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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "International property (International law). International trade"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 15 de febrero de 2022

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1

Alvarez, José E. "The International Law of Property." American Journal of International Law 112, no. 4 (2018): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.72.

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On the surface, the two books under review seem to have little in common. The Bonnitcha/Poulsen/Waibel (BPW) book, written by two legal academics and a political scientist, provides a balanced, fact-grounded account of international investment agreements (IIAs) and investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). This is the “international treaty regime” in that book's title which the authors argue needs to be distinguished from the broader “international regime complex” that their book explicitly does not address, namely the number of other international instruments that at least incidentally also p

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2

Cornish, W. R. "The International Relations of Intellectual Property." Cambridge Law Journal 52, no. 1 (1993): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300017232.

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Intellectual Property is not a term with a standard meaning. Traditionally it was used to describe the copyright protection of authors and to distinguish this from industrial property, i.e., Patents for inventions, industrial design rights, plant variety rights, trade marks and the like. Recently it has become an umbrella for copyright, rights related to it and the various forms of industrial property. The new generic grouping has been needed for a world where demand for these rights has risen to an altogether new pitch. In part this is the consequence of extraordinary advances in technologies

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3

Burri, M. "Intellectual Property, Public Policy, and International Trade." European Journal of International Law 20, no. 3 (2009): 923–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chp054.

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4

Gagliani, Gabriele. "Cybersecurity, Technological Neutrality, and International Trade Law." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 3 (2020): 723–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgaa006.

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ABSTRACT There have already been several studies focusing on cybersecurity and international trade but the intersection between the two is multifaceted and can be approached from several viewpoints. This article focuses on cybersecurity and international trade from the specific perspective of technological neutrality. Although technological neutrality is recognized with different degrees of intensity both under World Trade Organization Covered Agreements and free trade agreements in a diverse range of fields (such as trade in services, technical barriers to trade, or intellectual property), it

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5

Chu, Jonathan M. W. W. "When Property Does Not Mean Property: An Analysis of the Existence of International Intellectual Property†." International Journal of Legal Information 39, no. 3 (2011): 328–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500006247.

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AbstractThis paper endeavours to dispel the logical conclusion which one may draw from the territorial nature of intellectual property rights and aims to show that the term “international intellectual property” may refer to the underlying products of intellect which give rise to rights granted internationally and which are, themselves, rights of a different sort.To suggest that “there is no such thing as international intellectual property” may have been particularly reasonable prior to the end of the 19thcentury when there was little or no international obligations to protect intellectual pro

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6

GUAN, WENWEI. "IPRs, Public Health, and International Trade: An International Law Perspective on the TRIPS Amendment." Leiden Journal of International Law 29, no. 2 (2016): 411–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215651600008x.

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AbstractThis article critically examines the dynamics between public health, intellectual property, and international trade in the context of the TRIPS Amendment and its theoretical implications in international law. The article suggests that international efforts in the TRIPS 2003 Waiver and 2005 Amendment addressing public health concerns have not been very successful due to the birth defect of TRIPS, i.e., hoping a private-rights-in-nature regime could accommodate public interests in health concerns. TRIPS’ birth defect further reveals itself in post-TRIPS development and contributed to the

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7

Kobak, James B. "Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 1 (2005): 1850032. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1050.

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The exhaustion doctrine in intellectual property law generally limits the rights of a patent, copyright or trademark owner (“IP Owner”) to control the disposition of an article after the article has been sold by or under the authority of the IP Owner. In theory the doctrine enables the IP Owner to receive fair reward for surrendering its right to withhold a product from the market but thereafter permits free disposition and movement of chattels, preventing IP rights from unduly disrupting distribution systems.Under a strict territorial application of the doctrine, a sale in country A under a c

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8

Cameron, James, and Kevin R. Gray. "Principles of International Law in The WTO Dispute Settlement Body." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2001): 248–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.2.248.

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Unlike the original 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT), the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement)1 covers a much wider range of trade. It extends beyond goods and now embraces services, intellectual property, procurement, investment and agriculture. Moreover, the new trade regime is no longer a collection of ad hoc agreements, Panel reports and understandings of the parties. All trade obligations are subsumed under the umbrella of the WTO, of which all parties are members. Member States have to accept the obligations contained in all the WTO c

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9

Рафалюк, Елена, and Elena Rafalyuk. "Axiological Approach in International Law." Journal of Russian Law 3, no. 10 (2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13256.

