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Chang, Pang-hua Kevin. "Commodity price shocks and international finance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31012.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Florian Huber, and Luca Onorante. "The macroeconomic effects of international uncertainty shocks." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5462/1/wp245.pdf.
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We propose a large-scale Bayesian VAR model with factor stochastic volatility to investigate the macroeconomic consequences of international uncertainty shocks on the G7 countries. The factor structure enables us to identify an international uncertainty shock by assuming that it is the factor most correlated with forecast errors related to equity markets and permits fast sampling of the model. Our findings suggest that the estimated uncertainty factor is strongly related to global equity price volatility, closely tracking other prominent measures commonly adopted to assess global uncertainty. The dynamic responses of a set of macroeconomic and financial variables show that an international uncertainty shock exerts a powerful effect on all economies and variables under consideration.<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Minasyan, Gohar. "Essays in International Macroeconomics." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104630.
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Thesis advisor: Fabio Ghironi<br>Thesis advisor: Peter Ireland<br>This thesis includes three essays. The first chapter analyzes how the implications of productivity shocks in an open economy can differ depending on the size of the economy relative to the rest of the world. It employs a stylized two-country general equilibrium model with love of variety, where economies differ in size and shows that a dynamic home market effect is present: productivity shocks that lower production and entry costs lead to deterioration of home terms of trade when home is small relative to the rest of the word but to improvement of terms of trade when home is large. The second chapter analyzes the role of globalization in the lack of convergence of living standards within Europe, despite integration processes. Building on theoretical and empirical literature on trade and income inequality in the U.S. this chapter proposes a model that describes how globalization affects disparities between countries in Europe. To quantitatively assess this effect, a measure of exposure to globalization is constructed, using detailed trade, employment, and output data. The chapter shows that the relative performance of countries within Europe is correlated with their exposure to globalization. In particular, countries that experienced relative declines of living standards over the past decade have been most exposed to globalization. The third chapter explores the implications of demand side pricing complementarities and endogenous markups in open economy. It shows that endogenous markups resulting from translog preferences imply richer dynamics for international relative prices that have better chances to match the data. Further, countercyclical markups lead to endogenous procyclical movement as well as cross-country correlation of measured TPF. It also shows that in a stylized model endogenous markups may act as a transmission mechanism, leading in particular to positive GDP co-movement across borders as opposed to a benchmark CES model<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Economics
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Bourgeon, Pauline. "Essays on the impact of shocks on international flows and productivity." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E023.
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Cette thèse aborde différentes thématiques dans le champ de l’économie internationale et de la macroéconomie. Les travaux de recherche développés dans cette thèse étudient l’impact des chocs de différentes natures sur les flux de migrations internationales, de commerce international et sur la croissance de la productivité. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’évolution des flux migratoires en réaction à des chocs conjoncturels. L’estimation du modèle à partir des données nous permet de conclure qu’à la fois les chocs structurels et les chocs conjoncturels influent les flux de migration. Une augmentation de 10% du salaire du pays de destination conduirait à une augmentation du flux migratoire vers ce pays de destination de près de 8%, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Le second chapitre étudie dans quelles mesures les chocs financiers affectent le niveau des exportations des entreprises, avec un focus particulier sur les entreprises qui exportent vers des destinations lointaines. Nous trouvons que les entreprises qui font face à des frictions financières exportent entre 4% et 10% de moins que celles qui ne sont pas soumises à ces frictions. Nos résultats montrent également que parmi les exportateurs en difficulté financière, ceux qui exportent vers des destinations lointaines réduisent encore davantage leurs exportations. Dans le chapitre trois, nous étudions comment les frictions financières peuvent conduire à des distorsions dans l’allocation des ressources. Nos résultats suggèrent que dans les pays développés financièrement, les capitaux ne permettent pas forcément une amélioration de l’allocation efficace du travail entre les firmes<br>This thesis covers various issues in international economics and macroeconomics.It studies the role of several types of shocks on international migration, firms’ export strategies and sectoral productivity growth. The three chapters exploit different sources of data and use recent econometrics approaches to deal with these issues.Chapter one contributes to the literature on international migration by looking at the role of short-run fluctuations as determinants of the location choice of the migrants. We find evidence that business cycles and employment rates at destination affect the intensity of gross bilateral flows.Chapter two investigates how financial frictions impact firms’ foreign sales, especially for firms that export to long distance export markets. We find that firmsfacing financial frictions export from 4 to 10% less than the ones without anyfinancial constraints. Our results also suggest that amongst exporters facing financial difficulties, those who export to faraway destinations reduce their exportsales more.Chapter three investigates how financial frictions affect the efficiency with which labor allocates across firms within a sector. Results suggest that an increase intangibility decreases the productivity growth rate of an industry located in highly financially developed country and this lower productivity growth rate is largely explained by the reallocation of labour across firms within the sector
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Pulkki-Brännström, Anni-Maria Katariina. "International diffusion of new technology." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3188/.
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This study explores the international diffusion of new technology i.e. changes over time in the extent to which world output is produced using, or world consumption is made up of products incorporating, specific new technologies. This topic has received relatively little attention in the literature. Many of the theoretical arguments developed in the literature for the study of domestic diffusion are here systematically applied to international diffusion for the first time. We propose that patterns of international diffusion derive from two related processes: inter-country diffusion or the extensive margin, and intra-country diffusion or the intensive margin. We start with a study of the relative importance of these two processes. Using data on four technologies we show that the relative importance of the intensive to the extensive margin increases over time. The same pattern was identified by Battisti and Stoneman (2003) in their study of the importance of inter- and intra-firm diffusion in domestic diffusion. The main body of the thesis is concerned with the question how (if at all) does international diffusion affect domestic diffusion? Two theoretical arguments are explored: the first uses an epidemic and the second a decision-theoretic model. The models are extensions of the seminal models of Bass (1969), Mansfield (1961) and Reinganum (1981b). Two specific hypotheses arise, namely that international diffusion affects domestic diffusion through: i) an exogenous learning effect or inter-country spillovers; and ii) a negative stock effect. The hypotheses have contradictory empirical implications. The epidemic model is tested using data on steam- and motor ship diffusion. We find evidence of spillovers however the direction of the effect is not robust across countries. We discuss the time-series properties of the data, which is rarely done in the literature, and find some problems which may partly explain the results. We then develop an international stock effect hypothesis using a decision-theoretic model based on the closed economy model of Reinganum (1981b). This allows for firm heterogeneity in production costs. We discuss how heterogeneity impacts on international diffusion patterns when some of that heterogeneity is on the country-level. Empirically we find evidence of an international stock effect in the diffusion of the basic oxygen furnace. A number of explanatory variables which capture cross-country differences in production and adoption costs are also significant.
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Tsheko, B. O. "Analysing the impact of international trade policy shocks on the economy of Botswana." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493364.
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Otterstrom, Samuel M. "The international diffusion of the Mormon Church /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1994. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTNZ,4323.
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Otterstrom, Samuel. "The International Diffusion of the Mormon Church." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1994. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5004.
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This thesis outlines the international diffusion and growth of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon Church. A model of Mormon spatial diffusion in foreign countries is developed incorporating both a functional and spatial perspective. The functional perspective includes supply and demand variables which influence the rate of growth of the Mormon Church in a country. The functional perspective is not fully explored in the thesis. The spatial perspective which the study concentrates on seeks to show a general spatial pattern related to the spread of the Church within countries. The original diffusion of the Church to other countries and the patterns of stake and mission formations in these nations since World War II are outlined. Stakes are used as Mormon population location indicators. Special emphasis is given to Latin America, because of the success that the Mormon Church has had there. The study finds that the Mormon Church has generally spread in a hierarchical manner within foreign countries.
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Lee, Seung Jae. "Determinants of real exchange rate : with emphasis on productivity shocks /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9999299.
