Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Indirect Refusal.
Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Indirect Refusal"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores artículos de revistas para su investigación sobre el tema "Indirect Refusal".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore artículos de revistas sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Dewi, I. Ar, D. K. Tantra, L. P. Artini y N. M. Ratminingsih. "Refusal Strategies Used By Multi-Nationality Students". JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia) 8, n.º 1 (18 de junio de 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v8i1.14764.
Texto completoResumen
This descriptive qualitative study was aimed at exploring refusal strategies used by the students of primary level of Gandhi Memorial Intercontinental School (GMIS) Bali in requesting, offering, inviting, and suggesting. The students being involved as the subject of this study were multi nationality (Indonesian, Indian, Russian, and Japanese) male and female students of the third, fourth and fifth grade which were determined using purposive sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through observation, recording, and note taking employing video recorder, camera, and field note as the instruments of the data collection. Data analysis in this study was done through four concurrent activities covering data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The result shows that, in context of request across nationalities, view from the frequency (percentage of refusals) it shows direct refusal is highly used by Russian while it is lowest used by Indonesian students. On the contrary indirect strategy is more often used by Indonesian students. while in context of refusing an offer. it reflects that Indonesian is mostly to refuse it in direct way but this is contrast with Russian who perform direct refusal in less frequent. This condition is in context of refusing in indirect way. the data reveals that Russian are more often to refuse the offering in indirect way while Indonesian is the lowest. In context of refusing invitation, nationality which is the highest used of direct refusal is Indian while nationality which was prefer to perform indirect refusal is Russian. In addition, in context of Suggestion, direct refusal is highly performed by Russian whereas indirect refusal is more often used by Japanese students.
2
Alaboudi, Samah Saleh. "Issuing a Refusal: How Female Saudi Speakers of Arabic Say No". International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 9, n.º 5 (30 de agosto de 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.9n.5p.81.
Texto completoResumen
The study examines the refusal strategies used by Saudi female speakers of Arabic. More specifically, the study aims at exploring the most frequently used refusal strategies by those speakers and how directness might have an effect on that use. A modified version in Arabic of a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) that was originally developed and used by Beebe et al. (1990) is used to elicit the data. The written questionnaire consists of nine situations. The initiating acts are three requests, three invitations and three offers which were designed to elicit refusals. The situations specify the context and the social status of interlocutors. The data is analyzed using a modified version of a classification scheme of refusal strategies developed be Beebe et al. (1990). The analysis focuses on the semantic formulas used for each situation and the frequency of each refusal strategy. The results reveal that the order of the semantic formulas in the responses of the participants differed across the initiating acts and the status differences. ‘Excuse/Reason’, an indirect refusal strategy, is used the most by the participants in their refusals. The excuses/reasons that the participants give tend to be lacking detail and of an uncontrollable nature. ‘Negative Ability’ is another frequently used strategy. Although a direct strategy, the participants still show their awareness of the need to lessen the threat that their refusal poses on the interlocutor by using other indirect strategies and adjuncts to accompany the direct one. The participants used more indirect refusal strategies than direct which might indicate that the participants are trying to mitigate their refusals by being less direct.
3
Huong, Truong Thi Lan. "Expressions of indirect refusal in Vietnamese (compared with Russian)". Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 5, n.º 2 (2 de junio de 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v5i2.670.
Texto completoResumen
In Pragmatics, verbal behavior is a behavior that is most interested by many linguists. One of the behaviors is the act of rejection, the universal behavior of all languages. In intercultural conversations, the act of rejection is a very important behavior. Politeness in communication is a general principle in the social interaction of each culture. It is not easy to be polite when performing the acts of refusing without losing the other person's face. Refusal is a common act in communication, especially in intercultural communication. In the case that the proposed invitations, suggestions or requests, etc. are not suitable to receive, refusal in a proper manner is needed. Moreover, choosing the form of indirect refusal is an effective way of responding. They both express the declination of requests and the face saving for the listener. Based on literary works either published or uploaded onto the internet, this study focuses on formulas expressing indirect refusals in Vietnamese (compared with Russian). Thereby, contributing to the efficiency enhancement of the learning of this speech act used for both Vietnamese learners of the Russian language and Russian-speaking learners of the Vietnamese language.
4
Turki, Hutheifa Y., Juma’a Q. Hussein y Ahmed A. Al-Kubaisy. "Cross-Sectional Study of Refusal Speech Act Used by Iraqi Undergraduate Students". Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2020): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v3n1y2020.pp166-173.
Texto completoResumen
This paper is conducted to investigate how Iraqi EFL learners refuse different speech acts across different proficiency levels. It aims to examine the most appropriate strategies used by 2nd year students of English as compared to those of 4th year when refusing their interlocutors' invitation, suggestion, and offer. WDCT questionnaire was used to collect data from 40 Iraqi undergraduate students of English: 20 2nd year and 20 4th year. Adopting Beebe et al.'s (1990) theory of refusal, data collected was analyzed quantitatively using statistical analysis. The findings revealed that the 2nd year students of English were more frequent in using direct refusals than their 4th year counterparts. This means the latter were more aware of using refusals politely than the former. On the other hand, the findings showed that 4th year students more frequent in their use of indirect refusal strategies that the 2nd year students. This indicates that the EFL learners of low proficiency level might not bridge the gap between the pragmalinguistic strategies and the grammatical form of the target language. This means that they were not pragmatically competent of the use of the appropriate pragmalinguistic strategies. This implies that the 2nd year students need to pay more attention to pragmatics and use their refusal strategies appropriately. Thus, the paper recommends conducting further research on the use of refusal speech act in Arabic and English.
5
Pasaribu, Arsen Nahum, Erika Sinambela, Tiara K. Pasaribu, Jubil Ezer Sihite y Rony Arahta Sembiring. "The Strategies of Refusing Requests By Students of Different Ethnic Groups". Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i1.2178.
Texto completoResumen
This study investigated the strategies used by students of different ethnic groups (Batak, Javanese, and Malay) in refusing requests. A total of 30 participants were involved in this research. Each ethnic group was represented by 10 students that came from three different universities in Medan, Indonesia. Discourse Completion Test (DCT) was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed by using refusal categorization. The results showed that the participants preferred to use indirect refusal strategies to respond to lecturer’s requests, and followed by direct and adjunct strategies respectively. This study also indicated that Batak students performed refusal acts more direct than any other Javanese or Malay students. Meanwhile Javanese students tend to employ refusals more indirect compared to any other students. The Malay students performed the acts moderately. The results indicated that the refusal strategies used by the students of three different cultural backgrounds might be influenced by their cultural circumstances. Future studies should be undertaken to investigate the phenomena in different research settings with more participants to be involved.
6
Lailah, Umi Nur y Susie Chrismalia Garnida. "STRATEGIES IN THE TRANSLATION OF REFUSAL EXPESSIONS IN JOHN GREEN’S PAPER TOWNS". ANAPHORA: Journal of Language, Literary and Cultural Studies 1, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2018): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v1i2.2090.
Texto completoResumen
This article examined about translation from English to Indonesian related to non-equivalence words on expression of refusal either directly or indirectly, and the using of translation strategies in adjusting non-equivalence. This study focused to expression of refusal either directly or indirectly in English on Paper Towns novel by John Green (2008) as a source of data. There are 33 total data, consists of 22 of expression of indirect refusal and 11 expression of direct refusal. Those data are analysed by descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that strategy used for solving non equivalence problem in this translation are seven (7): (1) translation by more general word, (2) translation by more neutral word, (3) translation by cultural substitution, (4) translation using a loan word, (5) translation by paraphrasing using a related word, (6) translation by paraphrasing using an unrelated word, and (7) translation by omission. From all those strategies, strategies five (5) is often used in the translation because there is no suitable expression in Indonesian from English.
