Artículos de revistas: "Induction motor with copper bars in rotor cage"

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Leicht, Aleksander y Krzysztof Makowski. "Influence of shape and material of rotor bars on performance characteristics of single-phase self-excited induction generators". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2019): 1235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2018-0430.

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Purpose The purpose of the paper is to present an analysis of an influence of shape and material of rotor bars on the process of self-excitation and performance characteristics of single-phase, self-excited induction generator (SP-SEIG). Design/methodology/approach The presented analysis is based on the results of transient simulations of SP-SEIG performed with the use of field-circuit model of the machine. Four various shapes of the rotor bars and two different conductor materials were investigated. The results for the base model with rounded trapezoidal rotor slots were validated by measurements. Findings An improvement of the performance characteristics – the extension of the stable operating range of the generator – was obtained for rectangular copper rotor bars. The improvement is the result of strong skin effect in the squirrel rotor cage. Application of round rotor slots results in shorter time of voltage build-up during the self-excitation of the generator caused by less apparent deep bar effect in round bars. Originality/value The originality of the paper is the application of the copper rotor cage in the single-phase, self-excited induction generator. Its use is beneficial, as it allows for extension of the range of stable operating range. The results may be used for designing new constructions of the single-phase, self-excited induction generators, as well as the constructions based on general purpose single-phase induction motors.

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2

Nemec, Mitja, Vanja Ambrožič, Rastko Fišer, David Nedeljković y Klemen Drobnič. "Induction Motor Broken Rotor Bar Detection Based on Rotor Flux Angle Monitoring". Energies 12, n.º 5 (27 de febrero de 2019): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050794.

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This paper presents a method for the detection of broken rotor bars in an induction motor. After introducing a simplified dynamic model of an induction motor with broken cage bars in a rotor field reference frame which allows for observation of its internal states, a fault detection algorithm is proposed. Two different motor estimation models are used, and the difference between their rotor flux angles is extracted. A particular frequency component in this signal appears only in the case of broken rotor bars. Consequently, the proposed algorithm is robust enough to load oscillations and/or machine temperature change, and also indicates the fault severity. The method has been verified at different operating points by simulations as well as experimentally. The fault detection is reliable even in cases where traditional methods give ambiguous verdicts.

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3

Bernatt, Jakub. "Squirrel cage induction motors with idle bars". Archives of Electrical Engineering 59, n.º 1-2 (1 de septiembre de 2010): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10171-010-0006-z.

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Squirrel cage induction motors with idle bars The paper describes high output induction motors driving large applications of heavy starting conditions. Heavy start is characterised by long accelerating time and occures in drives of hudge inertia torque, esspecially when performed at full load. The reliable operation of the motors depends on proper design and quality of rotor's cage. The aspects of thermal behaviour and electrodynamic forces have to be considered during the design of the motor for hard working conditions. In the paper the rotor with idle bars is investigated.

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4

Bernatt, Jakub, Stanisław Gawron, Tadeusz Glinka y Artur Polak. "Traction induction motor". MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818004005.

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The paper presents a traction induction motor with an innovative rotor winding design. The winding of the rotor is almost identical to the armature winding in the dc traction motors, with the exception of commutator. Winding is double layered. The bars are insulated. Along the iron core bars are secured with wedges and in the winding outhang with bandages. The bars of the bottom layer in the winding outhang part near the iron core are bent radially in the direction of the shaft axis. On the winding outhang of the bottom layer an inner bandage is applied. On the winding outhang of the top layer an outer bandage is applied. All the ends of the bottom and top layers bars, on both sides of the rotor’s core, are connected together by ferrule. There is a ring placed on the shaft or on the coil support on one side of the rotor’s core. It is best if this ring is made of copper. The ring is characterized by mp tongues, which are distributed evenly along its circumference (p is number of winding pole pairs and m is number of rotor winding phases). Tongues are connected to equally uniformly placed ferrules. Bandages are made of carbon fibre or glass fibre tape.

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5

Kim, Jongbaeg y Michael D. Bryant. "Bond Graph Model of a Squirrel Cage Induction Motor With Direct Physical Correspondence". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 122, n.º 3 (4 de enero de 2000): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286600.

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An existing bond graph of a squirrel cage induction motor was modified to make the bond graph physically more representative. The intent was to form a one-to-one correspondence between motor components and bond graph elements. Components explicitly represented include the stator coils, the squirrel cage rotor bars, and the magnetic flux routing section. The final bond graph spans electrical, magnetic, and mechanical energy domains, and contains common motor faults. From this bond graph. state equations were extracted and simulations performed. Simulated were the response of healthy motors, and motors with shorted stator coils and broken rotor bars. [S0022-0434(00)01203-X]

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6

Xie, Ying, Ze Wang, Xueting Shan y Yangyang Li. "Investigation of rotor thermal stress in squirrel cage induction motor with broken bar faults". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 35, n.º 5 (5 de septiembre de 2016): 1865–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2015-0372.

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Purpose Thermal stress of the rotor in a squirrel cage induction motor is generated due to the temperature rise, and the structure of the rotor will be destroyed if the stress acted on the rotor exceeds its limits, so the thermal stress is also one of the main causes led to broken bar fault. The purpose of this paper is to report the thermal stress coupled analysis for the induction motor with healthy and faulty rotor, and to find the variation tendency of the temperature and thermal stress due to broken bars, and the part most likely to break in the rotor as a result of the thermal stress load are identified. Design/methodology/approach The steady temperature and thermal stress of the rotor in the case of the healthy and faulty conditions are calculated by finite element method, and the 3D model of the motor used in the experiments is established and the experimental results are presented for both healthy and faulty machines. Findings The influence of the broken bars fault on the motor thermal profile and thermal stress can be found, and it explains why the breaking point always appears in the joint of the bars and end rings. Originality/value The paper presents the 3D thermal stress coupled model and performance characteristics of induction motor with broken bars. The reasonable constraint is established according to the contact of components each other, and more reasonable fracture location is selected. The results obtained by the simulation model are in a good agreement with practical situation, because the effect of skewed rotor were taken into consideration in the process of simulation.