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DE, SANTIS ROBERTA, and SANTIS Roberta DE. "Trade as international transmission mechanism of shocks: The case of Central Eastern European Countries." Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/916890.
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Batiste, Jorge Chami. "Foreign indebtedness and macroeconomic external adjustment : Brazil's industrial strategy and policy responses to external shocks in the 1970s and 1980s." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276742.
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Linebarger, Christopher. "International Learning and the Diffusion of Civil Conflict." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699990/.
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Why does civil conflict spread from country to country? Existing research relies primarily on explanations of rebel mobilization tied to geographic proximity to explain this phenomenon. However, this approach is unable to explain why civil conflict appears to spread across great geographic distances, and also neglects the government’s role in conflict. To explain this phenomenon, this dissertation formulates an informational theory in which individuals contemplating rebellion against their government, or “proto-rebels,” observe the success and failure of rebels throughout the international system. In doing so, proto-rebels and governments learn whether rebellion will be fruitful, which is then manifested in the timing of rebellion and repression. The core of the dissertation is composed of three essays. The first exhorts scholars of the international spread of civil violence to directly measure proto-rebel mobilization. I show that such mobilization is associated with conflicts across the entire international system, while the escalation to actual armed conflict is associated with regional conflicts. The second chapter theorizes that proto-rebels learn from successful rebellions across the international system. This relationship applies globally, although it is attenuated by cultural and regime-type similarity. Finally, the third chapter theorizes that governments are aware of this process and engage in repression in order to thwart it. I further argue that this repression is, in part, a function of the threat posed by those regimes founded by rebels.
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Bernal, Uribe Juan Felipe. "Innovation, intellectual property rights and international knowledge diffusion." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU10029/document.
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Cette thèse étudie l’effet des Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle (DPI) sur l’économie. Elle se sert d’un cadre commun (i.e. un modèle de croissance endogène avec différentiation horizontale) pour modéliser les DPI, identifier les coûts et bienfaits associés à leur mise en œuvre, suggérer un niveau de protection optimal en tenant compte des différences dans la composition des dotations de travail et, finalement, se concentrer sur les implications internationales des politiques tendant à l’unification des systèmes de DPI dans le monde.Le premier chapitre considère une économie fermée. Nous montrons qu’il n’est pas nécessaire que le degré de DPI qui maximise l’utilité pour les travailleurs qualifiés coïncide avec celui des non qualifiés. L’équilibre dans cette économie dépend de sa taille et de la composition du facteur travail. Lorsque le nombre de travailleurs qualifiés est faible par rapport au nombre des travailleurs non qualifiés, une protection totale des DPI bénéficie au travail qualifié en nuisant au travail non qualifié. Ce dernier aurait une utilité supérieure en présence d’une protection plus faible des DPI. Lorsque la taille des deux groupes est similaire, il n’y a plus de conflit d’intérêts : Les deux types de travailleurs préfèrent un régime de DPI qui augmente avec la taille de la population totale.Le deuxième chapitre étend le contenu du premier en incorporant une deuxième économie qui est à la fois plus peuplée et technologiquement supérieure. Le secteur de Recherche et Développement (R&D) domestique bénéficie des connaissances en provenance de l’étranger. Le modèle prédit la convergence du taux de croissance domestique vers le taux de croissance du leader technologique. L’effet positif des DPI est donné par la détermination de « l’écart technologique » entre les deux régions. La protection totale des DPI maximise l’utilité du travail qualifié et, sous certaines configuration des paramètres, du travail non qualifié.Le troisième chapitre introduit le commerce international. Nous considérons deux économies où les travailleurs qualifiés sont hétérogènes en termes de productivité individuelle dans le secteur R&D. Le commerce international requiert le paiement d’un coût fixe pour chaque variété de bien intermédiaire. Il y a deux régions dans le monde : le « Nord » avec une protection totale des DPI, et le « Sud » avec une protection faible. Tout travailleur qualifié dans le secteur R&D fait le choix entre devenir innovateur ou imitateur. Cette modélisation est capable de recréer la domination du Nord dans l’activité d’innovation mondiale, et du Sud dans l’imitation. Un renforcement des DPI dans le Sud se traduit par une redistribution de travailleurs qualifiés hors de l’activité imitative et vers l’innovation. Un nombre plus faible d’imitateurs augmente l’intérêt d’exporter vers le Sud pour les firmes du Nord, ce qui favorise le commerce international<br>This thesis studies the effects of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on the economy. It makes use of a common framework (i.e. an endogenous growth model with horizontal differentiation) to model IPRs, identify the benefits and the costs associated with their implementation, suggest welfare maximizing levels of IPRs in economies with different compositions of the labor force and, finally, focus on the trade aspects of international policies tending to unify IPRs systems in the world.The first chapter considers a closed economy. We find that the utility maximizing degree of IPRs may or not be the same for skilled and unskilled workers. The equilibrium of the economy depends on its size and composition of the labor force. When skilled workers are scarce relative to unskilled workers, complete enforcement of IPRs benefits skilled workers and harm unskilled workers, which prefer a weaker regime. If the two labor endowments are close enough there is no longer a conflict of interests between the two groups. Both prefer a regime of IPRs that increases with the population size.The second chapter extends the first one to incorporate an additional economy which is larger and technologically more advanced. The R&D sector of the small economy benefits from the knowledge developed abroad. The model predicts convergence in the rate of growth to the one of the technological leader. The positive effect of IPRs comes from the determination of the "technological gap" between the two regions. Complete enforcement of IPRs maximizes utility for skilled labor and, under some parameter configurations, also for unskilled labor.The third chapter allows for international trade. We consider two economies where skilled labor is heterogeneous in productivity within the R&D sector. Trade requires the payment of a fixed cost per variety. There are two regions in the world: the South has weaker IPRs and a less skilled labor than the North. Skilled workers in the R&D sector choose between becoming innovators or imitators. This setup recreates the observable patterns of dominance of the North in innovation, and the South in imitation. Stronger IPRs in the South translate into a reallocation of skilled labor out of imitation and into innovation. Less imitators increase the value of exporting to that region for foreign exporters leading to an increase in world trade
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Ring, Jonathan Jacob. "The diffusion of norms in the international system." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1386.
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Why do states express support for norms that go against their underlying beliefs? Scholars of policy diffusion have identified four social mechanisms -- coercion, competition, emulation, and learning -- that can lead to the spread of a common practice, a norm, in the international system. I build a formal model of the four mechanisms and apply them to actual cases of norm diffusion. The formal models are anchored by three variables that capture fundamental aspects of international society: hierarchy, neighborhood, and identity. The four different diffusion mechanisms operate on these variables, creating distinct over-time trajectories. Three important dynamic patterns are compared across different model specifications: the shape of the adoption S-curve, the power distribution among expressers and non-expressers, and the degree of regional clustering. I find that the four mechanisms produce unique signatures under many conditions, but that changes to some parameters such as initial number of expressers can obscure the identification of the diffusion mechanism.
In the first empirical chapter, I apply the framework to the diffusion of quotas for women's representation. I find that quotas are adopted by weak states, and that the likely source of inspiration for quota adoption are other weak states in the same neighborhood. The empirical pattern in terms of hierarchy, neighborhood, and identity point to competition as the mechanism that drove quota diffusion. Because competition is associated with norm internalization, this finding suggests that the world is really becoming more gender equal. In the second empirical chapter, I change substantive focus to the diffusion of human rights norms. Adoption of human rights treaties seems to be associated with worse human rights behavior, but why do states that ratify human rights treaties so often fail to uphold their obligations?. I find that the Convention Against Torture (CAT) treaty is adopted first by strong states in Europe, then to weaker states in a regionally-contingent pattern. This empirical pattern is most consistent with the emulation mechanism. This implies that the anti-torture norm is not associated with internalization, and solves the previously puzzling ratification-compliance paradox.
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Hale, Allison R. "International Policy Diffusion and Religious Freedom, 1990-2008." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5935.
