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Jaya, J. N., S. Novelina, J. Pamungkas, and Nurhidayat. "Morphological Characteristics of the Intestine of Cemani Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1359, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1359/1/012084.
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Abstract This study was conducted with aim to tend out morphology of small intestine and large intestine of Cemani chicken at macroscopic and microscopic levels stained with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE). Samples were taken from intestines of three cemani chickens. The results showed that the length of the small and large intestine was 96.73±6.82 cm. The color of small intestine of the Cemani chicken was not completely black. The microscopic of intestinal wall were composed of four layers, tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. Melanin pigment is distributed in the lamina propria of the mucosa of the large intestine, tunica submucosa of the large intestine, tunica muscularis of the ileum and large intestine, and throughout the intestinal serosa. In addition, melanin pigment is found around the blood vessels and bursa Fabricius.
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Borkovcova, Marie, Vladimir Fiser, Martina Bednarova, Zdenek Havlicek, Anna Adámková, Jiri Mlcek, Tunde Jurikova, Stefan Balla, and Martin Adámek. "Effect of Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Red Fox Intestine on the Prevalence of Its Intestinal Parasites." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020343.
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The aim of this study was (i) to compare levels of accumulated heavy metals in the fox intestines with and without parasites. Moreover, our research also dealt with (ii) examination of the relationship between heavy metal content in fox intestines and between the presence of fox intestinal parasites. The intestines of 34 hunter-killed foxes were dissected to detect the occurrence of parasites. In 15 intestinal samples, parasitic intestinal helminths were found. Heavy metal content in small intestine tissue and in parasites was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The prevalence of parasites was significantly dependent on Cd content in the host’s small intestine (p < 0.01). To conclude, the authors suggest that parasites are sensitive to Cd levels; their prevalence in the intestines of the fox host decreases to zero with increasing Cd content.
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Kunisawa, Jun, Yosuke Kurashima, Morio Higuchi, Masashi Gohda, Izumi Ishikawa, Ikuko Ogahara, Namju Kim, Miki Shimizu, and Hiroshi Kiyono. "Small and large intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes show distinct dependency on sphingosine 1-phosphate (42.11)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.42.11.
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Abstract It is known that the composition of intraepithelial T lymphocyte (IEL) differs between small and large intestines, but the mechanism underlying that difference remains obscure. Here, we show that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays a key role in regulating intestinal IEL trafficking into the small and large intestines. High levels of type 1 S1P receptor (S1P1) expression was noted on naïve IELs expressing CD4 or CD8αβ, which leads to their preferential migration into the large intestine. In contrast, recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), double-positive thymocytes, and double-negative thymic T cell-committed precursors use S1P-independent trafficking pathway into the intestine. The former two populations exclusively migrate into the small intestine, while the latter double-negative thymic T cell-committed precursors migrate into both the small and large intestines. Hence, down-regulation of S1P1 expression inhibited naïve IEL migration into the intestines but did not affect the migration of thymic IEL precursors. These data are the first to demonstrate that a lipid-mediated system determines whether IELs migrate to the small or large intestine.
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Hafid, Harapin, Nuraini Nuraini, Dian Agustina, Fitrianingsih Fitrianingsih, and Inderawati Inderawati. "Effect of Chicken Intestine Substitution to Chemical Quality of Nugget." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 19, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2017.19.3.615.
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This research was aimed to study the chemical quality of the chicken nuggets substituted chicken intestine. The treatment was substitution of chicken meat with chicken intestine consisting of five levels was A0 (0% chicken intestine + 100% chicken meat), A1 (15% chicken intestine + 85% chicken meat), A2 (25% chicken intestine + 75% chicken meat ), A3 (40% chicken intestine + 60% chicken meat), A4 (50% chicken intestine + 50% chicken meat), A5 (65% chicken intestine + 35% chicken meat), A6 (75% chicken intestine + 25% chicken meat), A7 (90% chicken intestine + 10% chicken meat), and A8 (100% chicken intestine + 0% chicken meat). Each treatment was repeated five times. The results showed that the water content and ash substituted chicken nuggets chicken intestines were not significantly different (p> 0.05). water content of chicken nuggets in this study was A0 (99.8%), A1 (99.8%), A2 (99.8%), A3 (99.8%), A4 (99.8%), A5 (99.9%), A6 (99.9%), A7 (99.7%), and A8 (99.8%). Ash content on A0 (2.61%), A1 (1.61%), A2 (2.90%), A3 (1.80%), A4 (2.23%), A5 (2.84% ), A6 (2.62%), A7 (2.39%), and A8 (2.26%). Intestine substitution into the chicken nuggets significant (p <0, 05) against the protein and fat content of chicken nuggets, where the highest protein content in treatment A8 (100% chicken intestine) was 24.9% and the lowest in treatment A0 (100% chicken meat) that is 11.33%. The greater increase in the nugget chicken intestinal waste, the higher the protein content. Meanwhile nugget fat content tends to decrease as the percentage of the addition of chicken intestinal waste. Fat content nuggets with chicken intestinal waste substitution of 15% (A1) amounted to 21.85% , 25% (A2) of 20.56% , 40% (A3) of 19.09%, 50% (A4) of 18.14, 65% (A5) of 17.03%, 75% (A6) of 15.69%, 90% (A7) of 14.11%, and 100% (A8) 11.00% house-cleaning da significantly (p <0.05) with control of 0% (A0) 23.93%. The more the addition of substitution intestinal produce low-fat nugget. Can be concluded that substitution of chicken intestine increase the protein and lower fat content of chicken nuggets. Nugget product with composition 50% chicken intestine and 50% chicken meat (A4) has water content 99,8%, 17,58%, protein, 18,14% abu2.23% fat and preferred by the panelists.
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Mun, Jeongwon, Whan Hur, and Nam-On Ku. "Roles of Keratins in Intestine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 8051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23148051.
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Keratins make up a major portion of epithelial intermediate filament proteins. The widely diverse keratins are found in both the small and large intestines. The human intestine mainly expresses keratins 8, 18, 19, and 20. Many of the common roles of keratins are for the integrity and stability of the epithelial cells. The keratins also protect the cells and tissue from stress and are biomarkers for some diseases in the organs. Although an increasing number of studies have been performed regarding keratins, the roles of keratin in the intestine have not yet been fully understood. This review focuses on discussing the roles of keratins in the intestine. Diverse studies utilizing mouse models and samples from patients with intestinal diseases in the search for the association of keratin in intestinal diseases have been summarized.
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Ptaszyńska, Aneta A., and Marek Gancarz. "Microsporidiosis Causing Necrotic Changes in the Honeybee Intestine." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 4957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084957.
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Background: Microsporidia from the Nosema (Vairimorpha) genus are pathogenic fungi that complete their life cycle in the honeybee intestine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of the course of infection on the viability of honeybee intestine cells. Methods and Results: Intestines isolated from healthy and N. ceranae-infected honeybees were stained using two dyes, SYTO 9 and propidium iodide, and analyzed under an Axiovert 200M fluorescence microscope immediately after the isolation of the intestines. The ImageJ program was used for the quantitative analysis of the cell structure parameters. Our study demonstrated for the first time that healthy bees have a higher number of live cells in their intestines than infected bees, and that the intestines of N. ceranae-infected honeybees contain dead cells concentrated in spots. The results obtained for these two cases differed significantly, and were confirmed by statistical tests. Conclusions: The intestines of infected honeybees contain dead cells concentrated in red/dead spots, which can lead to necrotic changes, the interruption of the host’s intestinal continuity, intestinal leaking and the increased mortality of the host.
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Costa, Marcello, Timothy James Hibberd, Lauren J. Keightley, Lukasz Wiklendt, John W. Arkwright, Philip G. Dinning, Simon J. H. Brookes, and Nick J. Spencer. "Neural motor complexes propagate continuously along the full length of mouse small intestine and colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): G99—G108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00185.2019.
