Artículos de revistas: "Informal employment"

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Maslova, I. y T. Baranenkova. "Informal Employment in Russia". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n.º 9 (20 de septiembre de 2003): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-9-89-99.

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Methodological approaches to the definition of the notion "informal employment" and assessment of its size are proposed in the article. The factors that stimulate the growth of informal labor activity in post-Soviet Russia are analysed. Economic and social consequences of informal employment are considered and government policy measures in that field are grounded.

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2

Jütting, Johannes, Jante Parlevliet y Theodora Xenogiani. "Informal Employment Re-loaded". IDS Bulletin 39, n.º 2 (26 de enero de 2009): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2008.tb00442.x.

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3

Zhang, Xiaofang. "The Effect of Trade Liberalization on Regional Employment Adjustment: Evidence from China". International Journal of Business and Management 15, n.º 5 (29 de abril de 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n5p193.

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Based on the exogenous event of China's accession to the World Trade Organization, using the data of tariff and employment in 2000 and 2010, this paper divides employment into formal and informal employment and studies the impact of lower tariff of final and intermediate goods on the employment change of China's labor market at the city level. It can be seen from the empirical results that the more the tariff of the main industries in a region falls, the greater the growth of total employment and informal employment in the region. The temporary nature of informal employment makes it more responsive to shocks of liberalization at first, while the formal may lag. The eastern coastal areas of China have more developed economy and its industrial emphasis facing larger tariff cuts, while the western areas are relatively less developed and its industrial emphasis facing smaller tariff cuts. Correspondingly, the employment situation in the eastern areas is relatively prosperous, absorbing a large number of informal employments.

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4

Ihrig, Jane y Karine S. Moe. "The Dynamics of Informal Employment". International Finance Discussion Paper 2000, n.º 664 (abril de 2000): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2000.664.

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5

Khotkina, Z. A. "Employment in the Informal Sector". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 45, n.º 4 (mayo de 2007): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959450403.

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6

Callaghan, Chris William. "Informal Development and Involuntary Employment". Journal of Economics 3, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2012): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09765239.2012.11884955.

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7

Barber, Chris. "Employment rights for informal carers". British Journal of Healthcare Assistants 3, n.º 2 (febrero de 2009): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2009.3.2.39398.

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8

Wan, Xiangdong. "Migrant workers and informal employment". Social Sciences in China 29, n.º 3 (agosto de 2008): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02529200802288583.

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9

Njoda, Mathurin Tchakounte y Gaetan Mbam Ulrich. "Hysteresis in CEMAC Informal Employment". Journal of Quantitative Economics 13, n.º 2 (5 de noviembre de 2015): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40953-015-0016-1.

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10

Günther, Isabel y Andrey Launov. "Informal employment in developing countries". Journal of Development Economics 97, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.001.

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11

Sirisankanan, Aeggarchat. "Informality: does financial development matter?" International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, n.º 1/2 (14 de marzo de 2017): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2015-0059.

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Purpose Financial development may be an alternative policy for controlling informal employment. However, there is still an ambiguous relationship between financial development and informal employment. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of financial development on informal employment. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on both the occupational choice model and on the concept of financial development and economic growth which can produce either a positive or negative relationship between financial development and informal employment. Consequently, the author formulated empirical specifications and applied an econometric technique to examine the actual relationship. Findings The empirical results indicated that financial development can reduce informal employment. The author also found that the relationship between financial development and informal employment varies, depending on the level of economic growth and development. Research limitations/implications Even though there are many types of informal employment, this paper uses only informal self-employment as a proxy of informal employment. To implement it properly, all types of informal employment should also be examined. Practical implications Becoming informal employment depends on several factors; policy makers for each country should carefully examine the specific relationship between financial development and informal employment for their own country. Social implications The paper presents alternative choices for policy makers to control informal employment by increasing financial development, especially in developing countries. This policy also includes promoting microfinance which will contribute to both formality and increasing the strength of the community. Originality/value From the two possible impacts of financial development on informal employment, this paper affirms that financial development can reduce informal employment.

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12

Balakireva, Olga y Iryna Lokteva. "Informal employment, employment discrimination and measures of human capital". Ukrainian society 2018, n.º 4 (28 de diciembre de 2018): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2018.04.035.

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13

Cui, Shannon, Rattiya Suddeephong Lippe y Jörg Schweinle. "Informal Employment in the Forest Sector: A Scoping Review". Forests 13, n.º 3 (15 de marzo de 2022): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030460.