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The article is devoted to the study of the question of the values of international law, in particular the value of regional integration and cooperation of states. The author analyzes the approaches to the definition of value in terms of the classical approach (“Value as a property of the valued object or as a sample on the basis of which the evaluation shall be made”) and non-classical approach (“The relationship between the object and the statement of what should be an object”). The article discusses the formation of axiology and contribution to its development of R. G. Lotze, V. Windelband,

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10

Fitschen, Thomas. "Licit International Art Trade in Times of Armed Conflict?" International Journal of Cultural Property 5, no. 1 (1996): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739196000240.

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The articles concerning a licit international trade in artistic and other cultural objects published recently in the first volume of the 1995 International Journal for Cultural Property address a great number of issues concerning current trends in the law governing the exportation, importation and transfer of ownership of cultural property. What is barely mentioned in these articles, however, is the problem of the trade in art objects originating from occupied territories in times of armed conflict.

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11

Castro, Arachu, and Michael Westerhaus. "Access to generic antiretrovirals: inequality, intellectual property law, and international trade agreements." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, suppl 1 (2007): S85—S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001300010.

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The governments of numerous low- and middle-income countries are currently instituting rules that strengthen changes in domestic intellectual property legislation, often made to conform to the mandates of "free" trade agreements signed with the United States. These measures frequently include intellectual property provisions that extend beyond the patent law standards agreed upon in recent World Trade Organization negotiations, which promised to balance the exigencies of public health and patent holders. In this paper, we analyze the concern that this augmentation of patent law standards will

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12

Sappideen, Razeen. "Property rights, human rights, and the new international trade regime." International Journal of Human Rights 15, no. 7 (2011): 1013–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642981003722293.

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13

Taheri, Shila. "Nanotechnology Development and Transference in the International Trade Law and the Intellectual Property Rights." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 1 (2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p155.

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The preset essay analyzes the nanotechnology development and transference in the international trade law and the intellectual property rights by implementing descriptive analytic method. The research findings show that determining the role and position and the function of intellectual property systems within the modern nanotechnology intellectual property at the international scenery and analyzing the plans and codifying policies and special protective programs in terms of development and enhancement of intellectual property in this technology and comprehensive approaches in support of the int

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14

Frigo, Manlio. "Ethical Rules and Codes of Honor Related to Museum Activities: A Complementary Support to the Private International Law Approach Concerning the Circulation of Cultural Property." International Journal of Cultural Property 16, no. 1 (2009): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739109090067.

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The role of ethical rules and codes of conduct in the field of art law and international protection of cultural property, together with the adoption of the relevant international conventions, has constantly increased in the last decades. This article considers the main codes of conduct drafted by international organizations as well as international, national, public, and private institutions, federations, and associations. The focus is on their influence on international trade as instruments of art market regulation. Specific attention is paid to the interaction with the private international

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15

Morris, P. Sean. "Chorzów Factory – intellectual property and the continuity of international law in investor-state dispute settlement." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 10, no. 2 (2020): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2020.02.02.

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One of the most important cases in the jurisprudence of international law – Chorzów Factory – has a hidden secret, so much so that, even when in plain sight, legal post-mortems of the case fail to mention this well-kept secret. Chorzów Factory was about intellectual property rights, specifically patents and trade secrets, and this narrative has never been fully addressed. When the developments in international investment law and arbitration are fully considered it is worth looking back at Chorzów Factory to associate it with new streams of contemporary investor-state disputes that include issu

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16

Steger, Debra P. "Commentary on the Doha Round: Institutional Issues." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (2005): 1850065. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1152.

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Commentary on Robert Howse's article "WTO Governance and the Doha Round." Debra Steger is Executive in Residence at the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law where she is working to establish a new institute for international law, economy and security in Canada. Previously, she was Senior Counsel with Thomas & Partners, a law firm specializing in international trade and investment matters. From 1995-2001, she served as the founding Director of the Appellate Body Secretariat of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, during which time she helped to establish the Appellate Body as

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17

Selmani, Bashkim. "New Perspectives on Contractual Law in the Context of Real Contracts in the Systems of International Contemporary (Roman) Law." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (2015): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i3.p142-151.