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Why do governments restrict religious freedom? As more and more governments have adopted restrictive policies over the past thirty years, scholars have traditionally examined internal domestic factors—such as the role of democratic governance, economic growth, or internal competition—that may influence government choices. I build on this literature by extending the discussion to external factors, arguing that some policies may also spread from one government to another. This process, identified by scholars as the idea of policy diffusion, may occur in several ways.
While previous research has focused on the spread of policies that are generally considered positive (i.e. the spread of democracy), I extend the literature by specifically focusing on the spread of restrictive policies. I argue that these policies may spread across countries through several specific mechanisms: geographic neighbors may observe each other, policymakers may learn generally from the adoption of policies throughout the world, countries may imitate the examples of others they consider powerful, or the merits of a policy may be socially constructed within groups of countries that have similar cultures.
To examine these theoretical assumptions, I first compile a dataset that captures years of policy adoption for twenty types of restrictive government religion policy based on the information available from the Religion and State (RAS) Project for 175 countries between 1990 and 2008. I then test the data with several statistical models that allow me to compare the extent to which the proposed mechanisms change the likelihood that a government will adopt a restrictive policy. Through these tests, I find moderate statistical support for the assumption that all four of the policy mechanisms examined increase the odds of restrictive policy adoption.
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Kapoor, Aanchal. "The Economic Impact of Oil Price Shocks on Emerging Markets." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/139.
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Recent spikes in oil prices have thrown light on how economic activity in emerging markets may be impacted by oil price shocks. This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the effect of oil price shocks on emerging markets. It tests for the existence of an asymmetrical relationship between oil prices and economic activity using a model developed by James Hamilton. It also assesses the impact of structural shocks to the real price of oil on output as proposed by Lutz Kilian. While our models find no consistent pattern within emerging markets, they do suggest that oil price shocks have a greater significance in 2000-2009 than in the full sample of 1974-2009. We also find that emerging economies are impacted by changes in oil specific demand but unaffected by changes in aggregate demand for industrial commodities.
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Shin, Hyun Joon. "Data-oriented study of the international transmission of monetary policy shocks : the case of Korea /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9999314.
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Dyrssen, Hannah. "Valuation and Optimal Strategies in Markets Experiencing Shocks." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad matematik och statistik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316578.
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This thesis treats a range of stochastic methods with various applications, most notably in finance. It is comprised of five articles, and a summary of the key concepts and results these are built on. The first two papers consider a jump-to-default model, which is a model where some quantity, e.g. the price of a financial asset, is represented by a stochastic process which has continuous sample paths except for the possibility of a sudden drop to zero. In Paper I prices of European-type options in this model are studied together with the partial integro-differential equation that characterizes the price. In Paper II the price of a perpetual American put option in the same model is found in terms of explicit formulas. Both papers also study the parameter monotonicity and convexity properties of the option prices. The third and fourth articles both deal with valuation problems in a jump-diffusion model. Paper III concerns the optimal level at which to exercise an American put option with finite time horizon. More specifically, the integral equation that characterizes the optimal boundary is studied. In Paper IV we consider a stochastic game between two players and determine the optimal value and exercise strategy using an iterative technique. Paper V employs a similar iterative method to solve the statistical problem of determining the unknown drift of a stochastic process, where not only running time but also each observation of the process is costly.
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Dungan, Jeffrey. "International School Leadership and the Diffusion of Distance Education in East Asian International Schools." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/fse_etd/136.
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Change is critical in most organizations. International schools attempting to redefine 21st century education for their students are innovating pedagogies and schools’ structures. However, the leader of an organization or school may be the most influential advocate for or barrier to change. International schools’ leaders continue to play a role in the diffusion of distance education. This study identified the knowledge and experience of international school leaders and identified themes that are related to the likelihood distance education would or would not be adopted by the schools they lead.
This applied dissertation describes international school leaders’ knowledge and use of innovation diffusion theory in adopting distance education into kindergarten-Grade 12 East Asia Regional Council of Schools (EARCOS). International schools are a unique niche in the global educational environment.
Triangulating data from EARCOS school leaders collected through individual innovativeness surveys and coding open-ended interview transcripts provided insight to school leaders’ knowledge and use of innovation diffusion theory when applied to adopting or rejecting the use of distance education within their schools.
Data collected in this study indicated that EARCOS school leaders’ use of formalized planning when diffusing innovations, including distance education, within their schools varied depending on the scale of the innovation and the stakeholders involved. EARCOS school leaders rated themselves higher on average in individual innovativeness when compared to other innovativeness survey normative groups. Several other key themes emerged from the data including the following: Opinion leadership and change agents play a vital role in diffusing innovations in EARCOS schools. School leaders need to be adaptable and recognize opinion leadership within their schools to diffuse innovations efficiently. EARCOS school leaders rated themselves as highly innovative but were reluctant to explore innovative ways of delivering instruction, including distance education. Distance education was not seen as relevant in EARCOS schools, even though school leaders recognized their students would be exposed to online learning upon matriculation.
Barriers to the diffusion of distance education exist in EARCOS schools including cost to develop distance education programs and courses, existing school structures, and the perceived absence of need.
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Besson, Marie-Pierre. "Les difficultés d'application du droit international humanitaire : sanctions-diffusion." Toulouse 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU10025.
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Pendant les dernières années du XXe siècle, la communauté internationale a fait preuve d'une détermination accrue à traduire en justice les auteurs de crime de guerre. Les statuts et la pratique des tribunaux pénaux internationaux ainsi que de la Cour pénale internationale contribuent à mettre en évidence la nécessité de veiller à l'application du droit international humanitaire et en particulier à la sanction des auteurs des infractions graves, prévues par les Conventions de Genève de 1949 ainsi que les protocoles de 1977<br>The Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols require the states party to adopt a number of measures in order to assure compliance with these treaties
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Омельяненко, Віталій Анатолійович, Виталий Анатольевич Омельяненко, and Vitalii Anatoliiovych Omelianenko. "Theoretical approaches for process of international diffusion of innovations." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31194.
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In the process of innovation theory the concept of innovation diffusion is one of priority areas. Diffusion of innovation theory seeks to explain: how, why and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through different cultures. Diffusion can be defined as a process which has different intensity by which innovation spreads in a social system in time and space.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31194
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Adeleye, Ifedapo Lanrewaju. "The diffusion of international human resource management practices in Africa." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509109.
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Kim, Jung Hwa M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "International diffusion practice : lessons from South Korea's New Village Movement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81150.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-111).<br>This research focuses on how South Korea's development model-namely, the Saemaul Undong, or the New Village Movement-is diffused internationally, in particular, to the developing country of Vietnam. South Korea's successful model has been diffused through various different channels for years, mostly in the form of foreign aid projects. Due to the prevailing view that international diffusion practices take place homogenously (in a near-universally standardized manner) within the recipient communities, and due to the propensity on the part of both donor and recipient governments to highlight only successful cases of diffusion while not publicizing those that have failed, several key questions, such as, how diffusion actually takes place, or how each project is likely to bring about different outcomes based on who initiates or leads the project, and to what extent this particular South Korean model has been viable and sustainable in the recipient country, remain largely unveiled. This research, therefore, aims to analyze the role of each stakeholder and how these stakeholders-either personnel or institutions-make an impact on the degree of diffusion of the Saemaul Undong process. It seeks to differentiate the impact of diffusion between short-term or one-time aid projects and those that have managed to become a sustainable development model in the recipient community. To be specific, the roles of politicians, administrative officials at the local level, non-governmental agents, external factors, and minor actors are investigated at the micro-level.<br>by Jung Hwa Kim.<br>M.C.P.
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Zhou, Minyu. "Essays on Innovation and International Technology Diffusion: An Empirical Investigation." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376528239.
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Greene, Brian W. "State identity, foreign policy, and systemic norm diffusion : towards humanitarian intervention." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84511.