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Informal employment has been observed for decades and inevitably accompanies the formal economy globally, and it does not disappear to date along with economic growth. Particularly in developing countries, informal employment has increased beyond expectation. This scoping literature review, therefore, aims to identify and analyze the magnitude, causes, characteristics and socioeconomic effects of informal employment in the forest sector on a global scale. The literature analysis reveals that informal employment is predominant in the forest sector. Poverty, lack of education and migration are the causes of informal employment both in general and in the forest sector. Informal employment in the forest sector has various decent work deficits. At the same time, informal employment in the forest sector has induced and enlarged socioeconomic effects of working poverty and occupational accidents and illnesses.

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14

Gorisov, S. "Scales and Structure of Informal Employment". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n.º 3 (20 de marzo de 2004): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-3-115-127.

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The problems of employment in the informal sector of the Russian economy are considered in the article. Special attention is paid to the influence of informal employment on the quality of labor potential. On the one hand, informal employment provides noncompetitive persons with work, on another — reproduces inefficient employment and preserves poor quality of labor potential. The structure of informal employment by educational and age criteria is examined.

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15

Himchenko, A. N. y S. V. Degtyarev. "Informal economy: employment in the informal sector of the economy". Society, Economy, Management 6, n.º 2 (2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2618-9852-2021-16211.

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16

Fadeeva, Olga. "Informal Employment in the Siberia Village". Journal of Economic Sociology 2, n.º 2 (2001): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2001-2-61-92.

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17

Chen, Ying y Zhun Xu. "Informal Employment and China’s Economic Development". Chinese Economy 50, n.º 6 (2 de noviembre de 2017): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2017.1380115.

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18

KUCERA, David y Leanne RONCOLATO. "Informal employment: Two contested policy issues". International Labour Review 147, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2008): 321–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913x.2008.00039.x.

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19

McDonald, Steve, Lance D. Erickson, Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson y Glen H. Elder. "Informal mentoring and young adult employment". Social Science Research 36, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2007): 1328–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.01.008.

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20

Williams, Colin C. "Formal and Informal Employment in Europe". European Urban and Regional Studies 16, n.º 2 (abril de 2009): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776408101686.

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21

Williams, Colin C. y John Round. "Retheorizing the Nature of Informal Employment". International Sociology 23, n.º 3 (mayo de 2008): 367–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580908088896.

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22

Fiess, Norbert M., Marco Fugazza y William F. Maloney. "Informal self-employment and macroeconomic fluctuations". Journal of Development Economics 91, n.º 2 (marzo de 2010): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.09.009.

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23

de Moor, Janet S., Emily C. Dowling, Donatus U. Ekwueme, Gery P. Guy, Juan Rodriguez, Katherine S. Virgo, Xuesong Han et al. "Employment implications of informal cancer caregiving". Journal of Cancer Survivorship 11, n.º 1 (16 de julio de 2016): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11764-016-0560-5.

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24

He, Daifeng y Peter McHenry. "Does Formal Employment Reduce Informal Caregiving?" Health Economics 25, n.º 7 (28 de mayo de 2015): 829–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3185.

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25

Binay, Murat y Songul Binay. "The Relation between the Optimal Informal Employment Ratio and Improvement Level". New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, n.º 4 (22 de marzo de 2017): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v3i4.1629.

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This study is an attempt to analyze the relation between the optimal informal employment ratio and improvement level of the country. Informal employment has advantages and disadvantages. Informal employment causes revenue losses consisting of both tax and social security premium. But also it causes economic growth. The previous study analyzed the optimal informal employment ratio for Turkey and in this study, the relationship between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and informal employment ratio (IER) for other economies will be analyzed according to their improvement level. Because in the literature there is an opinion about low informal employment ratio for high income countries and high ratio for low income countries. Because of the effect of public policy and economical structure on underground economy, it will be tried to to assess the place of Turkey according to the development level.Keywords: informal economy, developed and developing countries

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26

Odintsova, Yelena V. "Legalizing Informal Employment in Russia: Basic Results and Unsolved Problems". Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, n.º 1 (2020): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2020.16.1.3.

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The Object of the Study. The sphere of informal employment in Rossiya. The Subject of the Study. Measures to legalize informal employment and the dynamics of indicators that characterize the sphere of formal and informal employment. The Purpose of the Study. Analysis of the basic results of the implementation of measures to legalize informal employment in Rossiya. The Main Provisions of the Article. In recent years, the problem of informal employment in our country has been included in the current agenda of the state policy being implemented. Since 2014, according to the instructions of the government of the Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, a lot of active work has been carried out in the regions to legalize informal employment. The basic results of these events have been analyzed. It is shown that despite the efforts made there was no noticeable positive dynamics regarding the legalization of hiring employees and self-employed. As shown in the article, that may be due to the remaining unsolved problems in the field of legal employment, related to the prevalence of precarious employment, low income from employment, etc.

