Tesis sobre el tema "Insectes, lutte contre"
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Kirk, Alan Alastair. "Utilisation de la lutte biologique en écologie appliquée : contrôle d'insectes et de mauvaises herbes dans des situations de déséquilibre". Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30081.
Texto completoDianzinga, Niry Tiana. "Diversité des communautés d’arthropodes et efficacité de la lutte biologique contre les insectes ravageurs". Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0006.
Texto completoUnderstanding of driving forces that affect diversity in herbivorous insect communities figures prominently in ecological research, and is necessary for integrated pest management, because some herbivorous insect can become crop pests. Natural enemies and environmental variables are among factors that structure herbivorous insect communities. While natural enemies regulate herbivorous insects, environmental variables affect their diversity and their spatial distribution. The main goal of this thesis was to understand effects of landscape features on diversity of herbivorous thrips communities along elevational gradients in Reunion, and to investigate effects of natural enemy diversity in biological control of pest thrips. In first study, thrips were sampled along replicated elevational gradients, and at each sampling site, landscape features and abiotic variables were estimated within buffers surrounding the site. Study has shown that the greatest diversity of thrips in Reunion is concentrated at lower elevation, although habitats situated in these localities are highly degraded. Thrips diversity was not affected by fragmentation but landscape heterogeneity and habitat amount interacted to affect positively thrips diversity.In second study, we manipulated communities composed of two pest thrips Thrips parvispinus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and two predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii and Proprioseiopis mexicanus. These communities were in cages and were established in greenhouse. Study has shown that both predators are better than one in thrips regulation. That confirms the necessity to maintain biodiversity at the upper trophic level for herbivore control. Moreover, this study revealed that despite intraguild predation, predators would have coexisted because of competition-colonization trade-off
Rochat, Jacques. "Modélisation d'un système hôte-parasitoïde en lâcher inoculatif : application au couple Aphis gossypii - Lysiphlebus testaceipes en serre de concombre". Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10196.
Texto completoBen, Lalli Ameziane. "Étude et modélisation de la désinfestation de la datte : analyse du couplage entre transferts thermiques et mortalité des insectes". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20013.
Texto completoDate fruits are subject to major attacks by insect pests. Fumigation with toxic gases is the classic and effective response to insect infestation, but it is neither environmentally friendly nor compatible with organic date certification. Alternative forms of disinfestation by thermal processes are therefore considered. The present work aims to develop experimental and modelling approaches to evaluate the impact of heat transfer (convection and electromagnetic waves) on the disinfestation of dates, while limiting browning. To achieve this, a breeding population of insects (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) was established and a database of survival rate of eggs and larvae between 46 °C and 75 °C constructed. The two kinetic models selected (first order for eggs and a Weibull distribution for larvae) accurately describe insect survival according to their thermal history. In parallel, a 2D axis-symmetric numerical model of energy transfer was designed and solved by the finite element method (Comsol). It takes into account the various parts of a date fruit (pulp, air layer and pit) and the position of an insect in the fruit. The dielectric properties of insects and date fruit were measured and used in the model in order to simulate the coupling between the energy transfer, the survival rate of larvae located in the air layer (between pulp and pit), that of eggs on the date surface, and their interactions during heating and cooling. Achieving a low survival rate of larvae is the limiting factor for disinfestation by convection, whereas in contrast, the survival rate of eggs becomes the limiting factor for treatment by electromagnetic waves. Due to their high specific surface area, the eggs do not become hot enough to die during microwave treatment (915 MHz) at an electric field . Disinfestation by microwaves is therefore only of interest if associated simultaneously or sequentially with a surface treatment using a hot fluid (air, liquid, vapour). In contrast, an intense convective transfer (with liquid) used alone may lead to unacceptable surface browning. A microwave treatment (1 290 V m-1) associated with moderate ventilation (20 W m-2 K-1) with hot air (60 °C) for 180 s achieves an insect survival rate of 0.01% while limiting surface browning. However, this combined operation is only effective if the water content of dates is homogeneous. Indeed, the dielectric loss factor of date pulp depends strongly on water content
Alamiddine, Zakaria. "New insights on the binding of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists from multiscale molecular modeling". Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4032/document.