7
Rifandi, Dede Rama, Wahyu Kamil y Wiyasukti Ningksih. "Refusal Strategies in the Movie The Walking Dead". PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 11, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v11i2.461.
Texto completoResumen
This research discussed refusal strategies used by the characters in the movie The Walking Dead in season 9 featuring 16 episodes. This research aimed to find out type of refusal strategies and the mostly used by the characters in the movie. This research focused on Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss-Weltz’s theory about direct and indirect refusal. Then, the data were analyzed by using qualitative descriptive method. To get the data, it used subtitle itself on the movie by watching all of episodes to find out valid data. The research results show that there are 35 data. There were 18 direct refusal, 13 indirect refusal and four data that used two strategies in one conversation. Therefore, the mostly used is direct refusal, 18 times. Direct refusal used non-performative statement and negative willingness while indirect refusal used as giving reason, explanation, attempt to dissuade interlocutor, statement of regret, avoidance (verbal and non-verbal), unspecific reply, and adjuncts to refusal that is appreciation.
8
Boonkongsaen, Nathaya. "Filipinos and Thais Saying “No” in English". MANUSYA 16, n.º 1 (2013): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01601002.
Texto completoResumen
This study investigated the use of refusal strategies conducted in English between Filipinos and Thais. The purpose of the study was to examine if the frequency of refusal strategies varied according to the situations and social status of the interlocutors. Data were collected through a discourse completion task (DCT). Findings indicated that both groups preferred to use indirect strategies to the direct ones. In general, Filipinos were more direct than Thais when dealing with refusals. Thais were less direct than Filipinos when declining the interlocutor of higher status. As language and culture are intimately related, English refusal strategies used by Filipinos and Thais reflected tendencies in their social norms.
9
Anggraini, Rianda y Ambalegin Ambalegin. "The Refusal Speech Act in "Me Before You" Movie". IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature 8, n.º 2 (10 de diciembre de 2020): 398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v8i2.1565.
Texto completoResumen
This study aimed at identifying the strategies in refusal in Me Before You. This movie was adapted by the novel and the writer’s name is Jojo Moyes. Refusal has two types, they are indirect and direct refusal. Indirect refusal is mostly used because it can decrease the negative effect (FTA) of refusal itself. The strategies of indirect refusal are found alternative, reason and explanation, request for aditional information, apology or regret, repetition of part previous discourse, and posponement. The study applied an observational method and non-participatory technique by Sudaryanto. Then, this study applied pragmatics method to analyze the data. The finding showed that there were 5 utterances that contained request for additional information and this strategy was mostly used by the characters in this movie.
10
Putri, Ni Made Mia Septiarini, Ngurah Indra Pradhana y I. Nyoman Rauh Artana. "Ujaran Penolakan dalam Bahasa Jepang dan Bahasa Bali". Jurnal SAKURA : Sastra, Bahasa, Kebudayaan dan Pranata Jepang 2, n.º 1 (29 de febrero de 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/js.2020.v02.i01.p05.
Texto completoResumen
The study, entitled "Refusal in Japanese and Balinese" aims to find out the refusal strategies in Japanese and Balinese contained in Japanese novels Narataaju and Balinese novels Sentana.The theory used in this study is the theory of Refusal Strategy according to Beebe et al. (1990) and Theory of Determination of Politeness Factors according to Mizutani and Mizutani (1987). This research uses descriptive analysis method in presenting data.The analysis shows that in Narataaju's novel there are three strategies of refusal. Three data with direct refusal strategy, five data with indirect refusal strategy, and two data with mixed refusal strategy. Factors influencing refusal in Japanese are social relations and intimacy. There are six forms of rejection strategies in Japanese. In the Balinese novel Sentana there are also three strategies of refusal. Two data with direct refusal strategy, four data with indirect refusal strategy and two data with mixed refusal strategy. Factors influencing refusal in Balinese are situation, social status, and age. From the results of the study found two similarities and one difference in the refusal in Japanese and Balinese.
Keyword: refusal, strategy, factor
11
Eviliana, NFN. "PRAGMATIC TRANSFER IN REFUSALS REALIZED BY PROFICIENT EFL LEARNERS ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY". MABASAN 9, n.º 1 (23 de enero de 2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mab.v9i1.155.
Texto completoResumen
This research was aimed at describing the strategies of proficient EFL students’ refusal realization in Indonesian and in English and the occurrences of pragmatic transfer (PT) in their refusal realization. Qualitative research method was employed. As the subsidiary of the qualitative research method, quantitative research method was also employed. The subjects were 18 EFL students of English Study Program Sriwijaya University whose TOEFL prediction scores were 450 above. DCT was used as the instrument of collecting data. Data were analyzed based on combined refusal classification by Wannaruk (2005) and Campillo (2009). The results of this research show that proficient EFL students’ mostly used the indirect strategies in their refusal realization both in English and Indonesian. Nevertheless, differences occurred in term of semantic formula choice and order in the twelve situations of DCT. Thus, PT could be observed. In consequences, it is suggested to foreign language teacher or lecturers should be aware that fluency in a language involves both a mastery of linguistic knowledge and pragmatic knowledge. Foreign language learners should be aware of the fact that social variables play a role when refusing, and that their inappropriate refusals may make them sound rude, vague or abrupt. Due to the limitation of this study, future researchers should also explore the differences between EFL students’ refusal realization in their mother tongue and Indonesian, the idiosyncrasies that occur in the proficient EFL students’ refusal realization, and communication strategies used by EFL students in realizing their refusals.
12
Smith, Gwendolyn N., Rebecca F. Nolan y Yong Dai. "Job-Refusal Letters: Readers' Affectiue Responses to Direct and Indirect Organizational Plans". Business Communication Quarterly 59, n.º 1 (marzo de 1996): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108056999605900106.
Texto completoResumen
The affective responses of readers to job-refusal letters using direct and indirect approaches were investigated. Subjects were requested to rate organizational plan on 19 dependent measures. Results indicated that the direct job-refusal letter was preferred. It was viewed as more efficient, valuable and straightforward than the indirect approach. These findings are in conflict with current literature favoring the indirect approach for conveying negative information.
13
Hergüner, Sinem y Abdulvahit Çakır. "Pragmatic awareness of ELT teacher trainees: A study of refusals of requests". Journal of Human Sciences 14, n.º 2 (5 de mayo de 2017): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4575.