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Cyclical propagating waves of muscle contraction have been recorded in isolated small intestine or colon, referred to here as motor complexes (MCs). Small intestinal and colonic MCs are neurogenic, occur at similar frequencies, and propagate orally or aborally. Whether they can be coordinated between the different gut regions is unclear. Motor behavior of whole length mouse intestines, from duodenum to terminal rectum, was recorded by intraluminal multisensor catheter. Small intestinal MCs were recorded in 27/30 preparations, and colonic MCs were recorded in all preparations ( n = 30) with similar frequencies (0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.58 ± 0.02 counts/min, respectively). MCs propagated across the ileo-colonic junction in 10/30 preparations, forming “full intestine” MCs. The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine increased the probability of a full intestine MC but had no significant effect on frequency, speed, or direction. Nitric oxide synthesis blockade by Nω-nitro-l-arginine, after physostigmine, increased MC frequency in small intestine only. Hyoscine-resistant MCs were recorded in the colon but not small intestine ( n = 5). All MCs were abolished by hexamethonium ( n = 18) or tetrodotoxin ( n = 2). The enteric neural mechanism required for motor complexes is present along the full length of both the small and large intestine. In some cases, colonic MCs can be initiated in the distal colon and propagate through the ileo-colonic junction, all the way to duodenum. In conclusion, the ileo-colonic junction provides functional neural continuity for propagating motor activity that originates in the small or large intestine. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intraluminal manometric recordings revealed motor complexes can propagate antegradely or retrogradely across the ileo-colonic junction, spanning the entire small and large intestines. The fundamental enteric neural mechanism(s) underlying cyclic motor complexes exists throughout the length of the small and large intestine.
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Lozano, Luis-Fernando, Arthur A. Bickford, Anthony E. Castro, Joyce Swartzman-Andert, Richard Chin, Carol Meteyer, George Cooper, Bruce Reynolds, and Rosa Lynn Manalac. "Association of Reoviridae Particles in an Enteric Syndrome of Poults Observed in Turkey Flocks during 1988." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, no. 3 (July 1989): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100311.
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An enteric syndrome of turkey poults, characterized by enteritis, crop mycosis, intestinal changes (pale, thin-walled ballooning with watery contents), and rickets, occurred during 1988 in 74 turkey flocks from different farms belonging to 9 California turkey growers. The flocks ranged in size from 9,000 to 120,000 birds. Pools of intestine sections from 618 birds, representing 78 field cases, were examined. Histopathological examination of the intestines showed a mild to severe atrophy with a reduced depth of crypts, which was more prominent in the distal part of the small intestine. Viral isolation attempts with primary cell cultures of chicken embryo kidney cells were negative. Examination by electron microscopy of negatively stained intestinal specimens revealed the presence of Reoviridae particles of 58.8 to 80 nm in diameter. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results on the intestinal pools for mammalian and group A avian rotaviruses were negative. A statistically significant relationship was found for the presence of Reoviridae particles in the intestines of 10-21-day-old birds. Of the 7 most common pathological conditions analyzed, 2, rickets and intestinal changes (thin-walled ballooning intestine with watery contents), showed a statistically significant association with the presence of Reoviridae particles.
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Sulyma, Volodymyr, and Olena Sulima. "Crohn's Disease – Disease for Immunologists, Proctologists, Gastroenterologists or Rheumatologists?" Eurasia Proceedings of Health, Environment and Life Sciences 5 (August 5, 2022): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/ephels.56.
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Crohn's Disease (CD) most commonly affects the terminal portion of the small intestine and the large intestine. CD can also affect any other part of the gastrointestinal tract, from mouth to anus. Inflammation of the intestines is usually not continuous, areas inflammation (foci of inflamed bowel) interspersed with normal areas intestines (segmental lesion). Depending on the severity of the inflammation the inner layer of the intestinal wall (mucosa) may turn red (erythematous) and swollen (edematous) with ulcers of different sizes and shapes (aphthae’s, superficial, deep, longitudinal), and the mucous membrane can have the appearance of a "cobblestone pavement". These lesions extend throughout the thickness intestinal wall and can lead to complications such as stenosis of the intestinal lumen and / or germination in other organs (penetration), resulting in abscesses (infiltration of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity) or fistulas (channels that connect the intestinal cavity with the skin or neighboring organs, for example, the bladder, or with other intestinal loops and through which they enters the contents of the intestine). In addition, in a significant number of patients, CD can affect various parts of the body outside the digestive tract, usually the skin, joints, and eyes.These extra-intestinal manifestations may also occur before the development of typical intestinal symptoms of CD (see below), and sometimes they cause more anxiety and more difficult to treat than intestinal symptoms.
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Nepomnyashchy, Valentin, Tamara Tamm, Ivan Mamontov, Olena Shakalova, Konstantin Kramarenko, and Andrey Ustinov6. "Histological Changes in the Intestinal Wall in Experimental Obstructive Ileus: Experimental Animal Study." Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences 14, no. 04 (May 5, 2025): 67–73. https://doi.org/10.47310/jpms2025140409.
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Background: Patients with obstructive bowel obstruction often develop severe infections, which can lead to death in 45-88% of cases. These complications are thought to be caused by bacteria in the intestine. However, treatments that affect these bacteria have not helped to reduce the number of complications. It is important to find other possible sources of infection in intestinal obstruction. The experiment was done to study how the intestinal wall changes during 48 hours of obstruction. Methods: The experiment was conducted on 13 white rats. The animals were separated into two groups. In the first (control) group, 5 rats experienced a laparotomy (abdominal incision) without affecting the intestines. In the second group, eight rats had their small intestine ligated after laparotomy to cause a complete blockage. Then the abdomen was sutured and after a specific time, the intestines were examined after 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. Results: The results showed no changes in the control group. The histological examination revealed that the average thickness of the intestinal mucosa was 0.48±0.02 mm and the muscle layer was 0.92±0.02 mm. Healthy enterocytes with a clear structure were observed. In the group with intestinal obstruction, after 12 hours, the intestine dilated to 6-9 mm above the obstruction site and fluid appeared in the abdominal cavity. After 48 hours, the intestine became 2.5 times wider, blue-purple in colour and cloudy in fluid. The study showed that there were no changes in the control group. However, in the group with obstructive obstruction, purulent inflammation of the intestine began within 12 hours. It first appeared on the mucous membrane because the protective layer of the villi was damaged. Then, the inflammation spreads to the muscle and serous layers. Inflammation happened not only at the place of the blockage but also in the part of the intestine above it. Conclusions: The source of purulent complications in intestinal obstruction involves both intestinal microbes and structural damage to the bowel wall above the blockage. These findings underscore the need for early surgical intervention and strategies to protect the intestinal barrier, not just target the microbiota.
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Marcelin, Glendie, and Margaret E. Conner. "The Neonate Fc Receptor (FcRn) For IgG Is Important For The Development of Rotavirus-Specific IgG Responses And Clearance of Rotavirus From The Intestines Of Mice (53.5)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.53.5.
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Abstract Rotavirus infection and virus-like particle vaccines induce intestinal rotavirus-specific IgG in mice that appears to play a role in protection. The mechanism by which rotavirus-specific IgG reaches the intestinal lumen is unknown. The neonatal Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn) is the only known transporter of IgG in the intestines in neonatal and adult mice. Additionally, FcRn is implicated in antigen presentation in the intestines of adult mice. We tested whether FcRn is important in protecting the intestine against rotavirus infection and in transport of rotavirus-specific IgG into the intestinal lumen. Naïve FcRn deficient (FcRn−/−) and wild type BALB/c controls were orally inoculated with 103ID50 ECWT rotavirus. Fecal samples were collected 0–12 days post inoculation (dpi) and tested for rotavirus antigen and rotavirus-specific IgG by ELISA. Virus clearance from the intestine was significantly delayed by 3 days in FcRn−/− compared to BALB/c mice. Rotavirus-specific intestinal IgG titers were also significantly lower in FcRn−/− versus BALB/c mice. These data indicate that FcRn plays a role in clearance of a primary rotavirus infection from the intestine and intestinal transport of rotavirus-specific IgG. Studies are underway to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which FcRn contributes to clearance of intestinal rotavirus infection. VA Merit Review Grant, NIH RO1 AI24998
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Osawa, R., and PF Woodall. "A Comparative-Study of Macroscopic and Microscopic Dimensions of the Intestine in 5 Macropods (Marsupialia, Macropodidae) .2. Relationship With Feeding-Habits and Fiber Content of the Diet." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 1 (1992): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920099.
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A comparative study of macroscopic and microscopic dimensions of the intestines in five macropod species indicated that the grazing macropods (the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus, and the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus) had significantly longer caeca and large intestines than those of the browsing macropods (the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor, and the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis). This trend was not observed in the small intestine. The arid-adapted M. rufus also had a significantly longer large intestine than M. giganteus, which may be a water-conservation feature. Intestinal villi were tall in T. thetis, which consumed a less fibrous diet, whereas the agile wallaby, Macropus agilis, on a highly fibrous diet, had short villi; other macropods, on diets of medium fibre content, had villi of intermediate height. Thus, the size of the hindgut (i.e. caecum and large intestine) may provide an index of the specific feeding habit of a species (browsing or grazing), whilst parameters of the villi of the small intestine may reflect the quality of the animals' current diet.