Texto completoInsect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are nowadays one important target for insecticide discovery. In this work, we have determined from a multiscale molecular modeling approach (i) the structural and conformational features of nine competitive modulators of insect nAChRs, among which the seven neonicotinoids and two emerging compounds (sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone) (ii) the interactions of the nine compounds with a 3D model of insect nAChRs, Ac-AChBP, from docking (iii) the structural fluctuations and the variation of interaction energies of the different complexes as a function of time from molecular dynamic (MD) simulations over a period of 40 ns (iv) refined structural and energetic parameters of a selection of the most relevant complexes from QM/QM’ calculations. These studies have highlighted the important flexible character of the compounds, a significant number of energetic minima (from 5 to 10) being observed on a narrow energetic range (of about 10 kJ mol-1). The docking and MD simulations have pointed out notable differences of interactions of the ligands allowing the determination of a ranking of their interaction energies with Ac-AChBP. Finally, the trends suggested by the previous molecular modeling investigations have been refined by QM/QM’ calculations, that have led to accurate structural and energetic parameters for the various key components of the binding of these important insecticides to their target
Berrada, Sai͏̈d. "Etude de la sensibilité de Psylla pyri L. (Homoptera : Psyllidae) aux produits phytosanitaires et mécanismes biochimiques de résistance aux organophosphorés". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30021.
Texto completoMaazouz, Samira. "Etude des interactions entre l'Hyménoptère Braconidé Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron, 1906), le virus de la polyédrose nucléaire de Sesamia calamistis Hampson, 1910, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, le virus de la polyédrose nucléaire de Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758), Lepidoptera, Noctuidae et deux virus de polyédroses cytoplasmiques de Sesamia calamistis chez les chenilles de Sesamia calamistis". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20030.
Texto completoPinchard, Véronique. "Etude des mécanismes de résistance à la deltaméthrine chez un ravageur du cotonnier : Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)". Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT029A.
Texto completoLopes, Christelle. "Dynamique d’un système hôte-parasitoïde en environnement spatialement hétérogène et lutte biologique : application au puceron Aphis gossypii et au parasitoïde Lysiphlebus testaceipes en serre de melons". Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3399/01/these-Lopes.pdf.
Texto completoNatural ecosystems are unavoidably spatially structured and the induced heterogeneity affects various processes of ecological systems. In many cases, the influence of spatial heterogeneity on population dynamics remains unclear. This thesis contributes to a better theoretical understanding of the effects of such heterogeneity on host-parasitoid interactions. In this way, three spatial approaches were developed and adapted to the aphid pest Aphis gossypii and one of its parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes in a melon greenhouse. The importance of spatial structure was tested by comparing a non-spatial model with a spatially explicit model (a lattice one). Our results showed that considering space is essential to describe the spatial heterogeneous distribution of populations Observed in the field. The way in which space should be considered was tested by comparing the spatially explicit model with a new implicit approach, which describes the level of plant infestation by a continuous variable corresponding to the number of plants with a given density of pests at a given time. When the explicit model needs as many equations as plants in the greenshouse, our novel approach has only a partial differential equation. We could infer from the comparisons between the two spatial models that the predicted host-parasitoid dynamics were similar under most conditions; and the differences were due to local dispersal (considered only in the explicit model), because it could have a strong impact on population dynamics but did not change the conclusions for crop protection. The new implicit model thus generated relevant predictions with a more synthetic formalism than the common plant-by-plant model. This implicit model was used to test biological control strategies. We showed that (i) preventive releases are less efficient than curative ones, if the cost of infestation detection is not too high; (ii) strategies with several releases are always better than single releases strategies. As a conclusion, we demonstrated that the effectiveness of a biological control depends on the functional response of the parasitoids, the initial distribution of pests (that determines the infestation process) and the costs affected to each type of strategies
Bameul, Franck. "Etude préliminaire de Culicoi͏̈des (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) récoltés à Pauillac (Gironde) : un exemple de nuisance". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M102.
Texto completoCoffre, Sophie. "Les blattes domestiques dans les agglomérations françaises en 1999". Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P074.
Texto completoPeixodo, Furitado Imeudia. "Selection d'ennemis naturels pour la lutte biologique contre tetranychus evansi Baker et Pritchard (Acari : tetranychidae) en Afrique". Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0002.
Texto completoJouy, Nicolas. "Etude de la résistance naturelle de deux Lycopersicon à des ravageurs de cultures maraîchères : identification des substances responsables, les (2,3,4-tri-O-acyl)-}a-D-glucopyranosyl)-(3-O-acyl)-b-D-fructofuranoside". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20278.
Texto completoLoncke, Stéphane. "Bio-écologie de "Mesocyclops aspericornis" Daday, 1906 (Copepoda Cyclopoida), agent de lutte biologique contre les "Aedes" vecteurs en Polynésie française". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20175.
