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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Intumescen"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 14 de diciembre de 2024

Última modificación: 31 de julio de 2025

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1

Liu, Cong. "Flame Retardancy of Lanthanum Phosphinate in Combination with Intumescen Flame-Retardant in Polypropylene." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3366.

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The flame-retardant of Lanthanum phenylphosphinate(LaPi) was prepared and its combination with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) in polypropylene (PP) was analysed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the UL-94 test. Compared with using IFR alone, using the combination of LaPi and IFR gained the better classification in the UL 94 test thanks to the combination of the different mechanisms. When 20 wt% loading of flame retardant of LaPi and IFR, a halogen-free V-0 PP material was achieved with a LOI of 31%.

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2

Yu, M. H., L. M. Pakish, and J. W. Saunders. "Association of a nematode resistance bearing addition chromosome with a recurring leaf intumescence somaclonal variation in sugar beet." Genome 34, no. 3 (1991): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-072.

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Intumescent leaf variants of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were obtained through callus culture of a monosomic addition that carried resistance to Heterodera schachtii Schm. The frothy pockmarked appearance of the leaf surface was due to hyperplastic growth of the mesophyll and epidermal cells. The epidermis had many malformed stomata. Veins were underdeveloped, but protrusions beneath were pronounced. Intumescence occurred in 20.3% of the regenerated plants and it was heritable to F1 and later progeny. Leaf intumescence is a new phenotype for Beta. About 73.5% of regenerants contained the don

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3

Martynov, A. V., O. V. Popova, and V. V. Grekov. "Non-Standard Methods for Assessing the Quality of Intumescent Coatings." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 6 (June 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-6-15-20.

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The main most frequently used structural materials are monolithic reinforced concrete, steel profiles and lightweight thin-walled building structures, which in case of fire at temperatures above 500 °C lose their mechanical properties, deform, and collapse. To protect the load-bearing structures from dangerous deformations for a certain time before the start of extinguishing a fire, various fire-retardant materials are used, among which thin-layer intumescent coatings occupy a special place. Serious problems with the quality of intumescent coatings are associated with the use by manufacturers

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4

Martynov, A. V., and O. V. Popova. "Methodology to Determine Expansion Rate, Strength, and Adhesion of Protective Coating Produced Based on Formed Coked Form." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 9 (September 2024): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2024-9-66-73.

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Today, the production volumes of intumescent paints comprise a significant part of the entire fire-protection production. At the same time, both uncertified and low-quality products can be often offered within the segment. The main implicit factors of the violation of the intumescent coating quality are the thickness of the layer and the degree of dilution of ready-to-use paint immediately before use. These factors affect the quality of coked foam, i.e., its layer thickness and its density; however, these cannot be detected during the external examination of the paint layer, measuring its thic

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5

Вахітова, Л. М., В. П. Плаван, В. І. Шологон, К. В. Калафат, Н. А. Таран та В. І. Бессарабов. "ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНИХ ЕПОКСИДНИХ ПОКРИТТІВ СПОЛУКАМИ ІНТЕРКАЛЬОВАНОГО ГРАФІТУ". Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 152, № 6 (2021): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2020.6.5.

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Investigation of the effect of nitrate oxide graphite on the parameters of char layer, obtained from the system of ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol / epoxy resin under the influence of temperatures of 200–800 °С. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture was chosen as a model intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol. As a polymer component was used bisphenols A / F epoxy resin together with a polyamidoamine hardener. Nitrate oxide graphite was obtained by oxidation of natural scaly graphite with fuming nitrogen acid. The effect of impurities of nitr

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6

Ji, Yu, Qiang Yao, Weihong Cao, and Yueying Zhao. "Base Promoted Intumescence of Phenols." Polymers 12, no. 2 (2020): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020261.

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The intumescent process of sodium (substituted) phenolates has been studied. The generation of hydrogen radical via a homolytic cleavage of the Ar–H bond and the subsequent hydroarylation of phenolates to cyclohexadienes along with cyclization and elimination reactions of cyclohexadienes are critical steps in the base promoted intumescence of phenols. The substituents show great influence on the intumescence of phenolates. Phenolates substituted with a weak electron donating group enable intumescence while those with an electron withdrawing group or strong electron donating group suppresses in

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7

Cirstea, Nicoleta Florentina, Alina Badanoiu, and Aurelian Cristian Boscornea. "Intumescent Silicate Coatings with the Addition of Alkali-Activated Materials." Polymers 14, no. 10 (2022): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14101937.