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Bobkov, Vyacheslav y Nikolay Bobkov. "Informal Employment: Identifying, Place and Role, Vectors of Transformation. A Discourse at the 14th Annual International Conference of the European Network on Regional Labour Market Monitoring (EN RLMM) (Moskva, 3–4 October 2019)". Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 15, n.º 4 (9 de diciembre de 2019): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/99-9836-2019-10078.

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The article deals with conceptions of the nature and reasons of informal employment presented in the reports at the International Confrence of EN RLMM in Moskva, 3–4 October 2019. The Object of the article are workers who are not members of the staff of organizations or are engaged in those without signing an official labour contract and thus representing informal employment in official and latent economy. The Subject of the Article are labour and business relations regulating informal employment in various countries. The Purpose of the Article is comprehending differences in economic relations of informal employment in the international scientific and practical association, exposing discussion problems and outlining possible directions of rapprochment of scientific positions in identifying informal employment. The Main Results of the Article consist of the review of the ideas of the speakers of the conference in question on the problems of economic essence of informal employment and the classifications of the present-day standard and non-standard employment suggested by them.

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Bondarevska, K. V. "Informal Employment as a Threat to Social Security in the Labor Market in Ukraine within an Economic Transformation". Problems of Economy 3, n.º 45 (2020): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-3-190-196.

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The specific features of informal employment, which is one of the main threats to social security in the labor market, in the context of transformational changes in the economic environment have been identified, and current trends in informal employment have been analyzed. The priority directions of the state policy aimed at eliminating the threats of the informal labor market have been substantiated. The main reasons for the spread of informal employment in Ukraine have been considered, taking into account the peculiarities of the current economic development, as well as the consequences of informal social and labor relations for both the employee and the state. The research has highlighted the current trends in informal employment in Ukraine’s labor market. This has been done by characterizing informal employment by job, place of residence, gender, age, education, industry and region. The results of the statistical grouping show an inverse relationship between informal employment, on the one hand, and gross regional product per capita, as well as disposable income per capita, on the other hand. Thus, with the increase in the scale of informal employment by region, both the gross regional product and disposable income are dropping. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between informal employment and the amount of disposable income per capita, which consists in the fact that low income pushes people to look for additional earnings and ways to overcome poverty, informal sources of wages and informal social and labor relations being among the latter. Given the significant negative impact of informal employment on the economic development in Ukraine’s regions and on the standard of living of the population, the following priority measures neutralizing the threat of informal social and labor relations have been named: creation of new official jobs in key economic areas, including industry, agro-industrial complex, construction, transport, etc.; development and introduction of innovative employment and self-employment forms with the official reporting of employment income; development of small and medium business through the application of practices used in advanced countries, e.g. providing tax benefits for the first two years of the enterprise activity; development of youth entrepreneurship by providing young people with preferential taxation and by simplifying the mechanisms of registering and licensing their activities; stricter control over the businesses’ compliance with labor and tax legislation and increasing the severity of penalties applied in case of violations.

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Webb, Aleksandra, Ronald McQuaid y Sigrid Rand. "Employment in the informal economy: implications of the COVID-19 pandemic". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, n.º 9/10 (12 de noviembre de 2020): 1005–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-08-2020-0371.

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PurposeAlthough the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic appears to disproportionately affect those in informal employment, they often receive less government support than the formally employed. This paper considers definitions of the informal economy and informal employment, explores the rationale for participating in the informal economy and reflects on some effects of the pandemic on these workers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a narrative literature review with analysis of the selected academic and policy literature.FindingsThere are considerable short- and long-term implications of the pandemic for informal employment and the informal economy. This occurs against the background of unresolved tensions arising from informal workers' desire for more employment security and employers' striving for continued labour flexibility while transferring costs to government and workers. The COVID-19 pandemic might accelerate current trends and force new solutions to better protect basic work security while helping organisations to remain competitive. Government policies supporting work safety, income security, moves to formalisation of employment and fairness for informal employees are particularly important.Research limitations/implicationsAs statistical and qualitative evidence is currently limited, it is too early to identify the full effects of COVID-19 on employment in the informal economy.Practical implicationsThe results suggest that governments need to carefully consider explicit support for those in informal employment to create fair, resilient and ethical structures for workers, businesses, economies and wider societies.Social implicationsThe paper identifies some of the social implications of COVID-19 for the informal sector.Originality/valueThe analysis offers initial insights into the impacts of a major health, economic and social shock on informal working.

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Yuryk, Yaryna. "Informal employment in Ukraine and formation of institutional conditions of its minimization". Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.04.036.