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7

Perahia, J. y C. V. Nayar. "Generalized Machine Theory Applied to a Three Phase Twin Stator Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor". International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 31, n.º 2 (abril de 1994): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099403100210.

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Generalized machine theory applied to a three phase twin stator squirrel-cage induction motor This paper uses generalized machine theory to develop an equivalent circuit model of a three phase induction motor comprised of two independently housed stator windings with one stator housing moveable, and a single squirrel-cage rotor whose bars extend the full length of the two stators.

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8

Sim, J., K. Lee, G. Cha y J. K. Lee. "Development of a HTS Squirrel Cage Induction Motor With HTS Rotor Bars". IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 14, n.º 2 (junio de 2004): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2004.830317.

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9

Misra, Rajul y G. L. Pahuja. "Fuzzy Logic Based Rotor Health Index of Induction Motor". International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2015): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0032.

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Abstract This paper presents an experimental study on detection and diagnosis of broken rotor bars in Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (SQIM). The proposed scheme is based on Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) which uses amplitude difference of supply frequency to upper and lower side bands. Initially traditional MCSA has been used for rotor fault detection. It provides rotor health index on full load conditions. However in real practice if a fault occurs motor can not run at full load. To overcome the issue of reduced load condition a Fuzzy Logic based MCSA has been designed, implemented, tested and compared with traditional MCSA. A simulation result shows that proposed scheme is not only capable of detecting the severity of rotor fault but also provides remarkable performance at reduced load conditions.

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10

Kathir, I., S. Balakrishnan y B. V. Manikandan. "Broken Rotor Bar Detection Using High Frequency Loss Calculation of Induction Motor". Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (junio de 2014): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.728.

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This paper proposes a technique for the identification of defects of three-phase squirrel cage induction motors. Simulations were performed using ANSYS finite element software package to obtain the flux density waveform in the air gap. Broken rotor bar fault was simulated by breaking rotor bars to see how the flux density is affected. In this paper, a new approach for the identification of broken rotor bar based on the calculation of high-frequency losses in induction motors is presented. The approach presented in this paper requires little time for loss calculation and fault identification.

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11

Carlson, Renato, Cláudia A. da Silva, Nelson Sadowski y Michel Lajoie-Mazenc. "An analysis of inter-bar currents on a polyphase cage induction motor". Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 15, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2004): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592004000400011.

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This work uses a methodology based on 2D-Finite Element Method (FEM) and on the Circuits Theory (Independent Currents Method) to analyze the inter-bar currents on the rotor of cage induction motors. The Multi-Slice Technique is used to consider the skewing effect. Three conditions are considered: one inter-bar resistance, two inter-bar resistances and three inter-bar resistances. The results show the distribution of currents in the rotor bars, short-circuit rings and transversal resistances at a given time. The fundamental component of the inter-bar and surrounding bar currents are shown to help understanding the phenomenon.

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12

Barański, Mariusz. "FE analysis of current displacement phenomena in a squirrel cage motor working at cryogenic temperature". Archives of Electrical Engineering 63, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2014): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2014-0011.

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Abstract The paper presents the special software for transient FE analysis of coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in a squirrel cage submerged motor working at cryogenic temperature. A time-stepping finite element method and transients analysis of an induction motor has been applied. The non-linearity of the magnetic circuit, the movement of the rotor, skewed slots, and the influence of temperature on electric and thermal properties of the materials has been taken into account. Developed on the basis of presented algorithm a computer program used to analyze the phenomenon of current displacement in the rotor bars of high-voltage cage induction motor working in cryogenic conditions. The results of the simulations are presented.

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13

Joksimović, Gojko. "Dynamic model of cage induction motor with number of rotor bars as parameter". Journal of Engineering 2017, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2017): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2017.0074.

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14

Yahya, Yanawati y Mohd Khairil Rahmat. "Induction motor rotor bars type effects towards energy efficiency, economic and environment". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1188-1196.

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<span lang="EN-MY">Nowadays, the rotating motor is the most demoralized machine for the global Motor industry. Comfort of practice, start-up, small, weightiness, Increased efficiency, low maintenance and inexpensive for each power rating that generally meets the necessary features for industries. Efficient improvements are inspected with copper for the rotor bars slot. Usually, the copper loss in the induction motor Rotor division contributes to the loss of energy. The research work was planned a new rotor design, by improved rotor bars type slot, size and design. These tasks were inspected using two approaches, in particular, MotorSolve (IM) and calculations in theory. One set of simulation has shown a significant increase in energy efficiency for a new rotor frame design. Calculations in theory are used MATLAB. As a result, these new designs have improved energy efficiency by 77% as compared to its 74% existing design. The results proved to be using MATLAB. For energy, cost savings and emission reduction (ER), new design rotor frame has been saved 154KWH/year, utility bill RM 60.20/Year and 0.113 CO<sub>2 </sub>tons/years intended for individually motor. Finally, the estimated cost aimed at 100,000 pieces of new rotor bars pattern induction motor and indicates this price was kept almost RM6 million.</span>

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15

Xie, Ying, Jinpeng Guo, Peng Chen y Zhiwei Li. "Coupled Fluid-Thermal Analysis for Induction Motors with Broken Bars Operating under the Rated Load". Energies 11, n.º 8 (3 de agosto de 2018): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082024.