Texto completoResumen
This study specifically aims to determine Turkish English Language Teaching (henceforth ELT) teacher trainees’ choices in using speech acts set of refusals in terms of directness from the aspect of pragma-linguistics in a Turkish, an English as a Foreign Language (henceforth EFL), context. The randomly chosen participants were 133 ELT teacher trainees (100 female, 33 Male), who are fourth-year students from ELT Departments of Education Faculties at four different universities (Gazi University (GU), Başkent University (BU), Middle East Technical University (METU), Hacettepe University (HU). The study used a questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Task (henceforth DCT) based on the Cross-cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1984) for data collection. The study elicited judgments of various refusal formulations of the trainees in eighteen different situations in terms of directness and indirectness. The context of each situation based on three variables with different levels. These are gender (same-opposite), social status (low-equal-high), and social distance (intimate-acquaintance-stranger). Each of the eighteen situations has a different triplet of these variables. The findings are interpreted statistically and verbally. The refusal strategies gathered by this study were analyzed based on a sequence of semantic formulae provided by Beebe and Takahashi (1990). The findings of this study indicate that aspects of refusals may cause difficulties for ELT teacher trainees. The trainees of all the universities employed more statements of excuse/reason/explanation than of other strategies. This is further proof of the value of face. In the whole data what is obviously seen is that teacher trainees mostly prefer indirect strategies. The findings proved that the trainees were sensitive to the status of the requester, and they are less sensitive towards acquaintances. All trainees used most statements of indirect Excuse/reason/explanation when they refused people of each gender. Nevertheless, opposite-gender refusals require more elaboration and more care, which proves the trainees’ more attention to the requesters of opposite gender. This study suggests the need to raise their pragmatic awareness of Turkish ELT teacher trainees regarding the use of refusal strategies in particular contexts.
14
Wang, Qiaoying. "A Comparative Study of Gender Differences in Refusal Strategies from English Majors". Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2019): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0908.24.
Texto completoResumen
Based on Geoffrey Leech's politeness principle (1975), Brown and Levinson's face saving and face threatening theory (1987), this paper is a comparative study of the gender differences in the refusal strategies employed by the English majors. The DCT (Discourse Completing Test) from Tanck Sharyl (2004) is modified in this study. The results of this study show that both male and female students of the English majors use the refusal strategies in a speech act. The differences of refusal strategies between male and female lie in the direct refusal and the indirect refusal. Most of the female students tend to use an indirect refusal politeness strategy to save the others’ face in the communication, avoiding the face threatening, while most of the male students seem to use direct refusal. The achievements of this study make some contribution to the relevant study and provide some indications to English teaching and learning in China. It is of some significance to improve the English pragmatic competence of English majors.
15
Yusuf, Marwah Juwita. "Sexual Refusal by Indonesian Female University Students". ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 1, n.º 4 (26 de diciembre de 2018): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i4.5185.
Texto completoResumen
This research aims to find out the most frequent strategies used by Indonesian female university students in expressing their refusal to sexual intercourse and the refusal strategies that they used to refuse the sexual intercourse. This research was carried out in 14 cities in Indonesia with 638 respondents (307 female respondents and 331 male respondents). The data were collected by using Discourse Completion Task (DCT) and interview to identify the sexual refusal strategies by female university students. The data were analyzed by using reconstructed conversation and Speech Act theory by Searle (1976) and Politeness of Brown & Levinson (1989) as a supporting theory. This research finds seven frequent strategies used by Indonesian female university students to refuse the sexual intercourse. The first is pregnancy risk reason (37,07%), next is legality reason (21,59%), postponement (15,48%) is at the third place, direct refusal non-performative (14,05 %) as the forth and is followed by religiouos reason (7,94%) at the fifth, direct refusal performative (2,24%) is the sixth and the last strategy is topic switch (1,63%). The data also show that most of Indonesian female university students refuse the sexual intercourse by giving pregnancy risk reason such as fear of being pregnant. From the reconstructed conversation, the data analysis show that most of them use Indirect Speech Act to maintain the relationship, the politeness and the positive face want of their boyfriend.
16
Retnowaty, Retnowaty. "REFUSAL STRATEGIES BY JAVANESE TEACHERS". RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 4, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2018): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.4.1.528.10-16.
Texto completoResumen
Refusal is one of many speech acts investigated in pragmatics. We usually do it in our life to reject other person’s request. People from different culture usually employ different refusal strategies since every culture has various way in protecting their positive face and reducing the threat that occur because of refusal ((Brown & S. Levinson, 1987). This study has two objectives: 1) to find out kind of strategies are used by Javanese teacher in performing refusal; 2) to describe how Javanese teacher use refusal strategies regarding the status of the addressee. This study was a qualitative study. The data were collected using discourse completion task (DCT) to elicit compliment responses from 16 teachers in Airlangga Junior High School Balikpapan. The discourse completion task (DCT) encompasses a variety of situations that required the participants to refuse the requests directly at them. Moreover, the data were analyzed with the help of Bebe, et all. (1990) in (Boonkongsaen, 2013) indicators. We can inferred that most participants used difference of refusal strategies. However, most participants tended to use the indirect strategies. Finally, this study also showed that the participants were more likely to be polite in their way of refusing requests.
17
M.Shareef, Dilgash, Marina Isteefan Qyrio y Chiman Nadheer Ali. "An Investigation of Refusal Strategies as Used by Bahdini Kurdish and Syriac Aramaic Speakers". Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.1p.89.
Texto completoResumen
For the purpose of achieving a successful communication, issues such as the appropriateness of speech acts and face saving become essential. Therefore, it is very important to achieve a high level of pragmatic competence in speech acts. Bearing this in mind, this study was conducted to investigate the preferred refusal strategies Kurdish and Syriac native speakers use when faced with offers and requests from equal status interlocutors. The current study has used a modified Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) consisting of six situations (three of which elicit refusals to offerings and the other three to requests). Forty subjects participated in this study: 20 native speakers of the Kurdish language (10 male and 10 female students) and 20 native speakers of Syriac language (10 male and 10 female students). All participants are currently pre-graduate students attending Zakho University. The participants were asked to provide written data that express their refusals to these situations. The data collected have then been analyzed descriptively according to frequency and number of occurrences of semantic formulas used by Beebe et al (1990). The results showed that a) the Syriac Native Participants (SNP)s frequently preferred indirect and adjunct strategies for refusals rather than direct ones, b) the Kurdish Native Participants (KNP)s often preferred direct and indirect strategies more than adjunct ones, c) the results also revealed that gender has a great influence on the use of refusal strategies in various ways. Finally, this study concludes that both KNPs and SNPs tended to use more strategies when refusing requests than offers whereas gender has shown to play a significant role in the choice and number of the refusal strategies used by both groups of participants.
18
Novitasari, Dewi y Bayu Aryanto. "Tindak Tutur Penolakan Bahasa Jepang oleh Mantan Kenshuusei (Pekerja Magang di Jepang)". Japanese Research on Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 2, n.º 2 (3 de septiembre de 2020): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jr.v2i2.3973.
Texto completoResumen
This study is intended to describe the speech act strategy of rejection in Japanese language by former apprentices (kenshuusei). The descriptive qualitative method used in this research is under the approach of interlanguage pragmatic study because the participants are foreign speakers of Japanese. The data were collected using the oral-discourse completion test technique. The findings of this study have shown three types of refusal processes, namely 1) pre-refusal - main refusal - post refusal; 2) pre-refusal - the main refusal; and 3) major refusal - post refusal. In the refusal utterances, there are 2 forms of refusal, namely direct refusal and indirect refusal. The strategies used in refusing are apology strategy, refusal reason strategy, alternative statement strategy, hope statement strategy, future demand strategy, negation form, fukushi, and aizuchi. The refusal strategies mostly used by former apprentices are the excuse strategy for refusal and almost all refusal speeches also use apologies.
19
Al Kayed, Murad, Mohammad Akram Al-zu'bi y Majd Alkayid. "The study of refusals and pragmatic modifiers in jordanian arabic". Acta Scientiarum. Language and Culture 42, n.º 2 (29 de julio de 2020): e52543. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascilangcult.v42i2.52543.