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This scientific paper aims at exploring and establishing whether national legal gaps or possible issues within the differences in the international contractual law of the European Union’s member countries and non-EU member countries can result in possible difficulties. In case there are legal problems and difficulties or practical concerns in this field, should the functioning of the internal trade and legal function through its interpretation hinder the process between the contracting parties in the event of entering a contract of international and interstate character within the law of oblig

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18

Selmani, Bashkim. "New Perspectives on Contractual Law in the Context of Real Contracts in the Systems of International Contemporary (Roman) Law." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (2015): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i1.p142-151.

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This scientific paper aims at exploring and establishing whether national legal gaps or possible issues within the differences in the international contractual law of the European Union’s member countries and non-EU member countries can result in possible difficulties. In case there are legal problems and difficulties or practical concerns in this field, should the functioning of the internal trade and legal function through its interpretation hinder the process between the contracting parties in the event of entering a contract of international and interstate character within the law of oblig

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19

Jelisavac, Sanja. "International regulation of intellectual property rights." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 2-3 (2004): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0403279j.

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Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and works of art, as well as symbols, names, images, and designs that are used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and copyright which includes literary and works of art such as novels, poems and plays films, musical works, works of art such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of p

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20

Morin, Jean-Frédéric, and Jenny Surbeck. "Mapping the New Frontier of International IP Law: Introducing a TRIPs-plus Dataset." World Trade Review 19, no. 1 (2019): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000460.

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AbstractThis article introduces a new dataset on the intellectual property (IP) provisions included in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and makes it available for research and policy communities alike. Several PTAs include IP commitments that go well beyond the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). A sound knowledge of these TRIPs-plus commitments is essential in order to improve our understanding of what drives them and of their legal, social, and economic consequences. Yet, until now, these provisions have not been mapped in a comprehensive and syste

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21

Reichman, Jerome H. "Comment: Compulsory Licensing of Patented Pharmaceutical Inventions: Evaluating the Options." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 2 (2009): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00369.x.

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Few topics in international intellectual property law have been as controversial in recent years as the one we are about to examine. In the 1980s and early 1990s, a Diplomatic Conference attempted to revise the oldest international convention providing some protection for patented inventions outside of the domestic laws. Those efforts broke down, largely because developed and developing countries could not agree on the powers that governments should retain to issue compulsory licenses or on the grounds for which these powers could be exercised. The failure of this Conference, held under the au

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22

Howland, Douglas. "Contraband and Private Property in the Age of Imperialism." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 13, no. 1 (2011): 117–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180511x552063.

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AbstractA belligerent declaration of war binds all of its subjects, so that merchants of a belligerent state are forbidden from trading with the enemy. But when a neutral state declares neutrality, that act does not bind all subjects of the neutral state. Neutral merchants are free to trade with belligerents – even in contraband, at their own risk. This essay examines international negotiations over contraband during the first decade of the 1900s while highlighting, in particular, the contradiction between the wish to maintain belligerent rights to determine contraband and to capture it on the

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23

Diebold, Nicolas F. "STANDARDS OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2011): 831–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000418.

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AbstractThe principle of non-discrimination constitutes a corner-stone in different fields of international economic law, notably international trade in goods and services as well as intellectual property and investment protection. While its basic rationale appears to be straightforward, the application of the different legal elements which constitute a non-discrimination obligation has proven to be most challenging. Adjudicating bodies have been applying different interpretations and standards with regard to the legal elements of ‘less favourable treatment’, ‘likeness’ and ‘regulatory purpose

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24

Cuntz, Alexander. "Intellectual property regulation and international trade: national and global economic perspectives." Science and Public Policy 35, no. 2 (2008): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/030234208x292320.

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25

Kwakwa, Edward. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF AFRICA TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW." African Yearbook of International Law Online / Annuaire Africain de droit international Online 20, no. 1 (2014): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116176-90000142.

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26

Westerhaus, Michael, and Arachu Castro. "How Do Intellectual Property Law and International Trade Agreements Affect Access to Antiretroviral Therapy?" PLoS Medicine 3, no. 8 (2006): e332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030332.

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27

Aliyeva-Baranovska, Vira, and Olha Sirenko. "Comparative characteristics of trade secret in the legislation of foreign countries and in international law." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 4, no. 4 (2020): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-4-135-149.

