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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Intracellular signals"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 20 de febrero de 2023

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1

Imboden, J. B., and G. A. Koretsky. "Intracellular Signalling: Switching off signals." Current Biology 5, no. 7 (July 1995): 727–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00145-x.

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2

Kalaidzidis, Yannis, Hernán Morales-Navarrete, Inna Kalaidzidis, and Marino Zerial. "Intracellular Background Estimation for Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy." Proceedings 33, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019033022.

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Fluorescently targeted proteins are widely used for studies of intracellular organelles dynamic. Peripheral proteins are transiently associated with organelles and a significant fraction of them are located at the cytosol. Image analysis of peripheral proteins poses a problem on properly discriminating membrane-associated signal from the cytosolic one. In most cases, signals from organelles are compact in comparison with diffuse signal from cytosol. Commonly used methods for background estimation depend on the assumption that background and foreground signals are separable by spatial frequency
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3

IKATAYAMA, Yoshiki. "Polymer Drugs Responding to Intracellular Signals." Kobunshi 55, no. 5 (2006): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.55.326.

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4

Song, Jianxun, Fengyang Tylan Lei, Xiaofang Xiong, and Rizwanul Haque. "Intracellular Signals of T Cell Costimulation." Cellular & Molecular Immunology 5, no. 4 (August 2008): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2008.30.

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5

Cao, Y., A. T. Pearman, G. A. Zimmerman, T. M. McIntyre, and S. M. Prescott. "Intracellular unesterified arachidonic acid signals apoptosis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 21 (September 26, 2000): 11280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200367597.

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6

Konieczny, Vera, Michael V. Keebler, and Colin W. Taylor. "Spatial organization of intracellular Ca2+ signals." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 23, no. 2 (April 2012): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.006.

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7

Rüdiger, Sten. "Stochastic models of intracellular calcium signals." Physics Reports 534, no. 2 (January 2014): 39–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2013.09.002.

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8

Seuwen, Klaus, and Jaques Pouysségur. "Intracellular signals in the mitogenic response." Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 330, no. 4-5 (January 1988): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00469223.

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9

Ramseyer, Lorenz T. H., Janet Barker-Harrel, David J. Smith, Kari A. McBride, Robert N. Jarman, and Robert H. Broyles. "Intracellular signals for developmental hemoglobin switching." Developmental Biology 133, no. 1 (May 1989): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(89)90317-5.

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10

Gruol, D. L., J. G. Netzeband, and K. L. Parsons. "Ca2+ signaling pathways linked to glutamate receptor activation in the somatic and dendritic regions of cultured cerebellar purkinje neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 3325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.3325.

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1. Ca2+ signaling elicited by ionotropic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate (iGluR) and metabotropic (mGluR) glutamate receptor agonists was studied in the somatic and dendritic regions of cultured cerebellar Purkinje neurons using microscopic video imaging and the Ca2+ sensitive dye fura-2. 2. iGluR and mGluR agonists and K+ depolarization applied by brief micropressure pulses evoked Ca2+ signals in both the somatic and dendritic regions of all Purkinje neurons studied. The Ca2+ signals were generated simultaneously in both cellular regions. The Ca+ signal
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11

Christian, J. L. "Argosomes: Intracellular Transport Vehicles for Intercellular Signals?" Science Signaling 2002, no. 124 (March 19, 2002): pe13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.2002.124.pe13.

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12

Neer, Eva J. "Intracellular signalling: Turning down G-protein signals." Current Biology 7, no. 1 (January 1997): R31—R33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00014-5.

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13

Kashina, Anna, and Vladimir Rodionov. "Intracellular organelle transport: few motors, many signals." Trends in Cell Biology 15, no. 8 (August 2005): 396–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2005.06.002.

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14

Starkova, N. N., E. P. Koroleva, and T. V. Rotanova. "Intracellular proteolysis: Signals of selective protein degradation." Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry 26, no. 2 (February 2000): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02759152.

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15

Vasquez, Nicki J., Lawrence P. Kane, and Stephen M. Hedrick. "Intracellular signals that mediate thymic negative selection." Immunity 1, no. 1 (April 1994): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1074-7613(94)90008-6.

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16

Kozlov, Evgeny, Elena Martynova, Vladimir Popenko, Coby Schal, and Dmitry Mukha. "Intracellular Localization of Blattella germanica Densovirus (BgDV1) Capsid Proteins." Viruses 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2018): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10070370.