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Pechenikova, Victoria A., Anastasia S. Danilova, Victoria E. Kvarku, and Nadezhda N. Ramzaeva. "Intestinal endometriosis: features of clinical and morphological diagnostics." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no. 1 (May 12, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma63572.
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A clinical observation of the combined endometriotic lesion of the small intestine and the appendix is given below. Extragenital endometriosis is a rare pathology in which endometrioid heterotopies develop outside the reproductive system organs. At about 1825% of women suffering from the pelvic organs endometriosis, the intestines are involved in the pathological process. In this regard, it is believed that in most cases its lesion is secondary while the primary lesion of the intestine with endometriosis is rarely observed and occurs as a result of hematogenous introduction of endometrial elements into the intestinal wall. Of all parts of the intestine, endometriosis most often affects the rectum and sigmoid colon (7080%), then the jejunum, less often the cecum. The most rare gastrointestinal tract endometriosis localization is the appendix, the frequency of its lesion is 0.8%. It was carried out in a clinicopathologic analysis of 14 endometriosis cases in various parts of the intestine (4 cases of the small intestine lesions, 2 rectosigmoid part of the large intestine, 2 rectum, 2 sigmoid colon, 3 appendix, 1 combined lesion of the small intestine and the appendix). In most cases, the clinical diagnosis of extragenital endometriosis is difficult, and as a rule women come with complaints typical of acute surgical pathology: intestinal obstruction, appendicitis. An important role in differential diagnosis is given to the ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs and abdominal cavity, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic research methods, as well as the connection of clinical symptoms with the menstrual cycle.
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Castillo-Azofeifa, David. "CHRONIC IFNΓ-DRIVEN INFLAMMATION IMPAIRS INTESTINAL TOLERANCE AND REGENERATION IN AGING". Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (1 грудня 2023): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0865.
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Abstract The intestine’s remarkable regenerative capacity decreases with aging as the stem cellniche interaction is impaired. Beyond defects in the stem cell-niche interaction, there is a direct correlation between age-related changes in immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. However, how the aging immune system affects the regenerative capacity of the intestine to challenges such as infections is unclear. Here, we infected young and aged mice with Citrobacter rodentium, a model that activates the immune response and causes epithelial damage. Young mice successfully healed, while old mice succumbed to infection. In the aged infected intestines, we identified elevated basal levels of interferon γ (IFNγ) that significantly increased in lymphoid cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells. Additionally, aged post-infected intestines exhibited dramatic epithelial barrier disruption, partly due to a decrease in Lgr5+ stem cells and an imbalance of cell differentiation towards goblet cell production, raising the question if the aging intestine is more susceptible to infection due to persistent exposure to IFNγ. To test the response of young and aged intestinal epithelium to continuous IFNγ exposure, we treated young and aged organoids with IFNγ. We found that old organoids undergo massive apoptotic cell death as early as 24 hours post-IFNγ treatment. In contrast, young organoids were unaffected, demonstrating that IFNγ drives the age-related impairment of intestinal healing. Although a short-term boost of IFNγ is necessary for intestinal regeneration in adults, our findings indicate that prolonged IFNγ activation associated with aging can impede intestinal repair.
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Voskoboynikov, Roman, and Justin R. DiAngelo. "The Role of the SR Protein 9G8 in the Drosophila Intestine to Regulate Lipid Metabolism." Lipidology 2, no. 1 (January 2, 2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/lipidology2010001.
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Background/Objectives: Metabolic diseases in humans, such as obesity or type 2 diabetes, arise from defects in the body’s ability to take in and store nutrients such as carbohydrates and triglycerides. Previous studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have identified SR proteins, mRNA splicing factors that regulate splice-site selection, as regulating lipid storage in the fly fat body. However, whether SR proteins function in other tissues to regulate nutrient metabolism is not known. Methods: We focused on studying the role of SR proteins in intestines by decreasing their levels in the fly gut and measuring the concentrations of lipids and glycogen. Results: We further characterized the intestinal functions of 9G8, an SR protein, which displayed an increase in organismal lipid levels when knocked down in the intestine but had less triglyceride storage in isolated intestines. Interestingly, decreasing 9G8 in the intestine resulted in increased intestinal expression of five fatty acid synthesis/elongation enzyme genes, as well as four triglyceride lipase genes, which may contribute to the triglyceride phenotypes we observed in 9G8-RNAi flies. Conclusions: These data suggest that 9G8 regulates whole body and intestinal lipid homeostasis by altering the expression of lipid metabolic enzyme genes in the fly intestine.
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Mifkovic, Andrej, Olia El Hassoun, Petra Lukacikova, Stanislav Malakhov, and Stefan Polák. "The Intestine – Anatomy, immunology, barrier function, microbiome and central regulations." European Journal of Anatomy 29, no. 2 (March 17, 2025): 287–302. https://doi.org/10.52083/suqe1748.
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The intestine, with its complex anatomy and intricate physiology, plays a fundamental role in maintaining overall health and well-being. Understanding the diverse functions of the intestine and the factors that can disrupt them is crucial for preventing and managing a wide range of diseases and pathological conditions. This review article explores the multifaceted role of the intestine in regulating human health across physiological and pathological states. A systematic search for relevant literature was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search terms included a combination of keywords related to the intestine, its functions, and relevant conditions (e.g., “intestine”, “mucosa”, “gut barrier dysfunction”, “microbiome”, “gut-brain axis”, “central regulations”, “bacterial translocation”). For this review, we included only peer-reviewed, full-text articles published in English that directly addressed the intestine’s role in regulating human health across physiological and pathological states. This review explores the intestine’s unique structure and its critical neuroregulatory connection with the brain, the gut-brain axis (GBA). Subsequently, we focus on the pathological consequences of gut barrier dysfunction and the microbiome’s contribution to both intestinal and extraintestinal health. Finally, we address the processes activated within the intestine during stress responses.
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Gulzoda, M. K., B. I. Safarov, K. R. Ruziboyzoda, and K. K. Kobilov. "Morphofunctional changes in the small intestine in acute adhesive small bowel obstruction." Health care of Tajikistan, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52888/0514-2515-2022-355-4-11-16.
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Aim: To study the features of morpho-functional changes in the small intestine mucosa in acute adhesive small bowel obstruction.Material and methods. The results of a comprehensive study of morphological and functional changes in the small intestine’s mucous membrane in 20 patients out of 50 with acute adhesive small intestinal obstruction were analyzed. Patients underwent resection of the small intestine with a biopsy from the mucous membrane, followed by a pathomorphological and biochemical examination of biopsy specimens.Results. The study results show that more pronounced pathomorphological changes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine were observed in patients with acute adhesive small intestinal obstruction with widespread (multiple) adhesions compared with limited (single) adhesions. In the study of biochemical parameters in the small intestine mucosa in patients with acute adhesive small intestinal obstruction with the presence of multiple (widespread) adhesions, there was a significant and critical increase in lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory cytokines, a decrease in antioxidant protection compared to the patient group with the presence of single (limited) adhesions. There was also a decrease in the concentration of serotonin in the mucosa of the small intestine. In the presence of single (limited) adhesions in these patients, it decreases to 0,50±0,3 units, and in patients with multiple (common) adhesions - to 0,20±0,2 arb. units.Conclusion. The severity of morpho-functional changes in the mucosa of the small intestine directly correlates with the severity of the development of the adhesive process and acute adhesive small bowel obstruction.
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Zheng, Huiwen, Yanli Chen, Jing Li, Heng Li, Xin Zhao, Jiali Li, Fengmei Yang, et al. "Longitudinal analyses reveal distinct immune response landscapes in lung and intestinal tissues from SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques." Cell Reports 39, no. 8 (June 7, 2022): 110864. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14822554.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The pathological and immune response of individuals with COVID-19 display different dynamics in lung and intestine. Here, we depict the single-cell transcriptional atlas of longitudinally collected lung and intestinal tissue samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected monkeys at 3 to 10 dpi. We find that intestinal enterocytes are degraded at 3 days post-infection but recovered rapidly, revealing that infection has mild effects on the intestine. Crucially, we observe suppression of the inflammatory response and tissue damage related to B-cell and Paneth cell accumulation in the intestines, although T cells are activated in the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Compared with that in the lung, the expression of interferon response-related genes is inhibited, and inflammatory factor secretion is reduced in the intestines. Our findings indicate an imbalance of immune dynamic in intestinal mucosa during SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may underlie ongoing rectal viral shedding and mild tissue damage.
