, porém, é possível se obter resultados expressivos de produção com uma CEa máxima de 2,8 dS m-1, com reduções máximas de 20% na produção fitomassa seca. Ao se utilizar água salobra, as plantas irrigadas via gotejamento apresentaram resultados de produção mais expressivos em relação às plantas irrigadas via aspersão.
Palavras-chave: Panicum maximum, métodos de irrigação, condutividade elétrica.
PRAXEDES, S. S. C.; SILVA JÚNIOR, M. J.; MEDEIROS, J. F.; SILVA, J. L. A.; SILVA, F. V.; TARGINO, A. J. O.
PERFORMANCE OF TANZANIA GRASS IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER APPLIED VIA SPRAY AND DRIPPING
2 ABSTRACT
Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum) is a forage that has stood out in the last years for feeding animals worldwide. Therefore, the evaluation of its growth and production under saline stress is an important factor to enhance the cultivation of this fodder in semi-arid regions. To evaluate the performance of this grass under salt stress, a completely randomized experimental design was established in a factorial scheme (5x2) with four replications, totaling 40 experimental units. Treatments consisted of application of water with five salinity levels (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1) to the plants via sprinkling and dripping. The components: height (ALT), fresh phytomass (FMF) and dry matter (FMS) of the aerial parts of the plants were evaluated, which were obtained in four successive cuts. High salinity irrigation water reduces FMF and grass FMS, but it is possible to obtain significant results of production with a maximum ECa of 2.8 dS m-1, and maximum reductions of 20% in dry biomass production. When brackish water is used, plants irrigated via drip irrigation presented more significant production results against plants irrigated by spraying.
Keywords: Panicum maximum, irrigation methods, Electrical conductivity
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Cardin, L. y B. Moury. "First Report of Passiflora chlorosis virus in Bituminaria bituminosa in Europe". Plant Disease 93, n.º 2 (febrero de 2009): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-2-0196a.
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Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirton (pitch trefoil) is a perennial legume endemic to the Mediterranean Basin used as forage in arid areas and for stabilization of degraded soils. Mosaic and chlorotic ringspot symptoms have been observed in leaves of B. bituminosa in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Rhône-Alpes regions (France), Liguria (Italy), and Spain since 1975. In crude leaf extracts from more than 50 samples of diverse geographical origins, flexuous particles 680 to 720 nm long and 12 nm wide and pinwheel-like inclusions have been observed with the electron microscope, suggesting infection with a member of the family Potyviridae. The presence of a virus was confirmed by the use of potyvirus-polyvalent ELISA reagents (Potyvirus group test; Agdia, Elkhart, IN) and by the amplification of a DNA fragment of the expected size (≈1,650 bp) with extracts of isolates from different locations using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with primers specific to members of the Potyviridae (3) corresponding to the 3′ end of the virus genome. The amplified fragment of an isolate from Coaraze (Alpes Maritimes Department, France) was cloned and two cDNA clones corresponding to this amplicon were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. EU334546 and EU334547). These two sequences facilitated development of new primers (5′-AAARGCRCCCTATATAGCAG-3′ and 5′-TATAAAGGTAACGCTAGGTGG-3′) to specifically amplify and sequence the coat protein (CP)-coding region of isolates of the virus from five additional French locations. The amino acid sequences of the CP amplicon were more than 96% identical among the French isolates. Comparison with other virus sequences with the BLASTn program revealed that these isolates belonged to the same species as the potyvirus Passiflora chlorosis virus (2), with 89 to 90% and 95 to 97% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, for the CP-coding region (1). The host range of the virus was evaluated by manual inoculation with the Coaraze isolate and was found to be very narrow. No symptoms and no infections were obtained in Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsicum annuum, Claytonia perfoliata, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, N. tabacum, Ocimum basilicum, Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus mungo, Physalis peruviana, Pisum sativum, Psoralea glandulosa, Ranunculus sardous, Salvia splendens, Solanum lycopersicum, Trifolium repens, Vicia faba, Vigna unguiculata, or Zinnia elegans. Necrotic local lesions were observed in Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, and in all eight cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris tested. The virus was transmitted either manually or by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) to healthy B. bituminosa seedlings. Symptoms appeared in 10 to 15 weeks, and the virus was detected in the symptomatic plants by RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a virus infecting B. bituminosa. References: (1) M. J. Adams et al. Arch. Virol. 150:459, 2005. (2) C. A. Baker and L. Jones. Plant Dis. 91:227, 2007. (3) A. Gibbs and A. M. Mackenzie. J. Virol. Methods 63:9, 1997.