Texto completoResumen
This study aims at investigating politeness strategies and pragmatic modifiers used by native speakers of Jordanian Arabic to perform the speech act of refusal. The data were collected from 24 hours of recorded conversations taken from different mixed and same-sex conversations by native speakers of Jordanian Arabic. The researchers observed these conversations and utterances that perform the speech act of refusal. The strategies of refusals were analyzed following Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz (1990) model, while pragmatic modifiers were analyzed following House and Kasper (1981) and Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper (1989). The results of the study showed that the Jordanians used complex strategy more than direct and indirect strategies. The findings showed that Jordanians used many pragmatic modifiers to soften their refusals. The study found that external modifiers were more frequent than other types of pragmatic modifiers. The study also found out that culture affected the use of refusal strategies and pragmatic modifiers. The impact of culture appeared clearly in the fact that Jordanians tended to use Islamic religious expressions to mitigate their utterances. Besides, it seemed that Jordanians preferred complex strategies because they viewed repetition and using more than one strategy as a polite way to save the face of others.
20
Kreishan, Lana. "Politeness and Speech acts of Refusal and Complaint among Jordanian Undergraduate Students". International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.4p.68.
Texto completoResumen
This study investigated the refusal and complaint speech act strategies employed by Jordanian undergraduate EFL learners. Refusal and complaint data were collected using a discourse completion test and role-plays. The findings revealed that, as non-native speakers, the respondents preferred to use indirect semantic formulas. The most frequently used refusal strategies involved an explanation or excuse, apology, negative ability, postponement or adjuncts to refusals. Conveying hints, requests, and annoyance constituted the preferred strategies for expressing complaints. The Jordanian students utilized these strategies quite often because the strategies are less direct and more polite. The analysis revealed similarities between the strategies used by the sample EFL learners and the strategies used by native English speakers. Because speech acts depend on standard cultural norms and practices, it is important for EFL learners to understand English-speaking social settings in order to avoid pragmatic failure and miscommunication. EFL instructors should therefore emphasize linguistic pragmatics for learners to assimilate into an English speaking cultural environment and maintain clear and unambiguous communication.
21
Ang, Rebecca P. y Eddie C. Kuo. "Effects of Gender and Individualism-Collectivism on Directness of Refusal". South Pacific Journal of Psychology 14 (2003): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000262.
Texto completoResumen
AbstractThe effects of gender and individualism-collectivism on directness of refusal were examined on a Singapore sample. A 2 × 2 (Gender X Individualism-Collectivism) ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between gender and cultural orientation. Specifically, male individualists preferred more direct refusal strategies and male collectivists preferred more indirect refusal strategies compared to both female individualists and collectivists. Implications of the results and the limitations of the study were discussed.
22
Widanta, I. Made Rai Jaya, Ni Putu Somawati y I. Wayan Dana Ardika. "Students’ L2 Refusal Appropriateness and Accuracy". Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 2019): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1002.11.
Texto completoResumen
The study aimed at investigating refusal strategies performed by foreign learners of Indonesian language. Specifically, it was focused on researching strategies of refusal used by the participant, emerging frequency of each strategies, as well as appropriateness and accuracy of each strategy used. Sixty students majoring in Tourism were involved in the project. Discourse completion task (DCT) containing an invitation using three sociocultural aspects of low power (-P), low distance (-D), and low rank of imposition (-R) was used to elicit participants’ refusal strategies. Taxonomy of refusal proposed by Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz (1990) was applied to recognize refusal strategies used by participants. Result of the study revealed that there were three strategies of ‘direct, indirect, and adjunct to refusal’ used by participants in responding the invitation. However, two new sub-strategies found to enrich indirect strategies, they are ‘alternative (change subject)’ and ‘telling wish’. Dealing with participants’ appropriateness and accuracy, it could be concluded that their appropriateness in producing semantic formulas were higher than their accuracy (96,55% and 40,83%) respectively. In addition, there were two contradictive propositions finally underscored upon analysis of appropriateness and accuracy. In term of appropriateness, it is implied that L2 proficiency does not guarantee learners’ high appropriateness, which is in contrast with the Cordina-Espurz’s (2013) finding. However, in term of accuracy, it implied that the lower learners’ L2 proficiency is the lower accuracy level they are in, which is in line with Cordina-Espurz’s (2013) finding.
23
Qadi, Ahmad Hatim. "Use of Refusal Strategies among Saudi EFL Students: An Investigative Study". English Language Teaching 14, n.º 7 (9 de junio de 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v14n7p27.
Texto completoResumen
The current study seeks to probe the use of refusal strategies and their frequency among Saudi EFL students of Bachelor of Science (BS) at Moon University (pseudonym), Saudi Arabia. Through a convenient sampling procedure, 20 students were selected, and Discourse Completion Test (DCT) was administered. This test comprised 12 situations eliciting refusals to suggestions, requests, offers, and invitations. Their answers were then coded using the refusal strategies categories laid down by Beebe, Takahashi & Uliss-Weltz (1990) and were analyzed via content analysis. Each participant’s refusal strategy for each speech act was analyzed using descriptive statistics, to discover exact frequency counts. The results indicated that the indirect refusal strategies were adopted by Saudi EFL students with greater frequency than the direct strategies even though Saudi culture is characteristically inclined towards directness resulting in numerous face-threatening acts. The results demonstrated the tendency towards the use of adjuncts by EFL students which to some extent indicated the cultural grooming of interlocutors. Moreover, lack of pragma-linguistic competence was reflected in flawed and ambiguous syntactic structures which impacted the clarity of meaning. The findings also suggested that in this globalized world where cross-cultural communication is unavoidable, the teaching of English should be geared towards the development of both pragma-linguistic and socio-pragmatic competence among EFL students.
24
Saeed, Abdul, Shahzad Karim, Sajid Hussain y Zakir Hussain. "THE GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCE IN THE USE OF SPEECH ACTS OF REFUSAL: A STUDY OF THE KHOWAR LANGUAGE". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2021): 1514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93152.
Texto completoResumen
Purpose of the study: Language, culture, and gender affect the ways one refuses an offer, suggestion, request, or invitation. Moreover, what we say and how we say may change the contextual meaning. Therefore, a study was conducted to examine the use of speech acts of refusal by the Khowar language speakers to know whether there is any gender difference.
Methodology: The undergraduate level students, aging between 15 and 25, participated in the study. An open-ended questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire contained four hypothetical situations and each situation required the use of speech acts of refusal by the participants. A refusal classification format devised by Beebe (1990) was used to analyse the data.
Main Findings: The findings showed that both males and females used almost similar refusal strategies in all four situations. Direct and indirect refusal speech acts with pre-and post-refusal strategies were used in nearly the same quantity. The study also revealed that language, culture, and social status did not play an important role in realising refusal strategies.
Application of the study: The study will help linguists, language teachers, and anthropologists to understand the nature of male and female Khowar language speakers. It will also add valuable literature on the use of language and gender differences.
The originality of the study: The study is significant being the first of its kind that addressed the gender difference and language use in Khowar language speakers. The study is also vital as it will preserve a minor language spoken in one of the remotest areas of Pakistan.
25
Soe, Wyut Yee. "TRANSLATION STUDY OF REFUSAL STRATEGY IN BEAUTIFUL MALICE NOVEL (A PRAGMATIC APPROACH)". PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics 3, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v3i2.21910.