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This dissertation explores the complex relationship between state identity, foreign policy, and systemic norm diffusion. Based on an empirical examination of the international military response to the humanitarian crises associated with the Yugoslav wars of secession (1991--1995), Somali civil war and famine (1991--1993), Rwandan genocide (1994), and Zairian refugee crisis (1996), I contend that a state's foreign policy is primarily a product of its international identity. The country case studies (Canada, France, and the United States) are not merely isolated narratives. Drawing on the logic of 'system effects' analysis, with its emphasis on the role of feedback and indirect effects, I then situate each state within the larger systemic narrative, highlighting the systemic normative consequences of each state's policy choices. In addition to demonstrating that states from outside the great power club can exert significant international normative influence (a heretofore unexplored phenomenon), the study paints a much clearer picture than presently exists about the possibilities for, and limits to, ethical normative evolution in world politics.
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Ducharme, Louis Marc. "Inter-industrial technology diffusion : a macro analysis of technical change in the Canadian economy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363049.
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It is now well recognised that the improvement of the economic performance and the restructuring of industries depends not only on the generation (or production) of new technology but also on the rate and level of diffusion of technology throughout the economy. This thesis presents an inter-industrial analysis of the effect of diffusion of technological change on the Canadian economy. To do so, it describes the diffusion of information using Canadian patent statistics potential sector of manufacturing and use. It then uses the patent matrices as 'support' matrices to transform R&D data by industry of origin into R&D data by industry of use to calculate the direct and indirect R&D inducement based on a static input-output model. Finally it is used to estimate the impact of own R&D and R&D spillover on total factor productivity growth, differentiating the R&D spillover according to various 'support' matrices and different 'gestation times'. II The empirical results confirm: i) the existence of an important interindustrial flow of innovation, ii) the existence of a 'common core' of industry at the source of technological change, as well as the importance of using industries as 'core innovative' industries, and iii) the emergence of service industries as a strong user of capital goods. It also concludes that i) the scale and structure of the external trade has an impact on the R&D inducement of all industries, ii) innovative activity has a positive and significant effect on productivity growth and iii) the rates of return in R&D spillover are found only after 8 years of 'gestation time'.
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Boughanmi, Akri. "Commerce international, diffusion des connaissances et dynamique d'une économie en croissance." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010087.
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L'objet de cette thèse est de participer au débat théorique sur la relation dynamique entre le commerce international et la croissance. Il consiste à montrer que le développement des échanges commerciaux stimule l'accumulation du capital humain et la croissance économique par la diffusion des connaissances et l'amélioration de la productivité des travailleurs. Les modèles d'innovation endogène montrent que l'échange international des biens, sans la libre circulation des idées, n'affecte que le niveau de la production et n'exerce aucun effet sur le taux de croissance; les modèles d'apprentissage mettent en évidence les dangers d'une spécialisation dynamiquement inefficace et montrent que les avantages comparatifs non seulement se conservent mais aussi se maintiennent au cours du temps. Ces modèles supposent soit que l'apprentissage est la source essentielle de croissance et que les connaissances ne circulent pas entre les pays, soit que l'innovation est la source essentielle de la croissance économique et que seule la libre circulation des idées est dynamiquement bénéfique. Nous développons un ensemble de versions de ces modèles pour mettre en évidence le rôle de la diffusion des connaissances dans le processus de croissance et expliquer cette diffusion par les importation de biens d'équipement. Nous montrons que le phénomène d'hystérésis peut être inversé.
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Ngameni, Herman Blaise. "La diffusion du droit international pénal dans les ordres juridiques africains." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10457.
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Aujourd’hui, l’Afrique est sans aucun doute la partie du monde la plus affectée par la commission des crimes internationaux les plus graves. Pourtant, depuis des décennies, il existe des mécanismes juridiques visant à sanctionner les responsables des crimes qui heurtent la conscience humaine. Seulement, l’échec relatif de ces mécanismes peut pousser l’observateur à se demander s’il est possible de garantir la diffusion du droit international pénal sur le continent africain. Cette interrogation est loin d’être incongrue, car même si un nombre important d’états africains ont ratifié le Statut de Rome qui organise la répression du génocide, des crimes contre l’humanité, des crimes de guerre et même du crime d’agression, il n’en demeure pas moins que l’application de ce Statut dans les différents ordres juridiques concernés est très souvent compromise. La principale raison à cela c'est que, le droit international pénal ne tient pas forcément compte des particularismes juridiques des états qui ont pourtant la primauté de compétence, en vertu du principe de subsidiarité, pour sanctionner la commission des crimes internationaux selon les règles classiques de dévolution des compétences. De plus, il faut préciser que l’Afrique est le terrain de prédilection du pluralisme juridique qui favorise la juxtaposition de l’ordre juridique moderne et de l’ordre juridique traditionnel. Si le premier est en principe réceptif aux normes internationales pénales, le second qu’il soit musulman ou coutumier avec l’exemple des Gacaca rwandais, repose sur une philosophie juridique différente de celle du droit international pénal. Dans tous les cas, l’articulation du droit international pénal avec les ordres juridiques africains est une des conditions de sa diffusion. Cette articulation pourrait d’ailleurs être favorisée par le dialogue entre les juges nationaux et internationaux qui doivent travailler en bonne intelligence pour édifier un système international pénal ; d’où l’intérêt pour les états africains de favoriser une coopération effective avec les juridictions pénales internationales. Il va sans dire que, tout ceci ne sera possible qu’au sein des régimes politiques démocratiques capables de renoncer aux règles et pratiques juridiques anachroniques pour s’appuyer sur une politique criminelle pouvant favoriser, dans un avenir plus ou moins lointain, un véritable universalisme du droit international pénal<br>Today, Africa is undoubtedly part of the world most affected by the commission of the most serious international crimes. Yet for decades, there are legal mechanisms to punish those responsible for crimes that shock the conscience of humanity. But the relative failure of these mechanisms can push the viewer to wonder if it is possible to ensure the dissemination of international criminal law on the African continent. This question is far from being incongruous, because even if a significant number of African states have ratified the Rome Statute that governs the fight against genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression even, the fact remains that the application of the Statute in the different legal systems involved is often compromised. The main reason for this is that international criminal law does not necessarily take into account the legal peculiarities of the states that have yet the primacy of jurisdiction under the subsidiarity principle, to sanction the commission of international crimes by the conventional rules devolution of powers. In addition, it should be noted that Africa is the stomping ground of legal pluralism that promotes juxtaposition of the modern legal system and traditional law. If the first is normally receptive to criminal international standards, the second whether Muslim or customary with the example of the Rwandan Gacaca is based on a different legal philosophy from that of international criminal law. In all cases, the articulation of international criminal law with African legal systems is one of the conditions of release. This link could also be encouraged by the dialogue between national and international judges who must work in harmony to build an international criminal system; hence the need for African states to promote effective cooperation with international criminal courts. It goes without saying that all this will be possible only in democratic political systems which can waive the rules and legal practices anachronistic to press a criminal policy that can promote in a more or less distant future, a true universalism of international criminal law
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Angolkar, Tejal. "The Effects of Macroeconomic Indicators and Event Shocks on Greek Stock and Bond Market Performance." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1423.
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This paper focuses on understanding the higher than average punishment to Greek stocks and bonds and the overall investor reactions to the worsening economic situation in Greece from 2000 to 2014. Were Greek stock and bond values driven by fiscal and financial conditions, macroeconomic indicators and event shocks to the economy? Time series regressions, Granger Causality Wald tests and impulse response functions are used to answer the question. The proxies for Greek stock and bond market performance include the Athens Stock Exchange Index growth rate and the short run and long run interest rate spreads between Greece and Germany. The macroeconomic variables include debt to GDP ratio, the National Bank of Greece return on equity growth rate, real GDP growth rate, inflation rate, and M1 and M2 money supply growth rates. The significant events include Greece joining the Euro in 2001, the Greek government admitting to lying about budget deficits in 2004, Greece’s first bailout in 2010 and the resignation of Prime Minister George Papandreou in 2011. Results show that most variables are significant and stock and bond market performance are dependent on macroeconomic indicators and event shocks.