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Eiji, Kobayashi. "A new stage of experimental surgery for organoid based intestinal regeneration – A review of organoid research and recent advance." Magyar Sebészet 75, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1046.2022.40002.
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AbstractSmall intestinal transplantation has emerged as an essential treatment for intestinal failure, but its relatively high graft rejection rate and mortality rate when compared to those of other transplanted organs has led to difficulties in post-transplantation treatment management. The recently-developed technique of creating organoids from somatic stem cells has created a challenging opportunity to develop a treatment that involves the creation of a substitute small intestine using autologous cells instead of transplanting another individual's small intestines. The remaining partial large intestine is then used as a segmental graft, and autologous small intestinal organoid transplantation is conducted on its epithelium in order to create a pedunculated hybrid graft. This is a new surgical technique for interposing with the original ileocecal region. The hybrid large intestine acquires both the lymphatic vessels that are involved in nutrient absorption and the original peristaltic function of the large intestine.This lecture touches upon the history of the development of organoid medicine, after which an introduction is provided of the revolutionary surgical technique in which a functional small intestine is created by regenerating autologous cells.The content here was introduced in a special lecture (online) at the 29th Congress of the Experimental Surgical Session of the Hungarian Surgical Society (Host: Dr. Norbert Nemeth, 9/9/2022, Budapest).
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Yani, Ahmad, Dorothy Dorothy, and Rizky Amaliah. "Influence of Intestinal Strangulation Release on Ischemiareperfusion Injury in Sprague Dawley Rats." Annals of African Surgery 18, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aas.v18i2.6.
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Background: In intestinal ischemia, reperfusion towards the injured intestine can cause further injury to the intestine itself and to remote organs. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of intestinal strangulation release (SR) before resection on the intestine outside margin of the strangulated intestine compared with subjects without intestinal strangulation release (WSR).
 Methods: Fourteen male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to strangulation of one loop of the distal ileum for 4 h. In the SR group, the strangulated intestine was released for 5 min and then resected for necrotic parts. In the WSR group, the strangulated intestine was immediately resected WSR. The control group received a sham laparotomy. Four hours after the second laparotomy, the animals weresacrificed, and intestinal samples were taken for histomorphological analysis and measurement of intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Results: The injury on the histomorphological intestinal mucosa and intestinal MDA level were insignificantly higher in the SR group than in the WSR group (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: Intestinal SR before resection causes more tissue injury and oxidative stress on the intestine outside the strangulationsection, but the difference is not statistically significant.
 Keywords: Ischemia-reperfusion injury, Intestinal ischemia, Intestinal strangulation release, Malondialdehyde, Intestine injury
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Yıldırım, Arda, Yüksel Aksoy, Nuh Ocak, and Zafer Ulutaş. "Some Gastrointestinal Tract Characteristics of Karayaka Ram Lambs Slaughtered at Different Weights." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/379023.
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Thirty-one Karayaka ram lambs were slaughtered at different body weights (30n=7, 35n=6, 40n=7, 45n=6, and 50n=5 kg of body weight at fast) to evaluate the growth of their gastrointestinal tract (GIT) characteristics, to determine the relationship among slaughter body weight (SBW) and empty body weight (EBW), whole GIT and segments, and the influence of slaughter weight on the pH of rumen, jejunum, and cecal contents. The effects of the SBW on GIT weightP<0.05, stomachP<0.001, and intestineP<0.05, the body lengthP<0.001and caecumP<0.05, and the relative weights of GITP<0.05, stomachP<0.001, and intestineP<0.001were linear whereas that for the length of intestine were quadratic. The effect of SBW were quadraticP<0.05on ratios of stomach to GIT weight and intestine length to intestine weight and rumen pH while, for the intestine to GIT weight ratioP<0.001and caecum pHP<0.05, this effect was linear. The results indicated that for all parameters studied, with the exception of intestinal length and cecal pH, linear relationships were observed with SBW indicating steady growth rates for these tissues.
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Grubb, B. R. "Ion transport across the normal and CF neonatal murine intestine." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 277, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): G167—G174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.1.g167.
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Neonatal mice with cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibit a very high mortality due to intestinal obstruction localized primarily to the ileum and colon. It has been hypothesized that lack of Cl− secretion and possibly elevated Na+ absorption contribute to the gut problems in CF neonates. Therefore, intestines (ileum, proximal colon, and distal colon) from normal and CF day-old mouse pups were studied on ultra-small-aperture (0.0135 cm2) Ussing chambers. All three regions of the normal neonatal intestine responded to forskolin with an increase in short-circuit current, which was completely absent in the CF intestine. The neonatal distal colon exhibited a high rate of amiloride-sensitive electrogenic Na+ absorption, which did not differ between the normal and CF preparations. The ileum and proximal colon of both genotypes exhibited a small but significant electrogenic Na+ absorption. The neonatal proximal colon and ileum also exhibited electrogenic Na+-glucose cotransport, which was significantly greater in the normal compared with the CF ileum. In addition, all three intestinal regions exhibited electrogenic Na+-alanine cotransport, which was significantly reduced in two of the regions of the CF neonatal intestine. It is speculated that: 1) the reduced rate of Na+-nutrient cotransport in the CF intestine contributes to the lower rate of growth in CF pups, whereas 2) the elevated electrogenic Na+ absorption in the neonatal intestine, coupled with an inability to secrete Cl−, contributes to the intestinal obstruction in the CF pups.
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Gao, Yuqi, Qingxia Jin, Ce Gao, Yayue Chen, Zhaoxiang Sun, Guoji Guo, and Jinrong Peng. "Unraveling Differential Transcriptomes and Cell Types in Zebrafish Larvae Intestine and Liver." Cells 11, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 3290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11203290.
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The zebrafish intestine and liver, as in other vertebrates, are derived from the endoderm. Great effort has been devoted to deciphering the molecular mechanisms controlling the specification and development of the zebrafish intestine and liver; however, genome-wide comparison of the transcriptomes between these two organs at the larval stage remains unexplored. There is a lack of extensive identification of feature genes marking specific cell types in the zebrafish intestine and liver at 5 days post-fertilization, when the larval fish starts food intake. In this report, through RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing of intestines and livers separately dissected from wild-type zebrafish larvae at 5 days post-fertilization, together with the experimental validation of 47 genes through RNA whole-mount in situ hybridization, we identified not only distinctive transcriptomes for the larval intestine and liver, but also a considerable number of feature genes for marking the intestinal bulb, mid-intestine and hindgut, and for marking hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Meanwhile, we identified 135 intestine- and 97 liver-enriched transcription factor genes in zebrafish larvae at 5 days post-fertilization. Our findings provide rich molecular and cellular resources for studying cell patterning and specification during the early development of the zebrafish intestine and liver.
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Ngo, Leock Y., Shivakumar D. Patil, and Jashvant D. Unadkat. "Ontogenic and longitudinal activity of Na+-nucleoside transporters in the human intestine." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 280, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): G475—G481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.3.g475.
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The objectives of our study were to identify the types of nucleoside transporters present in the human fetal small intestine and to characterize their developmental activity, longitudinal distribution, and transport kinetics compared with those present in the adult intestine. Nucleoside uptake by intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles was measured by an inhibitor-stop rapid filtration technique. Only the purine-specific (N1; hCNT2) and the pyrimidine-specific (N2; hCNT1) Na+-dependent nucleoside transporters were found to be present on the brush-border membranes of the enterocytes along the entire length of the fetal and adult small intestines. The activity of these transporters was higher in the proximal than in the distal small intestine. Both the N1 and N2 transporters found in the fetal intestine shared similar kinetic properties (Michaelis-Menten constant and Na+-nucleoside stoichiometry) to those in the adult intestine. During the period of rapid morphogenesis (11–15 wk gestation), no temporal differences were apparent in the activity of the N1 and N2 transporters in the fetal small intestine. These findings have implications for the absorption of drugs from the amniotic fluid by the fetus after maternal drug administration of nucleoside drugs such as the antivirals zidovudine and didanosine.