Texto completoResumen
<p class="IsiAbstrakabstractcontent">The study aims to know translation technique and translation quality of refusal strategy in Beautiful Malice novel. It was descriptive qualitative method with embedded case study. The data were obtained through content analysis and focus group discussion. They were then analyzed into domain, taxonomy and componential analysis to formulate cultural theme. The result shows that writer uses indirect and direct refusal strategy in which indirect one is mostly used. Besides, translator transfers those refusal strategies by using established equivalence, modulation, explicitation, variation, implicitation, pure borrowing, reduction, addition, addaptation, and paraphrase in which established equivalent is most frequently used. With using those techniques, the study indicates that translation quality is very good. They are 2.8 of accuracy and 2.9 of acceptability and readablity. Imperfection of translation quality is affected from the use of reduction and addition in relation to accuracy and the use of deletion in relation to those aspects of translation quality. </p>
26
Torres, Pedro Paulo Teixeira e. Silva, Alexandre Dias Mançano, Gláucia Zanetti, Bruno Hochhegger, Ana Caroline Vieira Aurione, Marcelo Fouad Rabahi y Edson Marchiori. "Multimodal indirect imaging signs of pulmonary embolism". British Journal of Radiology 93, n.º 1108 (abril de 2020): 20190635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190635.
Texto completoResumen
The clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is often difficult, as symptoms range from syncope and chest pain to shock and sudden death. Adding complexity to this picture, some patients with non-diagnosed pulmonary embolism may undergo unenhanced imaging examinations for a number of reasons, including the prevention of contrast medium-related nephrotoxicity, anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, as well as due to patients’ refusal or lack of venous access. In this context, radiologists’ awareness and recognition of indirect signs are cornerstones in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. This article describes the indirect signs of pulmonary embolism on chest X-ray, unenhanced CT, and MRI.
27
Dewi, Lintang Indah Ayu Respati, Lailatun Nurul Aniq y Khairani Dian Anisa. "THE REFUSAL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PRE-SERVICE EFL TEACHERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN JAVANESE AND SUMATRANS". Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 21, n.º 2 (29 de agosto de 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v21i2.9924.
Texto completoResumen
Refusing is a part of commissive speech acts. Refusing is a face-threatening act (FTA) that needs a good pragmatic competence since it probably gives risk to the interlocutor's positive or negative face. However, it indicates that people from various cultural backgrounds employ dissimilar refusal strategies. This study aimed at providing a comparison of refusal strategies used between Javanese Pre-service English Teachers (JPETs) and Sumatranese Pre-service English Teachers (SPETs) in accordance with different levels of power. The data were elicited from the DCT given to 10 JPETs and 10 SPETs. The participants were asked to fill the DCTs with written responses in which each DCT described different contexts and settings. Based on the analysis, JPETs and SPETs employed similar strategies in refusing to a request. The difference was only on the frequency usage of a certain strategy. Furthermore, all of the indirect strategies were applied to refuse a request meanwhile only a strategy comes from a direct strategy called the negation of proposition that is applied. A direct refusal strategy call bluntness was not applied. This study evoked pre-service awareness of pragmatic competence which could be taught to their future students and larger participants were encouraged for future study.
28
McDonald, Cary C., Max D. Koenigsberg y Sharon Ward. "Medical Control of Mass Gatherings: Can Paramedics Perform Without Physicians On-site?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1993): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00040590.
Texto completoResumen
AbstractObjective:Evaluate the experience of paramedic personnel at mass gatherings in the absence of on-site physicians.Design:Retrospective review of patients evaluated by paramedics with emergency medical services (EMS) medical control.Setting:First-aid facility operated by paramedics at an outdoor amphitheater involving 32 (predominantly rock music) concerts in accordance with the Chicago EMS System, June through September 1990.Participants:A total of 438 patients (≤0.1% on-site population) were evaluated.Interventions:Presentations to the first-aid facility were viewed as if the patient was presenting to an ambulance. Transportation to an emergency department was strongly recommended for all encounters. Time from presentation to the first-aid facility until disposition was limited to 30 minutes in the absence of on-line [direct] medical control. Refusal of care was accepted. On-line [direct] medical control with the EMS resource hospital was initiated as needed. Off-line [indirect] medical control consisted of weekly reviews of all patient records and periodic site visits.Results:Of the 438 patients, 366 (84%) refused further care, including 31 patients (7%) who refused advanced life support (ALS) level care. Seventy-two patients (16%) were transported; 37 by ALS and 35 by basic life support (BLS) units. On-line [direct] medical control was initiated in all ALS patients that were transported as well as for those who refused care. No known deaths or adverse outcomes occurred, based on lack of inquiries or complaints from the local EMS system, emergency departments receiving transported patients, law enforcement agencies, 9-1-1 emergency response providers, venue management, or security. No request for medical records from law firms have occurred. Problems noted initially were poor documentation and a tendency not to document all encounters (e.g., dispensing band-aids, tampons, earplugs, etc.). Concerns noted included: initial and subsequent vital signs, times of arrival, interventions, dispositions, and patient conditions of refusal. Specific problems with documentation of refusals at disposition included: appropriate mental status, speech, and gait; release with an accompanying family member or friend; and parental notification and approval of care for minors. There also was an initial tendency not to establish on-line [direct] medical control for ALS refusal or BLS medicolegal issues.Conclusions:The medical system configuration modeled after practices of prehospital care, demonstrates physicians did not need to be onsite when adequate EMS medical control existed with less than 30 minutes on-scene time.
29
Lee, Cynthia. "An exploratory study of the interlanguage pragmatic comprehension of young learners of English". Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 20, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2010): 343–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.20.3.03lee.
Texto completoResumen
This paper describes the developmental pattern of the interlanguage pragmatic comprehension of young learners of English based on their performance in a multiple-choice comprehension exercise consisting of five direct and indirect speech acts (requesting, apology, refusal, compliment and complaint) in contextualised dialogues, supplemented with information on their processing strategies as elicited from their verbal protocols. The findings contribute to the literature on the interlanguage developmental pragmatics of young learners, an area on which research literature is scarce. Three groups of seven-, nine- and twelve year-old Cantonese learners of English participated. The overall mean comprehension scores of the three groups increased steadily, but the difference in the scores across groups was only statistically significant between the seven- and nine-year-olds. All of the learners performed well in the comprehension of direct speech acts, but the seven- and nine-year-old learners encountered problems in comprehending indirect speech acts, particularly indirect refusals, compliments and complaints. Their performance and processing strategies provide some evidence for the development of direct and indirect speech act comprehension in learning a second language - from relying on literal meaning or the semantic congruence between meaning and expression to other strategies, such as speaker intention and contextual clues, as they transit from early to middle childhood.
30
Rosa, Rusdi Noor. "REFUSAL STRATEGIES USED BY MALE AND FEMALE SELLERS AT PASAR RAYA PADANG". Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 4, n.º 1 (18 de diciembre de 2010): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v4i1.7394.
Texto completoResumen
This article is aimed at finding different strategies used by male and female sellers while refusing the buyers’ offer. This study was done by using descriptive research design in which the data related to the object of the study were collected to answer the research question. The data of this study are refusals in the bargaining process between sellers and buyers that took place in Pasar Raya Padang. The finding of the research shows that male sellers used non performative statement strategy most frequently which implicitly indicated that they tended to refuse the buyers’ offer in a direct way. Female sellers, on the other hand, used excuse, reason, and explanation strategy most frequently which indicated that they preferred to refuse their buyers’ offer in an indirect way.