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Bahar, Dany. "Essays on the Transmission and Diffusion of Productive Knowledge in International Economics." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11337.
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Numerous empirical studies have shown the difficulties associated with the transmission of knowledge and the limitations of its diffusion process. What are the implications of these difficulties and limitations to international economics? This dissertation deals with this question by looking at how productive knowledge plays a role in the evolution of the comparative advantage of nations and the international expansion of multinational corporations. The first chapter finds that a country is 65% more likely to start exporting a good that is being exported by any of its geographic neighbors, consistently with evidence on the limited geographic patterns of knowledge diffusion. The second chapter finds that migrants, serving as carriers of productive knowledge, play a role in explaining the appearances of new export industries in both their sending and receiving countries. In particular, in terms of their ability to induce exports in the average country, an increase of only 65,000 people in the stock of migrants is associated with about 15% increase in the likelihood of adding a new product to a country's export basket. The figure becomes 15,000 for skilled migrants. The third chapter looks at how the barriers to knowledge transmission within the firm limit the horizontal expansion of multinational corporations. The findings suggest that multinational corporations are, on average, about 12% less likely to horizontally expand a sector that is one standard deviation above the mean in the knowledge intensity scale.
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Aglen, Andreas Flåt, and Sondre Gullord Graff. "On International Technology Diffusion : A Case Study of the Norwegian Microelectronics Industry." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24795.
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The study identifies two knowledge networks through which firms can identify and absorb new knowledge. One such knowledge network is nationally oriented, and constitutes of commercial and non-commercial actors situated in a domestic environment. The other network is internationally oriented, and allows national firms to tap into knowledge pools that reside in foreign countries. Research traditions have investigated these networks separately; cluster theory in particular has gotten immensely popular for its emphasis on the local knowledge network. We derive a model of international diffusion that bridges the two knowledge networks, and investigate how the process of international technology diffusion relates to the competitiveness of national industries. The model?s appropriateness is tested through a case study of the birth and growth of the Norwegian microelectronics industry. The findings suggest that firms depend on different knowledge networks through different phases of industry development. When present in international markets, firms prioritize international knowledge relations in order to be responsive to technology trends. This insight challenges the cluster theorists? emphasis on the importance of locality, and implications for management and policy makers are discussed.
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Hearson, Martin. "Bargaining away the tax base : the north-south politics of tax treaty diffusion." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3529/.
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Developing countries have signed over a thousand tax treaties, at a cost of millions of pounds a year, based on a myth. The predominant legal rationale for so-called ‘double taxation’ treaties is outdated, while the evidence that they attract investment into developing countries is inconclusive. Although the financial gains from tax treaties are split between the treasuries of capital exporting countries and their multinational companies, most of the costs are incurred by the fiscs of capital importing countries. Rational actor models alone cannot explain the diffusion of tax treaties to the global South. The missing piece of the picture is ideas. As developing countries have formed their identities as fiscal states, a century-old narrative describing the deleterious effects of double taxation resulting from international fiscal anarchy has shaped different actors’ preferences. From the perspective of those focused on investment promotion, tax treaties are part of what a state does when it wants to compete for investment, regardless of the evidence about their actual effects. Meanwhile, officials developing the tax system have looked to the OECD as the source of sophisticated technical knowledge, and learned to regard tax treaties as the way to ensure ‘acceptable standards’ for taxing multinational companies. This thesis uses interviews with treaty negotiators, observations of international meetings, and archival research, including case studies from the UK, Zambia, Vietnam and Cambodia selected through a mixed methods strategy. It identifies three diffusion mechanisms: competition by developed countries for outward investment opportunities, ‘boundedly rational’ competition by developing countries for inward investment, and efforts by tax specialists to disseminate fiscal standards. It also highlights two scope conditions. First, competition for inward investment can be blocked if political actors are concerned about raising corporate tax revenue. Second, where the preferences of specialists and nonspecialists in a country do not align, control over veto points is a prerequisite to diffusion.
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Calbreath, Katy Anne. "Networked ICTs and international development a case study of technology diffusion in Kenya /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4550.
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Lacatus, Corina. "The design of national human rights institutions : global patterns of institutional diffusion and strength." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3534/.
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“The Design of National Human Rights Institutions: Global Patterns of Diffusion and Strength” explores patterns of institutional design in the case of national human rights institutions (i.e. ombudsman, national human rights commission), seeking to understand why countries establish these bodies and give them certain mandated powers as reflected in their institutional design. The project answers two main questions about the global variation of institutional strength as a function of the design of these institutions: (1) What are the main global patterns of the institutional design of national human rights institutions? and (2) What explains variation in the institutional strength of national human rights institutions across borders? The project makes two main contributions to the scholarship on international organisation and cross-border diffusion: the dataset of institutional design features, which operationalizes and measures six different dimensions of an institutional design index on the basis of report-based and survey data, is the first global dataset of its kind. Institutional strength is the original dependent variable that represents an index of six design features, as a synthesis of main mandated functions: 1) de jure legal independence; 2) nature of the mandate; 3) autonomy from government control; 4) predominant de facto duties; 5) pluralism of representation; and 6) staff and financial resources. Institutional strength is a ranked categorical variable with three values (weak, medium, strong). An additional contribution is the explanatory framework, which derives a number of hypotheses about global and regional determinants of institutional design from four main mechanisms that draw respectively on domestic and international, as well as material and social, factors (socialisation, incentive-setting, cost & benefit calculations and domestic identity). The global analysis has found statistically significant evidence that participation in the United Nations-led peer-review process for national human rights institutions accreditation makes countries more likely to have stronger institutions. This is in line with recent work about the role of UN-led peer review processes and provides support for socialisation and acculturation explanations that are facilitated by a global network. At the regional level, social learning and acculturation across borders takes place in regions with high density of strong such human rights institutions (i.e. Europe and the Americas) and where more ‘early adopting’ countries are located. Countries with strong democratic identities, which established their human rights institutions prior to 1990, are both more likely to have strong institutions themselves and to motivate other governments to follow their lead. The analysis of global trends finds also that incentivesetting plays a role both at the global and the regional levels, as countries that receive higher amounts of Overseas Development Assistance from the United States or states that are subjected to EU membership conditionality are more likely to have stronger human rights institutions. The project follows a nested multi-method research design, which begins with a quantitative analysis of global trends as a backdrop for a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) focused on Europe, complemented by illustrative country institutional case studies. QCA finds two paths that are sufficient for European countries to establish strong institutions. Thirteen case studies present illustrative evidence of the QCA findings at the country/institution level.
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Le, Minh-Tam. "Feature Selection for Diffusion Methods Within a Supervised Context." Thesis, Yale University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3582256.
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<p> We apply diffusion geometry to sociopolitical and public health datasets. Our specific goal is to reveal hidden trends and narratives behind UN voting records and alcohol questionnaire response patterns. Importantly, seeking those hidden variables in a supervised context, e.g. alcohol-abuse, can be problematic for diffusion geometry. We suggest two approaches to deal with these shortcomings. First, we develop a correlation-based hierarchical clustering algorithm that exposes sub-patterns in the feature (response) space; this works in the UN voting context. Second, we introduce a feature selection algorithm based on a second-order correlation measure to guide diffusion embeddings; this significantly improves the performance of diffusion methods in the alcohol context. Together they suggest how to structure embeddings when there exist strong correlations among features irrelevant to a given labeling function. </p>
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Breitwieser, Audrey. "Escaping the Poverty Trap: Formal Savings and Asset Accumulation in Rural Malawi." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1436.