Texto completoGrenier, Simon. "Biologie et physiologie des relations hôtes-parasitoïdes chez 3 tachinaires (Diptera, Tachinidae) d'intérêt agronomique : développement en milieux artificiels : lutte biologique". Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10004.
Texto completoBraham, Mohamed. "Analyse structurelle et fonctionnelle de la biocoenose de la mineuse des agrumes, phyllocnistis citrella (Lep. , gracillariidae) en Tunisie. Application à la lutte biologique contre le ravageur". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30030.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is the best knowledge of the biology and ecology of the Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) with the emphasis of its biological control. The population dynamic of the insect was studied on 5 different species and varieties of Citrus in 1996,1997 and 1998. The screening of the Tunisian cultivars of Citrus was undertaken including the percentage of infested leaves, the abundance of eggs, larva and nymphs and shows that all species and varieties were attacked. The location of pre-imaginal stages on the upper and under side of leaves was specified. The parameters a and b from Taylor Power model and Iwao's Patchiness line regression formula were calculated for two cultivars : Citrus sinensis cv Thomson and C. Grandis. The sequential sampling plan was used to determine the number of samples to take for the latest cultivar
Maher, Nevile. "Sélection du site de ponte chez Lobesia Botrana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) : influence de l'information chimique non-volatile présente sur les fruits de plantes hôtes". Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20968.
Texto completoIntegrated Pest Management in viticulture needs environmentally safe pest control methods as alternatives to insecticides. Disrupting the host plant selection of phytophagous pests may well be a solution, but beforehand the behavioural mechanisms involved must be understood. We study the relationship between the grapevine and one of its major pests, the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana, that lays its eggs on grapes. First, we studied the female's ability yo discriminate between host and/or non-host plants. Then, in order to verify the role of taste in the oviposition site recognition, on one hand we examined the sensory structures involved in contact chemoreception and on the other hand, we extracted and purified, by bioassay guides fractionation, infochemicals from host plant fruits (Grapevine, Fax-leaved-Daphne). Our results and non-volatile oviposition stimulants mediate the host fruit acceptance in this generalist herbivore moth
Desgranges, Catherine. "Contribution à la lutte contre la pyrale du maïs : optimisation d'un procédé de production par fermentation en milieu solide, d'un champignon entomopathogène, Beauveria bassiana". Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD428.
Texto completoCayol, Jean-Pierre. "La mouche méditerranéenne des fruits Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Dipteria : Tephritidae) : comportement de régurgitation, lutte par la technique de l'insecte stérile". Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30024.
Texto completoMaiga, Idrissa. "Ecologie du criquet sénégalais oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) en Afrique de l'Ouest et stratégies de lutte". Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0013.
Texto completoThe Senegalese grasshopper is one of the main pest for the food crops in the Sahel of West Africa. This work, completed in Niger, focuses on the ecology of the embryonic stage and the control strategies. The analysis of 15 years of historical data underlines the recurring impact of this pest. The geographical distribution of the diapausing eggs has been studied in connection with the dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone at the end of the rainy season. The North-South gradient of distribution of the egg pods at this time of the year is not confirmed implying new mortality factors, thermics, whose role would deserve to be explored. The study of the egg mortality in the dry season reveals an important impact of various parasitoïdes. Experiments in semi-natural conditions of the diapausing eggs indicate that the survival strategy in the dry season is complex and involves a combination of diapause and quiescence and two types of hatching more or less restricted in time, allowing an adaptation to the regularity as to the risks of the annual pluviometric mode. The analysis, at a regional scale, of the role of chemical treatments on the natural enemies of the eggs shows only a negligible impact, making it possible to eliminate the assumption from an indirect perverse effect of the chemical treatments on the outbreaks. The application of modelling methods allows to estimate the impact of various strategies of control and a comparison of the effects of chemical and biological treatments. A bibliographical synthesis gives a progress report on current knowledge and the various ways of research for a sustainable management of this pest
Lang-Combescot, Catherine. "Etude de l'activité reproductrice d'un ectoparasitoi͏̈de solitaire, Dinarmus basalis (Rondani, 1877) (Hym. :Pteromalidae) et de ses relations avec son hôte, Callosobruchus maculatus (F. 1775) (Col. :Bruchidae)". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20136.
Texto completoDebras, Jean-François. "Rôles fonctionnels des haies dans la régulation des ravageurs : le cas du psylle Cacopsylla pyri L. dans les vergers du sud-est de la France". Avignon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AVIG0318.