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Thermal stress of the rotor in a squirrel cage induction motor is generated due to the temperature rise, it is also one of the factors causing the broken bar fault because the structure of the rotor would be destroyed if the stress of the rotor bars exceed the strength limit. The coupled fluid-thermal analysis for the induction motor with healthy and broken bar rotors is performed in this paper. Much concern has been committed to establishment of the fluid model on the basis of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) theory. The heat field of the prototypes is analysed so that the effect of the asymmetrical rotor on the motor heat performance can be investigated in depth. Eventually, the efficiency of the presented model and method, for the totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC) induction motor, can be verified through experimental results. In addition, this paper reports a quantitative analysis of the heat flux distribution of the fault rotor, and the heat flux density of the bars is investigated in detail. Then, the part most likely to break in the rotor as a result of the thermal load is identified.

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16

Zhu, Hong Yu, Jing Tao Hu, Lei Gao y Hao Huang. "Detection of Broken Rotor Bars in Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Using Filter and Wavelet Analysis". Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (julio de 2014): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.726.

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A new method has been developed for the detection of broken rotor bars fault in squirrel cage induction motor during startup regimes. The incipient detection of fault is made by using DWT analysis of FIR low pass filtered original startup transient current signal. The extracted particular characteristic evolution of the time-varying signal is used as a fault index. The method was tested using healthy and damaged 3.0kW squirrel cage induction motors under no-load conditions. The results indicate that the method yields a high degree of performance in fault identification.

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17

Zhu, Hong-yu, Jing-tao Hu, Lei Gao y Hao Huang. "Practical Aspects of Broken Rotor Bars Detection in PWM Voltage-Source-Inverter-Fed Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/128368.

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Broken rotor bars fault detection in inverter-fed squirrel cage induction motors is still as difficult as the dynamics introduced by the control system or the dynamically changing excitation (stator) frequency. This paper introduces a novel fault diagnosis techniques using motor current signature analysis (MCSA) to solve the problems. Switching function concept and frequency modulation theory are firstly used to model fault current signal. The competency of the amplitude of the sideband components at frequencies (1±2s)fsas indices for broken bars recognition is subsequently studied in the controlled motor via open-loop constant voltage/frequency control method. The proposed techniques are composed of five modules of anti-aliasing signal acquisition, optimal-slip-estimation based on torque-speed characteristic curve of squirrel cage motor with different load types, fault characteristic frequency determination, nonparametric spectrum estimation, and fault identification for achieving MCSA efficiently. Experimental and simulation results obtained on 3 kW three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors show that the model and the proposed techniques are effective and accurate.

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18

Cao, Jun Ci, Wei Li Li, Xiao Chen Zhang y Yi Huang Zhang. "Influences of New Electrical Material on Transient Heat Transfer in IMCCR". Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (julio de 2011): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1669.

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A new kind of alloy (conductor for electric and magnetic), is proposed in this paper, which applied in induction motor rotor bars, and a kind of induction motor with compound cage rotor(IMCCR) is obtained. By using the electromagnetic-thermal coupling analysis method, the transient temperature field of an IMCCR is numerically analyzed, and the transient thermal process of motor operating with blocked rotor for 10s and then stopped for 10min natural cooling is calculated. The heat diffusion of stator equivalent windings and the double-directions heat transmission processes in stator are analyzed. Based on which, the influences of rotor material permeability and conductivity on motor performance are studied. Comparing with the normal nonmagnetic material, the alloy could improve motor performance significantly while ensure motor thermal performance, which indicates the wide application of such alloy in electrical machines.

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19

Bensaoucha, Saddam, Sid Ahmed Bessedik, Aissa Ameur y Ali Teta. "Induction motors broken rotor bars detection using RPVM and neural network". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, n.º 2 (4 de marzo de 2019): 596–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-06-2018-0256.

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Purpose The purpose of this study aims to focus on the detection and identification of the broken rotor bars (BRBs) of a squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM). The presented diagnosis technique is based on artificial neural networks (NNs) that use as inputs the results of the spectral analysis using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the reduced Park’s vector modulus (RPVM), along with the load values in which the motor operates. Design/methodology/approach First, this paper presents a comparative study between FFT applied on Hilbert modulus, Park’s vector modulus and RPVM to extract feature frequencies of BRB faults. Moreover, the extracted features of FFT applied to RPVM and the load values were selected as NNs’ inputs for the detection of the number of BRBs. Findings The obtained simulation results using MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) environment show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed NNs based approach. Originality/value The current paper presents a novel diagnostic method for BRBs’ fault detection in SCIM, based on the combination between the signal processing analysis (FFT of RPVM) and artificial intelligence (NNs).

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20

Li, Yong Xin, Ya Fei Wang, Xing Lai Ge y Yang Lu. "Characteristic Performance Analysis of Traction Motor on EMU with Broken Bars Using FEM". Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (diciembre de 2014): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.841.

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The calculation model of motor operating on asymmetric rotor was defined taking a traction squirrel-cage induction motor in Electric Multiple Units (EMU) as sample. Based on the basic principle of numerical analysis, magnetic field in the motor and current in the bar were calculated for both normal motor and broken-bar motor by using the Jmag software, and both the magnetic field variation and current variation in the bar were summed up. According to the EMU’s special control methods, the motor with two broken bars was simulated at different work point, and the characteristic component variation was presented. The works in this paper lay the foundation of diagnosis method for broken rotor bar fault, especially for traction motor in EMU.

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21

Abdi Monfared, Omid, Aref Doroudi y Amin Darvishi. "Diagnosis of rotor broken bars faults in squirrel cage induction motor using continuous wavelet transform". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2019): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2017-0487.