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Densovirus genome replication and capsid assembly take place in the nucleus of the infected cells. However, the mechanisms underlying such processes as the delivery of virus proteins to the nucleus and the export of progeny virus from the nucleus remain elusive. It is evident that nuclear transport signals should be involved in these processes. We performed an in silico search for the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) motifs in the capsid proteins of the Blattella germanica Densovirus 1 (BgDV1) densovirus. A high probability NLS motif was found in the c
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17

Wong, K., S. Karunanithi, and H. L. Atwood. "Quantal Unit Populations at the DrosophilaLarval Neuromuscular Junction." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 1497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.3.1497.

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Focal extracellular recording at visualized boutons of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction was used to determine frequency and time course of the spontaneously occurring quantal events. When simultaneous intracellular recordings from the innervated muscle cell were made, more than one class of quantal event occurred at some of the individual boutons. “True” signals (arising at the bouton within the focal macropatch electrode) were often contaminated by additional signals generated outside the lumen of the focal electrode. Inclusion of these contaminating signals gave spuriously low va
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18

Griffin, Stephen, Dean Clarke, Christopher McCormick, David Rowlands, and Mark Harris. "Signal Peptide Cleavage and Internal Targeting Signals Direct the Hepatitis C Virus p7 Protein to Distinct Intracellular Membranes." Journal of Virology 79, no. 24 (December 15, 2005): 15525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.24.15525-15536.2005.

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ABSTRACT The hepatitis C virus (HCV) p7 protein forms an amantadine-sensitive ion channel required for viral replication in chimpanzees, though its precise role in the life cycle of HCV is unknown. In an attempt to gain some insights into p7 function, we examined the intracellular localization of p7 using epitope tags and an anti-p7 peptide antibody, antibody 1055. Immunofluorescence labeling of p7 at its C terminus revealed an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization independent of the presence of its signal peptide, whereas labeling the N terminus gave a mitochondrial-type distribution in bri
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19

Wu, Cuichen Sam, Lu Peng, Mingxu You, Da Han, Tao Chen, Kathryn R. Williams, Chaoyong James Yang, and Weihong Tan. "Engineering Molecular Beacons for Intracellular Imaging." International Journal of Molecular Imaging 2012 (November 6, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/501579.

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Molecular beacons (MBs) represent a class of nucleic acid probes with unique DNA hairpin structures that specifically target complementary DNA or RNA. The inherent “OFF” to “ON” signal transduction mechanism of MBs makes them promising molecular probes for real-time imaging of DNA/RNA in living cells. However, conventional MBs have been challenged with such issues as false-positive signals and poor biostability in complex cellular matrices. This paper describes the novel engineering steps used to improve the fluorescence signal and reduce to background fluorescence, as well as the incorporatio
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20

Sanchez, J. A., and J. Vergara. "Modulation of Ca2+ transients by photorelease of caged nucleotides in frog skeletal muscle fibers." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 266, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): C1291—C1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.5.c1291.

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Action potentials and intracellular Ca2+ transients were monitored in current-clamped segments of frog skeletal muscle fibers using the triple vaseline-gap technique. Calcium signals were measured with the fluorescent indicator rhod 2. Action potentials produced a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ that was estimated, by deconvolution of the fluorescence signals, to range between 3 and 12 microM. The comparative effects of flash photolysis of caged adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and caged ATP on action potentials and Ca signals in muscle were investigated. The photorelease o
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21

Tran, Tuan-Khanh, Napapon Sailasuta, Ulrike Kreutzer, Ralph Hurd, Youngran Chung, Paul Mole, Shinya Kuno, and Thomas Jue. "Comparative analysis of NMR and NIRS measurements of intracellular P O 2 in human skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 276, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): R1682—R1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.6.r1682.

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1H NMR has detected both the deoxygenated proximal histidyl NδH signals of myoglobin (deoxyMb) and deoxygenated Hb (deoxyHb) from human gastrocnemius muscle. Exercising the muscle or pressure cuffing the leg to reduce blood flow elicits the appearance of the deoxyMb signal, which increases in intensity as cellular[Formula: see text] decreases. The deoxyMb signal is detected with a 45-s time resolution and reaches a steady-state level within 5 min of pressure cuffing. Its desaturation kinetics match those observed in the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) experiments, implying that the NIRS sign
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22

Ruskoaho, H., M. Toth, D. Ganten, T. Unger, and R. E. Lang. "Intracellular Signals Regulating Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Secretion." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 8, no. 6 (November 1986): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005344-198611000-00105.

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23

Moenke, Gregor, Martin Falcke, and Keven Thurley. "Hierarchic Stochastic Modelling Applied to Intracellular Ca2+ Signals." PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (December 27, 2012): e51178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051178.