31
Mohammed, Zainab Saad y Eman Riyadh Adeeb. "A CROSS-GENDERED ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN REFUSAL STRATEGIES AND THEIR REALIZATIONS BY THE IRAQI EFL UNIVERSITY LEARNERS". Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal) 2, n.º 2 (28 de mayo de 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/she.v2i2.9332.
Texto completoResumen
<p>The current study was set out to scrutinize the EFL Iraqi learners' awareness of the different main strategies of refusal speech acts. Because of the crucial nature of this topic, the researchers tended to base it on gender approach to investigate the substantial differences between the male and female learners in this realm. To this end, a sample of EFL Iraqi university learners was chosen randomly, from the department of English to participate in the questionnaire the researchers built. The data of the study was attained via various suggestive situations the learners exposed to in order to provide their refusal responses. The findings of the analysis reveal that both groups mostly favor to employ the direct refusal strategies more than the indirect and adjuncts to refusal strategies with especial reference to the difference between the two gendered groups due to the unconscious ignorance of the toughness of the face-threatening acts.</p>
32
Krulatz, Anna y Tülay Dixon. "The use of refusal strategies in interlanguage speech act performance of Korean and Norwegian users of English". Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 10, n.º 4 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 751–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2020.10.4.5.
Texto completoResumen
The present paper describes a contrastive study of interlanguage refusal strategies employed by Korean and Norwegian learners of English as an additional language. The data were collected from multilingual first-year students at an American university in South Korea and in an English-medium program at a Norwegian university by means of an online open discourse completion task and analyzed using the coding categories based on Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Welts (1990), and Salazar Campillo, Safont-Jordà, and Codina Espurz (2009). The data were analyzed to compare the average frequencies of refusal strategies used by the two groups, and the types of direct, indirect, and adjunct strategies that they employed. Independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences in the use of direct and indirect strategies with small effect sizes. The differences in the use of adjunct strategies were not statistically significant, and the effect sizes were negligible. Descriptive statistics of the differences in the types of direct, indirect, and adjunct strategies also revealed interesting patterns. The findings suggest that multilinguals’ pragmatic performance is a complex phenomenon that cannot be explained by the differences in cultural and pragmatic norms of their first language alone.
33
Helly, Denise y Jocelyne Cesari. "Ostracism, Tolerance or Recognition: Muslims in Europe". MIGRATION LETTERS 2, n.º 3 (9 de diciembre de 2005): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v2i3.44.
Texto completoResumen
In the case of present day Muslims, one can note that discrimination is both direct and indirect and that it often comes from public institutions. This is the sign of a very tense general climate and of an inability or a refusal on the part of the political bodies to cancel these tensions.
34
Reuter, Hans-Richard. "Die Bedeutung des Gewissens für Christen in Kirche und Staat". Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik 35, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1991): 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/zee-1991-0117.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract The demand for a right to military tax refusal aims at the protection from those conflicts of conscience that are resulting from an indirect involvement of the citizen in a state's capability of warfare. This raises the generat question of the relevance of conscience for public law. Normative and functional theories of conscience can only insufficiently explain the experience ofthe human conscience. The protestant concept of a freed conscience includes the possibility, that a Christian takes the responsibility for non-intended effects ofhis actions. In the case of a legal right to refuse military tax, an equal right ought tobe granted to persans whose conscience is worried by other kinds of conflicts. But this would be hardly compatible with the principle of democracy. The burden of conscience of those who refuse military taxes should be taken into account by individual regulations but not regulated by law
35
Nassar, Haifa y Abdusalam Al-Ghrafy. "The Understandable English Conversational Implicatures by Yemeni EFL University Learners". International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, n.º 1 (16 de marzo de 2020): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i1.151.
Texto completoResumen
English, as a communication tool, is playing an extremely significant role in cross-cultural communication. While it is true that language users can mean exactly what they mean in their utterances, it is also true that they can have their utterances mean much more than what they say. Speakers of English choose to speak indirectly, and that using conversational implicatures is a way to be indirect. This research paper examined the perception of English conversational implicatures among Yemeni EFL university learners. It followed an empirical analytical-descriptive method consisting of a test and an interview. The study subjects were 62 Yemeni EFL university learners. A multiple-choice discourse completion test and an interview were used for collecting the study data. The test contains six types of conversational implicature: Stating, Tautology, Rhetorical Question, Understatement, Indirect Refusal and Indirect Request. All the implicatures included in the test were adapted from the study related literature, whereas most of the test scenarios containing these implicatures were ready-made ones that the researcher came across throughout her reading. The results revealed that these implicatures were found easy by Yemeni EFL university learners to understand.
36
Weymouth, Bridget B., Gregory M. Fosco y Mark E. Feinberg. "Nurturant-involved parenting and adolescent substance use: Examining an internalizing pathway through adolescent social anxiety symptoms and substance refusal efficacy". Development and Psychopathology 31, n.º 1 (7 de diciembre de 2017): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417001766.
Texto completoResumen
AbstractResearch has clearly established the important role of parents in preventing substance use among early adolescents. Much of this work has focused on deviance (e.g., antisocial behavior, delinquency, and oppositional behavior) as a central pathway linking parenting behaviors and early adolescent substance use. This study proposed an alternative pathway; using a four-wave longitudinal design, we examined whether nurturant-involved parenting (Fall sixth grade) was inversely associated with adolescent drunkenness, marijuana use, and cigarette use (eighth grade) through social anxiety symptoms (Spring sixth grade) and subsequent decreases in substance refusal efficacy (seventh grade). Nurturant-involved parenting is characterized by warmth, supportiveness, low hostility, and low rejection. Analyses were conducted with a sample of 687 two-parent families. Results indicated that adolescents who were in families where fathers exhibited lower levels of nurturant-involved parenting experienced subsequent increases in social anxiety symptoms and decreased efficacy to refuse substances, which in turn was related to more frequent drunkenness, cigarette use, and marijuana use. Indirect effects are discussed. Findings were not substantiated for mothers’ parenting. Adolescent gender did not moderate associations. The results highlight an additional pathway through which parenting influences youth substance use and links social anxiety symptoms to reduced substance refusal efficacy.
37
El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam. "The Art of Saying “No” to University Students: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Speech Act of Refusal in Teacher-Student Role-Plays". Journal of Language and Education 6, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2020.11271.
Texto completoResumen
The current study aimed to investigate how university teachers decline students’ requests. To this end, the realization strategies of the speech act of refusal by 60 faculty members at a private Saudi university were examined. Data were collected through role-plays and were coded by using an adapted version of Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss-Weltz’s (1990) model of refusal strategies and an adapted version of Trosborg’s (1995) model of internal modifiers. The results showed a clear preference for indirect strategies, a limited use of modifiers, particularly internal ones, and a minimal influence for gender and the teaching experience on the realization strategies. The results are interpreted in light of Brown and Levinson’s (1978, 1987) politeness theory, the use of English as a lingua franca, the specific context of teacher-student talk and the existing literature.
38
Stevenson, Anna Clare, Christopher Edwards, Josephine Langton, Collins Zamawe y Neil Kennedy. "Fear of oxygen therapy for children in Malawi". Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, n.º 3 (25 de abril de 2014): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305469.