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Purpose Squirrel cage induction motors suffer from several faults such as rotor broken bar. One of the powerful methods to detect induction motor faults is the line current signature analysis. This paper aims to present a novel algorithm based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to diagnose a rotor broken bar fault. Design/methodology/approach The proposed CWT has high flexibility in monitoring any frequency of interest in a waveform. Based on this transform, stator current frequency spectrum is analyzed to diagnose the rotor broken bar fault. The algorithm distinguishes the healthy motor from the faulted one based on a proper index. The method can be used in steady-state running time of induction motor and under different loading conditions. Experimental results are presented to show the validity of the proposed approach. Findings The proposed index considerably increases at the broken bars conditions compared to the healthy conditions. It can clearly diagnose the faulty conditions. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical and simulated results. The proposed method can reduce the noise and spectral leakage effects. Originality/value The main contribution of the paper are as follows: using CWT for detection of broken bar faults; introducing a proper index for diagnosing broken bars; and introducing a supplementary index to reduce the noise and spectral leakage effects.

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22

Mróz, Jan y Wojciech Poprawski. "Improvement of the Thermal and Mechanical Strength of the Starting Cage of Double-Cage Induction Motors". Energies 12, n.º 23 (29 de noviembre de 2019): 4551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234551.

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This article discusses the thermal and mechanical exposure of the starting cage of a double-cage induction motor rotor during start-up. Damage to the starting cage is the most common cause of failure of a double-cage winding during long start-ups. It has been indicated that the end region of the double-cage winding is a key area in the search for a more damage-resistant solution. Among the available studies on improving the mechanical strength of double-cage windings, which typically focuses on improving the cooling system, modifying the shape of the slots, or altering the bar material, a new concept of improving the mechanical strength through the modification of the structure of the end region has appeared. This is achieved by applying sleeves onto the ends of the starting cage bars, which helps to reduce the temperature of the connection between the starting bars and the end rings. A simulation of the temperature field of a double-cage induction motor with this new design is performed and discussed in this paper. It has been confirmed that the new design solution effectively improves the mechanical strength of the starting cage, making it less prone to damage caused by thermal stresses.

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23

Samir, Hamdani, Touhami Omar y Ibtiouen Rachid. "Generalized two axes model of a squirrel-cage induction motor for rotor fault diagnosis". Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 5, n.º 1 (2008): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee0801155s.

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A generalized two axes model of a squirrel-cage induction motor is developed This model is based on a winding function approach and the coupled magnetic circuit theory and takes into account the stator and the rotor asymmetries due to faults. This paper presents a computer simulation and experimental dynamic characteristics for a healthy induction machine, machine with one broken bar and a machine with two broken bars. The results illustrate good agreement between both simulated and experimental results. Also, the power spectral density PSD was performed to obtain a stator current spectrum.

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Zhao, Zhike, Xin Wang y Xiaoguang Zhang. "Fault Diagnosis of Broken Rotor Bars in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor of Hoister Based on Duffing Oscillator and Multifractal Dimension". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (1 de enero de 2014): 849670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/849670.

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This paper is to propose a novel fault diagnosis method for broken rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction motor of hoister, which is based on duffing oscillator and multifractal dimension. Firstly, based on the analysis of the structure and performance of modified duffing oscillator, the end of transitional slope from chaotic area to large-scale cycle area is selected as the optimal critical threshold of duffing oscillator by bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponent. Secondly, the phase transformation duffing oscillator from chaos to intermittent chaos is sensitive to the signals, whose frequency difference is quite weak from the reference signal. The spectrums of the largest Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams of the duffing oscillator are utilized to analyze the variance in different parameters of frequency. Finally, this paper is to analyze the characteristics of both single fractal (box-counting dimension) and multifractal and make a comparison between them. Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis is applied to detect extra frequency component of current signal. Experimental results reveal that the method is effective for early detection of broken rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction motor of hoister.

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25

Sinha, Ashish Kumar, Ananda Shankar Hati, Mohamed Benbouzid y Prasun Chakrabarti. "ANN-Based Pattern Recognition for Induction Motor Broken Rotor Bar Monitoring under Supply Frequency Regulation". Machines 9, n.º 5 (27 de abril de 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9050087.

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The requisite of direct-on-line (DOL) starting for various applications in underground mines subjects the rotor bars of heavy-duty squirrel cage induction motors (SCIMs) to severe stresses, resulting in sustained fault in the rotor bars, unlike the applications where mostly reduced voltage starting is preferred. Furthermore, SCIMs working in underground mines are also affected by unforeseen frequency fluctuations. Hence, the paper proposes a discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-based broken rotor bar detection scheme using the stator current analysis of SCIM when subjected to a frequency regulation (±4% of 50 Hz supply) in steady-state, as prevalent in underground mines. In this regard, the level-seven detailed coefficient obtained by the DWT-based multi-resolution analysis of stator current corresponding to the healthy rotor is compared with that of the faulty rotor to extract the necessary features to identify the fault. Further implementation of the proposed scheme is done using artificial neural network (ANN)-based pattern recognition techniques, wherein both feed-forward backdrops and cascaded forward backdrop type ANNs have been used for fault pinpointing based on the feature extraction results obtained from DWT. The scheme is developed and analysed in MATLAB/Simulink using 5.5 kW, 415 V, 50 Hz SCIM, which is further validated using the LabVIEW-based real-time implementation.

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26

Abou-Tabl, Hassan. "A Computer Aided Design of Wedge-Type Rotor-Bars in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor.(Dept.E)". MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 10, n.º 2 (12 de junio de 2021): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2021.177217.