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24

Arimura, Nariko, and Kozo Kaibuchi. "Neuronal polarity: from extracellular signals to intracellular mechanisms." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8, no. 3 (March 2007): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2056.

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25

Cabrita, Inês, Roberta Benedetto, Ana Fonseca, Podchanart Wanitchakool, Lalida Sirianant, Boris V. Skryabin, Laura K. Schenk, Hermann Pavenstädt, Rainer Schreiber, and Karl Kunzelmann. "Differential effects of anoctamins on intracellular calcium signals." FASEB Journal 31, no. 5 (February 9, 2017): 2123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.201600797rr.

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26

Tsien, R. Y., A. Minta, M. Poenie, J. P. Y. Kao, and A. Harootunian. "Fluorescence ratio imaging of dynamic intracellular ionic signals." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100102298.

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Recent technical advances now enable the continuous imaging of important ionic signals inside individual living cells with micron spatial resolution and subsecond time resolution. This methodology relies on the molecular engineering of indicator dyes whose fluorescence is strong and highly sensitive to ions such as Ca2+, H+, or Na+, or Mg2+. The Ca2+ indicators, exemplified by fura-2 and indo-1, derive their high affinity (Kd near 200 nM) and selectivity for Ca2+ to a versatile tetracarboxylate binding site3 modeled on and isosteric with the well known chelator EGTA. The most commonly used pH
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27

Kaibuchi, Kozo. "Neuronal polarity: From extracellular signals to intracellular mechanisms." Neuroscience Research 65 (January 2009): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.013.

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28

Sheng, Rong, Sten Rüdiger, and Jianwei Shuai. "Coherent calcium puff signals driven by intracellular noises." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 390, no. 6 (March 2011): 1117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2010.11.036.

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29

CHUANG1, Lea-yea, and Jinn-Yuh GUH2. "Extracellular signals and intracellular pathways in diabetic nephropathy." Nephrology 6, no. 4 (August 2001): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1797.2001.00043.x.

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30

Hackenthal, Eberhard, and Roland Taugner. "Hormonal signals and intracellular messengers for renin secretion." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 47, no. 1-2 (September 1986): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(86)90010-9.

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31

Stennicke, Henning R., and Guy S. Salvesen. "Caspases – controlling intracellular signals by protease zymogen activation." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1477, no. 1-2 (March 2000): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00281-2.

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32

Imboden, John B. "The regulation of intracellular signals during lymphocyte activation." Immunology Today 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(88)91350-3.

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33

González-Pleiter, M., F. Leganés, and F. Fernández-Piñas. "Intracellular free Ca2+signals antibiotic exposure in cyanobacteria." RSC Advances 7, no. 56 (2017): 35385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03001k.

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34

Hallett, Maurice B. "Localisation of Intracellular Signals and Responses during Phagocytosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 2825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032825.

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Phagocytosis is one of the most polarised of all cellular activities. Both the stimulus (the target for phagocytosis) and the response (its internalisation) are focussed at just one part of the cell. At the locus, and this locus alone, pseudopodia form a phagocytic cup around the particle, the cytoskeleton is rearranged, the plasma membrane is reorganised, and a new internal organelle, the phagosome, is formed. The effect of signals from the stimulus must, thus, both be complex and yet be restricted in space and time to enable an effective focussed response. While many aspects of phagocytosis
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35

Scott, John D., and Tony Pawson. "Cell Signaling in Space and Time: Where Proteins Come Together and When They’re Apart." Science 326, no. 5957 (November 26, 2009): 1220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175668.

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Signal transduction can be defined as the coordinated relay of messages derived from extracellular cues to intracellular effectors. More simply put, information received on the cell surface is processed across the plasma membrane and transmitted to intracellular targets. This requires that the activators, effectors, enzymes, and substrates that respond to cellular signals come together when they need to.
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36

Suzuka, Hisaaki, Atsushi Mimura, Yoshimi Inaoka, and Kenya Murase. "Magnetic Nanoparticles in Macrophages and Cancer Cells Exhibit Different Signal Behavior on Magnetic Particle Imaging." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 6857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16619.

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Cell labeling with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is a promising method of cell tracking. In particular, a novel quantitative tomography method called magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has the potential to estimate the number of successfully transplanted MNP-labeled cells, thereby helping predict clinical outcomes. However, the biological factors that shape the MPI signals of MNPs during cell labeling are not well understood. To better understand these factors, the MPI signals of MNPs in various extracellular and intracellular conditions were assessed. Firstly, carboxydextran-coated MNPs (Resovis
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37

Delgado, Pilar, and Balbino Alarcón. "An orderly inactivation of intracellular retention signals controls surface expression of the T cell antigen receptor." Journal of Experimental Medicine 201, no. 4 (February 21, 2005): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20041133.