Texto completoHedgerows host a great of invertebrate species and play a great role as reservoirs of beneficial arthropods, which is not to be demonstrated any more. In the current context of a systemic agriculture based on the durability of the systems of production, their use in integrated protection management enters within the scope of the methods called "conservation biological control". The objective of this work is to estimate the hedge functionality in the control of the psylla Cacopsylla pyri (L. ) (Hemiptera, Psyllidae, key pest of the pear orchards, Pyrus communis (L. ). Our results, obtained in an experimental orchard during three consecutive years, show that the hedge influences the distribution of predators in the field during C. Pyri proliferation. This effect is not simply a border effect as movements of beneficials are observed between the hedge and the orchard in connection with prey density. In an applied context, the impact of chemical treatment is major on the composition of arthropods populating orchards and decreases the functional role of hedgerows observed in our experimental orchard
Villenave-Chasset, Johanna. "Etude de la Bio-écologie des Névroptères dans une perspective de lutte biologique par conservation". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00198786.
Texto completoDes inventaires de l'entomofaune et de la flore ont été réalisés sur cinq types d'exploitations comportant des cultures de choux légume et porte-graine sites. Les Névroptères (Chrysopidae et Hemerobiidae) prédateurs des pucerons du chou, Myzus persicae et Brevicoryne brassicae, ont été utilisés en tant que modèle d'étude. Leur abondance et distribution sont liées à la structure paysagère à l'échelle de l'exploitation.
L'étude sur les mouvements des populations des espèces du complexe Chrysoperla carnea (Chrysopidae) a montré par les inventaires et l'analyse du contenu des tubes digestifs des adultes (identification des grains de pollens consommés, miellat), que C. affinis et C. lucasina ont des déplacements nycthéméraux et saisonniers entre plusieurs types d'habitats (sites d'hivernage, de repos, d'alimentation et de reproduction) pour effectuer leur cycle de vie au sein et entre les agroécosystèmes. Les résultats ont permis également de vérifier qu'il existe trois types de vols : de migration vers et depuis les sites d'hivernage, migration de préoviposition des femelles et dispersion.
Nos résultats permettent de proposer des aménagements de l'environnement proche des cultures par l'apport d'habitats pour attirer et maintenir les Névroptères dans les agroécosystèmes comprenant des cultures de choux.
Cherqui, Anas. "Etude de la prophénoloxydase de "Locusta migratoria" : purification, caractérisation et contrôle de sa transformation en phénoloxydase". Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20263.
Texto completoRousse, Pascal. "Fopius arisanus, le droit à l'erreur : spécificité parasitaire et sélection de l'hôte chez un parasitoïde ovo-pupal de mouches des fruits Tephritidae". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646498.
Texto completoVassal, Jean-Michel. "Biologie, écologie et pathologie d'Hylesia metabus (Cramer 1775) (Lépidoptères:Saturniidae), agent de la "papillonite" en Guyane française : mise en place d'une structure de lutte intégrée". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20046.
Texto completoDamien, Maxime. "Favoriser les ennemis naturels de ravageurs par la diversité végétale dans un contexte hivernal". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B027/document.
Texto completoIntensive agriculture and global warming induced deep modifications in the agricultural landscapes’ biodiversity and trophic system structures, resulting in the loss of several ecosystem services such as pest biological control. Conservation biological control aims to restore trophic systems’ stability within arable lands by using plant diversity and creating functional habitats for natural enemies. This thesis aimed at identifying how vegetal diversity and its management during the winter season could favor aphids’ natural enemies in cereal intensive agricultural landscapes from the west part of France. Laboratory research and a follow-up of populations over three consecutive winters led to significant results, further developed in this thesis. The experimental laboratory research showed that the selection of the flower diversity used in sown winter cover crops should take into account their functional traits. It is indeed necessary to use a variety of species, thus combining attractiveness and profitability for the aphid’s parasites present in the agricultural mosaic during wintertime. At the field scale, studies demonstrated that warmer winter conditions are also favoring the activity of generalist ground dwelling predators, as well as that of parasitoids. The implementation of functional habitats, through the selection of an adequate plant diversity better adapted to the changing climates and to the aphids’ natural enemies’ needs, allowed to support the ground predators’ activities. Consequently, their increased activity should contribute to the early regulation of aphid populations, allowing to decrease the intensity of their population dynamics during the growing seasons. The results obtained in this thesis suggest that winter constitutes a favorable period/season for the development of new methods within the conservation biological control framework/biological control framework for conservation in temperate climatic areas
Armand, Eric. "Dynamique des populations de Psylla pyri (L. ) (Homoptera-Psyllidae) en verger de poiriers dans la région d'Avignon : étude du cortège de ses parasitoi͏̈des et relations avec l'environnement". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20040.