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Fireproof inorganic coatings based on sodium silicate solution with intumescent additions were prepared and tested to assess their ability to limit the negative effect of a fire. The intumescent materials were obtained by the alkali activation of waste glass powder (obtained by the grinding of recycled soda-lime culet) and slag (waste resulting from the metallurgical industry). The replacement of talc (used as filler in paint formulation) with the intumescent materials obtained by the alkaline activation of waste glass powder (WGP), determined an increase in the intumescence coefficient (up to

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8

Ustinov, Andrey, Olga Zybina, Anastasia Tomakhova, and Sergey Pavlov. "The enhancement of operating properties of intumescent fire-protective compositions." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824511008.

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The paper overviews the operational properties of charred layers which are forming as a result of thermolytical synthesis of intumescent coatings, and the ways of enhancing those properties using different additives mixed with initial intumescent composition. Methods including differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, microscale calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the modified intumescent compositions and the properties of charred layers formed from them. Results show that additives tend to change the microstructure of char which undergoes som

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9

Varlashkin, P. G., and M. J. D. Low. "Infrared Spectra of Intumescent Chars." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 3 (1986): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864509141.

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The utility of infrared Fourier transform photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) for the examination of intumescent systems was explored. Infrared spectra were recorded of a model system consisting of a mixture of pentaerythritol and (NH4)2HPO4, and of a film of a commercial fire-retardant paint painted on sheet metal, at various stages before, at, and after intumescence. Although the morphology of the materials changes greatly during the thermal decompositions, infrared spectra can be recorded which can provide useful information about the systems and intumescent chars.

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10

Bourbigot, S., M. Le Bras, and R. Delobel. "Fire Degradation of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Using the Cone Calorimeter." Journal of Fire Sciences 13, no. 1 (1995): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419501300101.

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This work studies the fire degradation of an intumescent for mulation Polypropylene (PP)-Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)/Pentaerythri tol (PER) using the cone calorimeter. An intumescence model is described which introduces the notion of degradation front. From the weight loss data recorded by the cone calorimeter and the results of the invariant kinetic pa rameters method (given in appendix) applied to the PP and to the PP-APP/PER system, the respective temperatures of the degradation fronts are measured. A stability zone is shown where the protection is effective. The intumescent coating degrad

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11

Lebedchenko, O. S., S. V. Puzach, and V. I. Zykov. "The application efficiency of intumescent coatings for power cables of safety systems of nuclear power plants under fire conditions." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 4 (2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.04.36-47.

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Introduction. The reliable operation of safety systems, that allows for the failure of no more than one safety system component, entails the safe shutdown and cool-down of an NPP reactor in the event of fire. However, the co-authors have not assessed the loss of performance by an insulating material, treated by intumescent compositions and used in the power cables of the above safety systems exposed to the simultaneous effect of various modes of fire and current loads.Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is the theoretical assessment of the application efficiency of intumescent fir

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12

Häßler, Mai, Dustin Häßler, Sascha Hothan, and Simone Krüger. "Fire tests of steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 11, no. 1 (2019): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-01-2019-0005.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of intumescent coating on tension rod systems and their components. Steel tension rod systems consist of tension rods, fork end connectors and associated intersection or gusset plates. In case of fire, beside the tension rods themselves, the connection parts require appropriate fire protection. Intumescent fire protection coatings prevent a rapid heating of the steel and help secure the structural load-carrying capacity. Because the connection components of tension rod systems feature surface curvature and a complex geometry,

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13

Piperopoulos, Elpida, Giuseppe Scionti, Mario Atria, Luigi Calabrese, Antonino Valenza, and Edoardo Proverbio. "Durability Assessment of Eco-Friendly Intumescent Coatings Based on Cork and Waste Glass Fillers for Naval Fire Safety." Polymers 17, no. 12 (2025): 1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121659.

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This research assessed novel, eco-friendly intumescent coatings utilizing cork and recycled glass as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fire retardants, aiming to reduce environmental impact while maintaining robust fire performance. Coatings underwent up to 600 h of UV light exposure for durability assessment, followed by chemo-physical characterization. Fire exposure tests evaluated in-situ char formation and foaming. All functionalized coatings exhibited suitable intumescent behavior, forming protective char layers even after extensive UV aging. Microscopic analysis showed good additive

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14

Ustinov, A. A., O. A. Zybina, and A. V. Andreev. "On the Impact Caused by Titanium Dioxide of Different Trademarks on the Properties of Intumescent Fire-Protective Coatings." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.212.