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Exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important checkpoint for proper assembly of multimeric plasma membrane receptors. The six subunits of the T cell receptor (TCR; TCRα, TCRβ, CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, and CD3ζ) are each endowed with ER retention/retrieval signals, and regulation of its targeting to the plasma membrane is therefore especially intriguing. We have studied the importance of the distinct ER retention signals at different stages of TCR intracellular assembly. To this end, we have characterized first the presence of ER retention signals in CD3γ. Despite the presence of multiple E
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38

Michie, Alison M., and Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker. "InVivoDetection of Intracellular Signaling Pathways in Developing Thymocytes." Developmental Immunology 8, no. 1 (2000): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/97820.

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Information regarding the intracellular signaling processes that occur during the development of T cells has largely been obtained with the use of transgenic mouse models, which although providing invaluable information are time consuming and costly. To this end, we have developed a novel system that facilitates theInVivoanalysis of signal transduction pathways during T-lymphocyte development. This approach uses reporter-plasmids for the detection of intracellular signals mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase or cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Reporter-plasmids are transfected
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39

Bretschneider, Till, Hans G. Othmer, and Cornelis J. Weijer. "Progress and perspectives in signal transduction, actin dynamics, and movement at the cell and tissue level: lessons from Dictyostelium." Interface Focus 6, no. 5 (October 6, 2016): 20160047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0047.

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Movement of cells and tissues is a basic biological process that is used in development, wound repair, the immune response to bacterial invasion, tumour formation and metastasis, and the search for food and mates. While some cell movement is random, directed movement stimulated by extracellular signals is our focus here. This involves a sequence of steps in which cells first detect extracellular chemical and/or mechanical signals via membrane receptors that activate signal transduction cascades and produce intracellular signals. These intracellular signals control the motile machinery of the c
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40

Leong, D. A. "A complex mechanism of facilitation in pituitary ACTH cells: recent single-cell studies." Journal of Experimental Biology 139, no. 1 (September 1, 1988): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.139.1.151.

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The transfer of information by chemical signals during complex biological processes can, with increasing frequency, be described in terms of interacting signal pairs. External signalling is rarely monolithic; rather, signal pairs are utilized in processes such as hormone secretion, neurotransmission, cell growth and differentiation. The dualism of external signalling often results in the occurrence of synergy. One signal appears to turn the cell on or off, and its synergistic partner increases cell responsiveness, providing gain control of the cellular response. ACTH release provoked by certai
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41

Shivnan, E., and D. R. Alexander. "Protein kinase C activation inhibits TCR-mediated calcium influx but not inositol trisphosphate production in HPB-ALL T cells." Journal of Immunology 154, no. 3 (February 1, 1995): 1146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.3.1146.

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Abstract The regulation by protein kinase C (PKC) of TCR-mediated changes in phosphoinositide metabolism and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) was investigated in HPB-ALL T cells. Low concentrations (< 1 microgram/ml) of the anti-CD3 OKT3 mAb triggered large calcium signals but not detectable increase in D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisophate (IP3) production. CD3-CD4 coligation amplified the calcium signal twofold, compared with CD3 cross-linking alone, but this protocol also did not stimulate IP3 production. At higher OKT3 concentrations (> 2.5 micrograms/ml), IP3 production was detecte
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42

Senseman, David M. "Correspondence between visually evoked voltage-sensitive dye signals and synaptic activity recorded in cortical pyramidal cells with intracellular microelectrodes." Visual Neuroscience 13, no. 5 (September 1996): 963–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009196.

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AbstractFast, multiple-site optical recording of voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) signals and intracellular microelectrode recordings were combined to characterize visually evoked neuronal responses in the visual cortex of the pond turtle, Pseudemys scripta. By using an in vitro, eye-brain preparation stained with the merocyanine oxazolone voltage-sensitive dye, NK-2495 or a close analog, NK-2761, large VSD signals relatively free of vibrational noise could be recorded in single trials following a stroboscopic light flash to the contralateral eye. VSD signals recorded from the same cortical locatio
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43

Odorizzi, C. G., I. S. Trowbridge, L. Xue, C. R. Hopkins, C. D. Davis, and J. F. Collawn. "Sorting signals in the MHC class II invariant chain cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane region determine trafficking to an endocytic processing compartment." Journal of Cell Biology 126, no. 2 (July 15, 1994): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.126.2.317.