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White, N. A., D. E. Tyler, R. B. Blackwell, and D. Allen. "Hemorrhagic fibrinonecrotic duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses: 20 cases (1977–1984)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 190, no. 3 (February 1, 1987): 311–15. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1987.190.03.311.
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Summary Records of 20 horses with small intestinal disease causing acute colic and affecting the proximal portion of the small intestine were examined retrospectively. The disease was characterized by severe to moderate pain, which was replaced by depression, fever, gastric reflux, slight distention of the affected small intestine, leukocytosis, and high concentrations of total protein in the peritoneal fluid. Grossly, the affected intestines were hemorrhagic and had yellow discoloration. Histopathologic findings included submucosal edema, neutrophilic infiltration of the submucosal and laminal propria, and mucosal slough at the villous tips. Advanced lesions were characterized by mucosal sloughing with transmural edema, hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, and necrosis. No cause was determined. In 6 horses, bypass of most of the affected small intestine was helpful by alleviating the severe gastric reflux.
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SHINTOKU, Y., T. KADOSAKA, E. KIMURA, H. TAKAGI, S. KONDO, and M. ITOH. "Intestinal mast cells and eosinophils in relation to Strongyloides ratti adult expulsion from the small and large intestines of rats." Parasitology 140, no. 5 (January 25, 2013): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001837.
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SUMMARYMucosal mast cells (MMC) play a crucial role in the expulsion of Strongyloides ratti adults from the small intestine of mice. We reported the large intestinal parasitism of S. ratti in rats, and there has been no report on MMC in the large intestine of the natural host. We studied kinetics of MMC, together with eosinophils, in the upper and lower small intestines, caecum and colon of infected rats. Two distinct phases of mastocytosis were revealed: one in the upper small intestine triggered by stimulation of ‘ordinary’ adults, and the other in the colon stimulated by ‘immune-resistant’ adults that started parasitizing the colon around 19 days post-infection. In all 4 intestinal sites, the MMC peaks were observed 5–7 days after the number of adult worms became the maximum and the height of MMC peaks appeared to be dependent on the number of parasitic adults, suggesting an important role played by worms themselves in the MMC buildup.
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Ma, Wenyao, Zhe Han, Xinlei Liu, Weipeng Cui, Dongyu Zhen, Xiaolu Zhou, Yuan Song, and Shuaiming Jiang. "Distinct Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HNU082 on Microbial Single-Nucleotide Variants in Large Intestine and Small Intestine." Microorganisms 13, no. 4 (March 25, 2025): 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040731.
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The intestinal tract extends several times the length of bodies, with varying environmental conditions across different segments (small intestinal and large intestinal), thereby harboring distinct gut microbiota. Most studies focused on the quantitative responses of gut microbiota upon probiotics entering the gut, without an in-depth analysis of how the genetic change in local gut microbiota. Therefore, in this experiment, C57BL/6J male mice were once administered Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HNU082 (Lp082). Then, the mice were euthanized on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th days after gavage, and the contents of the small and large intestines of the mice were scraped for metagenomic analysis. Based on the characterization of large intestine and small intestine bacteria, changes in the diversity and abundance of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) of microbiota were analyzed. There were observable distinct responses at the genetic level. A significant number of SNVs were identified in Ligilactobacillus murinus in the large intestine. These SNVs may impact the utilization of carbohydrates in L. murinus. Ingested probiotics traversed the entire gut and interacted with the indigenous microbiota, driving the evolution of the indigenous gut microbiota in the different intestinal segments, thereby influencing microbial growth and metabolism. This study investigates the role of probiotics in the evolution of gut microbiota. It offers new probiotic insights and a basis for targeted interventions.
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Ngamkala, Suchanit, Khomson Satchasataporn, Chanokchon Setthawongsin, and Wuttinun Raksajit. "Histopathological study and intestinal mucous cell responses against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG." May-2020 13, no. 5 (2020): 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.967-974.
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Aim: This study aimed to examine the intestinal histopathological lesions and mucous cell responses in the entire intestines of Nile tilapia administered with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-mixed feed, after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Materials and Methods: Intestinal samples from fish fed with control normal diet or LGG-mixed feed (1010 colony-forming unit [CFU]/g feed) with or without A. hydrophila in phosphate-buffered saline challenge (7.46 × 108 CFU/mL/fish) were collected and processed for histopathological study. The mucous cell responses were evaluated using histochemistry, using Alcian blue (AB) at pH 2.5, AB at pH 1.0, and periodic acid-Schiff-AB at pH 2.5. The quantification of the intestinal mucous cell size and the staining character of each mucin type from the entire intestine were recorded and counted. Results: Histopathological study showed remarkable lesions only in the proximal intestine in fish infected with A. hydrophila, while LGG-fed fish had less intestinal damage, perhaps resulting from heterophil infiltration. Furthermore, a significant (p<0.01) increase in mixed mucous cell numbers was observed mainly in the proximal intestine of all challenged fish, compared with normal diet-fed fish without challenge, and also in LGG-fed fish with A. hydrophila challenge compared with LGG-fed fish without challenge. Conclusion: Dietary LGG-fed Nile tilapia showed improvements in host innate immunity. In addition, LGG was effective in decreasing intestinal lesions from A. hydrophila-induced intestinal damage. Moreover, increasing numbers of mixed mucous cells in the proximal intestine might be indicative of certain pathological conditions in Nile tilapia after A. hydrophila infection.
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Ikeda, T., T. Yoshida, M. Honda, Y. Ito, I. Murakami, O. Mokuda, M. Tominaga, and H. Mashiba. "Effect of intestinal factors on extraction of insulin in perfused rat liver." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 253, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): E603—E607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.6.e603.
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To study the direct effect of intestinal factors on hepatic extraction of insulin, an investigation was made into the extraction of insulin from isolated rat liver perfused with portal venous effluent (PVE) obtained from the isolated perfused rat intestine. Rat intestine was perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium for 45 min, and the PVE was collected from glucose-, lipid-, or NaCl-treated and untreated control intestines. The PVE, after adjustment of its glucose (180 mg/dl) and insulin (200 microU/ml) concentrations, was used as the perfusing medium for the liver of a different rat. The liver was perfused without recirculation with the PVE not containing insulin for 15 min and then perfused with the PVE containing insulin for the next 30 min. Insulin removal from liver perfused with PVE from lipid- or NaCl-treated intestine (52.6 +/- 5.4 or 46.6 +/- 4.1%) was similar to that from comparable controls (49.7 +/- 2.8 or 48.2 +/- 2.9%), respectively. However, that from glucose-treated intestine (39.7 +/- 6.2%) was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than that from control intestine (51.1 +/- 2.5%). These results indicate that an intestinal factor secreted after glucose ingestion significantly reduces hepatic extraction of insulin and that at least a part of the incretin phenomenon is due to a decreased hepatic extraction of insulin after oral glucose administration.
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Xu, Shi-Qi, Zheng-Yu Zhang, Bin Nie, Yi-Nan Du, Yue Tang, and Hai-Tao Wu. "Characteristics of the Intestine Extracts and Their Effect on the Crude Collagen Fibers of the Body Wall from Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus." Biology 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2023): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12050705.
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Sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus will vomit their intestines during certain stimulations, and the collagen of the body wall will then be degraded. To define the effect of the sea cucumber intestine extracts on the body wall, the intestinal extracts and crude collagen fibers (CCF) of sea cucumber A. japonicus were prepared. According to the gelatin zymography, the type of endogenous enzymes in intestinal extracts were mainly serine endopeptidases with optimal activities at pH 9.0 and 40 °C. According to the rheology results, the viscosity of 3% CCF decreased from 32.7 Pa·s to 5.3 Pa·s by adding intestine extracts. The serine protease inhibitor phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride inhibited the activity of intestinal extracts and increased the viscosity of collagen fibers to 25.7 Pa·s. The results proved that serine protease in the intestinal extracts participated in the process of body wall softening in sea cucumbers.
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OESTERREICHER, J. Thomas, L. Lucy LEEPER, J. Milton FINEGOLD, J. Gretchen DARLINGTON та J. Susan HENNING. "Intestinal maturation in mice lacking CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EPBα)". Biochemical Journal 330, № 3 (15 березня 1998): 1165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3301165.