Texto completoAussel, Jean-Philippe. "Bio-écologie de Leptoconops (Styloconops) albiventris de Meijere, 1915 (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) et perpectives de lutte en Polynésie française". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20174.
Texto completoHernandez-Mendoza, José Luis. "Ecopathologie et dégâts de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep. Noctuidae) en culture de mai͏̈s au Mexique (Etat de Colima) : possibilité de lutte à l'aide de la bactérie entomopathogène Bacillus thuringiensis". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20179.
Texto completoEl-Obeid, Dany. "Conséquences de l'utilisation des films UV sélectifs sur le fonctionnement du biosystème serre (application à la lutte intégrée en culture de tomate " Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ")". Avignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AVIG0602.
Texto completoThe use of UV-blocking films and screens in tomato greenhouses as anti-fungus and anti-insects gave controversial results especially concerning the pollinators and beneficial insects. The scope of the current work is to test the effectiveness of different combination of films and nets under Greek climatic conditions concerning three main points: 1) ensuring a proper pollination, 2) protecting the tomato crop against grey mould with a reduced energetic cost and, 3) allowing the protection the crop against pests like white flies, aphids and thrips with the auxiliary insects Encarsia formosa and Macrolophus pygmaeus. Three consecutive tomato crops were grown in greenhouses covered with UV-selective films and in greenhouses covered with standard film. The activity of the bumblebees has been monitored by cameras and by direct observations at the entrance of the hive. The activity of bees has also been characterised on the flowers by the percentage and the degree of pollination. Quality measurements on fruits coming from pollinated and non-pollinated flowers were realised. Several dehumidification regimes were applied to evaluate their effect on the greenhouse climate and on the apparition of grey mould. We measured the evolution of the populations of insects inside and outside the greenhouses. A comparison between compartments with and without Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was done. The results showed a high drifting of the bumblebees during the conditioning period, but no harmful effect of the films on their daily activity and pollination. UV-blocking films impede the entrance of harmful insects up to 50% when compared to the control film. This protection goes up 90% with the additional use of UV-blocking screens. Our results showed a preference of the beneficial insects for the environment under the control film, but their effectiveness in UV-less environments was not altered. We conclude that the use of UV-blocking screens was not profitable but that the use of UV-blocking films can be a beneficial tool when used in combination with IPM, but that it requires that the bumblebee be conditioned for UV-lacking environments
Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla. "Lutte contre les mouches tsé-tsé en Afrique de l’Ouest : optimisation de l’utilisation de la technique de l’insecte stérile". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS253/document.
Texto completoIn sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 10 million km² of land, the most fertile for animal and agricultural productions, are infested with tsetse flies limiting all development initiatives for sustainable agriculture. Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause human and animal african trypanosomosis, a debilitating disease of humans (sleeping sickness) and livestock (nagana). In 2000, the African Heads of State and Government decided to increase efforts to address the tsetse and trypanosomosis problem on the African continent and created the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). In this context, the Government of Senegal initiated a tsetse eradication program in the Niayes area using a Glossina palpalis gambiensis strain originating from Burkina Faso. The objective of this thesis was to optimize the use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) in West Africa in order to control the tsetse flies. A system to transport mature pupae over long distances has been developed and validated for male G. p. gambiensis pupae produced and irradiated either in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso or in Bratislava, Slovakia (irradiation done in Seibersdorf, Austria) and then transported by air to Dakar, Senegal. The system, constituted of an insulated box and S8 packs, allowed the maintenance of pupae at a temperature of 10 ± 3°C and their transport during 2-3 days to the emergence center of ISRA, where they molted into sterile males which were used for the sterile insect technique.A quality control was carried out on a sample of 50 pupae from each batch (at least 2 batches per shipment) to determine the flight ability of sterile males and their survival under stress conditions (without feeding). The remaining emerging pupae were released in the target area of the eradication programme and were considered as control group. The described protocol for quality control will allow accurate monitoring of the quality of sterile males used in operational eradication programs organized in the context of PATTEC.A molecular tool to distinguish between sterile and wild males was also developed using the mitochondrial gene COI (cytochrome oxidase). We showed that COI sequences of released flies (reared in insectary) are 100% identical and different from those of wild flies.Furthermore, in order to determine the optimal rearing conditions for G. p. gambiensis strains and to identify the strain that would be the best adapted to a particular environment or country in the context of a control with an SIT component, life history (survival and fecundity) of three G. p. gambiensis strains (strains originating from Burkina Faso (BKF), Senegal (SEN), and an introgressed strain (SENbkf)) were investigated at different temperatures and relative humidity conditions. The optimal temperature for the mass-rearing was 25 ± 1°C, 24.6 ± 1°C and 23.9 ± 1°C for BKF, SENbkf and SEN respectively. The relative humidity ranging from 40 to 75% had very little influence on the survival and fecundity. The BKF strain resisted better at higher temperatures than the SENbkf and SEN strains but the temperature limit for survival was about 32°C for all three strains
Ongagna, Philippe. "Etude bioécologique d'Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coléoptera, Coccinellidae) prédateur aphidiphage en vue de son introduction dans le Sud-Est de la France". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30230.