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27

Dias, Cleber Gustavo, Luiz Carlos da da Silva y Ivan Eduardo Chabu. "Fuzzy-Based Statistical Feature Extraction for Detecting Broken Rotor Bars in Line-Fed and Inverter-Fed Induction Motors". Energies 12, n.º 12 (20 de junio de 2019): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122381.

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This paper presents the use of a fuzzy-based statistical feature extraction from the air gap disturbances for diagnosing broken rotor bars in large induction motors fed by line or an inverter. The method is based on the analysis of the magnetic flux density variation in a Hall Effect Sensor, installed between two stator slots of the motor. The proposed method combines a fuzzy inference system and a support vector machine technique for time-domain assessment of the magnetic flux density, in order to detect a single fault or multiple broken bars in the rotor. In this approach, it is possible to detect not only the existence of failures, but also its severity. Moreover, it is not necessary to estimate the slip of the motor, usually required by other methods and the damaged rotor detection was also evaluated for oscillating load conditions. Thus, the present approach can overcome some drawbacks of the traditional MCSA method, particularly in operational cases where false positive and false negative indications are more frequently. The efficiency of this approach has been proven using some computational simulation results and experimental tests to detect fully broken rotor bars in a 7.5 kW squirrel cage induction machine fed by line and an inverter.

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28

Taher, Seyed Abbas y Majid Malekpour. "A Novel Technique for Rotor Bar Failure Detection in Single-Cage Induction Motor Using FEM and MATLAB/SIMULINK". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/620689.

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In this article, a new fault detection technique is proposed for squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) based on detection of rotor bar failure. This type of fault detection is commonly carried out, while motor continues to work at a steady-state regime. Recently, several methods have been presented for rotor bar failure detection based on evaluation of the start-up transient current. The proposed method here is capable of fault detection immediately after bar breakage, where a three-phase SCIM is modelled in finite element method (FEM) using Maxwell2D software. Broken rotor bars are then modelled by the corresponding outer rotor impedance obtained by GA, thereby presenting an analogue model extracted from FEM to be simulated in a flexible environment such as MATLAB/SIMULINK. To improve the failure recognition, the stator current signal was analysed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT).

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29

Glowacz, Adam. "Diagnostics of Rotor Damages of Three-Phase Induction Motors Using Acoustic Signals and SMOFS-20-EXPANDED". Archives of Acoustics 41, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2016): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2016-0049.

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AbstractA fault diagnostics system of three-phase induction motors was implemented. The implemented system was based on acoustic signals of three-phase induction motors. A feature extraction step was performed using SMOFS-20-EXPANDED (shortened method of frequencies selection-20-Expanded). A classification step was performed using 3 classifiers: LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis), NBC (Naive Bayes Classifier), CT (Classification Tree). An analysis was carried out for incipient states of three-phase induction motors measured under laboratory conditions. The author measured and analysed the following states of motors: healthy motor, motor with one faulty rotor bar, motor with two faulty rotor bars, motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage. Measured and analysed states were caused by natural degradation of parts of the machine. The efficiency of recognition of the analysed states was good. The proposed method of fault diagnostics can find application in protection of three-phase induction motors.

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30

Feng, Haichao, Jikai Si, Wei Wu, Lianghui Dong y Zhiping Cheng. "Equivalent Circuit Parameter Calculations and Characteristics Analysis of 2-DoF Direct Drive Induction Motor with a Slotted Solid Rotor". Applied Sciences 9, n.º 11 (29 de mayo de 2019): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112191.

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In this paper, a modified equivalent circuit model (ECM), which considers the effects of an arc-shaped stator structure and saturation, is presented to calculate the characteristics of a two-degree-of-freedom direct drive induction motor (2DoFDDIM). The motor has a novel slotted solid rotor (SSR), which is slotted along the axial and circumferential directions, and copper is cast in the slots. The SSR is equivalent to a cage rotor by analyzing the current distribution using the circuit diagram. The corrected ECM parameter expressions of a cage rotor are proposed to calculate the SSR parameters. The characteristics obtained by ECM and finite element method are compared to verify the accuracy of the modified ECM. This paper provides reference for calculating the parameters of the induction motor with SSR.

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31

Calin, Mihailescu, Florin Rezmerita, Calomfirescu Ileana, Mihai Iordache y Nicolae Galan. "Performance Analysis of Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor with Deep Rotor Bars in Transient Behavior". Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2012): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.eee.20120202.03.

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32

Halem, N., SE Zouzou, K. Srairi y S. Guedidi. "Influence of broken rotor bars location in the squirrel cage induction motor using finite element method". Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 5, n.º 1 (16 de septiembre de 2015): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v5i1.9.

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33

Ishikawa, Takeo, Shuhei Shinagawa y Nobuyuki Kurita. "Analysis and Failure Diagnosis of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor with Broken Rotor Bars and End Rings". IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications 2, n.º 6 (2013): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjia.2.292.

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34

Kurek, Jaroslaw y Stanislaw Osowski. "Support vector machine for fault diagnosis of the broken rotor bars of squirrel-cage induction motor". Neural Computing and Applications 19, n.º 4 (30 de octubre de 2009): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-009-0316-5.

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35

Ali, Ahmed J., Laith A. Khalaf y Ahmed H. Ahmed. "Modeling and simulation of a 3-ф induction motor based on two types of WFA". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2021): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1105-1113.