Texto completoResumen
BackgroundAlthough pneumonia is a common cause of death in children in Malawi, healthcare staff frequently encounter patients or carers who refuse oxygen therapy. This qualitative study documents factors that influence acceptance or refusal of oxygen therapy for children in Malawi.MethodsNine group interviews involving 86 participants were held in community and hospital settings in rural and urban Malawi. Eleven in-depth interviews of healthcare staff providing oxygen were held in a central hospital. Thematic analysis of transcripts of the audio recordings was carried out to identify recurring themes.ResultsSimilar ideas were identified in the group interviews and in-depth staff interviews. Past experiences of oxygen use (direct and indirect, positive and negative) had a strong influence on views of oxygen. A recurrent theme was fear of oxygen, often due to a perceived association between death and recent oxygen use. Fears were intensified by a lack of familiarity with equipment used to deliver oxygen, distrust of medical staff and concerns about cost of oxygen.ConclusionsThis study identifies reasons for refusal of oxygen therapy for children in a low-income country. Findings from the study suggest that training of healthcare staff to address fears of parents, and information, education and communication (IEC) approaches that improve public understanding of oxygen and provide positive examples of its use are likely to be helpful in improving uptake of oxygen therapy in Malawi.
39
Linn, Ruth. "Combatant Medics as Selective Conscientious Objectors—Morally or Politically Motivated Behavior? An Israeli Example from the War in Lebanon". Psychological Reports 64, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 1989): 1275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1275.
Texto completoResumen
According to Cohen, soldiers' refusal to take part in an ongoing war out of their “cry of conscience” might be direct or indirect in form, and morally or politically motivated. The dominant group among a sample of 36 Israeli selective conscientious objectors during the first year of the war in Lebanon (June 1982-June 1985) were combatant medics. Were their motives moral ones? The following paper delineates the motives of this group of moral actors.
40
Nassar, Haifa Mohammad y Haifa Mohammad Nassar. "Pragmatic Awareness of English Conversational Implicatures among Yemeni-Arabic EFL College Learners". ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 2, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2019): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v2i3.7079.
Texto completoResumen
Conversational implicatures are considered as a tool of indirect communication. Through the researcher 's teaching experience, it has been noticed that Yemeni Arabic EFL College learners are not sufficiently aware of the rules of the use of English and that often words and expressions convey messages above and beyond their literal meanings. This study examined the perception of English conversational implicatures among those learners. The method applied in this study was empirical analytical descriptive with a test and an interview. The subjects were 62 Yemeni Arabic EFL learners. A multiple choice discourse completion test and interview were used for collecting the study data. All the implicatures included in the test were taken from the study related literature, wheras most of test scenarios containing these implicatures were ready -made ones that the researcher came across throughout her reading. The test contains seven types of conversational implicature : Overstatement, Deliberate Ambiguity, Assertion, Indirect Refusal, Disapproval, Indirect Criticism and Indirect Requests. The results showed that Yemeni Arabic EFL College learners do face challenges in relation to the interpretation of these seven conversational implicatures.
41
Azwan, Azwan. "POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF REFUSALS TO REQUESTS BY AMBONESE COMMUNITY". LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 15, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v15i1.418.
Texto completoResumen
The study aims to determine the politeness strategies of refusal used by the Ambonese in refusing requests, and to determine the affects of social relationship towards politeness strategies of refusal used by the Ambonese in refusing requests. The data were taken from 25 respondents of Ambonese in Namlea sub-district, Buru Regency of Maluku Province by recording the conversations in any situation and taking note to remember every little thing that would be happened between the interlocutors. The analysis was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that Ambonese people more likely to combine more than two or three strategies in refusing requests. In the interaction between strangers, Ambonese people tend to use positive politeness strategy such as expressing gratitude which is combined by addressed form, reason and offer new solutions. In solidarity politeness system such as intimate relationship, Ambonese people tend to combine addressed form, reason, promise, joke or offer new solution as sub-strategies of positive politeness strategy. In hierarchical politeness system, Ambonese people tend to use negative politeness strategy such as apology, give deference and be conventionally indirect.
42
Azwan, Azwan. "POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF REFUSALS TO REQUESTS BY AMBONESE COMMUNITY". LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 15, n.º 1 (21 de marzo de 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v15i1.425.
Texto completoResumen
The study aims to determine the politeness strategies of refusal used by the Ambonese in refusing requests, and to determine the affects of social relationship towards politeness strategies of refusal used by the Ambonese in refusing requests. The data were taken from 25 respondents of Ambonese in Namlea sub-district, Buru Regency of Maluku Province by recording the conversations in any situation and taking note to remember every little thing that would be happened between the interlocutors. The analysis was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that Ambonese people more likely to combine more than two or three strategies in refusing requests. In the interaction between strangers, Ambonese people tend to use positive politeness strategy such as expressing gratitude which is combined by addressed form, reason and offer new solutions. In solidarity politeness system such as intimate relationship, Ambonese people tend to combine addressed form, reason, promise, joke or offer new solution as sub-strategies of positive politeness strategy. In hierarchical politeness system, Ambonese people tend to use negative politeness strategy such as apology, give deference and be conventionally indirect.
43
Azwan, Azwan. "POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF REFUSALS TO REQUESTS BY AMBONESE COMMUNITY". LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 15, n.º 1 (21 de marzo de 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v15i1.440.
Texto completoResumen
The study aims to determine the politeness strategies of refusal used by the Ambonese in refusing requests, and to determine the affects of social relationship towards politeness strategies of refusal used by the Ambonese in refusing requests. The data were taken from 25 respondents of Ambonese in Namlea sub-district, Buru Regency of Maluku Province by recording the conversations in any situation and taking note to remember every little thing that would be happened between the interlocutors. The analysis was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that Ambonese people more likely to combine more than two or three strategies in refusing requests. In the interaction between strangers, Ambonese people tend to use positive politeness strategy such as expressing gratitude which is combined by addressed form, reason and offer new solutions. In solidarity politeness system such as intimate relationship, Ambonese people tend to combine addressed form, reason, promise, joke or offer new solution as sub-strategies of positive politeness strategy. In hierarchical politeness system, Ambonese people tend to use negative politeness strategy such as apology, give deference and be conventionally indirect.
44
Нестерова y T. Nesterova. "Indirect Speech Acts in the Russians’ Everyday Communication". Modern Communication Studies 2, n.º 6 (15 de diciembre de 2013): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1893.
Texto completoResumen
The phenomena of indirect communication (namely contextual-situational
indirect speech acts) which are typical for the situations of the Russians’
everyday communication: situations of addressing, attention attracting;
acquaintance; greeting; farewell; congratulation; wish; gratitude; apology;
request; consent, permission; disagreement, objection, refusal; invitation;
offer; council; consolation, sympathy, condolence; compliment, approval,
praise have been described in this paper. Direct and conventional indirect
speech acts, realizing the aforementioned intensions, have been specified
from the speech etiquette point of view. The system research of indirect,
contextual-situational oblique speech acts in the given situations of communication has not been practically carried out.
Considering the cooperativity zone (zone of communicators’ benevolent relations), the author has picked out and described the main types of contextual-situational indirect speech acts (including hints and manipulation; syncretic and transposed forms), demonstrated their combinatory peculiarities
in the structure of indirect speech genres. Creation of typology related to
contextual- situational indirect speech acts (as well as other phenomena of
indirect communication) in cooperative situations of the Russians’ everyday
communication makes a certain contribution to the development of indirect
communication theory and has also a culturological value.