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The article presents the results of the study on the structure and scale of spread of informal employment in Ukrainian labor market. Based on the analysis of the received estimates, the author makes a social and economic profile of the average worker involved in informal labor relations. The peculiarity of the study is that all estimates are considered separately for hired labor and self-employment, which allows to identify the internal heterogeneity of the structure of informal employment in Ukraine. According to the results of the econometric modeling, the main socio-economic, demographic, settlement, professional and sectoral factors that determine the involvement of the individual in informal employment in Ukraine are identified. Described the basics of legal regulation of labor relations as a formal institution influencing the dynamics of informal employment. Established the relationship between the level of flexibility in the regulation of the labor market in the country and the extent of informal employment among its population. It has been shown that in economies with flexible regulation, as a rule, informal employment is lower. Based on assessments and analysis of the flexibility of labor market regulation in Ukraine by such components as hiring, working hours and staff reductions (rules and costs), bottlenecks in the national legislation have been identified that can cause increased informal employment, which in turn helped determine the main institutional conditions for its minimization.

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Yuryk, Yaryna. "Informal employment in Ukraine and formation of institutional conditions of its minimization". Economy and forecasting 2020, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 34–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.04.034.

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The article presents the results of the study on the structure and scale of spread of informal employment in Ukrainian labor market. Based on the analysis of the received estimates, the author makes a social and economic profile of the average worker involved in informal labor relations. The peculiarity of the study is that all estimates are considered separately for hired labor and self-employment, which allows to identify the internal heterogeneity of the structure of informal employment in Ukraine. According to the results of the econometric modeling, the main socio-economic, demographic, settlement, professional and sectoral factors that determine the involvement of the individual in informal employment in Ukraine are identified. Described the basics of legal regulation of labor relations as a formal institution influencing the dynamics of informal employment. Established the relationship between the level of flexibility in the regulation of the labor market in the country and the extent of informal employment among its population. It has been shown that in economies with flexible regulation, as a rule, informal employment is lower. Based on assessments and analysis of the flexibility of labor market regulation in Ukraine by such components as hiring, working hours and staff reductions (rules and costs), bottlenecks in the national legislation have been identified that can cause increased informal employment, which in turn helped determine the main institutional conditions for its minimization.

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32

Kuznetsova, Irina V. "INFORMALITY OF THE RUSSIAN LABOUR MARKET". Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, n.º 2 (27 de julio de 2019): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-2-116-132.

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Informal employment is one of the labour markets’ modern trends in the developed and developing countries. The author performs a review of informal economic activity researches. In particular, the concept of dual economy and its transformation are considered. The author pays attention to the K. Hart’s consepton that changed the prevalent opposition “modern-traditional” sectors of the economy to “formal-informal”. Due to Hart’s researches the informal sector was called the main source of the Third World countries’ development by ILO. Hart himself defining the essence of the informal sector based on Weber’s theory of modernization. According to it, genesis of capitalism demands development of a production and management rational organization. So informality is associated with a special degree of organization, not with a production scale or its productivity. The industrial society is characterized by formal or standard employment. In the postindustrial period other forms of employment appear under the influence of new informational technologies. The informal employment became normal and immanently inherent in the modern society. But typical doesn’t always mean positive. The wide spread of informality is the main challenge to the sustainable development of the modern countries. An informal employment growth on the national labour market is one of the main problems. The negative consequences of the informal employment practice are: on the one hand, violation of labour rights, and, on the other hand — underinvestment of the state budget. As far as a Russians’ subjective opinion on the informal status of employment is concerned, the researches didn’t find any real correlation between being informal employed and self-esteem. The difference between the formal and informal employment for a Russian employees isn’t considerable. The employed Russian population feels equal uncomfortable in the formal and informal sectors. The phenomenon indicates low quality of the formal sector’s institutions.

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Karpushkina, Anzhelika Viktorovna, Irina Valentinovna Danilova, Svetlana Vladimirovna Voronina y Irina Petrovna Savelieva. "Assessing the Impact of Employment in the Informal Sector of the Economy on Labor Market Development". Sustainability 13, n.º 15 (28 de julio de 2021): 8435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158435.