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Asadi, Marzieh y Hamid Reza Eshghizadeh. "Comparison of Growth Responses in Sorghum Genotypes and Corn Grown in Arid Regions Under Different Levels of Water and Nitrogen Supplies". Acta Agrobotanica 73, n.º 4 (18 de febrero de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.7342.
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Improving the productivity of cropping systems in terms of irrigation water use and nitrogen (N) fertilizer and exploring the associated effective physiological traits are priorities mostly in water-limited areas. Therefore, this field experiment was conducted on a clay loam soil (thermic family of Typic Haplargids) in central Iran with the three planting dates of 2016 (June 30), early 2017 (June 10), and late 2017 (July 11). Three forage sorghum genotypes including SF002, SF001, and Pegah, three grain sorghum genotypes of MGS5, GS24, GS28, and one common corn hybrid were grown under two irrigation regimes (55% and 85% of the maximum allowable depletion – MAD) as well as two N levels (0 and 112.5 kg N ha−1 in the form of urea, 46% N). The results showed considerable genetic variation among the sorghum genotypes in terms of yield. Due to water-limited conditions, the grain and biomass yields of the corn hybrid were decreased more those of sorghum genotypes. However, higher potential sorghum genotypes recorded total dry biomass (shoot biomass and grain yield) values similar to those of corn under both normal and deficit irrigation regimes. On the other hand, the grain share of the total biomass in the corn hybrid was higher in the two irrigation regimes. Under deficit irrigation, the use efficiency values of irrigation water (IWUEb) and N fertilizer (NUEb) for the biomass yield in Pegah and GS24 were higher than those in the corn hybrid. However, IWUEg and NUEg in corn were significantly higher under both irrigation regimes compared to those recorded for even the high-yield potential genotypes of the grain and forage sorghum. The positive effects of N application on the plants declined under water-limited stress, but the negative effects of water deficit stress were reduced with N application, while dry matter and grain yield increased as a consequence of the increase in the maximum leaf area index, chlorophyll <em>a</em>, chlorophyll <em>b</em>, and carotenoid contents, as well as the enhanced antioxidant activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase enzymes. It can be concluded that the corn-based planting system is superior to sorghum even under low irrigation conditions, and N supply could moderate the negative effects of water shortage stress on plant growth.
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L.Ch., Sangadzhieva, Bambaeva E.N., Davaeva Ts.D., Sangadzhieva O.S. y Tsombueva B.V. "FEATURES OF ALKALOID ACCUMULATION IN MEDICINAL PLANTS DUE TO GROWING CONDITIONS AND AGE CHARACTERISTICS". "Medical & pharmaceutical journal "Pulse", 6 de diciembre de 2020, 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2020-22-12-88-96.
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Nowadays biologically active substances in medicinal plants of Kalmykia are poorly studied. Thus biochemical properties of medicinal plants of the arid territories of the North-Western Caspian region have been studied for the first time. Study of intraspecific variability allowed to determine the influence of growing conditions on the accumulation of biologically active substances and microelements in medicinal plants, that grow in Kalmykia. In this regard, as the alkaloid, flavonoid and tannin content has been shown, approaches of application of known medicinal plants and searching for new raw materials should be reconsidered. This work is a part of comprehensive resource investigation focused on the research in the aim to find rational application of plant growing in Caspian and Volga regions. On the natural forage lands of Kalmykia, alkaloid-bearing plants can be found; they are poisonous to animals, and their number and abundance are directly dependent on anthropogenic pressure. Anabasis, harmalа and ephedra, that grow on the Caspian lowland, contain all groups of studied substances: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and extractives. The conducted research shows that alkaloid plants might be used as medicinal plant raw materials. In Anabasis, the total alkaloid content reaches 1.26% in summer and 1.44% in autumn. Percentage of peganin in Harmala grass, stem and root, is about 4.04%, 0.31% and 0.21% respectively while the total amount of alkaloids in harmala exceeds 5.0%. Tannin content is quite high in Anabasis and harmala, as the presence of tannins is a characteristic feature of ephemera. The composition of plant extractives includes all water-soluble biologically active substances: carbohydrates, vitamins, flavonoids, etc., content of the chemicals is high in both Anabasis and harmal. Accumulation occurs even regardless of the season, place of growth in the whole plant.