Texto completoToure, Kadidiatou. "Biologie et écologie de Chilo zacconius Blesz : (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), foreur de tiges de riz au Mali : étude des relations trophiques avec sa plante-hôte cultivée, le riz". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112111.
Texto completoAkbaraly-Vally, Nourbanou. "Étude d'une polyédrose cytoplasmique chez le foreur ponctué de la canne à sucre Chilo sacchariphagus Boj. à La Réunion". Montpellier 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON20003.
Texto completoMichalakis, Ioannis. "Evolution des systèmes plantes hôtes - insectes parasites : approche théorique et expérimentale". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20008.
Texto completoAmiri, Khouira Boukhoudmi. "Étude génétique de populations naturelles du Baculovirus de polyédroses nucléaires du Lépidoptère-Noctuidae Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval)". Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20027.
Texto completoPigeyre, Laetitia. "Franchissement de la barrière intestinale du lépidoptère Spodoptera frugiperda par le Densovirus JcDV". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP005.
Texto completoSynthetic pesticides are now obsolete and alternative solutions are needed to control arthropod populations that are pests and disease vectors. Our team is interested in the interactions between the Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDV, ambidensovirus 1) and the plant-eating Lepidoptera Spodoptera frugiperda. We have shown in this study model that JcDV, when ingested by the larva, crosses by trancytosis the intestinal epithelium (Wang et al., J. Virol, 2013) before replicating in its target tissues (tracheae, hemocytes). Upstream of the intestinal epithelium, the first barrier that the virus must cross is the peritrophic matrix (PM), α-chitin polymer associated with glycosylated proteins that protects the insect from abrasion and pathogens like mucus in other organisms. The viral particles ingested by the larva are concentrated on this matrix. Our first goal was to understand how the virus crosses the PM. By basing our strategy on the competition between the virus and free glycans, essentially the major component of chitin N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), we have shown in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo that the interaction of the virus with glycans is essential to the infection, which is however more effective when the virus is only semi-purified. This led us to look for specific PM virus ligands. The highly glycosylated proteins, also some low glycosylated proteins that are recognized by the virus, are undergoing proteomic analysis. In particular, we will try to identify the PM protein (s) whose interaction with JcDV may explain the destruction of the PM observed during the infection. We also started a transcriptomic analysis of the infected vs. uninfected gut to understand GlcNAc synthesis arrest 24h post-infection. Finally, we began a similar work on the interaction between JcDV and the lipid rafts of the midgut brush border of the S. frugiperda larva
Benhalla, Mahmoud. "Etude d'un défoliateur forestier en forêts de feuillus en Haute-Garonne : cas de Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae)". Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30208.
Texto completoSimard, Louis. "Distribution, abondance et écologie saisonnière des principaux insectes ravageurs du gazon sur les terrains de golf du Québec et évaluation du potentiel de contrôle des nématodes entomopathogènes indigènes". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24118/24118.pdf.
Texto completoGermanos, Gaby. "Caractérisation d’un gène de résistance contre la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette (Choristoneura fumiferana) chez l’épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Voss) Moench)". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25304.