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The paper analyzes employment in Russia’s informal sector based on its spatial and dynamic characteristics. In recent years, the Russian labor market has been characterized by a steady growth of employment rates in the informal sector of the economy, high volatility and territorial differentiation of such employment, and its ambiguous effect on the gross value added and productivity. Given slowing economic growth and reduced productivity, this trend is by no means positive. The database for this study is based on Rosstat data from 83 Russian regions over the period between 2006 and 2020. The research explains the territorial and dynamic features of employment in the informal sector and classifies Russian regions by their employment situation in the informal sector of the economy. We hypothesize that the instability of the labor market is driven by higher rates of employment in the informal sector. To assess employment volatility in the informal sector, we identify the main trends of intersectoral labor mobility and evaluate their intensity. The results distinguish between regions with negative and positive effects. We also reveal problem regions experiencing the negative effects of intersectoral mobility and high or very high rates of employment in the informal sector. The findings can be used to diagnose and monitor regional labor markets, productivity dynamics, and changes in employment as well as to develop national employment programs to ensure the sustainable development of the labor market.

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Van Thang, Doan. "Informal Employment and the Life of Informal Economy Workers in Vietnam". Advances in Sciences and Humanities 6, n.º 3 (2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20200603.11.

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Gladkih, R. "RESEARCH OF THE SCALE OF INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT ON THE RUSSIAN LABOR MARKET." East European Scientific Journal 5, n.º 4(68) (14 de mayo de 2021): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.5.68.27.

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This article examines the scale of informal employment and unemployment in Russia and its districts. The degree of involvement in informal employment is measured by level of education, spheres of activity, and the influence of nominal wages on the informal sector and unemployment is investigated. A set of measures is proposed to reduce the share of informal employment and unemployment in the labor market.

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Sultana, Nahid, Mohammad Mafizur Rahman y Rasheda Khanam. "Informal Sector Employment and Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries in SDG Perspective". Sustainability 14, n.º 19 (22 de septiembre de 2022): 11989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911989.

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The understanding of the role of informal employment in economic growth is important to facilitate developing countries in safeguarding the decent work, productive employment, and inclusive growth agenda mentioned in Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 8. The present study attempts to this end by investigating the role of informal employment on economic growth with an aim to assist in fulfilling target 8.3 of SDG. This study utilizes the data available for 20 developing countries for the period 2011–2019. Panel data analysis techniques have been applied, considering the percentage of total employment in the informal sector as the main explanatory variable of the models. The relevant macroeconomic indicators are included in the model as control variables. Empirical findings from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Dynamic Fixed Effect (DFE) models indicate a positive effect of informal employment on the economic growth of developing countries. The other macroeconomic indicators, per capita income, national expenditure, money supply, and economic freedom, are also found to contribute to the economic growth of the selected countries. This study reveals an important bidirectional causal association between informal employment and economic growth, a unidirectional causal link from per capita income to informal employment and from informal employment to national expenditure. Taking into account the contribution of the informal sector to the economy, this study fosters the need for achieving the targets mentioned in SDG 8 by adopting appropriate policies rather than punishing this sector immediately.

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37

Belov, E. A. "INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION IN THE SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSION". Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, n.º 6 (2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2020-6-111.

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The relevance of the study is due to the fact that there is currently no clear socio-philosophical interpretation of informal employment. This is evidenced by the direct analysis of the literature on the stated problems, as well as the low research activity of scientists in various forms of organizing scientific activities (conferences, round tables, symposiums, etc.). at the same time, a lack of understanding of the internal content of this phenomenon can lead to serious socio-economic, political, ethical and other problems in society. The purpose of the study is to identify the essence of informal employment and establish the comparability of the concepts of «work», «employment», «work». Dialectical and formal-logical research methods are used with partial use of the functional analysis method and the system approach method. In the course of the work, the author argues for differences in social phenomena described by such concepts as «employment», «informal employment», «informal and shadow economy», and identifies the reasons for the emergence and functioning of informal labor relations. In order to reveal the content of the «informal employment of the population» construct itself, such elements as an economic entity (organizational unit), a business entity (employed person), and an activity (the process of creating a product or service) are highlighted. Based on the analysis of the essential characteristics of labor, employment and work, the necessity of limiting the concept of informal labor in relation to informal employment is justified. In the process of historical analysis of the employment process focuses on the transition from industrial to post-industrial stage of development of social relations, changing the culture of production and consumption, the destruction of domestic social organizations. Some stereotypes of behavior and thinking of modern informally employed workers are revealed. It is argued that modern socio-economic conditions have formed the prerequisites for the development of informal relations in the field of labor. This makes it necessary to develop a set of measures to prevent significant changes in labor standards; to develop mechanisms for transferring informal employment to employment permitted by law and preventing its transfer to the sphere of criminal activity. As a recommendation indicates the importance of the correct approach to the problems of informal employment, as distorted information would lead to knowingly making incorrect decisions during the implementation of state programs of development of the labour market and employment and other strategic programs of optimization of various spheres of life of the population.