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The paper overviews the process of thermolysis of fire-retardants based on melamine, ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythtritol and containing titanium dioxide of different trademarks. The role of titanium dioxide as a component of fire-retardants is revised. Titanium dioxide was perceived only as white pigment, but this paper states that the properties of a charred layer forming from an intumescent coating depend on the properties of titanium dioxide's species, such as surface treatment and crystalline structure. This statement is proven by using thermal analysis of intumescents with differe

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15

Komarova, M. A., I. A. Grishin, M. V. Shalabin, and N. O. Melnikov. "Development of test methods for fire-retardant coatings of steel engineering structures during operation." Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 40, no. 1 (2024): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2024-1(40)-21-34.

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Introduction. Prediction of the durability of flame-retardant coatings of steel engineering structures and preservation of their performance during operation remain important research directions. There is a lack of normative documents in the field of fire protection, regulating the process of testing of flame-retardant coatings during operation, as well as determination of their durability (service life).Aim. To develop test methods for determining the resistance of flame-retardant coatings of steel engineering structures exposed to climatic factors, preservation of their fireproof and anti-co

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16

Mohd Sabee, Mohd Meer Saddiq, Zarina Itam, Salmia Beddu, et al. "Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers." Polymers 14, no. 14 (2022): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142911.

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This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as

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17

Eremina, Tatiana, and Dmitry Korolchenko. "Fire Protection of Building Constructions with the Use of Fire-Retardant Intumescent Compositions." Buildings 10, no. 10 (2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100185.

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The influence of basic components of intumescent paint on fire protection properties is studied. The resulting changes in properties are assessed by the intumescence coefficient and thermal analysis data. Influence of the binder polymer composition on fire protection properties under the same conditions was evaluated, quantitatively using the example of fire-retardant water-dispersion paint; the best result was obtained in the formulation based on vinyl acetate copolymers. The brands of ammonium polyphosphate (PFA) from different manufacturers were investigated under the same conditions. The r

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18

Kang, Sungwook, Sengkwan Choi, and Joung Yoon Choi. "Coupled thermo-physical behaviour of an inorganic intumescent system in cone calorimeter testing." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 3 (2017): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117701765.

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This article examines the thermo-physical behaviour of an inorganic-based intumescent coating, tested with bench-scale cone calorimetry, in order to promote the understanding of its intumescence and to contribute to the optimisation of its thermal insulation performance. In the test, the specimen underwent the following phenomena simultaneously: (1) thermo-kinetic endothermic water vaporisation; (2) formation of micro-scale pores in its internal volume; (3) expansion of its volume; (4) variations in thermal boundaries. These simultaneous phenomena cause several changes in internal–external con

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19

Chen, Sin-Nan, Pei-Kai Li, Tar-Hwa Hsieh, Ko-Shan Ho, and Yu-Meng Hong. "Enhancements on Flame Resistance by Inorganic Silicate-Based Intumescent Coating Materials." Materials 14, no. 21 (2021): 6628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216628.

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Flame-retardant coatings have drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, an inorganic sodium silicate-based intumescent flame-resistance coating with an excellent flameproof properties is developed by mainly utilizing sodium silicate as the ceramizable binder, via hydrolysis and self-condensation reaction. Fly ash, metakaoline, and wollastonite behave as supplement cementing materials. Major formulation encompasses the combination of the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol as the flame-retardant additives, and aluminum hydroxide or expandable graphite as the intumescence-impro

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20

Luangtriratana, Piyanuch, Baljinder K. Kandola, Sophie Duquesne, and Serge Bourbigot. "Quantification of Thermal Barrier Efficiency of Intumescent Coatings on Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Coatings 8, no. 10 (2018): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8100347.