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The purpose of the article is to investigate the place of trade secrets in regulations, international treaties, foreign legislation, and key means of protecting trade secrets in accordance with these regulations. A comparative analysis of current norms and provisions of the system of legislation of foreign countries in terms of protection of trade secrets. An analysis is performed of international treaties and the legal framework of foreign countries, namely, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Stockholm Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Or

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28

Andersen, Regine. "The Time Dimension in International Regime Interplay." Global Environmental Politics 2, no. 3 (2002): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638002320310545.

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Interplay between different international agreements is a novel field of study in regime theory. The importance of understanding this interplay is increasing, due to the rising number of international agreements with overlapping functional scopes. By including the time dimension in the study of regime interplay, per spectives are opened up, which may provide a better grasp of the dynamics of regime development. Three propositions are suggested in this article on how different development stages of overlapping international regimes affect their interplay. The propositions are illustrated with t

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29

Ssenyonjo, M. "Community Resources: Intellectual Property, International Trade and Protection of Traditional Knowledge. By JOHANNA GIBSON." Journal of Environmental Law 19, no. 2 (2007): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqm012.

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30

Fasan, Olu. "Global Trade Law: Challenges and Options for Africa." Journal of African Law 47, no. 2 (2003): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855303002079.

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The Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, completed in 1994, has fundamentally transformed the legal landscape of the world trading system, making the WTO arguably the most powerful international economic institution in the world. Yet, the systemic problems that have dogged the WTO since its establishment in 1995 have their roots in the nature of this transformation and its implications for developing countries, especially African states. Developing countries, hitherto excluded from GATT rules, became subject to expanded WTO legal rules and disciplines on a range of new areas, including service

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31

Broude, Tomer. "Mapping the Potential Interactions between UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage Regime and World Trade Law." International Journal of Cultural Property 25, no. 4 (2018): 419–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739118000255.

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Abstract:The 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (CSICH) was not intended to have legal repercussions in international trade. Nevertheless, intangible cultural heritage (ICH) may interact with trade regulation under various scenarios. The CSICH “Representative List” inscribes numerous ICH elements with real and potential international commercial aspects and consequent trade law implications. These emergent trade law–ICH regime dynamics require not only some critical reflection (for example, is safeguarding of ICH ultimately dependent on commodification or, at l

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32

Bajhdad Abadi, Saeed Daryaee, and Mohammah Hossain Ramazani Ghavam Abadi. "International Legal Challenges on Biotechnological Products." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 7 (2016): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n7p247.

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Selection and separation of inheritance has the desired characteristics of plants, animals and organisms have specific morphological characteristics and called them in terms of biotechnology. Including applications help farmers to reduce the amount of fertilizers , chemical pesticides, water and fuel consumption for the production of food As well as biotechnological products can be used for purification and cleansing the environment and food production at lower costs and reduce the use of harmful chemicals to human health and the environment. However, criticism has been leveled on biotechnolog

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33

Falah, Hasan, and Amjad Hassan. "The Role of International Agreements in Organising Tax Imposed on Intellectual Property Rights in Egypt, Palestine, and Jordan." Arab Law Quarterly 33, no. 4 (2019): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-12334053.

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Abstract Recognising the potential abundance of revenue and penetration of intellectual property as protected in various forms (copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial designs, technical expertise, and trade secrets), into every aspect of society, states have endeavoured to regulate and protect these rights through national legislation and international agreements that emphasise the need to organise and protect these tax rights to support cooperation and integration among countries, as well as resolving international disputes on double taxation and combating tax evasion. This Article exami

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Abdullaev, N. V. "Противодействие недобросовестной конкуренции в глобальной экономике". Konfliktologia 13, № 3 (2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/2310-6085-2018-13-3-61-70.

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In article author represents a wide range of unfair competition acts initiated by producers and sellers and addressed to competitors and consumers. Unfair competition practice has a long history and became widespread during the period of classic economic theory domination when traders has been given maximum rights in the conditions of free competition. This fact led states to necessity of regulation and prevention of unfair competition practice. First international law aimed to combat unfair competition was Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property adopted in1883. Subsequently

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35

Kubalskiy, V. "CONCEPT OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 132 (2017): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.132.0.85-96.