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This paper has been proposed to simulate the transient model of 3-Ф cage rotor induction motor based on winding function approach (WFA). According to this method the motor is assumed to be consist of an electrical circuits on both stator and rotor. The magneto motive forces (MMF) that have been generated by these circuits play a role for coupling them together. Then mutual and self-inductances will be easily computed using WFA. Two types of WFA have been used to build and simulate the model of the induction motor. In the one part type, it’s assumed that the coupling MMF between stator and rotor have a non-sinusoidal shapes according to the actual windings distribution over the motor slots. While in second part type the generated MMF in are assumed to have sinusoidal waveform. The suggested models may be used to simulate the dynamic as well as steady state performance of a faulty and non-faulty motor. A simulation of the suggested models that consists of m-rotor bars and n-stator phases multiple coupled circuit-based has been performed using matlab m.file and the results of the motor current have been proved in its nonlinear way by using WFA.

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36

Srndovic, Milan, Rastko Fišer y Gabriele Grandi. "Analysis of Equivalent Inductance of Three-phase Induction Motors in the Switching Frequency Range". Electronics 8, n.º 2 (22 de enero de 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020120.

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The equivalent inductance of three-phase induction motors is experimentally investigated in this paper, with particular reference to the frequency range from 1 kHz to 20 kHz, typical for the switching frequency in inverter-fed electrical drives. The equivalent inductance is a basic parameter when determining the inverter-motor current distortion introduced by switching modulation, such as rms of current ripple, peak-to-peak current ripple amplitude, total harmonic distortion (THD), and synthesis of the optimal PWM strategy to minimize the THD itself. In case of squirrel-cage rotors, the experimental evidence shows that the equivalent inductance cannot be considered constant in the frequency range up to 20 kHz, and it considerably differs from the value measured at 50 Hz. This frequency-dependent behaviour can be justified mainly by the skin effect in rotor bars affecting the rotor leakage inductance in the considered frequency range. Experimental results are presented for a set of squirrel-cage induction motors with different rated power and one wound-rotor motor in order to emphasize the aforesaid phenomenon. The measurements were carried out by a three-phase sinusoidal generator with the maximum operating frequency of 5 kHz and a voltage source inverter operating in the six-step mode with the frequency up to 20 kHz.

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37

Baranski, Mariusz. "FE analysis of coupled electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in the squirrel cage motor working at high ambient temperature". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2019): 1120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2018-0384.

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Purpose This paper aims to elaborate the method and algorithm for the analysis of the influence of high temperature on electric and thermal properties of the materials, as well as thermal phenomena process. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents specially author’s software for the transient finite element analysis of coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in a squirrel cage induction motor. The numerical implementation is based on finite element method and step-by-step algorithm. The nonlinearity of a magnetic circuit, the dependence of electric and thermal parameters on temperature, the movement of a rotor and skewed rotor bars have been taken into account. To verify the developed algorithm and software, the influence of high ambient temperature on selected electromagnetic and thermal parameters of the induction motor was examined. Findings The results of simulations compared with measurements confirm the adequacy of this approach to the analysis of coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems. Research limitations/implications 3D effects have only been taken into account when using quasi-3D techniques (e.g. the multi-slice for skewed rotor slots). Practical implications The author’s software developed can be useful in the analysis and design of squirrel cage motors, especially motors working in high ambient temperature. Originality/value The paper offers appropriate author’s software for the transient and steady-state analysis of coupled electromagnetic and thermal problems in squirrel cage motors with skewed slots.

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38

Trzynadlowski, Andrzej M. "Detection of Mechanical Abnormalities in Induction Motors by Electric Measurements". International Journal of Rotating Machinery 5, n.º 1 (1999): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x99000044.

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The paper gives an overview of the issues and means of detection of mechanical abnormalities in induction motors by electric measurements. If undetected and untreated, the worn or damaged bearings, rotor imbalance and eccentricity, broken bars of the rotor cage, and torsional and lateral vibration lead to roughly a half of all failures of induction motor drives. The detection of abnormalities is based on the fact that they cause periodic disturbance of motor variables, such as the speed, torque, current, and magnetic flux. Thus, spectral analysis of those or related quantities may yield a warning about an incipient failure of the drive system. Although the traditional non-invasive diagnostics has mostly been based on the signature analysis of the stator current, other media can also be employed. In particular, the partial instantaneous input power is shown, theoretically and experimentally, to offer distinct advantages under noisy operating conditions. Use of torque and flux estimates is also discussed.

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39

Stephen Ejiofor, Oti, Ugwu Justin, Nnadi Damian Benneth y Ogbuefi Uche. "Development and thermal modeling of an induction machine". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, n.º 4 (5 de noviembre de 2019): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i4.29727.

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In induction machines, the major concern is the temperature rise since it determines the maximum loading, in an attempt to avoid insula-tion deterioration and eventual loss of motor life. The effect of excessive heat in the motor stator and rotor windings and the stator mag-netic circuit can degrade the developed performance of the machine and also affect the motor loading and life span if not dispensed properly. This research work examines the thermal model for estimating the stator and rotor temperatures in cage induction motor. A state-variable model of the induction is used. The twin-axis stator reference frame is used to model the motor’s electrical behavior, because physical measurements are made in this reference frame. The thermal model is derived by considering the power dissipation, heat transfer and rate of temperature rise in the stator and rotor. The non-linear equations for electrical behavior of the motor and the thermal state equations for the stator and the rotor are solved using the MATLAB/Simulink blocks. This is to give room for the determination of the temperature of the stator and rotor windings inside the induction machine so as to evaluate the thermal stability of the induction motor and to check whether the insulation of the copper windings is sufficient at different operating conditions. It was found out from the thermal model analysis that the temperature of the stator and rotor windings increases due to stator and rotor copper losses which depend on the stator current. As the stator current is increased by increasing the torque, the temperature of each element is consequentially made to increase.

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40

Lee, Sanghoon, Michael D. Bryant y Lalit Karlapalem. "Model- and Information Theory-Based Diagnostic Method for Induction Motors". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, n.º 3 (17 de octubre de 2005): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2232682.