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Targeting of MHC class II molecules to the endocytic compartment where they encounter processed antigen is determined by the invariant chain (Ii). By analysis of Ii-transferrin receptor (TR) chimera trafficking, we have identified sorting signals in the Ii cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane region that mediate this process. Two non-tyrosine-based sorting signals in the Ii cytoplasmic tail were identified that mediate localization to plasma membrane clathrin-coated pits and promote rapid endocytosis. Leu7 and Ile8 were required for the activity of the signal most distal to the cell membrane whe
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44

Ziskind-Conhaim, Lea, and Stephen Redman. "Spatiotemporal Patterns of Dorsal Root–Evoked Network Activity in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord: Optical and Intracellular Recordings." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 3 (September 2005): 1952–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00209.2005.

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Spatiotemporal patterns of dorsal root–evoked potentials were studied in transverse slices of the rat spinal cord by monitoring optical signals from a voltage-sensitive dye with multiple-photodiode optic camera. Typically, dorsal root stimulation generated two basic waveforms of voltage images: dual-component images consisting of fast, spike-like signal followed by a slow signal in the dorsal horn, and small, slow signals in the ventral horn. To qualitatively relate the optical signals to membrane potentials, whole cell recordings were combined with measurements of light absorption in the area
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45

Rahmi, Rahmi. "Molecular Review: Effects of Physical Exercise in Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake." Sumatera Medical Journal 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/sumej.v4i1.4785.

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Muscle contraction requires glucose as its main fuel. Glucose enters the muscle cells through diffusion facilitated by GLUT4. GLUT4 must be translocated from intracellular to the plasma membrane and T tubules during muscle contraction. This literature review will discuss how physical exercise can signal GLUT4 translocation for glucose uptake. Molecular signals induced by physical exercise are very complex and involve various molecules, one of which is AMPK and intracellular Ca concentration.
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46

Zhou, Feng-Quan, and William D. Snider. "Intracellular control of developmental and regenerative axon growth." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1473 (July 28, 2006): 1575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1882.

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Axon growth is a highly regulated process that requires stimulating signals from extracellular factors. The extracellular signals are then transduced to regulate coordinately gene expression and local axon assembly. Growth factors, especially neurotrophins that act via receptor tyrosine kinases, have been heavily studied as extracellular factors that stimulate axon growth. Downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases, recent studies have suggested that phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) regulates local assembly of axonal cytoskeleton, especially microtubules, via glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-
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47

Hogan, Perry M., and Stephen R. Besch. "A Dual Wavelength Microfluorimeter for Measuring Fast Intracellular Calcium Signals." Microscopy and Microanalysis 1, no. 2 (June 1995): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927695110557.

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A dual excitation microfluorimeter is described for measuring rapidly changing, intracellular calcium signals. A spinning sector wheel is used in conjunction with a beam masking device to provide rapid, efficient switching between the 2 excitation wavelengths. Exposure intervals as short as 120 μs can be achieved, yielding ratio samples at a rate of 6 kHz. Emission photons are collected using a photomultiplier tube operating in counting mode. When tested using FURA-2 as the calcium reporting dye, throughput noise in the system is demonstrated to be due to the statistical fluctuation inherent i
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48

LaBonne, C., and M. Whitman. "Mesoderm induction by activin requires FGF-mediated intracellular signals." Development 120, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.2.463.

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We have examined the role of FGF signaling during activin-mediated mesoderm induction in Xenopus. Using dominant inhibitory mutants of FGF signal transducers to disrupt the FGF-signaling pathway at the plasma membrane or in the cytosol prevents animal cap blastomeres from expressing several mesodermal markers in response to exogenous activin. Dominant inhibitory mutants of the FGF receptor, c-ras or c-raf inhibit the ability of activin to induce molecular markers of both dorsal and ventral mesoderm including Xbra, Mix1 and Xnot. Some transcriptional responses to activin such as goosecoid and X
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49

Martin-Cano, Francisco E., Cristina Camello-Almaraz, Jesús González Macías, Maria J. Pozo, and Pedro J. Camello. "Propagation of Intracellular Ca2+Signals in Aged Exocrine Cells." Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 71, no. 2 (March 24, 2015): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv018.

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50

Schramek, Herbert. "MAP Kinases: From Intracellular Signals to Physiology and Disease." Physiology 17, no. 2 (April 2002): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/nips.01365.2001.

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Although differentiated cells will usually maintain their specialized character, conversion of cellular specificities can be observed during adaptation or reparative regeneration. In pathological conditions, such as inflammation and carcinogenesis, even highly specialized cells can alter their properties, leading to a deranged control of cell differentiation and/or proliferation. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are central regulators of these processes.
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