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In this work, the thermal barrier efficiency of three commercial intumescent coatings of varying thicknesses on glass fibre-reinforced epoxy (GRE) composites has been studied using cone calorimetric parameters and temperature profiles through the thicknesses, obtained by inserting thermocouples in the sample during the experiment. The methodologies developed to measure char expansion of the three coatings during the cone experiment as well under slow heating conditions using an advanced rheometric expansion system have been discussed. While the expansion ratios in the two experiments were diff

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21

Wattanatanom, Warunee, Sireerat Churuchinda, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "Intumescent flame retardant finishing of polyester fabrics via the layer-by-layer assembly technique." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, no. 1 (2017): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-07-2015-0079.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential use of the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly as an intumescent flame retardant for polyester, cotton and their blended fabrics. Design/methodology/approach In this study, polyester (PET), cotton and their blends were applied with the flame retardant coating via the LbL assembly technique. The flame retardancy, melt dripping, thermal properties and morphology of coated polyester fabrics were then examined. Findings The scanning electron micrograph of uncoated and coated fabrics revealed that the LbL assembly coating on the fabric sur

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22

Nicoara, Adrian Ionut, and Alina Ioana Badanoiu. "Influence of Alkali Activator Type on the Hydrolytic Stability and Intumescence of Inorganic Polymers Based on Waste Glass." Materials 15, no. 1 (2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010147.

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The main objective of this study is the synthesis and characterization of low cost alkali-activated inorganic polymers based on waste glass (G-AAIPs) using a mixture of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 as alkali activators, in order to improve their hydrolytic stability. This paper also presents detailed information about the influence of composition determined by X Ray Diffraction (XRD), microstructure determined by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and processing parameters on the main properties of G-AAIP pastes. The main factors analyzed were the glass fineness and the composition of the alkaline activ

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23

Таран, Н. А., К. В. Калафат, Л. І. Вахітова та В. П. Плаван. "ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНОГО ПОЛІМЕРНОГО ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНОГО ПОКРИТТЯ". Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 138, № 5 (2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2019.5.9.

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Study of the effect of intumescent complex compounds on the basis of aminoderivatives of 2,4,8,10-tetraoxа-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5,5] undecane on the flame retardant properties and water resistance of the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer in the flame retardant polymer compositions. The structure of intumescent compounds has been confirmed by the methods of elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy, the flame retardant properties of the intumescent systems have been investigated using the method of thermogravimetric analysis. Methods of synthesis of intumescent compounds based on 2,4,8,10-tetraoxа-3,

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24

Tang, Guochen, Chuankai Shang, Yiwen Qin, and Jinxing Lai. "Current Advances in Flame-Retardant Performance of Tunnel Intumescent Fireproof Coatings: A Review." Coatings 15, no. 1 (2025): 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010099.

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As building safety standards keep escalating, research on intumescent fireproof coatings has garnered growing attention. Among them, tunnels, with their enclosed configuration and relatively high accident occurrence rate, impose higher demands on the environmental friendliness, durability, and thermal stability of fireproof coatings. At present, intumescent fireproof coatings have been extensively applied in tunnels; however, a comprehensive and in-depth overview of intumescent fireproof coatings and their application in tunnels is still lacking. This paper summarizes the fire prevention mecha

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25

Camino, G., G. Martinasso, L. Costa, and R. Gobetto. "Thermal degradation of pentaerythritol diphosphate, model compound for fire retardant intumescent systems: Part II—Intumescence step." Polymer Degradation and Stability 28, no. 1 (1990): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(90)90049-d.

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26

Depeng, Li, Li Chixiang, Jiang Xiulei, Liu Tao, and Zhao Ling. "Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame-retardant property of polypropylene composites foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 3 (2017): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x17720157.

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Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame retardant property of polypropylene composites and their foams were carefully investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the intumescent flame retardant played a plasticizing effect on the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites and accelerated the crystallization rate. The rheological properties and supercritical CO2-assisted molding foaming behaviors of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites showed that the nano-CaCO3 could enhance

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27

Melder, Egor V., Sergey V. Puzach, and Andrey B. Sivenkov. "Toxicity of thermolysis products and smoke-generating ability of fire-proof intumescent coatings for steel structures." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 3 (2023): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2023.3.15-24.

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PURPOSE. The work considers intumescent fire-proof coatings for steel building structures of various component compositions, as well as the fire-proof action mechanism of intumescent systems. Taking into account the results of previous researches and our own experience in the development of fire-proof materials for steel structures, chemically balanced formulations of intumescent coatings have been formed. Based on the study of smoke-generating ability and thermolysis products toxicity of intumescent fire-proof coatings, the possibility of their participation in changing the general toxicologi

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Chico, B., A. López-Delgado, M. A. Lobo, et al. "Degradación atmosférica de un recubrimiento de pintura intumescente." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 43, no. 2 (2004): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2004.v43.i2.506.