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Introduced is a model-based diagnostic system for motors, that also employs concepts of information theory as a health metric. From an existing bond graph of a squirrel cage induction motor, state equations were extracted and simulations performed. Simulated were various cases, including the response of an ideal motor, which functions perfectly to designer’s specifications, and motors with shorted stator coils, a bad phase capacitor, and broken rotor bars. By constructing an analogy between the motor and a communication channel, Shannon’s theorems of information theory were applied to assess functional health. The principal health metric is the channel capacity, which is based on integrals of signal-to-noise ratios. The channel capacity monotonically reduces with degradation of the system, and appears to be an effective discriminator of motor health and sickness. The method was tested via simulations of a three-phase motor; and for experimental verification, a two-phase induction motor was modeled and tested. The method was able to predict impending functional failure, significantly in advance.

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41

Glowacz, A., W. Glowacz, Z. Glowacz, J. Kozik, M. Gutten, D. Korenciak, Z. F. Khan, M. Irfan y E. Carletti. "Fault Diagnosis of Three Phase Induction Motor Using Current Signal, MSAF-Ratio15 and Selected Classifiers". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 2413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0355.

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AbstractA degradation of metallurgical equipment is normal process depended on time. Some factors such as: operation process, friction, high temperature can accelerate the degradation process of metallurgical equipment. In this paper the authors analyzed three phase induction motors. These motors are common used in the metallurgy industry, for example in conveyor belt. The diagnostics of such motors is essential. An early detection of faults prevents financial loss and downtimes. The authors proposed a technique of fault diagnosis based on recognition of currents. The authors analyzed 4 states of three phase induction motor: healthy three phase induction motor, three phase induction motor with 1 faulty rotor bar, three phase induction motor with 2 faulty rotor bars, three phase induction motor with faulty ring of squirrel-cage. An analysis was carried out for original method of feature extraction called MSAF-RATIO15 (Method of Selection of Amplitudes of Frequencies – Ratio 15% of maximum of amplitude). A classification of feature vectors was performed by Bayes classifier, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Nearest Neighbour classifier. The proposed technique of fault diagnosis can be used for protection of three phase induction motors and other rotating electrical machines. In the near future the authors will analyze other motors and faults. There is also idea to use thermal, acoustic, electrical, vibration signal together.

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42

Lee, Sang Yul y Sang Yong Lee. "A Study on the Microstructural Defects in Slots of Thixoformed Copper Rotor". Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (octubre de 2006): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.300.

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Cu-Ca alloys and the squirrel cage rotors for induction motors of small capacities were used for the development of thixoforming processes. Processing conditions, motor efficiency and forming defects in macro- and microscale for thixoforming of Cu-Ca rotors have been performed to investigate the microstructural features and the filling phenomena in slots of squirrel cage rotor. Inadequate filling due to the complexity of slot structure, separation of solidified metal from the slot, porosities and phase inhomogenitites were typical microstructural defects found in thixoformed Cu-Ca rotors. Exact flow control in terms of billet and die temperatures at slot gate especially, was necessary to prevent significant defects such as incomplete filling of slot.

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43

Skowron, Maciej y Teresa Orłowska-Kowalska. "Efficiency of Cascaded Neural Networks in Detecting Initial Damage to Induction Motor Electric Windings". Electronics 9, n.º 8 (15 de agosto de 2020): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081314.

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This article presents the efficiency of using cascaded neural structures in the process of detecting damage to electrical circuits in a squirrel cage induction motor (IM) supplied from a frequency converter. The authors present the idea of a sequential connection of classic neural structures to increase the efficiency of damage classification and detection presented by individual neural structures, especially in the initial phase of single or multiple electrical failures. The easily measurable axial flux signal is used as a source of diagnostic information. The developed cascaded neural networks are implemented in the measurement and diagnostic software made in the LabVIEW environment. The results of the experimental research on a 1.5 kW IM supplied by an industrial frequency converter confirm the high efficiency of the use of the developed cascaded neural structures in the detection of incipient stator and rotor winding faults, namely inter-turn stator winding short circuits and broken rotor bars, as well as mixed failures in the entire range of changes of the load torque and supply voltage frequency.

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44

Mesbeh, Amina, Marwen Jarboui y Ahmed Masmoudi. "Broken bar and end-ring faults: analysis of their effects on the rotor cage currents". COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, n.º 6 (2 de noviembre de 2015): 1771–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-06-2015-0222.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of different faulty scenarios on the induction motor (IM) operation with emphasis on the currents in the rotor bar and end rings. Design/methodology/approach – The modeling of the IM followed by a graphical representation-based analysis of the rotor steady-state currents under healthy operation is treated. Then, a case study is considered in order to investigate different faulty scenarios with a focus on the rotor cage currents. Findings – It has been found that the rotor faults greatly affect the currents in the bars and in the end rings both in amplitude and in harmonic content. These vary according to the relative positions with respect to the fault such that: the currents in the bars adjacent to the faulty one(s) have the highest amplitudes with the lowest harmonic content; and the ones in the ring portions adjacent to the faulty one have the lowest amplitudes with the highest harmonic content. Research limitations/implications – Although the simulated model has confirmed the well known IM behavior under healthy operation, it would be appreciated if the obtained results under faulty operation would be validated by finite element analysis. Practical implications – It is of great interest to investigate the effects of faulty scenarios on the rotor cage currents, in order to take appropriate actions starting from the design of the IM. Originality/value – A deep investigation (including the waveforms, the phasor diagrams and the harmonic content) of the effects of different faulty scenarios on the IM rotor cage currents represents the major contribution of this work.