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Formal savings accounts can be an effective device for households to accumulate assets over time and thus have more funds available to better afford an expensive one-time payment, in the form of either addressing an economic shock or paying for an important life event. I explore this relationship using a field experiment in rural Malawi conducted from 2008-2010, and find that adoption of a formal savings account has no effect on the frequency of economic shocks that a household experiences, nor does it affect how households respond to shocks. However, I find that account adoption does significantly increase the frequency of a household’s expenditures on the life event of payment of secondary school fees. These findings indicate that, given enough time, adoption of a formal savings account allows a household to better accumulate its excess income, and therefore better afford expenditures that involve a decision by the household, as economic shocks tend to be exogenous and payments surrounding life events endogenous. These results support the effectiveness of a policy that extends formal financial services to rural, poor populations who may not have access to such services, as households can use excess funds to finance important life events that help future generations to escape a poverty trap.
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Kruesman, Monika. "Digging for compliments : Rio Tinto Group, corporate social responsibility and the diffusion of international norms." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/715/.
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It is a rare multinational corporation which neglects to express interest in Corporate Social Responsibility. Across countries, across industries and across organisations, ideas about ‘giving back’, ‘working with communities’, and ‘being responsible’ are discussed as commonly as profit margins and shareholder return. Despite, or perhaps because of, this plenitude, there remains confusion in understandings of what this phenomenon actually is and how it works. Of particular relevance for scholars of International Relations are lacunae in understanding how such an idea, value-based and emphasising organisational consistency, can be meaningful for actors operating simultaneously in many diverse locations, and under the freedom of international anarchy. Further, questions arise about what this phenomenon, reliant on ideas of good and bad, may illuminate about the movement of norms through the international system. These are the two interrelated problems that the dissertation seeks to address. Following a constructivist approach, the dissertation uses a qualitative case study method, focusing on one main corporate case (Rio Tinto Group). Insights derived from the main case study are then compared with two secondary corporate cases, to strengthen their validity and reliability. Key findings about the operational question, of how corporate social responsibility operates in multinational firms, point to the importance of broad, non-prescriptive and value-based policies at the global corporate level, with plenty of space for flexibility and variation in local implementation. In this way, corporations are able both to claim global consistency and local appropriateness. Insights about the movement of norms through the international system then follow, taking their cue from the well-known work of Finnemore and Sikkink (1998). The study finds that, while the essence of their ‘downwards’ model remains valid, applying it to the workings of international CSR points up limitations. Specifically, it appears that norms can move in various directions, not only ‘downwards’, but also ‘upwards’, as well as in cycles. Further, it appears that the direction of movement is influenced by local circumstances, and in particular the stability of the local political and economic environment.
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Gibson, Sandra. "La diffusion du droit forestier français en Afrique subsaharienne." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA111004.
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Vallentin, Daniel. "Inducing the international diffusion of carbon capture and storage technologies in the power sector." Wuppertal : Wuppertal Inst. for Climate, Environment and Energy, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984467718.
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Xenakis, Sappho. "International norm diffusion and the development of Greek policy against organised crime, 1989-2001." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433284.
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Alon, Anna. "THREE STUDIES RELATED TO THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2245.
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This dissertation consists of three separate, but related, studies on the institutionalization of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The first study examines the relationship between the national variables and the level of IFRS adoption. Theoretical insights regarding the level of national IFRS adoption come from the world-level institutional theory (Meyer et. al., 1997). Archival data are utilized for the study. The findings indicate that countries with weaker national governance structures and lower economic development demonstrate the highest level of commitment to IFRS. Nationalism was found to influence the extent of adoption. The study contributes to IFRS adoption literature by recognizing the multi-level possibilities of IFRS adoption and discovering the factors that drive the degree of IFRS adoption on a national level. The second study examines the ongoing change in the U.S. accounting regulation related to IFRS. The specific event investigated is an historic ruling by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) made in 2007 to accept IFRS filings from foreign issuers. This move toward acceptance of IFRS by the primary U.S. regulator is of academic interest because it represents an opportunity to study regulatory institutional change. The event is analyzed using a qualitative study of the rhetoric found in the comment letters submitted to the SEC. The following theoretical frameworks were used to interpret the qualitative findings: a model of institutional change (Greenwood et. al., 2002), the role of rhetoric in legitimating institutional change (Suddaby & Greenwood, 2005), and the agents of change model (Djelic & Quack, 2003b). The conversation of opponents and proponents through the comment letters revealed the struggle of the participants to legitimize their positions. As expected, rhetorical themes associated with the moral and pragmatic legitimacy of their positions were utilized. Unexpectedly, the shifting site of regulation and the related power of SEC were troubling for proponents and opponents of the change. The study contributes to transnational accounting regulation literature in a number of ways. It presents a synthesis of different theoretical perspectives to investigate institutional change in accounting regulation. It also deepens the understanding of how institutional change is theorized by evaluating the rhetoric of domestic, foreign, and transnational participants. The third study evaluates the diffusion of IFRS in developing countries, using the specific case of Russia. The study investigates whether individual perceptions of various aspects of financial reporting and reforms are associated with IFRS adoption. Particularly of interest is whether there are differences between voluntary adopters and those for which adoption was mandated. The data were obtained from a 2007 survey exploring Russia s transition to IFRS. In general, adopters had a more positive view of transition toward IFRS and financial reforms in Russia. Further, the perceptions of reforms by adopters did not vary based on whether the adoption was required by a national or a foreign mandate. The study contributes both theoretically and empirically to the literature on IFRS in developing countries. Taken together, these three studies focus on issues that have not been addressed previously in the accounting literature. They will advance the international accounting literature on factors related to IFRS adoption, regulations, and influences.<br>Ph.D.<br>Kenneth G. Dixon School of Accounting<br>Business Administration<br>Business Administration PhD
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Stipanicic, Marquez Fernando. "Essays on International Trade and Innovation." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU10010.