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Le Bras, Michel, Serge Bourbigot, Yannick Le Tallec та Jacky Laureyns. "Synergy in intumescence—application to β-cyclodextrin carbonisation agent in intumescent additives for fire retardant polyethylene formulations". Polymer Degradation and Stability 56, № 1 (1997): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(96)00190-5.

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Duquesne, S., S. Magnet, C. Jama, and R. Delobel. "Thermoplastic resins for thin film intumescent coatings – towards a better understanding of their effect on intumescence efficiency." Polymer Degradation and Stability 88, no. 1 (2005): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.026.

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Li, Yang, Cheng-Fei Cao, Zuan-Yu Chen, Shuai-Chi Liu, Joonho Bae, and Long-Cheng Tang. "Waterborne Intumescent Fire-Retardant Polymer Composite Coatings: A Review." Polymers 16, no. 16 (2024): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16162353.

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Intumescent fire-retardant coatings, which feature thinner layers and good decorative effects while significantly reducing heat transfer and air dispersion capabilities, are highly attractive for fire safety applications due to their effective prevention of material combustion and protection of materials. Particularly, the worldwide demand for improved environmental protection requirements has given rise to the production of waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings, which are comparable to or provide more advantages than solvent-based intumescent fire-retardant polymer

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VAKHITOVA, LIUBOV, KONSTANTIN KALAFAT, NADIYA TARAN та VOLODYMYR BESSARABOV. "ПОРІВНЯННЯ АМІНІВ ЯК ГАЗОУТВОРЮВАЧІВ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНОГО ТИПУ". Technologies and Engineering, № 4 (4 січня 2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2786-5371.2021.4.7.

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Purpose. Study of influence of blowing agents amines structure on the construction processes of thermal insulating char layer of intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/amine and fire protection efficiency of this system at high temperatures. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture of ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/amine was chosen as a model intumescent system. Dispersion of vinyl acetate copolymer with vinyl ether of versatic acid was used as a polymeric component. A step-by-step study of the characteristics of the char layer of the intumescent composition was applied

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MARTYNOV, A., V. GREKOV, and O. POPOVA. "MEASURING TOOL KIT FOR EXPRESS ANALYSIS OF INTUMESCENT FIRE PROTECTION AT A CONSTRUCTION FACILITY." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 3 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2021.3.61-68.

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Purpose. Existing methods for checking the quality of intumescent coatings do not allow determining the implicit properties of these coatings, for example, the properties of foamed coke (FC), which is formed from a layer of intumescent paint during a fire. The authors analyze the issues of developing a measuring tool kit to evaluate intumescent coatings outside the laboratory, thus minimizing the possibility of using inappropriate quality paints and excluding violations of the work technology. Methods. The work uses theoretical research and experimental methods for measuring physical and mecha

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Almeras, X., M. Le Bras, S. Bourbigot, et al. "Intumescent PP Blends." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 8 (2003): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100808.

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One way to improve the fire performance of polymers is by the development of intumescent systems. The addition of ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide-6 is known to provide flame retardancy in many polymers via an intumescent process. The development of appropriate formulations is limited by their mechanical properties. This study shows that polypropylene based intumescent blends are efficient fire retardant systems and that acceptable mechanical properties can be obtained. It is also shown that adding talc improves the mechanical properties of intumescent polypropylene formulations without decrea

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Vasilchenko, Alexey, Yuriy Otrosh, Nikolay Adamenko, Evgeny Doronin, and Andrey Kovalov. "Feature of fire resistance calculation of steel structures with intumescent coating." MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018): 02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823002036.

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The problem of estimation of fire resistance of steel frame structures with intumescent coatings is considered. It implies that both physical properties of a covering (its thickness and structure) and mechanical properties of a metal structure change critically at heating. All above changes should be considered to maintain the standard values of fire resistance of a construction at calculation. Usually, known technical characteristics of fire resistance of intumescent coverings are used for estimation of fire resistance of steel structures with intumescent coverings. Importance of taking into

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Andryushkin, А. Yu, A. A. Kirshina, and E. N. Kadochnikova. "The evaluation of the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 4 (2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.04.14-26.