Texto completoA localized spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreak that took place in a white spruce plantation (Picea glauca (Voss.) Moench) left some trees almost untouched while many others had severe defoliation. Expression of agene coding for a beta-glucosidase enzyme was identified (Pgβglu-1) and was linked to the accumulation of two acetophenones in the foliage of resistant trees. We propose that the expression variation of Pgβglu-1 involve regulation that is unique to resistant trees. Our results establish a correlation between gene expression, the accumulation of biologically active acetophenones and the most destructive larval instar of the insect. Our results also show that Pgβglu-1expression is genetically transmitted and can be induced. Coding DNA sequences of the gene were obtained but no differences were observed that could differentiate between resistant and non-resistant trees. A deeper understanding of the phenomenon could help in the development of an integrated management aiming to mitigate damage caused during outbreaks.
Bastide, Alain. "Hoplocheclus marginalis fairmaire, parasite de la canne à sucre". Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU32045.
Texto completoDecante, Damien. "Répartition spatio-temporelle et migration de la cicadelle verte (Empoasca vitis Goethe) dans un agro-écosystème viticole". Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21405.
Texto completoThe eco-ethology of Empoasca vitis was studied in vineyards at different temporal (week, generation, year) and spatial (plot, production site, small region) scales. This leafhopper hibernates near the plot on evergreen plants and, in spring, migrates towards different early-budding plants before ilmmigrating into the plots (complementation). Summer population levels (sometimes harmful) depend strongly on summer migrations taking place over longer distances. The intra-plot distribution of both adults and nymphs was mapped and compared to agronomical parameters. This revealed strong aggregations in areas of high plant vigour. The presence of potential alternative host plants of E. Vitis along the plot border (supplementation) did not seem to increase population levels. No impact of natural enemies from plot borders was detected. High and dense plot borders were shown to induce accumulation of migrating adults
Buduca, Cécile. "Etude du comportement alimentaire de "Peregrinus Mai͏̈dis (Ashmead, 1890)" par électropénétrographie, en relation avec la résistance à la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20053.
Texto completoJosso, Céline. "Écologie des interactions entre la mouche du chou Delia radicum et ses ennemis naturels : de la parcelle au paysage". Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S157.
Texto completoThe aim of the present thesis was to understand the interactions between D. Radicum and its main natural enemies in an agricultural landscape. To do so, we have carried out a multidisciplinary study, using landscape and population genetics approaches and working at different special scales ranging from the plant to the landscape. We found that some landscape elements and agricultural practices limiting field colonization and crop damages by D. Radicum and favoring its regulation by predators and parasitoids. After developing microsatellite markers, we characterized the genetic structure of their populations. We observed a weak genetic structure in pest populations, possibly due to high dispersal capability or high population densities. The two parasitoid species had a stronger population structure, suggesting a more limited dispersion than their host. The specialist parasitoid Aleochara bilineata shows the strongest genetic structure. In those species, geographic distance does not seem to be essential to population genetic structure. Finally, at a fine scale, we have determined the resource exploitation behavior of D. Radicum and its parasitoid A. Bipustulata. The clustering of D. Radicum eggs results from some plants being exploited by several females laying a few eggs each. Between each laying bout, females seem to move very little. Females of the generalist parasitoid A. Bipustulata apparently use successively odoriferous cues linked to the host plant then cues linked to their host D. Radicum during the behavioral sequence preceding egg-laying
Multeau, Cecilia. "Contribution à l'étude du potentiel d’utilisation des Densovirus en lutte microbiologique". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20081/document.
Texto completoMicrobial control has a renewed interest due to issues raised by chemical pesticides inagriculture. The aim of this work is to propose a new viral resource, Densoviruses pathogenicfor Lepidoptera belonging to Densovirinae sub‐family restricted to arthropods. We focus onthree axes, (i) we described the host range of two Densovirus candidates, and identified hostspecificity determinants to understand host range evolution; (ii) we characterized themechanisms driving the horizontal transmission of Densovirus to model the dynamic of theinfection; and (iii) we validated tools to detect Densovirinae to study the viral geneticdiversity in natura. The first point lead us to identify (i) a Densovirus potentially pathogeniconly for lepidopteran pests, and (ii) few determinants of specificity localized at the surface ofthe capsid that are essential for the midgut recognition, although this barrier of specificity isnot the only one. Concerning horizontal transmission, our results show that a Densovirus canspread rapidly within a host population, inducing a cannibalistic behavior probablydeveloped by non infected individuals. We also characterize two mechanisms involved intransmission, by biting and by an endoparasitoïd vector. To study the densoviral prevalence,we develop a nested PCR and test it on insect sampling. This allowed us to describe theinsect diversity. No Densovirinae have been detected so far. These results are the first steptoward building an epidemiology model that may allow to evaluate the impact of using aDensovirus as a biological control tool
Chailleux, Anaïs. "Importance des interactions multi-trophiques dans les agrosystèmes pour la mise au point d'une lutte biologique contre une espèce invasive". Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4030/document.