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La création et la diffusion des connaissances : un témoignage de l'ère du jetCet article fournit de nouvelles preuves de l'impact du temps de voyage en avion sur la création et la diffusion des connaissances. Nous exploitons le début de l'ère du jet comme une expérience quasi-naturelle. Nous numérisons les horaires de vols des compagnies aériennes et construisons un nouvel ensemble de données du réseau de vols aux États-Unis. Entre 1951 et 1966, le temps de trajet entre des lieux distants de plus de 2 000 km a diminué en moyenne de 41 %. La réduction du temps de trajet explique 33 % de l'augmentation de la diffusion des connaissances mesurée par les citations de brevets. L'augmentation de la diffusion des connaissances a en outre entraîné une augmentation de la création de nouvelles connaissances. Les résultats prouvent que les avions à réaction ont conduit à la convergence de l'innovation entre les sites et ont contribué au déplacement de l'activité d'innovation vers le sud et l'ouest des États-Unis.Temps de trajet aérien historiques : États-Unis. Dans cet article, nous présentons un nouvel ensemble de données sur les temps de trajet en avion aux États-Unis. Nous avons numérisé et mis au rebut des informations sur les horaires de vol des compagnies aériennes pendant 13 ans à des intervalles d'environ cinq ans couvrant la période de 1951 à 1999. L'ensemble de données contient 755 aéroports et 11 058 liaisons dirigées entre paires d'aéroports. Nous documentons qu'entre 1951 et 1999, la grande baisse du temps de trajet des vols sans escale s'est produite dans la période 1956-1961 avec l'introduction des avions à réaction. Nous documentons également l'apparition des vols long-courriers en 1970. Grâce aux informations des compagnies aériennes, nous montrons l'expansion d'American Airlines et le développement de ses hubs. Nous proposons d'étudier la loi de 1978 sur la déréglementation des compagnies aériennes en tant que changement de politique susceptible d'avoir entraîné le passage d'un réseau point à point à un réseau en étoile.La géographie de l'innovation : France 1978-2010Dans cet article nous présentons une série de faits sur la répartition géographique de l'activité brevets en France sur la période 1978 à 2010. Durant cette période nous observons que la part des brevets multi-inventeurs ayant des inventeurs dans plusieurs départements est passée de 38% à 47%. Dans le même temps, la part de ces brevets avec au moins un inventeur à Paris est passée de 35 % à 30 %. Par conséquent, la collaboration interdépartementale en matière de brevets s'est accrue au niveau national mais s'est détournée de Paris. Nous observons également que la part des inventeurs qui migrent d'une année sur l'autre vers ou depuis Paris augmente avec le temps. Ces phénomènes se sont produits simultanément avec l'expansion des chemins de fer à grande vitesse. Nous construisons un nouvel ensemble de données sur le temps de trajet annuel des trains dans les capitales des départements. Entre 1980 et 2018, la mise en place des trains à grande vitesse a entraîné une diminution moyenne du temps de parcours de plus de 20 % pour les paires-capitales distantes de plus de 400 km. Nous prévoyons d'étudier comment les changements dans le temps de déplacement affectent les collaborations des inventeurs, les caractéristiques des équipes d'inventeurs et la mobilité des inventeurs<br>The Creation and Diffusion of Knowledge: Evidence from the Jet AgeThis paper provides new causal evidence of the impact of air travel time on the creation and diffusion of knowledge. We exploit the beginning of the Jet Age as a quasi-natural experiment. We digitize airlines' historical flight schedules and construct a novel data set of the flight network in the United States. Between 1951 and 1966, travel time between locations more than 2,000 km apart decreased on average by 41%. The reduction in travel time explains 33% of the increase in knowledge diffusion as measured by patent citations. The increase in knowledge diffusion further caused an increase in the creation of new knowledge. The results provide evidence that jet airplanes led to innovation convergence across locations and contributed to the shift in innovation activity towards the South and the West of the United States.Historical Air Travel Times: United StatesIn this paper we present a novel dataset of air travel times in the United States. We have digitized and web-scrapped information on airlines' flight schedules for 13 years in approximately five year intervals covering the period 1951 to 1999. The dataset contains 755 airports and 11,058 directed airport-pair links. We document that between 1951 and 1999, the big drop in travel time of non-stop flights occurred in the period 1956-1961 with the introduction of jet airplanes. We also document the appearance of long-range flights in 1970. Using airline information, we show the expansion of American Airlines and the development of its hubs. We propose to study the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 as a policy change that may have driven the change from a point-to-point to a hub-and-spoke network.The Geography of Innovation: France 1978-2010In this paper we present a series of facts on the geographic distribution of patenting activity in France in the period 1978 to 2010. During this period we observe that the share of multi-inventor patents that have inventors in multiple departments increased from 38% to 47%. At the same time, the share of those patents with at least one inventor in Paris decreased from 35% to 30%. Therefore, across-department patent collaboration increased at a national level but diverted away from Paris. We also observe that the share of inventors that year-on-year migrate to or from Paris increases over time. These phenomena happened simultaneously with the expansion of high speed railways. We construct a new dataset of yearly train travel time across departments' capitals. Between 1980 and 2018, the introduction of high speed railways led to an average decrease in travel time of more than 20% for capital-pairs located more than 400km apart. We plan to study how changes in travel time affect inventors' collaborations, inventors' teams characteristics and inventors' mobility
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Kreuzer, Michael P. "Remotely piloted aircraft| Evolution, diffusion, and the future of air warfare." Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3642106.
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<p>In the realm of air warfare, no topic has generated more controversy or discussion in recent years than the implications of the increased use and proliferation of remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs). This dissertation seeks to build on existing models of technology, diffusion, and doctrine to examine the present and future role of RPAs in warfare. To do so, I place RPAs in the context of a broader Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), evaluating their effectiveness relative to other capabilities, modeling their likely diffusion and evolution, and examining the legal implications for conflict. I conclude many of the challenges posed by RPAs will be different than the current debate suggests, with issues like automation the laws of targeted killing being secondary to understanding the distinctions between tactical and strategic RPAs and the potential for escalation of conflict based on limited understanding of the true capabilities of the RPA. Strategic RPAs are revolutionary in their impact to small wars, but are unlikely to diffuse widely given the limited strategic requirements for this type of warfare and the high financial and organizational costs of building such systems. Tactical RPAs will spread globally and rapidly, but will be limited in their military application and are more likely to be problematic for their misuse than for the new capabilities they provide. This perspective will provide policymakers a framework for better understanding both the strengths and limitations of RPA warfare, and outline basic planning considerations for future wars based on the spread of this technology as well as institutional obstacles to diffusion posed to states, including the U.S. </p>
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Taylor, Linnet. "Global travellers on the digital dirt road : international mobility, networks and ICT diffusion in Ghana." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44712/.
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This thesis focuses on the intersection of human mobility and technology diffusion in Africa. With Ghana as a case study, it looks at how the diffusion of internet access and use are influenced by international mobility. The research is based in the literature on the diffusion of innovations, international knowledge transmission, migration and development, and Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D). It begins from the hypothesis that international mobility may contribute to lowering barriers to internet penetration in developing countries by facilitating flows of resources, including equipment, finance, skills and knowledge. The research is based on four different datasets: a survey of the internet cafes in the North of Ghana and in Accra; an online survey of users in northern internet cafes; a network study incorporating internet cafe owners and managers in higher-value-added areas of the IT sector, and in-depth interviews with policymakers and donor organisations involved in ICT4D interventions. The data was analysed using a combination of fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and network analytic techniques including visualisation, statistical analysis and qualitative analysis. The findings show that international mobility makes an important contribution to the base of adoption capacity for new technologies in poor and remote regions. It enables entrepreneurs and IT workers to address market gaps that restrict access to material and financial resources; by providing access to international circuits of knowledge and ideas which help individuals gain a foothold in the IT sector, and by facilitating local private-sector provision of the internet through internet cafes which serve the hardest-to-reach populations. The thesis concludes by suggesting potential entry points for ICT4D and migration policy in developing countries regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of ICT4D interventions, the role of the private sector in promoting internet usership, and the role of mobility in building adoption capacity in low-income areas.
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Zhao, Yujia. "The implementation issue in norm diffusion : the cases of WTO anti-dumping duty and countervailing duty in China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37600/.
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China increasingly integrates into the international system, but has the social capitalist China been effectively contained by the Western-led liberal order? Most current literatures assume China’s ratification of international treaties as the signal to its full adoption of international norms, and scholars such as John Ikenberry thus argue that China is getting contained by the Western liberal order. However, a new wave of norm diffusion scholars suggests that even the ratified norms may not have the expected domestic impacts; the implementation process is decisive to the real changes ‘on the ground’. Following this vein, this thesis studies China’s implementation of international liberal norms in order to understand how the liberal world contains China in its order. This thesis compares the implementation of two WTO trading norms namely anti-dumping duty and countervailing duty in China as the representative case studies. The analysis suggests that these two norms have made important changes to China’s legal system, institution-building, field-level practices and its domestic discourse. By employing political comparative methods, it proves the WTO implementing instruments as effective in promoting the progresses of this implementation process. However, the analysis further suggests that the cultural match of these two international liberal norms with China’s social capitalist traditions also contributes to strong domestic resistances to the implementation process. The consequences of this dis-match are largely reflected in China’s field-level practices of and its domestic discourses over these two norms. This thesis provides a complex answer to the question raised at the beginning. As the case studies illustrate, although anti-dumping duty and countervailing duty conflict with China’s social capitalist traditions, China chooses to play by the rules because of its ‘problem-solving’ concerns and because of the pressure from the WTO and its members. China, both the state sectors and non-state actors, values its identity as a member of the international society, and is willing to act as the defender of the current international order. Even though, China is not a passive receiver of the liberal normative structure. The dis-match between the liberal norms and China’s social capitalist tradition inevitably results in the internal resistance to the tendency of China being fully contained by the international liberal order. This resistance will not be eliminated by any external pressure.