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Introduction. High-temperature gas flows often occur in case of a fire at oil and gas facilities; gas flows out of holes, cracks, ruptures in depressurized items of equipment and pipelines. The fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures, exposed to high-temperature gas flows, plummets. Hence, the task of developing a methodology for the adequate assessment of their fire-retardant efficiency is relevant.Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study was to develop a methodology for evaluating the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings for steel structures e

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Li, GQ, Jun Han, and Yong C. Wang. "Constant effective thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings: Analysis of experimental results." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 2 (2017): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117693857.

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This article presents the results of an investigation to obtain the constant effective thermal conductivities of intumescent coatings under the influence of different intumescent coating factors (type of intumescent coating, coating thickness, steel section factor, fire condition), based on the analysis of an extensive collection of fire test data. The constant effective thermal conductivity is not a fundamental property of the intumescent coating, but is a desired quantity for simplified practical fire resistance design. It is defined as the temperature-averaged value of the temperature-depen

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VAKHITOVA, LIUBOV, KONSTANTIN KALAFAT, NADIYA TARAN та VOLODYMYR BESSARABOV. "ПОРІВНЯННЯ ПОЛІОЛІВ ЯК КАРБОНІЗУЮЧИХ АГЕНТІВ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНОГО ТИПУ". Technologies and Engineering, № 6 (10 січня 2022): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2786-5371.2021.6.3.

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Purpose. To study the influence of the carbonizing agent structure on the formation of thermal insulating char layer of intumescent system acid donor/polyol and on the fire protection efficiency of the system at high temperatures. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture of an acid donor (phosphates ammonium, urea, melamine)/ polyol was chosen as a model intumescent system. Dispersion of vinyl acetate copolymer with ethylene was used as a polymeric component. The study applied the characteristics of the char layer of the intumescent composition at a certain temperature. The volumetric intumescent

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Cayla, Aurélie, François Rault, Stéphane Giraud, Fabien Salaün, Rodolphe Sonnier, and Loïc Dumazert. "Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11." Materials 12, no. 7 (2019): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071146.

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Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP mak

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Wang, Feiyue, Jiahao Liao, Long Yan, and Mengtao Cai. "Facile Construction of Polypyrrole Microencapsulated Melamine-Coated Ammonium Polyphosphate to Simultaneously Reduce Flammability and Smoke Release of Epoxy Resin." Polymers 14, no. 12 (2022): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122375.

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A unique mono-component intumescent flame retardant, named PPy-MAPP, of which melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was microencapsulated by polypyrrole (PPy), was synthesized and carefully characterized. The obtained PPy-MAPP was applied to epoxy resin (EP) for obtaining flame-retarded EP composites. The results show that PPy-MAPP imparts better flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties to EP compared to the same addition of MAPP. The EP composite with 15 wt% PPy-MAPP easily passes the UL94 V-0 rating and achieves an LOI value of 42.4%, accompanied by a 61.9% reduction in tota

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Kang, Jiyuan, Fumiaki Takahashi, and James S. T’ien. "In situ thermal-conductivity measurements and morphological characterization of intumescent coatings for fire protection." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 5 (2018): 419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118794955.

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Thermal insulating performance and char-layer properties have been studied for water-based intumescent coatings for structural steel fire protection using a new laboratory-scale mass-loss cone apparatus. A specimen (100 × 100 mm mild steel plate; the initial coating thickness: 0.3–2.0 mm) is placed horizontally and exposed to a constant incident radiant heat flux (25, 50, or 75 kW/m2). The apparent thermal conductivity of the expanding char layer is determined in situ based on real-time measurements of the temperature distribution in the char layer and the heat flux transmitted through the cha

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Sivasamy, Palanichamy, Bashyam Geetha, Chinnaswamy Thangavel Vijayakumar, and Johannes Karl Fink. "Structural Basis for Intumescence—Part II: Synthesis and Characterization of Intumescent Polymers Containing Spirophosphorus Moiety in the Backbone." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 46, no. 9 (2007): 919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550701280398.

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Sivasamy, Palanichamy, Bashyam Geetha, Chinnaswamy Thangavel Vijayakumar, and Johannes Karl Fink. "Structural Basis for Intumescence – Part III – Thermal Degradation Study of Intumescent Polymers Containing Spirophosphorus Moiety in the Backbone." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 49, no. 3 (2010): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550903285526.

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Çırpıcı, Burak Kaan, Süleyman Nazif Orhan, and Türkay Kotan. "Numerical modelling of heat transfer through protected composite structural members." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 5, no. 3 (2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2019.03.003.