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"Experimental Halophyte Growth in Saline Environments". Journal of the Nevada Water Resources Association Winter 2020 1, n.º 2020 (22 de noviembre de 2020): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22542/jnwra/2020/1/1.
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Salinization of soil and water can pose a serious threat for irrigated agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid regions because high concentrations of salt can negatively impact crop production, and consequently, the agricultural economy. Halophytes are highly salt-tolerant plants that may provide a viable option for cultivation in saline areas, enabling economic production from previously unproductive land. Many halophytes can be used for human consumption, forage for livestock, or biofuel production. These plants may also remediate saline soils by taking up salt from the soil, thereby improving conditions for conventional crop production. This project looked at growth of two halophytic crops, AC Saltlander green wheatgrass (Elymus hoffmannii) and Rainbow quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa var. rainbow) under different salt stresses in a greenhouse experiment. We cultivated the crops in a greenhouse with crossed saline soil (2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 dS/m) and irrigation (1, 2, 4, and 6 dS/m) treatments. We measured plant height approximately bi-weekly until harvest. A subset of harvested biomass, roots and soil subsamples were analyzed for nutrient and salt content. Quinoa and AC Saltlander aboveground biomass were larger for soil salinities greater than 2 dS/m, with maximum measured biomass after harvest of more than 5 g for quinoa, and more than 12 g for AC Saltlander. Quinoa height was greatest on most dates for soil salinity of 4 dS/m. There was a significant relationship between increased soil salinity and Cl content of quinoa plant tissues, roots, and soil at harvest, but irrigation salinity had no significant effects on analyzed quinoa variables. AC Saltlander root biomass decreased with increasing soil salinity, but had greatest root biomass at the 2 and 6 dS/m irrigation salinities (the smallest and greatest irrigation salinity treatments). AC Saltlander aboveground biomass chemistry (i.e., Ca, Na, and Cl) responded significantly to differences in soil chemistry. Similarly, AC Saltlander aboveground biomass Ca, Na, S, and Cl was significantly affected by irrigation salinity. Overall, both halophytes germinated, grew, and produced seeds in the greenhouse experiment on saline Nevada soils, so they may be options for alternative crops on marginal lands in Nevada with moderately saline irrigation water.
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Xia, Bo, Yue Liang, Jianzhong Hu, Xiaoling Yan, Liqiang Yin, Yue Chen, Jianyang Hu, Dongwei Zhang y Yuanhua Wu. "First Report of Sea buckthorn Stem Wilt Caused by Fusarium sporotrichioides in Gansu, China". Plant Disease, 22 de junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-21-0627-pdn.
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Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is an important deciduous shrub for fruit and ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid regions of China. Twelve Chinese and Russian cultivars (cv. Shenqiuhong, eshi01, ... eshi11) were planted about 1.6 acre area in a seedling nursery, located in Qingyang City of Gansu province in northwest China, where high mortality (more than 70%) of sea buckthorn was observed in late July 2019. Symptoms consisted of massive chlorosis, drooping leaves and dried-up stems on 5-year-old trees. Pieces of tree roots and stems with irregular light-brown discoloration in the xylem vessels were selected. Small pieces of discolored tissue were surface disinfested (1 min in 1% sodium hypochlorite, followed by three rinses with sterile distilled water), air-dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium for 5 days at 25°C in the dark. A fungus was consistently isolated from both diseased roots and stems tissues. Colonies on PDA grew rapidly. Dense mycelia were pinky-white initially, and became carmine red color with age on the undersurface of the plate. Macroconidia were moderately curved, 3 to 5 marked septa, hyaline, thick walled, and measuring 27.8± 3.6 µm × 4.8 ± 0.5 µm (n = 30). Microconidia were abundant, pear-shaped, ellipsoid to fusoid, often with a papilla at the base, and 8.4 ± 2.2 µm ×3.1 ± 0.3 µm (n = 30). Genomic DNA was extracted for amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and ITS4 primers) (White et al. 1990) of the ribosomal DNA (Accession Nos. MN160235 to MN160238) and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1 and EF2 primers, accession Nos. MN429075 to MN429078) (O’Donnell et al. 1998). The sequences revealed 99% similarity to the sequences of the ITS (AY188917), and 100% identity with EF1-α (JF740808) regions of Fusarium sporotrichioides. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, the fungus was identified as F. sporotrichioides (Leslie and Summerell 2006). Koch’s postulates were fulfilled on healthy, potted 1-year-old sea buckthorn seedings using two isolates in a greenhouse at 25 °C, 90% relative humidity, and 12-hour light/dark photoperiod. Ten potted seedings were inoculated on the stems by placing a 5-mm-diameter mycelial plug (5-day-old PDA cultures for each isolate) into the surface of a wound created with a needle, and the inoculation sites were covered with Parafilm to maintain moisture. Ten seedings were inoculated with PDA plugs as controls. Seven to ten days after inoculation, typical symptoms of dark-brown necrotic lesions on chlorotic leaf margins were observed. About 2 weeks after inoculation, the inoculated stems were gradually dry up, accompanied by withering and fallen leaves. Control plants remained asymptomatic. Pathogens were successfully isolated from the inoculated stems again, exhibiting morphological characteristics identical to those of F. sporotrichioides. Previous papers reported F. sporotrichioides as a common pathogen caused lavender wilt (Cosic et al. 2012), foliar spots on forage corn (Moya-Elizondo et al. 2013) and maize ear rot (Wang et al. 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of sea buckthorn stem wilt caused by F. sporotrichioides on several Chinese and Russian cultivars in Gansu province of China. In Heilongjiang province, the same disease was reported in 2010 (Song et al. 2010), nearly 30 longitudes away from Gansu province. Therefore, this disease appears to be a serious risk for future sea buckthorn production.