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45

DIGĂ, Nicolae, Valentin NĂVRĂPESCU y Silvia-Maria DIGĂ. "Aspects of the study of the increase of the energy efficiency in the operation of the induction motors within the ancillary services of a thermoelectric power plant". EMERG - Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization 6, n.º 3 (2020): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37410/emerg.2020.3.11.

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In this paper, the authors systematized and interpreted the results obtained by running their own design computing programs, developed using the facilities offered by the Mathcad mathematical software package combined with facilities offered by appropriate custom chart wizard, provided by Excel. These programs were developed based on the algorithms for calculating the parameters of the equivalent scheme, the electrical balance components and the energy efficiency indicators (efficiency, power factor) for a three-phase induction motor with squirrel cage rotor with deep rectangular bars within the ancillary services of a thermoelectric power plant, using a complete mathematical model for different degrees of loading.

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46

Huo, F. Y., W. L. Li, H. Chi, J. C. Han, J. F. Shen y B. R. Zhao. "Influence of copper content change in alloy material on performance of induction motor with compound cage rotor". Materials Research Innovations 19, sup1 (abril de 2015): S1–75—S1–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891715z.0000000001372.

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47

Lin, Chih-Hong. "A Rectified Reiterative Sieved-Pollaczek Polynomials Neural Network Backstepping Control with Improved Fish School Search for Motor Drive System". Mathematics 8, n.º 10 (3 de octubre de 2020): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8101699.

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As the six-phase squirrel cage copper rotor induction motor has some nonlinear characteristics, such as nonlinear friction, nonsymmetric torque, wind stray torque, external load torque, and time-varying uncertainties, better control performances cannot be achieved by utilizing general linear controllers. The snug backstepping control with sliding switching function for controlling the motion of a six-phase squirrel cage copper rotor induction motor drive system is proposed to reduce nonlinear uncertainty effects. However, the previously proposed control results in high chattering on nonlinear system effects and overtorque on matched uncertainties. So as to reduce the immense chattering situation, we then put forward the rectified reiterative sieved-Pollaczek polynomials neural network backstepping control with an improved fish school search method to estimate the external bundled torque uncertainties and to recoup the smallest reorganized error of the evaluated rule. In the light of Lyapunov stability, the online parametric training method of the rectified reiterative sieved-Pollaczek polynomials neural network can be derived by utilizing an adaptive rule. Moreover, to improve convergence and obtain beneficial learning manifestation, the improved fish school search algorithm is made use of to readjust two fickle learning rates of the weights in the rectified reiterative sieved-Pollaczek polynomials neural network. Lastly, the effectuality of the proposed control system is validated by examination results.

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48

Tang, Jing, Jie Chen, Kan Dong, Yongheng Yang, Haichen Lv y Zhigang Liu. "Modeling and Evaluation of Stator and Rotor Faults for Induction Motors". Energies 13, n.º 1 (26 de diciembre de 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010133.

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The modeling of stator and rotor faults is the basis of the development of online monitoring techniques. To obtain reliable stator and rotor fault models, this paper focuses on dynamic modeling of the stator and rotor faults in real-time, which adopts a multiple-coupled-circuit method by using a winding function approach for inductance calculation. Firstly, the model of the induction machine with a healthy cage is introduced, where a rotor mesh that consists of a few rotor loops and an end ring loop is considered. Then, the stator inter-turn fault model is presented by adding an extra branch with short circuit resistance on the fault part of a stator phase winding. The broken rotor bar fault is then detailed by merging and removing the broken-bar-related loops. Finally, the discrete models under healthy and faulty conditions are developed by using the Tustin transformation for digital implementation. Moreover, the stator and rotor mutual inductances are derived as a function of the rotor position according to the turn and winding functions distribution. Simulations and experiments are performed on a 2.2-kW/380-V/50-Hz three-phase and four-pole induction motor to show the performance of the stator and rotor faults, where the saturation effect is considered in simulations by exploiting the measurements of a no load test. The simulation results are in close agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, magnitudes of the characteristic frequencies of 2f1 in torque and (1 ± 2s)f1 in current are analyzed to evaluate the stator and rotor fault severity. Both indicate that the stator fault severity is related to the short circuit resistance. Further, the number of shorted turns and the number of continuous broken bars determines the rotor fault severity.

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49

Maddi, Zakari y Djamel Aouzellag. "DYNAMIC MODELLING OF INDUCTION MOTOR SQUIRREL CAGE FOR DIFFERENT SHAPES OF ROTOR DEEP BARS WITH ESTIMATION OF THE SKIN EFFECT". Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 59 (2017): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierm17060508.

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50

Rayyam, Marouane y Malika Zazi. "A novel metaheuristic model-based approach for accurate online broken bar fault diagnosis in induction motor using unscented Kalman filter and ant lion optimizer". Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, n.º 8 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 1537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219892142.

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This paper introduces a novel metaheuristic model-based scheme for fault monitoring in squirrel cage induction motors (SCIMs). This method relies on the combination of the ant lion optimizer (ALO) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to detect and quantify the number of broken bars. Contrary to the UKF-based fault diagnosis, the improved ALO-UKF algorithm tunes optimally and automatically the noise covariance matrices Q and R, which reduces the estimation errors, and then obtains an effective and accurate fault diagnosis. Firstly, a mathematical model of the fault under study has been developed based on rotor parameter value as signature. Secondly, a sixth order ALO-UKF algorithm has been synthesized for simultaneous estimation of rotor resistance and speed. Several broken bar fault conditions have been simulated. Simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed ALO-UKF scheme in broken bar detection and identification, and exhibit a more superior performance than the simple-UKF and EKF algorithms in term of stability, accuracy and response time.

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