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Among many various types of passive fire protection materials (i.e. plaster boards, sprayed materials and intumescent coatings) thin film intumescent coatings have become the preferable option owing to their good advantages such as flexibility, good appearance (aesthetics), light weight to the structure and fast application. Despite their popularity, there is also a lack of good understanding of fire behaviour. In general, experimental methods are used to push this knowledge with labour and high-energy consumption and extremely expensive processes. With the development of computer technology,

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Дмитрієв, Сергій, and Яков Гриценко. "Femtosecond laser LenSx–assisted phacoemulsification of mature intumescent cataract." Oftalmologicheskii Zhurnal, no. 5 (November 1, 2023): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31288/oftalmolzh202351115.

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Background: Phacoemulsification (phaco) of mature intumescent cataract is one of the most difficult to perform anterior eye surgeries. In mature intumescent cataract phaco, the most difficult phase is performing a continuous capsulorhexis which should be as round as possible. The incidence of an anterior capsular tear during capsulorhexis has been reported to range from 0.8 to 5.0% and increases with an increase in cataract density. This is because in dense intumescent cataracts, capsulorhexis tends to extend to the periphery due to high intracapsular pressure. Femtosecond laser–assisted phaco

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Hussain, Atif, Véronic Landry, Pierre Blanchet, Doan-Trang Hoang, and Christian Dagenais. "Fire Performance of Intumescent Waterborne Coatings with Encapsulated APP for Wood Constructions." Coatings 11, no. 11 (2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111272.

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In this work, intumescent coatings were prepared for protection of wood from fire. The fire-retardant chemical ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is known to have poor resistance to water and high humidity as it is hygroscopic in nature. To improve the water resistance, durability and fire resistance of the intumescent coating, APP was modified using a hybrid organic-inorganic polysiloxane encapsulation shell prepared by the sol–gel method. The physical and chemical properties of the intumescent mix containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (EAPP) particles were characterized by X-ray fluo

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Puzach, S. V., O. S. Lebedchenko, V. I. Zykov, and T. I. Chistyakov. "Operability evaluation of electrical wires and cables subjected to simultaneous fire and current loadings." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 31, no. 6 (2023): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.06.56-67.

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Introduction. Intumescent coatings are used as a means of protection from heat flows, and their mission is to preserve the operability of wires and cables under fire conditions coupled with simultaneous current loading. However, the effect of insulation destruction on the operability of cables has not been studied for the case of a real fire regime.Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the experimental operability of electrical wires and cables subjected to simultaneous effects of fire and current loadings.To achieve this purpose, an experimental testing unit was appl

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Kostyantyn, Кalafat, Taran Nadezhda, Plavan Viktoriia, Bessarabov Volodymyr, Zagoriy Glib, and Vakhitova Liubov. "COMPARISON OF FIRE RESISTANCE OF POLYMERS IN INTUMESCENT COATINGS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 10 (106) (2020): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.209841.

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Thermal destruction of fire-retardant intumescent coating of the composition of ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/melamine (MA)/pentaerythrite (PE)/titanium oxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>)/polymer, which can be applied for fire protection of steel structures, was studied. The influence of polymers of different nature – ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), vinyl acetate versatate (VAVV), styrene acrylates, and vinyl toluene acrylate on the processes of formation of a coke layer and fire-retardant effectiveness of appropriate coatings was determined. Chemical transformations of polymers EVA and styrene acryla

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Bhoite, Sangram P., Jonghyuck Kim, Wan Jo, et al. "Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards." Polymers 13, no. 16 (2021): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162662.

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The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent fla

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Zhang, Jianping, Michael Delichatsios, Maurice McKee, Sebastian Ukleja, and Claudio Pagella. "Experimental study of burning behaviors of intumescent coatings and nanoparticles applied on flaxboard." Journal of Fire Sciences 29, no. 6 (2011): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904111410934.

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This article presents an experimental investigation of ignition and burning behaviors of intumescent coatings and nanoparticles applied on flaxboard using the cone calorimeter, single burning item (SBI) and reduced scale (one-third) ISO room. The effects of intumescent coatings and nanoparticles on time to ignition (TTI), mass loss rate (MLR), heat release rate (HRR), production of toxic gases (carbon monoxide and smoke) were investigated. The performance of intumescent coatings in under-ventilated condition was examined by performing tests in the one-third ISO room with reduced opening sizes.

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