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Chen, Guangyan, Feng Qiu, Xiaowen Dai, Hongxing Lan y Jiahao Song. "Research on the Influence of Informal Employment on Residents’ Happiness in China: Empirical Analysis Based on CLDS Data". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 15 (26 de julio de 2022): 9085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159085.

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The influence of informal employment on residents’ happiness has gained wide attention around the world. However, few studies focus on this topic in China. Using the 2016 wave of the China Labor Force Dynamics Survey (CLDS) data, we examined the effect of informal employment and its mechanisms on residents’ happiness in China. Our study shows there is a significant negative correlation between informal employment and residents’ happiness in China. Moreover, the correlation between informal employment and residents’ happiness is stronger for residents who are female, migrating, and with a rural household registration. In addition, we investigated possible mechanisms of the effect, including individual income, social respect, unemployment expectations, and social security, and found that informal employment reduces the happiness of residents by widening the gap in unemployment probability and social insurance level among residents.

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Zarova, E. V. y E. I. Dubravskaya. "The Random Forest Method in Research of Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators of Regional Development on Informal Employment Rate". Voprosy statistiki 27, n.º 6 (11 de diciembre de 2020): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-6-37-55.

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The topic of quantitative research on informal employment has a consistently high relevance both in the Russian Federation and in other countries due to its high dependence on cyclicality and crisis stages in economic dynamics of countries with any level of economic development. Developing effective government policy measures to overcome the negative impact of informal employment requires special attention in theoretical and applied research to assessing the factors and conditions of informal employment in the Russian Federation including at the regional level. Such effects of informal employment as a shortfall in taxes, potential losses in production efficiency, and negative social consequences are a concern for the authorities of the federal and regional levels. Development of quantitative indicators to determine the level of informal employment in the regions, taking into account their specifics in the general spatial and economic system of Russia are necessary to overcome these negative effects. The article proposes and tests methods for solving the problem of assessing the impact of hierarchical relationships on macroeconomic factors at the regional level of informal employment in constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Majority of the works on the study of informal employment are based on basic statistical methods of spatial-dynamic analysis, as well as on the now «traditional» methods of cluster and correlation-regression analysis. Without diminishing the merits of these methods, it should be noted that they are somewhat limited in identifying hidden structural connections and interdependencies in such a complex multidimensional phenomenon as informal employment. In order to substantiate the possibility of overcoming these limitations, the article proposes indicators of regional statistics that directly and indirectly characterize informal employment and also presents the possibilities of using the «random forest» method to identify groups of constituent entities of the Russian Federation that have similar macroeconomic factors of informal employment. The novelty of this method in terms of research objectives is that it allows one to assess the impact of macroeconomic indicators of regional development on the level of informal employment, taking into account the implicit, not predetermined by the initial hypotheses, hierarchical relationships of factor indicators. Based on the generalization of the studies presented in the literature, as well as the authors’ statistical calculations using Rosstat data, the authors came to the conclusion about the high importance of macroeconomic parameters of regional development and systemic relationships of macroeconomic indicators in substantiating the differentiation of the informal level across the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

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Julià, Mireia, Francesc Belvis, Alejandra Vives, Gemma Tarafa y Joan Benach. "Informal employees in the European Union: working conditions, employment precariousness and health". Journal of Public Health 41, n.º 2 (2 de julio de 2018): e141-e151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy111.

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AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of informal workers and their working conditions and employment precariousness in the EU-27; and to explore the association of different contract arrangements with health outcomes and how they are influenced by working and employment conditions.MethodsA sample of 27 245 working-age employees from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was analysed. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the contribution of different contract arrangement (permanent, temporary and informal) and working and employment precariousness variables on health outcomes (psychosocial well-being and self-rated health).ResultsPrevalence of informal employees in the EU-27 is 4.1% among men and 5.1% among women. Although informal employees have the poorest working conditions and employment precariousness, they did not seem to reflect poorer health. Precariousness employment variables have a greater impact than working conditions variables in reducing the association between health outcomes and type of contract arrangement, especially in the case of informal employees.ConclusionsInformal employment in the EU-27 is characterized by worse working conditions and employment precariousness than the conditions for formal employees. There is no evidence at all that being in informal employment implies better health outcomes compared to permanent employees.

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Binay, Murat y Songul Binay. "The Relation between the Optimal Informal Employment Ratio and Improvement Level". New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, n.º 4 (22 de marzo de 2017): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjhss.v3i4.1629.

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Montero-Moraga, Jose M., Fernando G. Benavides y Maria Lopez-Ruiz. "Association Between Informal Employment and Health Status and the Role of the Working Conditions in Spain". International Journal of Health Services 50, n.º 2 (5 de enero de 2020): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419898330.