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In rodents, there is a surge of intestinal expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) in the late fetal phase just before morphological maturation and the onset of expression of numerous epithelial genes. To investigate directly the hypothesis that C/EBPα plays a causal role in the latter phenomena, we have assessed both structural and functional maturation in neonatal intestine from C/EBPα-null mice and their littermates. No effects of C/EBPα genotype were observed on mucosal architecture or on the size of the proliferative zone in the intestinal crypts. Likewise, the mRNA levels for the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), intestinal and liver fatty acid-binding proteins, and apolipoprotein A-IV in newborn intestine were similar in all genotypes. Paradoxically, Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1), lactase phlorizin-hydrolase and apolipoprotein B mRNAs were more abundant in the C/EBPα-deficient animals. In wild-type intestines, C/EBPβ and C/EBPΔ mRNAs were detectable throughout the late fetal period and increased toward term in parallel with C/EBPα mRNA. In newborn intestine, there was no compensatory up-regulation of these isoforms in the C/EBPα-deficient mice. We conclude that C/EBPα has no essential role in morphological maturation of the intestine, the pattern of proliferation of the epithelium, or the onset of expression of this cluster of epithelial mRNAs. However, since other C/EBP isoforms are present in the developing intestine, it is possible that there is a generic requirement for a member of the C/EBP family.
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Camerini, Victoria, Beate C. Sydora23, Richard Aranda, Chris Nguyen, Colin MacLean, William H. McBride, and Mitchell Kronenberg. "Generation of Intestinal Mucosal Lymphocytes in SCID Mice Reconstituted with Mature, Thymus-Derived T Cells." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 6 (March 15, 1998): 2608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.6.2608.
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Abstract Transfer of peripheral lymph node lymphocytes to SCID mice leads to the long term establishment of mucosal T lymphocytes within the epithelium and lamina propria of the small and large intestines. Analysis of engrafted intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) showed that they had acquired a surface phenotype that in several respects is typical of IEL. In addition, the functional profile of engrafted IEL derived from lymph node T cells was similar to that of normal IEL; as the donor-derived T cells exhibited a strong cytolytic activity, a poor proliferative response to mitogenic stimuli, and a tendency to home and expand specifically in the intestine upon transfer to secondary SCID recipients. Optimal engraftment of intestinal T cells required bacterial flora, as the number of lymphocytes was greatly reduced in SCID recipients with a reduced flora. These results demonstrate that mature, thymus-derived T cells can migrate to the intestine and become functionally specialized to the intestinal milieu. The acquisition of phenotypic markers characteristic of the intestinal microenvironment by engrafted cells suggests that T cell migration of lymphocytes to the SCID intestine is not aberrant, but it may reflect processes that are ongoing in immunocompetent mice. Furthermore, these data suggest that the homing and/or expansion of typical, thymus-derived T cells in the intestine may be driven by luminal Ags such as those derived from bacterial flora.
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Levy, Emile, Karine Trudel, Moise Bendayan, Ernest Seidman, Edgard Delvin, Mounib Elchebly, Jean-Claude Lavoie, Louis-Philippe Precourt, Devendra Amre, and Daniel Sinnett. "Biological role, protein expression, subcellular localization, and oxidative stress response of paraoxonase 2 in the intestine of humans and rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 293, no. 6 (December 2007): G1252—G1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00369.2007.
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Oxidative stress is a cardinal manifestation of various intestinal disorders. However, very little knowledge is available on the intestine's inherent defense mechanisms against free radicals. This study was designed to determine the protein expression, subcellular localization and oxidative stress response of paraoxonase 2 (PON2), a member of a powerful antioxidant family in human and rat intestine. Biochemical and ultrastructural experiments all showed a substantial expression of PON2 in human and rat intestine. Western blot analysis disclosed higher levels of PON2 in the jejunum than in the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Cell fractionation revealed a predominant PON2 association with microsomes and lysosomes in the human jejunum, which differed from that in rats. PON2 was detected in the intestine as early as week 15 of gestation and was significantly increased by week 20. Iron ascorbate-mediated lipid peroxidation induced a marked decrease in PON2 expression in intestinal specimens coincidental to an abundant rise in malondialdehyde (MDA). On the other hand, preincubation with potent antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene, Trolox, and N-acetylcysteine, prevented iron-ascorbate-generating PON2 reduction in parallel with MDA suppression. Finally, the preincubation of permeabilized Caco-2 cells with purified PON2 led to a protection against iron-ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation. These observations demonstrate that the human intestine is preferentially endowed with a marked PON2 expression compared with the rat intestine and this expression shows a developmental and intracellular pattern of distribution. Furthermore, our observations suggest PON2 protective effects against prooxidant stimuli in the small intestine.
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Qi, Zixin, Hongbo Ma, Li Ma, and Xuefen Yang. "The Structure of Digestive Tract Coordinating Digestion and Respiration in an Air-Breathing Weatherloach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus." Biology 13, no. 6 (May 25, 2024): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology13060381.
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To clarify how the digestive tract of the weatherloach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, serves a dual function of digestion and respiration simultaneously, the histological structures of its digestive tract, the passage of digesta and air passing through its intestine and the rate of intestinal evacuation have been studied. The results indicate that the digestive tract is divided into five functional regions, i.e., esophagus, anterior intestine, middle intestine, posterior intestine and rectum. The diverse intestinal structures have the specialized function of coordinating digestion and respiration. An X-ray barium meal examination showed in the normal breathing state, the contents of the intestine are diffusely semifluid, and air is distributed as bubbles in the dorsal intestine 2 h after feeding. After 5 h, the contents accumulated in the mid and posterior intestine, and gas flowed above the contents as bundles. After 8 h, the intestinal food was basically evacuated. In the intestinal air-breathing restricted group, the contents of the intestine remained diffuse, and a large number of digesta entered and remained in the rectum after 5 h. After the inhibition was relieved, the contents of the rectum were rapidly discharged. Measurement of the intestinal evacuation rate in the intestine showed that the evacuation of the intestinal contents lagged behind that of the normal group in the air-breathing restricted group. Compared to the normal state and inhibited GAB (gastrointestinal air breathing), we could deduce that GAB could promote the movement of the intestine.
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Tang, Chuang, Jideng Ma, Fanli Kong, Bo Li, Qinjiao Du, Yali Zhang, Haoming Wang, et al. "The Analysis of Transcriptomes and Microorganisms Reveals Differences between the Intestinal Segments of Guinea Pigs." Animals 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 2925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212925.
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The intestine is a tubular organ with multiple functions such as digestion absorption and immunity, but the functions of each intestinal segments are different. Intestinal regionalization is necessary for normal physiological function, but it also means the research results obtained at specific sites may not be applicable to other intestinal segments. In order to comprehensively describe the functional changes in the intestine, different intestinal segments and their contents (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum) of guinea pigs were collected for RNA seq and 16S rRNA seq, respectively. The results showed differential genes of each intestinal segment mainly involve mucosa, digestion, absorption, and immunity. The gene sets related to fat, bill salts, vitamins, aggregates, amino acids, and water absorption were highly expressed in the small intestine, and the gene sets related to metal ions, nucleotides, and SCFAs were highly expressed in the large intestine. In terms of immunity, the CD8+ T, Th1, eosinophils, pDCs, and natural killer (NK) T cells in the small intestine showed higher scores than those in the large intestine, while the pattern-recognition receptor signaling pathway-related genes are highly expressed in the large intestine. In terms of microbial composition, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria are abundant in the small intestine, while Firmicutes and Spirochaete are abundant in large intestine. The correlation analysis showed a high correlation between intestinal microorganisms and gene modules related to digestion and absorption. In addition, cross-species analysis showed the SCFA metabolism gene expression trends in human and rodent intestine were different. In conclusion, we analyzed the changes in substance transport, immune and microbial composition between different intestinal segments of guinea pigs, and explored the relationship between intestinal transcriptome and microorganisms, our research will provides a reference for subsequent intestinal-related research.
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Permatasari, Febrina Dian, Poedji Hastutiek, and Lucia Tri Suwanti. "Kerusakan Usus pada Mencit (Mus musculus) yang Diinokulasi Larva 3 (L3) Anisakis spp." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 35, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.29292.