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In the article is studied of concept ≪state sovereignty≫, his international legal properties and features of conception of state sovereignty in an international law on the modern stage. The special value undertaken a study acquires in connection with a loss Ukraine of sovereignty above separate parts of territory of Ukraine. Given the international legal acts, which contain legal opinion of the events of 2014 in Crimea. The legal envisaged concept of state sovereignty is absent in an international law formally. The analysis of doctrine approaches of lawyers-specialists in international law is

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Papadopoulos, Theo. "The First-Sale Doctrine in International Intellectual Property Law: Trade in Copyright Related Entertainment Products." Entertainment and Sports Law Journal 2, no. 2 (2003): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.16997/eslj.138.

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Zerbe, Noah. "Contesting Privatization: NGOs and Farmers' Rights in the African Model Law." Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 1 (2007): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.1.97.

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The development of the concept of farmers' rights in the Food and Agriculture Organization, and its adoption by the African Union as a counterbalance to the private property rights of plant breeders, highlights the divisiveness of the question of ownership in biodiversity and biotechnology. This article examines the development of the African Model Law, a regional regime intended to promote indigenous control over local biodiversity. The principal argument is that key nongovernmental organizations were able to draw on African efforts and concerns regarding conceptions of private property right

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Morris, Virginia, and M. Christiane Bourloyannis-Vrailas. "The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Fifty-Second Session of the UN General Assembly." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 3 (1998): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997932.

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At the fifty-second session of the General Assembly, the Sixth (Legal) Committee reviewed the annual reports of the International Law Commission (ILC), the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization (Special Committee) and the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Host Country Committee). The Sixth Committee also considered proposals for three new legal instruments relating to (1) the establishment of a permanent international criminal court, (2) int

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Schmalenbach, Kirsten. "Ideological Warfare against Cultural Property: UN Strategies and Dilemmas." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 19, no. 1 (2016): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413-00190002.

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With iconic cultural heritage in Afghanistan, Mali, Libya, Iraq and Syria at the mercy of Jihadi extremists, the international community’s somewhat feverish compilation of emergency measures illustrates both the sense of urgency now felt, but also how unprepared the world was to be confronted with ideological warfare against the ‘culture of the heretics.’ The laws of armed conflict, and in its wake international criminal law, provide relatively clear cut proscriptive rules against ideologically motived cultural destruction, which cannot be said of peacetime rules on cultural heritage protectio

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40

Córdova González, Claudia Angélica, and Mónica Guadalupe Chávez Elorza. "Review of the International Patent System: From the Venice Statute to Free Trade Agreements." Mexican Law Review 13, no. 1 (2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2020.1.14810.

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The current international patent system emerged within certain economic, political and social conditions in specific territories and periods. It has its historical roots in the Statute of Venice (1474), the Statute of Monopolies (1624), the United States Patent Law (1790), the French Patent Law (1791) and the Paris Convention (1883). Over time, these laws shaped a new model, which currently prevails. To strengthen the analysis of this article, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994), as well as free trade twentieth century agreements are integrated into th

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41

Morris, Virginia, and M. Christiane Bourloyannis-Vrailas. "The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Forty-eighth Session of the UN General Assembly." American Journal of International Law 88, no. 2 (1994): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2204106.

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At the forty-eighth session of the General Assembly, the Sixth (Legal) Committee reviewed the annual reports of the International Law Commission (ILC), the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization (Special Committee), and the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Host Country Committee). The Sixth Committee also considered proposals for two new legal instruments relating to (1) the jurisdictional immunities of states and their property, and (2) the

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42

Mukhtar, Sohaib, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, and Sufian Jusoh. "Review of Trademark and Its Enforcement Procedures of Pakistan under TRIPS and Paris Convention." Economics, Law and Policy 1, no. 2 (2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v1n2p122.

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<p><em>Enforcement of trademark law has been in evolution for decades in Pakistan. Pakistani laws dealing with trademark and its enforcement procedures are Trade Marks Ordinance 2001, Trade Marks Rules 2004, Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan Act 2012 and relevant provisions of Pakistan Penal Code 1860 and Specific Relief Act 1877. Civil procedure is dealt in Pakistan as per Code of Civil Procedure 1908 and criminal procedure as per Code of Criminal Procedure 1898. This article is qualitative method of research analyses trademark and its enforcement procedures of Pakist

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Waspiah, Waspiah, Rodiyah Rodiyah, Dian Latifiani, and Ridwan Arifin. "How Economic Rights for SMEs Protected? Analysis of National and International Property Rights Law." Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 2, no. 1 (2020): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v2i1.35285.