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Informal employment is an employment condition in which workers are not protected by labor regulations. It has been associated with poor health status in middle- and low-income countries, but it is still a neglected issue in high-income countries. Our aim was to estimate the association between health status and employment profiles in Spain, attending to the role of workplace risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 8,060 workers from the Seventh Spanish Working Conditions Survey (2011). We defined 4 employment profiles and estimated the associations between them and poor self-perceived health using Poisson regression models. All analyses were stratified by sex. The prevalence of the informal profile was 4% for women and 1.5% for men. Differences in self-perceived health status among employment profiles were negligible. Only women engaged in informal employment had poorer self-perceived health than those in the reference profile. This difference disappeared after adjusting models for psychosocial risk factors. In conclusion, we did not find differences in self-perceived health status between employment profiles, except for women in informal employment. Efforts should be made to improve the psychosocial risk factors in women in informal employment.

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Mohd Hussain, Azlina y Mohd Syahril Ibrahim. "THE RISING IMPACT OF INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN MALAYSIA: POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC". International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, n.º 25 (19 de septiembre de 2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.625007.

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Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the informal employment sector has been experiencing steadily increasing popularity. Although market trends and most workers enjoy the flexibility and challenges of informal employment, such employment does have its own risks, especially now, amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, employee protection have been side-lined for more important considerations such as businesses and/ or employers struggling to stay afloat and not file for bankruptcy proceedings and/or being wound-up. Extenuating circumstances such as economic sustenance, employer-reduced mobility for expansion, employee movement, etc. have all contributed to the more precarious position of informal employees. Yet, there is a great advantage of informal employment in the new norm. This paper aims to address current, prominent issues relating to women and children amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It seeks to examine their roles and status in informal employment, their contributions in mobilizing the county’s fiscal economy, and eventually its permanence in the country’s employment landscape.

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44

Pfau-Effinger, Birgit. "Informal employment in the poor European periphery". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, n.º 7/8 (11 de julio de 2017): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2016-0080.

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Purpose During the transition from socialist to post-socialist regimes, many Central and Eastern Europe societies have developed a broad sector of informal work. This development has caused substantial economic and social problems. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper aims to answer two questions regarding European countries with a relatively weak economy and welfare state: what are the differences in the social characteristics between workers in formal and informal employment? And how might they be explained? According to the main assumption, a key reason why people work in undeclared employment in such countries is that they are in particularly vulnerable positions in the labour market. This paper uses the example of Moldova. The empirical study is based on a unique survey data set from the National Statistical Office of Moldova covering formal and informal employment. Findings The findings show that, in informal employment, workers in rural areas, workers with a low level of education, young workers and older workers – in the final years of their careers and after the age of retirement – are over-represented. It seems that a significant reason why these workers are often engaged in informal employment is the lack of alternatives in the labour market, particularly in rural areas, compounded by limited social benefits from unemployment benefits and pensions. Originality/value Research about social differences between workers in formal and informal employment in the countries of the European periphery is rare. This paper makes a new contribution to the theoretical debate and research regarding work in informal employment.

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Abraham, Katharine G. y Ashley Amaya. "Probing for Informal Work Activity". Journal of Official Statistics 35, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2019): 487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2019-0021.

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Abstract The Current Population Survey (CPS) is the source of official US labor force statistics. The wording of the CPS employment questions may not always cue respondents to include informal work in their responses, especially when providing proxy reports about other household members. In a survey experiment conducted using a sample of Amazon Mechanical Turk respondents, additional probing identified a substantial amount of informal work activity not captured by the CPS employment questions, both among those with no employment and among those categorized as employed based on answers to the CPS questions. Among respondents providing a proxy report for another household member, the share identifying additional work was systematically greater among those receiving a detailed probe that offered examples of types of informal work than among those receiving a simpler global probe. Similar differences between the effects of the detailed and the global probe were observed when respondents answered for themselves only among those who had already reported multiple jobs. The findings suggest that additional probing could improve estimates of employment and multiple job holding in the CPS and other household surveys, but that the nature of the probe is likely to be important.

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Guseva, T. y Ju Klepalova. "Harnessing the Power of Labour Law and Social Security Law to Achieve the Goal of Formalizing Labour Markets in the BRICS Countries". BRICS Law Journal 9, n.º 2 (15 de julio de 2022): 94–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2022-9-2-94-120.