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This study aims to be show damage in the intestine of mice caused by inoculation of the larvae of Anisakis spp. alive and who has died because of a warming 750C for 7 minutes. Eighteen male mice (Mus musculus) were divided into three groups: control group, a group of mice were inoculated the larvae of Anisakis spp. alive andgroups of mice were inoculated the larvae of Anisakis spp. who have died. 48 hours post inoculation, the mice’s intestines necropsy performed later performed HE staining to identify and scoring intestinal histopathology. The results showed inoculation of the larvae of Anisakis spp. either alive or dead induce histological changes in the intestine in the form of infiltration of inflammatory cells, epithelial changes and structural changes in the intestinal mucosa
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Xiang, Hao, Jason Han, William E. Ridley, and Lloyd J. Ridley. "Chicken intestine: Intestinal tuberculosis." Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology 62 (October 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1754-9485.10_12784.
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Schulte, Marc, and Michael Hensel. "Models of intestinal infection by Salmonella enterica: introduction of a new neonate mouse model." F1000Research 5 (June 24, 2016): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8468.1.
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Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium is a foodborne pathogen causing inflammatory disease in the intestine following diarrhea and is responsible for thousands of deaths worldwide. Manyin vitroinvestigations using cell culture models are available, but these do not represent the real natural environment present in the intestine of infected hosts. Severalin vivoanimal models have been used to study the host-pathogen interaction and to unravel the immune responses and cellular processes occurring during infection. An animal model forSalmonella-induced intestinal inflammation relies on the pretreatment of mice with streptomycin. This model is of great importance but still shows limitations to investigate the host-pathogen interaction in the small intestinein vivo. Here, we review the use of mouse models forSalmonellainfections and focus on a new small animal model using 1-day-old neonate mice. The neonate model enables researchers to observe infection of both the small and large intestine, thereby offering perspectives for new experimental approaches, as well as to analyze theSalmonella-enterocyte interaction in the small intestinein vivo.
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Burman, Andreanna, and Izumi Kaji. "Luminal Chemosensory Cells in the Small Intestine." Nutrients 13, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113712.
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In addition to the small intestine’s well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
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Bai, C., and D. P. Jones. "GSH transport and GSH-dependent detoxication in small intestine of rats exposed in vivo to hypoxia." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 271, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): G701—G706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1996.271.4.g701.
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The effects of hypoxia on glutathione (GSH) concentration and GSH-related enzyme and transport systems were studied in the small intestine of rats exposed to 8-10 days of 10.5% O2. Exposure to hypoxia resulted in a 40% lower GSH concentration in enterocytes and a 50% lower concentration in blood plasma. Activities of GSH-related detoxication enzymes in the intestinal epithelium were largely unaffected by hypoxic exposure. GSH degradation and synthesis rates in enterocytes isolated from hypoxic rats were comparable with rates in normoxic controls, but GSH uptake rate was decreased by 30%. Stimulation of absorption of GSH by phenylephrine, such as occurs in control rats, was not detectable in isolated, vascularly perfused intestines of hypoxic rats. Decreased GSH uptake was associated with enhanced transepithelial appearance of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in everted intestinal sacs incubated with peroxidized methyl linoleate. These results suggest that chronic hypoxia results in impaired uptake of GSH in the small intestine, and this may result in impaired GSH-related defense mechanisms in the small intestine.
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Tybinka, A. M. "Influence of autonomous regulation type on the connective tissue content in the muscular membrane of the chickens’ small intestine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 26, no. 114 (May 11, 2024): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet11408.
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The relationship between the small intestine's muscular membrane structure of chickens and the autonomous regulation type was investigated. Based on electrocardiographic and variational pulsometric studies, adult laying hens of the Isa-Brown breed were divided into two groups: sympathotonic (ST) and sympatho-normotonic (ST-NT). The volume of individual layers and the entire muscle membrane, as well as the volume of connective tissue fibers located in it, was determined in the small intestine of the hens. In general, the relationship between morphological parameters and the autonomous regulation type is similar throughout the whole intestine, but it has certain peculiarities in different intestine parts. An increase in the volume of both the circumferential and longitudinal layers of the intestinal muscular membrane accompanies an increase in sympathetic tonus. This pattern is typical for both groups. The ratio between these layers varies along the intestinal wall: the share of the longitudinal layer increases while that of the circumferential layer decreases. Accordingly, the average volume of the entire small intestine's muscular membrane in ST and ST-NT chickens differs by 590.6 mm3, and the total volume by 1771.7 mm3. Increased sympathetic tonus also contributes to a more significant number of collagen fibers in the circular layer of the muscle membrane. In the average values of the small intestine, its superiority over the longitudinal layer is 5.6 % in ST chickens and 3.4 % in ST-NT chickens. Regarding absolute values of elastic fiber volume, no group of birds has a complete advantage along the small intestine. However, the average values of this section are still dominated by ST chickens, which outnumber the other group by 15.3 mm3 in the circumferential layer and by 11.7 mm3 in the longitudinal layer of the muscle membrane. Birds with persistent sympathotonia also have more collagen fibers per 1 mm3 muscle membrane. Regarding average small intestine parameters, ST-NT chickens demonstrate a lower value (0.005 mm3). However, regarding the number of elastic fibers alone, ST-NT chickens already occupy a dominant position, and the difference between the two groups decreases to 0.004 mm3. The established muscle membrane's morphological features indicate its plasticity in adapting the intestinal wall to the autonomous regulation peculiarities.
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Penn, Alexander H., and Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein. "The intestine as source of cytotoxic mediators in shock: free fatty acids and degradation of lipid-binding proteins." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 4 (April 2008): H1779—H1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00902.2007.
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Shock and multiple organ failure remain primary causes of late-stage morbidity and mortality in victims of trauma. During shock, the intestine is subject to extensive cell death and is the source of inflammatory factors that cause multiorgan failure. We ( 34 ) showed previously that ischemic, but not nonischemic, small intestines and pancreatic protease digested homogenates of normal small intestine can generate cytotoxic factors capable of killing naive cells within minutes. Using chloroform/methanol separation of rat small intestine homogenates into lipid fractions and aqueous and sedimented protein fractions and measuring cell death caused by those fractions, we found that the cytotoxic factors are lipid in nature. Recombining the lipid fraction with protein fractions prevented cell death, except when homogenates were protease digested. Using a fluorescent substrate, we found high levels of lipase activity in intestinal homogenates and cytotoxic levels of free fatty acids. Addition of albumin, a lipid binding protein, prevented cell death, unless the albumin was previously digested with protease. Homogenization of intestinal wall in the presence of the lipase inhibitor orlistat prevented cell death after protease digestion. In vivo, orlistat plus the protease inhibitor aprotinin, administered to the intestinal lumen, significantly improved survival time compared with saline in a splanchnic arterial occlusion model of shock. These results indicate that major cytotoxic mediators derived from an intestine under in vitro conditions are free fatty acids. Breakdown of free fatty acid binding proteins by proteases causes release of free fatty acids to act as powerful cytotoxic mediators.
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Zhang, Wei, An Jiang, Haiyan Yu, and Bo Dong. "Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Functionally Segmented Intestine in Tunicate Ascidian." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 6270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076270.
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The vertebrate intestinal system consists of separate segments that remarkably differ in morphology and function. However, the origin of intestinal segmentation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the segmentation of the intestine in a tunicate ascidian species, Ciona savignyi, by performing RNA sequencing. The gene expression profiles showed that the whole intestine was separated into three segments. Digestion, ion transport and signal transduction, and immune-related pathway genes were enriched in the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the intestine, respectively, implying that digestion, absorption, and immune function appear to be regional specializations in the ascidian intestine. We further performed a multi−species comparison analysis and found that the Ciona intestine showed a similar gene expression pattern to vertebrates, indicating tunicates and vertebrates might share the conserved intestinal functions. Intriguingly, vertebrate pancreatic homologous genes were expressed in the digestive segment of the Ciona intestine, suggesting that the proximal intestine might play the part of pancreatic functions in C. savignyi. Our results demonstrate that the tunicate intestine can be functionally separated into three distinct segments, which are comparable to the corresponding regions of the vertebrate intestinal system, offering insights into the functional evolution of the digestive system in chordates.
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Ikeda, T., O. Mokuda, S. Kuno, Y. Tokumori, M. Tominaga, and H. Mashiba. "Enhanced intestinal insulinotropic effect in streptozotocin-diabetic rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 248, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): E304—E308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.3.e304.