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Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia are growing rapidly and continuing to grow. These developments had a significant impact on economic growth for various sectors in Indonesia. However, the dynamics of the development of SMEs are still overshadowed by the unclear protection of rights relating to intellectual property, including economic rights for SMEs. In fact, this right becomes an important part that is regulated both in national and international legal rules. The purpose of this study is to determine and compare the implementation of the protection of economic rights for SMEs

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Gathegi, John N. "Intellectual Property, Traditional Resources Rights, and Natural Law: A Clash of Cultures." International Review of Information Ethics 7 (September 1, 2007): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie20.

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Western nations, through international treaties and bodies such as the World Trade Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization, and economic and political pressures on many governments, are to a large degree succeeding in strengthening protection of intellectual property rights as they are understood mainly within the western context. Framing the debate within Locke‘s theory of natural law, the paper discusses the extent to which this strengthening of intellectual property rights is appropriate for developing countries, especially within the African context.

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Newman, Karl, and Catherine Seville. "III. Intellectual Property." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 46, no. 3 (1997): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300060930.

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The period since the last note on this subject has been eventful.1 There have been some important legislative measures, and a good deal of significant case law. However, contradictory messages are being conveyed. The volume of legislation marks the Community's recognition of the economic value of intellectual property rights in international trade. Its broad aim is, as always, to achieve a level playing-field for competition, and to integrate the market by removing restrictions on the free movement of goods. Yet the unwavering adherence to the principle of free movement is being challenged in

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Stilt, Kristen. "Trading in Sacrifice." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.106.

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The international trade of live animals, especially animals sold for slaughter, creates significant challenges for international law. Nonhuman animals do not fit neatly into the legal world created by humans. In nearly every jurisdiction, animals are property, but they are not like all other property. The sentience of animals has been widely recognized and it forms the basis of anticruelty laws where they exist. You may destroy your toaster any way you like, but the laws of most jurisdictions protect how you treat your dog. This fractured point in the law, animals as property and yet not exact

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Campfens, Evelien. "Whose Cultural Objects? Introducing Heritage Title for Cross-Border Cultural Property Claims." Netherlands International Law Review 67, no. 2 (2020): 257–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40802-020-00174-3.

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Abstract Cultural objects have a special, protected, status because of their intangible ‘heritage’ value to people, as symbols of an identity. This has been so since the first days of international law and, today, there is an extensive legal framework to protect cultural objects and to prohibit looting. Despite this, for as long as demand exists and profits are high, cultural objects continue to be looted, smuggled and traded. At some point, their character tends to change from protected heritage in an original setting to valuable art and commodity in the hands of new possessors. In this new s

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Alqudah, Fayyad. "The Legal Protection of Databases: a Study of Jordanian Law." Arab Law Quarterly 22, no. 4 (2008): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302508x374401.

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This article deals with the legal protection of databases under Jordanian law. Section 1, on protection afforded under international conventions and agreements, discusses four international conventions: i.e., the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (WCT) and Arab Convention on Copyright. Section 1.1. discusses the legal base in Jordan for such protection under international conventions. According to Jordanian law and court practice,

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Tully, Stephen R. "Free Trade Agreements With The United States: 8 Lessons For Prospective Parties From Australia’s Experience." British Journal of American Legal Studies 5, no. 2 (2016): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjals-2016-0014.

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Abstract This article identifies 8 key lessons for those States contemplating a free trade agreement with the United States (U.S.) arising from Australia’s experience. The standards of intellectual property protection under the Australia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and their impact on pharmaceutical prices in Australia are a particular focus. Prospective parties must first conduct a national interest self-assessment which reviews the desired strength of intellectual property protection under national law and their preference for using flexibilities available to them under the existing internatio

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Hoseinzadeh, Javad, and Amin Rostamzadeh. "Discussion Intervention of Internal and International Merchant from Foreign Investment Law and New Draft Trade Law of Iran." Review of European Studies 8, no. 4 (2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n4p56.

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<p>The law makers are trying to compile special and independent commerce law pertinent to each other in the form of law for attracting foreign investment in their countries to grow foreign commerce and attract foreign investor and merchant.</p><p>Comparative discussion of law maker point of view in “foreign investment law approved 2002 of Iran” and “new draft trade law of Iran approved 2011” from legal definition of foreign investor and merchant especially in cases pertinent to intervention and referred to each other are of the most important issues of this article.</p>

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