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The Declaration by the Labour and Employment Ministers of the BRICS countries, “Quality Jobs and Inclusive Employment Policies,” guarantees that formalization of labor markets is a global priority for the BRICS countries, as informal employment hampers productivity, potential economic growth and efforts to improve the welfare of populations worldwide. Taking into account this strategic goal, the authors analyze the informal employment processes in the BRICS countries and speculate on the transition from informal to formal employment. The article addresses the issues of inhomogeneous notional ranges used to define informal employment and recommends that the possibilities provided by labor legislation and government employment policy (such as increasing the number of formal working places and dynamic development of labor legislation directed at regulation of new employment forms) be used to tackle these issues. The potential of the social security right for achieving the goals of transition to a formal economy and social security coverage is characterized in detail; various legal forms of social security (for example, government social security, social insurance (mandatory as well as voluntary) and social support) are analyzed; and the possibilities of their application to informal workers in the BRICS countries are defined.

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Williams, Colin C. "Cross-national variations in the scale of informal employment". International Journal of Manpower 36, n.º 2 (5 de mayo de 2015): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-01-2014-0021.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate critically the competing explanations for the cross-national variations in the scale of informal employment which variously correlate higher levels of informal employment with economic under-development (“modernization” theory), corruption, higher taxes and state interference (“neo-liberal” theory) and inadequate state intervention to protect workers from poverty (“structuralist” theory). Design/methodology/approach – To do this, data on the prevalence of informal employment collected by the International Labour Organisation using a common survey method across 41 less developed economies are analysed and compared using bivariate regressions with World Bank development indicators. Findings – Some 34.4 per cent of the non-agricultural workforce is in informal employment across these 41 countries, with the share in informal employment ranging from 83.6 per cent in India to 6.1 per cent in Serbia. Evaluating critically the competing explanations, a call is made for a synthesis of the modernisation and structuralist theoretical perspectives in a new “neo-modernisation” theory that tentatively associates higher levels of informal employment with economic under-development, smaller government and inadequate state intervention to protect workers from poverty. Research limitations/implications – Based on 41 cases, a multivariate regression analysis was not possible to determine how important each characteristic is to the final outcome whilst controlling for the other characteristics. Practical implications – This paper tentatively displays that wider economic and social policies, such as social protection, are significantly correlated with the level of informal employment. Originality/value – This is the first paper to use a direct survey to analyse and explain cross-national variations in informal employment in less developed economies.

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Gonin, V. y R. Gladkikh. "Identification of macroeconomic aspects affecting the scale of informal employment". Transbaikal State University Journal 27, n.º 4 (2021): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-4-107-114.

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The relevance of the study is to determine the scale of informal employment, as well as to identify the factors affecting this segment of the economy. In the course of the study, a relationship was established between informal employment and the following indicators: unemployment, investment levels, small business development, and average wages. The relationship between the presented macroeconomic factors was revealed, both in the short term by means of correlation analysis and in the long term by tracking changes in the dynamics of informal employment and the presented macroeconomic factors for the period from 2010 to 2019. This study supports the theory of E. de Soto about the forced specifics of informal economic activity, in other words, when there is no employment opportunity (too difficult) in the official economy, citizens are forced to resort to the informal sector of the economy in order to replenish their well-being. In a situation where welfare increases, economic actors can transform and move to employment in the official economy. However, the data obtained in the short-term period did not find confirmation in comparison with the long-term, on the contrary, they showed the opposite picture, which indicates the heterogeneity of informal employment in Russia. Previously, citizens involved in informal labour relations were assessed exclusively as low-skilled, uneducated employees. Currently, informal employment is more assessed as a certain economic activity with its own specifics. Based on the results of the study, a set of measures was drawn up to help reduce the number of informally employed citizens, and to withdraw some of the informal economic entities into the official economy

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Arber, Sara y Jay Ginn. "Gender Differences in the Relationship between Paid Employment and Informal Care". Work, Employment and Society 9, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1995): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709593002.

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This paper analyses the circumstances under which providing informal care has an adverse impact on paid employment, using data from the 1990 General Household Survey which identified 2,700 informal carers. The relationship between informal caring and employment participation is complex and differs by gender and marital status. Paid employment is lowered for adults providing care within their household. The effect is greater for women than for men, and varies with the closeness of the kin relationship between carer and care-recipient. Women caring for a handicapped child are least likely to be in full-time work. Care for a spouse depresses both men's and women's employment. The effect of caring for a co-resident parent is least for married men and greatest for married women. The assumption that women's increased labour force participation will reduce their availability as informal carers for elderly parents is largely unfounded. This care is mainly for elderly parents living in another household, and is associated with reduced hours of employment but not lower overall rates of employment. The norm of combining paid work and informal caring results in very high total hours of informal and paid work.

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성재민 y 이시균. "Informal Employment in the Korean Labor Market". Korean Journal of Labor Studies 13, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2007): 87–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.17005/kals.2007.13.2.87.

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