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To study the intestinal insulinotropic effects in the diabetic state, an investigation was made into the release of insulin from isolated rat pancreas perfused with portal venous effluent (PVE) obtained from the isolated perfused intestine of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rat intestine was perfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium for 1 h, and the PVE was collected from both untreated and glucose-treated intestines of control and diabetic rats. The PVE, after adjusting its glucose concentration to the desired level, was used as the perfusing medium for the pancreas of a different rat. Glucose concentration in the perfusion medium was maintained at 5.5 mM for 20 min and at 16.7 mM for the next 30 min. Insulin output from pancreas perfused with PVE from untreated intestine of diabetic rats (252 +/- 45 ng/30 min, mean +/- SD) was similar to that of controls (269 +/- 72 ng/30 min). Pancreatic insulin output with PVE from glucose-treated intestine of diabetic rats (579 +/- 100 ng/30 min) was significantly greater compared with either that using PVE from untreated intestine of diabetic rats (P less than 0.01) or that from glucose-treated intestine of control rats (368 +/- 57 ng/30 min) (P less than 0.02). These results indicate that the insulinotropic effect is markedly enhanced in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
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Snipes, RL, H. Snipes, and FN Carrick. "Morphometric data on the intestines of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus and the short-beaked echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 2 (2002): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02229.
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ALTHOUGH the gross morphology of the monotreme gastrointestinal tract has been described (Griffiths 1978; Hume and Harrop 1980), morphometric data on the intestines of the two extant monotremes, the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), are to date incomplete. Using an established method (Snipes and Kriete 1991, Snipes 1994, 1995, 1997) to measure the entire intestines of mammals, which does not rely on extrapolations from measured probes with the inherent danger of missing major surfaceenlargement structures such as folds and villi, major morphometric parameters were measured in both species. These included lengths of the small and large intestines, including the caecum, their respective basal or ground areas, and the factor of surface enlargement determined on histological specimens of each area. Multiplication of this factor with the basal area renders a total surface area for each intestinal segment. Additionally, volumes of each segment were calculated from lengths and basal areas. Table 1 gives measured values as well as percentages of totals for each segment. In order to compare these empirical data, coefficients were calculated according to a system proposed by Chivers and Hl�dlik (1980, 1984), i.e., coefficient of digestion (area of large intestine divided by the area of small intestine) and coefficient of volume (volume of large intestine divided by volume of small intestine). Obtained values can be set on a scale (Chivers and Hl�dik 1980) to categorise the dietary strategy of an animal (faunivore, intermediate feeder or nonruminant herbivore; see Table 1).
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Plumb, Jane A., David Burston, Terry G. Baker, and Michael L. G. Gardner. "A comparison of the structural integrity of several commonly used preparations of rat small intestine in vitro." Clinical Science 73, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0730053.
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1. The structural integrities of various preparations of rat small intestine for the study of absorption in vitro have been compared after incubation or perfusion. 2. Perfused intestines removed from anaesthetized rats, and thus never deprived of a supply of oxygen, maintain their structural integrity even after perfusion for 1 h provided that a Krebs–Henseleit bicarbonate perfusate is used. However, intestines removed from freshly killed rats show severe villus disruption and oedema after perfusion for only 20 min. 3. Extensive damage to both crypts and villi is observed in everted sacs of small intestine incubated for 20 min, regardless of the buffer system used. Intestinal rings show damage at the tips of the villi after incubation for 2 min, but otherwise remain morphologically intact; this damage is progressive with time. 4. It is concluded that the exact mode of preparation of intestinal tissue is critical for preservation of structural and functional integrity and that this is especially important in quantitative studies on transport processes. Further, it is recommended that routine monitoring of the integrity of intestinal preparations in vitro is desirable and that histological assessment is an appropriate technique.
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Sharma, Latika, Harshit Srivastava, Dharmendra Kumar Pipal, Saurabh Kothari, Rohit Dhawan, and Poojan M. Purohit. "Acute intestinal obstruction: small intestine vs. large intestine: an analysis." International Surgery Journal 5, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20175888.
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Background: Bowel obstruction is one of the most common causes of acute abdomen and also a common surgical emergency.The causes of IO vary significantly depending on geographical location. The aim of this study was to identify the etiology, clinical presentation, management and outcomes of patients with acute mechanical IO presenting in Jodhpur, Rajasthan.Methods: A prospective study was conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Hospital and Mathura Das Mathur Hospital (associated with Dr. SN Medical College), Jodhpur, Rajasthan. 100 patients with acute intestinal obstruction were admitted and evaluated. Blood routine, X-Ray abdomen, USG abdomen and CECT (if required) were done. A pre-operative diagnosis was made. Intra-operative findings and Post-operative complications were noted and follow up was done till the patient was discharged from the hospital.Results: A total of 69 male and 31 female patients, presented with acute mechanical IO during the period of the study. Mean patient age was 48.5 years with peak incidence in those aged 31-45 years. The foremost signs and symptoms were abdominal distension (88%), obstipation (87%), abdominal pain (81%) and nausea/ vomiting (47%). Adhesions and bands (29%), hernia (13%), neoplasm (9%) and pseudo-obstruction (8%) were the leading causes of intestinal obstruction. The sensitivity of X-ray and USG in present study was 67% and 75% respectively. Most common complication associated was wound infection (17%) followed by paralytic ileus (7%) and respiratory tract infections (6%). Late presentation was associated with poor prognosis. 4 patients expired before surgery. Post-operative mortality was associated with 6 patients and was more common in cases which presented with gangrenous bowel.Conclusions: The most common causes of IO in this study were adhesions and bands, hernia, neoplasm and pseudo-obstruction. Presence of bowel gangrene was associated with higher morbidity and mortality.
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Collaco, Anne M., Peter Geibel, Beth S. Lee, John P. Geibel, and Nadia A. Ameen. "Functional vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) proton pumps traffic to the enterocyte brush border membrane and require CFTR." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 305, no. 9 (November 1, 2013): C981—C996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00067.2013.
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Vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are highly conserved proton pumps that regulate organelle pH. Epithelial luminal pH is also regulated by cAMP-dependent traffic of specific subunits of the V-ATPase complex from endosomes into the apical membrane. In the intestine, cAMP-dependent traffic of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels and the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE3) in the brush border regulate luminal pH. V-ATPase was found to colocalize with CFTR in intestinal CFTR high expresser (CHE) cells recently. Moreover, apical traffic of V-ATPase and CFTR in rat Brunner's glands was shown to be dependent on cAMP/PKA. These observations support a functional relationship between V-ATPase and CFTR in the intestine. The current study examined V-ATPase and CFTR distribution in intestines from wild-type, CFTR−/−mice and polarized intestinal CaCo-2BBe cells following cAMP stimulation and inhibition of CFTR/V-ATPase function. Coimmunoprecipitation studies examined V-ATPase interaction with CFTR. The pH-sensitive dye BCECF determined proton efflux and its dependence on V-ATPase/CFTR in intestinal cells. cAMP increased V-ATPase/CFTR colocalization in the apical domain of intestinal cells and redistributed the V-ATPase Voa1 and Voa2 trafficking subunits from the basolateral membrane to the brush border membrane. Voa1 and Voa2 subunits were localized to endosomes beneath the terminal web in untreated CFTR−/−intestine but redistributed to the subapical cytoplasm following cAMP treatment. Inhibition of CFTR or V-ATPase significantly decreased pHiin cells, confirming their functional interdependence. These data establish that V-ATPase traffics into the brush border membrane to regulate proton efflux and this activity is dependent on CFTR in the intestine.
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Gaoussou, Sogoba, Sangare Sidy, Traore Lamine Issaga, Katile Drissa, Dembele Sitapha, Konate Madiassa, and Togo Pierre Adégné. "Left Paraduodenal Hernia: A Rare Cause of Intestinal Obstruction." SAS Journal of Surgery 7, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sasjs.2021.v07i09.004.
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We report the observation of a patient with acute intestinal obstruction by left para-duodenal hernia without necrosis of the incarcerated small intestines for one patient, treated by reduction of the incarcerated small intestine and resection of the hernial sac. We discuss in this case the diagnostic and therapeutic features of this rare condition.
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Tsimkhes, I. "On the function of the anastomosis between the small and large intestines." Kazan medical journal 25, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80543.
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Tnnis (Dtsch. Z. f. Chir. Bd. 212. 1928) notes that in chronic obstipation the function of the anastomosis of the small intestine with the large intestine plays an important role. Often, due to antiperistaltic movements of the large intestine, the contents of the intestines can return or linger in the small intestine, making it difficult to empty the small intestine. The author recommends, based on the above considerations, to impose anastomosis end-to-side or end-to-end.