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"The Inheritance of Branch Position, Plant Height and Rosette Habit in Safflower". Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS, n.º 28 (noviembre de 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36710/ioc-2019-28-03.
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Safflower is a rare culture adapted for growing in arid regions. It has wide usage as decorative, feeding plant and in medicine but mainly it is used in oil production nowadays. In rain insufficient areas in summer months it can be used as alternative to sunflower. Because of climate changes the study of the culture becomes even more important. The safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius L) of the family of Asteraceae is one of the oilseeds growing in Asia, America, on the territory of Ukraine. Safflower is used as a forage plant for animals and birds, for technical, decorative purposes, in medicine. Safflower is a rough, herbaceous, annual plant with a pronounced appearance of an inhabitant of dry steppes. It is believed that the habitat of this species is confined to steppes and semi-deserts. The root of safflower is pivotal, it gives the plant the opportunity to feel good in arid climates. The stem is hard, branching, whitish in color, up to 100 cm tall, sometimes more. The leaves are alternate, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, leathery, with sharp edges, which usually end with spines, although there are varieties without spines, with a sharply protruding network of veins from below. According to available data, one recessive gene causes erectoid location of branches. Researchers Fernandez-Martinez and Knowles point to the existence of two genes that have the opposite effect on the location of branches. The ap gene in the homozygous state causes the branches to tilt at an angle of 20 degrees or less relative to the stem, and the dec gene from 80 to 90 degrees. The combination of these genes gives the slope of the branches to the stem in 40-70 degrees. The Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS of Ukraine has been engaged in cultivation of safflower since 2001. The aim of this work was to study the inheritance of branch position on the stem and the association of plant height and rosette habit of samples in our collection. For realization of the work were used the methods of field experiment, genetic analysis and mathematical statistics. For determining the type of inheritance the results of free and artificial pollination were used. Chi-square test was used as a statistical method. Four samples from our collection heterogeneous by height, branch position and rosette habit were involved in crosses: Belotsvetkovy nekoluchy, Salut, Medovy, Kurchavy. Characteristics of crossed collection samples: Belotsvetkovy nekoluchy — normal branch position, medium height, average rosette habit; Salut — erectoid branch position, high, late rosette habit; Medovy — normal branch position, medium height, average rosette habit; Kurchavy — normal branch position, medium height, average rosette habit. The first generation from the free pollination of the plant with normal branch position in 2011 also had normal branch position, the second generation demonstrated splitting by 3:1 scheme into normal and wide branch position accordingly. In crossing plants with normal and erectoid branch position the first generation hybrids also had normal branch position, the second generation demonstrated splitting by 3:1 scheme into plants with normal and erectoid branch position. When crossing the sample Salut (high, late rosette habit) with Kurchavy sample (medium height, average rosette habit) the first generation hybrids were of medium height and average rosette habit. The second generation splitting scheme validly differed from the expected one 9:3:3:1. Genes encoding these traits are not fully linked. Using the formula r = n/N, where n is the number of recombinants and N is the total number of specimen, we calculated the crossover frequency. Thus, the sing of the normal branch position dominates wide and erectoid branch position sings in safflower. The sing of the rosette habit is linked with plant height sing. The distance between genes is 6,13 morganite.