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Charollois, Marie-Laure. "Problèmes juridiques de la diffusion télévisuelle en Europe." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010251.
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Depuis une dizaine d'années, des raisons politiques et économiques ont poussé les autorités politiques, nationales et européennes, à concentrer une partie de leurs actions autour de la création d'un marché audiovisuel européen. Basée sur le principe de libre circulation de l'information, cette action a toutefois été limitée par l'opposition des souverainetés nationales à la violation de leurs ordres juridiques internes. Les tentatives d'élaboration d'un ordre juridique unitaire européen susceptible de faciliter la mise en œuvre du principe libre circulation reste pour le moment insuffisant. Son efficacité suppose aussi un intense effort de coopération des états européens sortant du cadre d'une harmonisation strictement juridique. Les obstacles rencontres pour établir les bases de cet espace audiovisuel européen montre toute la difficulté de concevoir la télévision comme un objet homogène destine à unifier un continent, et ce malgré la volonté des autorités communautaires<br>For ten years, European and national political authorities have attempted, for economic and political reasons, to promote a market for European television. Based upon the principle of freedom of information, this action has been limited by the opposition of sovereign states to the violation of their national legal order. For the moment, the attempt at creating a european legal framework, that could implement the principle of information is very limited. In future, its effectivness will rely upon intensif cooperation between european states in all aspects of the problems raised by rueopean television, not just the legal one. The problem raised in attemting to establish the basis for a european audiovisual market demonstrate the difficulty of retaining television as an homogeneous object destined to unit a continent, despite the efforts of the communities's authorities
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Pinat, Magali. "Global linkages, trade network and development." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E031/document.
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Cette thèse doctorale étudie l’impact des effets de réseau sur le commerce et la finance internationale. Le premier chapitre évalue le rôle que joue la centralité des partenaires commerciaux dans la diffusion des connaissances et conclut que l’importation de biens provenant de partenaires situés au cœur du réseau est génératrice de croissance économique. Le deuxième chapitre étudie le rôle des communautés de commerce dans la vitesse d’adoption de nouvelles technologies et établit que la diffusion des idées est encouragée au sein des pays appartenant à la même communauté. Le troisième chapitre souligne le rôle que jouent les partenaires financiers dans le choix d’investir dans une nouvelle destination et montre que les pays sont plus susceptibles d’investir dans un nouveau pays si un de leurs partenaires actuels y a déjà investi. Le quatrième chapitre évalue l’impact de l’importation des produits à risque et estime qu’une augmentation d’un pourcent des importations de produits fragiles provenant d’un pays touché par une catastrophe naturelle est associée à une réduction de 0,7 pourcent des exportations nationales<br>This doctoral dissertation investigates the impact of networks effects on international trade and finance. The first chapter estimates the role a trade partners’ centrality plays in the diffusion of knowledge and finds that importing from countries at the core of the network leads to a significant increase in economic growth. The second chapter investigates the role of clusters in the speed of technology adoption and concludes that the diffusion of ideas is fostered among countries belonging to the same cluster. The third chapter emphasizes the role of current partners in choosing a destination for new investments and finds that countries are more likely to invest in a new destination if one of their existing partners have already made some investments in the location. The fourth chapter evaluates the impact of importing risky products on the economy and finds that the elasticity of a country’s exports with respect to its import share of fragile products from a partner impacted by a natural disaster is -0.7 percent
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Schleifer, Philip. "Whose rules? : the institutional diffusion and variation of private participatory governance." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/938/.
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As a mode of global sustainability regulation, private participatory governance first emerged in the forestry sector in the early 1990s and from there spread rapidly and widely in the global economy. The literature on the topic points to a good fit with democratic norms, neoliberal norms, social movement pressure, and the entrepreneurial activities of civil society actors and progressive firms as the main drivers behind this process of institutional diffusion. Today, multi-stakeholder initiatives operate in many industry sectors, ranging from apparel manufacturing and diamond mining to aquaculture production and soybean farming. Drawing on new developments in the philosophy of democracy, some see these arrangements as part of a ‘deliberative turn’ in sustainability politics with the potential to democratise global governance institutions. However, the legitimacy of multi-stakeholder initiatives remains contested, and there is evidence to suggest that the diffusion of private participatory governance in the global economy has introduced variation in a key dimension of institutional design: whereas some schemes involve a wide range of actors in their governance and standard-setting activities, others are significantly less inclusive. In order to explore this puzzle, this dissertation unpacks the process of institutional diffusion. It develops an analytical framework that distinguishes three stages in the diffusion process: source selection, transmission, and adoption. For the different stages, hypotheses are formulated about the factors that “intervene” in the diffusion process, leading to more or less inclusive institutional outcomes. This framework is put to work in three case study chapters, examining the diffusion of private participatory governance in the biofuels, soy, and sugarcane sectors. A major finding of this study is that varying levels of coercive institutional pressures influenced the diffusion outcome in the cases studied. In environments characterised by strong coercive pressures (biofuels and soy), adopting a more inclusive approach served institutional designers as a strategy to gain political authority – that is, legitimate decision-making power – in these arenas. In comparison, in the low conflict environment of the sugarcane sector, no comparable process of ‘institutional fitting’ could be observed. Furthermore, this dissertation shows that ideas about private participatory governance are far from set in stone. While multi-stakeholder institutions diffuse in the global economy, late adopters learn from the experiences of prior adopters. Based on these experiences and the lessons they draw from them, they interpret, innovate, and de- and recontextualise the model, giving rise to institutional variation.
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Zhang, Zhuohan. "Essays on vertical cooperation, intellectual property protection, and the international development and diffusion of new technologies." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40498.
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In the first essay, we develop a theoretical model, to analyse the trade-off between two modes, vertical partnership and vertical merger, of the cooperation between a high-tech northern firm and a southern firm that has low-labour-cost advantage. We conclude that if there is high “importance/degree” of asymmetric information on the quality of the northern firm’s technology, the vertical partnership mode making it possible to screen out low-quality technologies, tends to arise as the equilibrium cooperation mode, rather than the vertical merger mode achieving higher overall cost efficiency. In the second essay, we examine empirically how two legal regimes of intellectual property protection in a country, patent protection and trade secret protection, affect the foreign-sourced R&D investment into the country. We find that both patent and trade secret protection may have positive or negative effects on the foreign-sourced R&D investment, but mostly, the dominant effects of both regimes on the foreign-sourced R&D investment are their positive effects that stem from the “appropriability” channel: both patent and trade secret protection can increase the appropriability of R&D achievements. Also, when patent and trade secret protection work for boosting the foreign-sourced R&D investment, the two regimes complement each other. In the third essay, we examine empirically how the manufacturing R&D investment and service R&D investment in a country, respectively, are affected by the patent protection and trade secret protection regimes in the country. We find that on the one hand, patent protection positively affects both the levels of R&D investment in manufacturing and in services. On the other hand, trade secret protection has no significant effect on the R&D investment in manufacturing, while our results weakly indicate a U-shaped effect of trade secret protection on the R&D investment in services.
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Bernabini, Alberto. "International Public-Private-Partnerships for startups : an exploratory case study of the diffusion of eco-innovations." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188818.
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The researcher has investigated what factors influence a startup in an international public-private-partnership (PPP). The researcher has designed an exploratory study with a case study on Greenely, which is a Stockholm-based startup that has developed an application to monitor the household’s electricity consumption. The theoretical framework covers topics such as the diffusion of innovations (in particular eco-innovations in the form of smart meters in Europe), business models, the Business Model Canvas, and public-private-partnerships. The researcher conducted semistructured interviews with employees of the municipality of Cesena, Italy and with employees of Greenely, which is interested in expanding its offerings to Italy via partnerships. This study has shown that the factors that should influence a tartup in an international PPP are, mainly, five: Funding, Language and cultural identity, Timeline, Common vision and Bureaucracy. The factors “Funding” and “Common vision”, in particular, influence the PPP the most.