Texto completoMulti-trophic interactions play a key role in structuring agro-ecosystems and regulating arthropod population dynamics. The objective of the PhD was (i) to study the possible disruptions of biotic interactions owing to the recent invasion by T. absoluta in European tomato crops, (ii) to identify local natural enemies attacking T. absoluta, (iii) to evaluate their effectiveness against T. absoluta when integrated into the agro-ecosystem. We showed that new interactions occurred after the arrival of T. absoluta, mainly apparent competition between whiteflies and T. absoluta, in presence of the omnivorous and generalist predator M. pygmaeus. We recorded possible new biocontrol agents and focused first on Trichogramma parasitoids, as Trichogramma achaeae was promptly commercialized against T. absoluta in France. Laboratory and field experiments failed to detect promising Trichogramma strains. In addition, intraguild predation of M. pygmaeus on parasitoid juveniles i.e. parasitized eggs, was observed and we demonstrated that T. absoluta was not a suitable host for Trichogramma parasitoids. Therefore, further studies switched on parasitoids of larval stages of T. absoluta. We demonstrated the importance of Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) as a possible biological control agent against T. absoluta. The parasitoid was able to reproduce on T. absoluta over several generations under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Despite negative interactions between the predator and the larval parasitoid, further greenhouse experiments demonstrated that two competitors can coexist for several months. Moreover, the presence of an alternative prey for the omnivorous predator (whitefly) in the agro-ecosystem did not prompt larval parasitoid exclusion, and the parasitoid remained in the crop even in the presence of other prey for the predator
Han, Peng. "Effets bottom-up et top-down des variations de fertilisation et d'irrigation sur des réseaux tri-trophiques en agroécosystèmes". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4057/document.
Texto completoThe “Plant-herbivorous insect-natural enemy” system provides an ideal basic model to understand how the plant-inhabiting arthropod communities are structured and how various mechanisms (i.e. direct and indirect interactions) contribute to shape the community structure. In agro-ecosystems, top-down forces encompass the controlling effects that arthropod organisms of the higher trophic level (e.g., predators) have on species at the next lower level (e.g., prey). Arthropod communities may also be influenced by bottom-up forces induced by environmental variations (e.g. fertilization or irrigation regimes) or plant traits (plant insect-resistance or plant-adaptive traits). Furthermore, bottom-up forces may affect top-down forces on herbivores either directly (e.g., effects on omnivorous predator) or mediated by the intermediate herbivorous insects. In this context, the aims of the PhD study were to disentangle how variations in resource inputs (i.e. nitrogen and water availability) affect interactions among plant, herbivores and their natural enemies at both the individual (life-history traits) and population (population dynamic) levels. The studies were carried out on two agrosystems based on tomato and cotton. On tomato, the system 'Solanum lycopersicum L - leafminer Tuta absoluta - omnivorous predator Macrolphis pygmaeus' was used under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in France. We found strong evidence of bottom-up effects of nitrogen and/or water inputs on the herbivore and the omnivorous predator. Feeding ecology of the predator was also strongly influenced by water availability
Martin, Thibaud. "La résistance aux insecticides de Heliccoverpa armigera (Hübner) en Afrique de l'Ouest : du mécanisme à la gestions". Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30087.
Texto completoLamine, Khalid. "Deraeocoris lutescens schiling (Heteroptera : Miridae) : un auxiliaire potentiel?" Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30244.
Texto completoDeraeocoris lutescens (Heteroptera : Miridae) is a predator commonly found in the French hazelnut orchards. We have studied some aspects of ecology, biology and behaviour of this insect to estimate its biotic potential. Investigations under natural and artificial environmental conditions (i. E. Orchard sampling, laboratory observations, ect. ) were conducted to determine its life history. The effects of the copulation and photoperiod on ovarian activity of this mirid were evaluated in the laboratory. Its diapause pattern, its critical photoperiod and sensitive stages were determined. The mouthparts' ultrastructure show the adaptation of D. Lutescens for zoophagy. Morever, the voracity and feeding preferences of this generalist predator were evaluated and the effect of fast on its searching path was investigated by means a trajectometric method. The results of this study suggest that D. Lutescens can be considered as a promising biological pest control agent