The use of given research results can be valuable both for further study of
everyday converse, cross-cultural communication, speech genres, speech
etiquette and in practical activities of teachers who are taking up the problems of communication and language teaching (including Russian as a foreign language). The ability related to indirect realization of communicative
meanings, their operation and correct decoding promotes effective com-
munication and is necessary for comprehension and interpretation of texts
from fiction and publicistic literature, as well as for translation activities.
45
Prastuti, Rizqi Arum, Suparno Suparno y Kristiandi Kristiandi. "An Analysis on Commissive Utterances in The Film Entitled “The Gods Must Be Crazy” and Its Implication on Teaching Speaking". English Education 6, n.º 1 (29 de septiembre de 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/eed.v6i1.35939.
Texto completoResumen
<p>The aims of this study were to find out 1) the types of commissive<strong> </strong>utterances; 2) the strategy in employing commissive utterances in the film entitled “The God Must be Crazy”; and 3) its context of situation. This study uses descriptive qualitative method. In collecting the data, the writer used the film entitled “The Gods Must be Crazy” and its transcript as the source of the data. The findings of this study are 1) the types of commissive utterances that found in the film are promise, refusal, threat, and offer; 2) in general, the characters of the film mostly use indirect speech act, they mostly use explanation, excuse or reason in employing refusals, use If-then in employing threat, use interrogative with modal and justification in employing offers; 3) the way of the characters in the film entitled “The Gods Must be Crazy” in choosing the strategy of employing the utterances are influenced by the factors like social status of the interlocutors, the relationship between the participants, and the situation when the conversation occurs.</p>
46
Perler, Dominik. "Direkte und indirekte Bezeichnung. Die metaphysischen Hintergründe einer semantischen Debatte im Spätmittelalter". Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch für Antike und Mittelalter 4 (31 de diciembre de 1999): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpjam.4.07per.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract Late medieval philosophers in the Aristotelian tradition developed two theoretical models in order to explain the signication of words. Some - including Thomas Aquinas - claimed that spoken words immediately signify concepts, but extramental things only mediately, while others - such as William of Ockham - held the view that they immediately signify things. The present essay analyzes these two semantic models, paying particular attention to their metaphysical and epistemological background. It shows that the «indirect signication model» defended by Thomas is not a model committed to representationalism or semantic idealism, as some recent commentators have claimed. It is rather a model that relies upon two crucial theses: (i) human beings form concepts by abstracting universal forms from extramental things; and (ü) spoken words signify those universal forms having an immaterial existence in the intellect. Ockham's refusal of the «indirect signication model» is mainly motivated by his rejection of these controversial claims.
47
Yi, Yong-Hee. "A Study on the Indirect Refusal in Speech － Focusing on the Polite Expressions of Thais Learning the Korean Language －". Eomunhak 138 (31 de diciembre de 2017): 127–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37967/emh.2017.12.138.127.
Texto completo
48
Gavaruzzi, Teresa, Marta Caserotti, Irene Leo, Alessandra Tasso, Leonardo Speri, Antonio Ferro, Elena Fretti, Anna Sannino, Enrico Rubaltelli y Lorella Lotto. "The Role of Emotional Competences in Parents’ Vaccine Hesitancy". Vaccines 9, n.º 3 (22 de marzo de 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030298.
Texto completoResumen
The role of parents’ emotional competencies on vaccine hesitancy and decision making has been seldom examined. Two studies investigated the relationship between parents’ attitudes towards childhood vaccines and self-reported behavior (Study 1) and between parents’ emotional competence and attitudes towards vaccines (Study 2). In Study 1, predictors of temporal, partial, or complete vaccine refusal (having voluntarily postponed/forgone some/all vaccines) were examined in 2778 parents. In Study 2, psychological predictors of the attitude towards vaccines were examined in 593 parents, using the Profile of Emotional Competence and the valence of mental images spontaneously associated with the term “vaccine”. In Study 1, attitudes were aggregated in three independent factors (concerns about vaccine safety; diseases prevented by vaccines; and naturalistic views) that independently predicted vaccine refusal. In Study 2, a significant mediational analysis showed a positive indirect effect of intrapersonal emotional competences on attitudes towards vaccines, through mental images associated with the word “vaccine”. Parents’ intrapersonal emotional competences affected all dimensions of attitudes towards vaccines, suggesting that being able to manage, identify, and recognize one’s own emotions is central to vaccine acceptance. These findings suggest that intervention strategies, rather than stressing the pro-social benefits of vaccinating, should focus on aspects related to one’s own emotions.
49
Submissions, SUSA y Cody Bondarchuk. "Redefining Mandatory Vaccination as Necessary to Life and the Refusal of Vaccination as Criminal Negligence Causing Death". INvoke 2 (10 de julio de 2017): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/invoke29331.
Texto completoResumen
This paper argues that childhood vaccination should be considered a necessary of life as defined in Section 215 (1) of the Canadian Criminal Code, and parents who do not vaccinate their children should be considered responsible for death by criminal negligence if their child dies from a preventable disease. It timelines the long history of the vaccine debate from the perspective of both science of skeptics and points to the since-retracted Wakefield paper as the catalyst for the re-emergence of this debate, detailing the science behind why vaccination is safe, effective, and necessary. It then outlines the theory of medical neglect as a form of indirect killing in the same way starvation or lack of shelter is currently considered neglect under the Code, to prove that vaccination is required for all children who can be vaccinated and the dangers of not doing so. It concludes with notes on disease prevention and education to increase the number of vaccinated children, as the goal of defining vaccination as a necessary of life is not meant to punish parents but to encourage higher rates of vaccination and a greater communal knowledge of medical procedures.
50
Chang, Kyujin y Soon Young Lee. "Why do some Korean parents hesitate to vaccinate their children?" Epidemiology and Health 41 (9 de julio de 2019): e2019031. http://dx.doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019031.
Texto completoResumen
OBJECTIVES: Vaccinations for infectious diseases are opposed despite their achievement, and this opposition has recently been revealed in Korea. However, research in Korea has not been vigorous. The authors studied why some Korean parents hesitate to vaccinate their children by applying the health belief model.METHODS: Parents who hesitate to vaccinate and parents who do not were surveyed in alternative education preschools and elementary schools. They were classified into four types of hesitancy and statistically compared.RESULTS: Among the 129 subjects, 43 vaccinated without hesitancy, 20 vaccinated on time with hesitancy, 32 vaccinated with a deliberate delay of one month or longer, and 34 did not vaccinate. Vaccination increased with an increase in the awareness that severe outcomes can occur when unvaccinated. Concerns about adverse reactions from vaccinations or direct/indirect experiences affected refusal. Furthermore, perceptions of the lack of meaningfulness of vaccinations, distrust of policy and safety management, influence of leaders or activists in joined organizations, and experts of Korean traditional or alternative medicine affected refusal. Explanations by doctors, text messages and mails from institutions, and concerns about disadvantages caused by not complying with government policies increased vaccination.CONCLUSIONS: The reasons for vaccine hesitancy and acceptance were similar to the results of international research. Health authorities and professionals should communicate sufficiently and appropriately with hesitant parents and find ways to rationally resolve social conflicts. However, this sample was small and there is little Korean research, so more in-depth and diverse researchs are needed.