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1
Mojibi, Fatemeh y Vida Hojati. "The Female Reproductive Cycle of the Bedriaga Plate-Tailed Gecko,Teratoscincus bedriagai(Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Iran". International Journal of Zoology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/782641.
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The Bedriaga Plate-tailed Gecko,Teratoscincus bedriagaiNikolsky, 1900, is distributed in the northern and eastern desert basins of the Central Plateau of Iran, Sistan, and the desert regions of southern Afghanistan. Iranian specimens are believed to be rare in collections. In this study, the reproductive cycle of this species has been investigated through focusing on oogenesis from 5 April to 5 August, 2013. Generally, 15 adult females were collected by hand at midnight from southern parts of Damghan County, situated in Semnan Province of Iran. Ovaries were removed and processed for the purpose of histological and morphometric studies. The results revealed that oocyte growth starts in early April and terminates in late July. Moreover, mating commences in spring, especially at the beginning of May, with oviposition occurring from late May to late July. Approximately, 1 to 2 eggs are laid by females per clutch with the possibility of producing a secondary clutch later in the season. The maximum reproductive activity takes place in May and continues with a decreasing trend in June and more reduction in July and finally ends in August. No significant difference was observed between right and left side of reproductive system. Therefore, oogenesis occurs from April to July, whileT. bedriagaifollows an oogenic cycle typical for temperate species.
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Allen, Mitchell y William B. Trousdale. "Early Iron Age culture of Sistan, Afghanistan". Afghanistan 2, n.º 1 (abril de 2019): 29–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2019.0025.
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The Helmand Sistan Project, conducted by the Smithsonian Institution and Afghan Directorate of Archaeology and Historic Preservation in the 1970s but hitherto unpublished, uncovered through survey and excavation an extensive settlement system along the lower Helmand River dating to the late second and early first millennia BCE. Of note were a series of platform-based settlements in the Sar-o-Tar region east of the Helmand River along of a series of large canals first constructed at this time, which allowed for extensive cultivation in the otherwise deserted region. Excavations at one of these sites, Qala 169, gave us a rich understanding of the settlement pattern and material culture of the early Iron Age, including a style of hitherto-unknown fine ware wheel-made painted ceramics. Finds from Qala 169 are compared to at least 21 other related sites surveyed by the project in the lower Helmand Valley and in Sar-o-Tar. Comparisons are also made between this corpus and early Iron Age sites elsewhere in Afghanistan, Iran, South Asia, and Central Asia, showing that this material represented a unique regional style.
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Rashki, Alireza y Dimitris Kaskaoutis. "Assessment of the dust sources over Central and Southwest Asia with emphasis on the Sistan dust storms". E3S Web of Conferences 99 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199901002.
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Central and Southwest (SW) Asia are usually suffered by dust events of various intensity due to extended arid/desert regions and, therefore, the statistical evaluation of the dust activity and sources over the region has received an increasing interest. This study analyses the characteristics of the dust events and their sources over the Central and Southwest Asia from 2002 to 2018, based on meteorological observations at stations in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, combined with Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 10 km × 10 km derived from MODIS and a new 1-km high resolution algorithm. The dust events are classified based on visibility recordings and WMO codes, as dusty days (vis<10 km) and dust storms for visibility below 1 km. In general, the highest frequency of the dust storms is observed in the Sistan Basin, Iran and around the deserts of southern Afghanistan, while the dust-plume pathways have a distinct north-to-south pattern, from Central Asia to SW Asia and the Arabian Sea. Trend analysis in the Deep Blue MODIS AOD retrievals shows positive AOD trends over large parts of the Central Asia and negative over the Southwest Asia and Sistan. High resolution (1-km) AODs indicated that some parts of the Hamoun ephemeral lakes and the eastern part of the Sistan basin are the most active hotspot areas for dust emissions.
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Mohaqeqi Kamal, Seyed Hossein, Hassan Rafiey, Homeira Sajjadi, Mehdi Rahgozar, Ezatollah Abbasian y Maryam Sharifian Sani. "Territorial analysis of social welfare in Iran". Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 31, n.º 3 (octubre de 2015): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2015.1095580.
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The last few decades have seen increased theoretical and empirical interest in multi-dimensional measures of social welfare. The objective of this paper is to measure social welfare in Iranian provinces. To achieve this, we used a composite social welfare index (SWI) for Iran. The SWI was developed through the methodology of constructing composite indicators. The index comprises information on different social indicators from various life domains, including: health, education, economy, social security, housing, and employment. We then categorized Iranian provinces on the basis of SWI scores. The results show that value of the SWI was poor in provinces located in the periphery of the country. Furthermore, we found the best and worst performances in Yazd and Sistan and Balochestan, respectively.
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Abbasi, Hamidreza, Christian Opp, Micheal Groll y Azadeh Gohardoust. "Wind regime and sand transport in the Sistan and Registan regions (Iran/Afghanistan)". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 62, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2019): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2019/0543.
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DERAFSHAN, HOSSEIN ALI, MASSIMO OLMI y EHSAN RAKHSHANI. "Taxonomy of Iranian Gonatopodinae (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae), with description of a new species". Zootaxa 4789, n.º 2 (9 de junio de 2020): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4789.2.3.
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Gonatopodinae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Dryinidae) of Iran, were taxonomically reviewed. A recent sampling in South-Eastern Iran has led to the identification of eight species belonging to three different genera, Echthrodelphax Perkins (one species), Gonatopus Ljungh (six species), and Haplogonatopus Perkins (one species). A new species, Gonatopus opsiicida Rakhshani & Olmi sp. nov. is described and Illustrated. It was found in association with leafhoppers on Tamarix stricta Boiss., in Hamoon international wetlands (Sistan, Iran). Two species, E. tauricus Ponomarenko and G. lunatus Klug, are recorded for the first time from Iran A description was also provided for the previously recorded species. The key for identification and distribution maps are also provided for the known species of Gonatopodinae in Iran.
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Tahami, M. S., A. V. Gorochov y S. Sadeghi. "Two new species of cave crickets of the genus Eremogryllodes (Orthoptera: Myrmecophilidae: Bothriophylacinae) from Iran". Zoosystematica Rossica 27, n.º 2 (18 de diciembre de 2018): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2018.27.2.322.
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Two new species, Eremogryllodes spinulatus sp. nov. and E. balouchi sp. nov., are described from the south of Iran. These crickets were collected in caves located in Fars and Sistan & Balouchestan Provinces. They differ from other Iranian congeners mainly in some distinct characters of ventral ectoparameres in the male genitalia, namely structure of distal and proximal sclerites of ventral ectoparamere, and shape of dorsal ectoparamere and rachis.
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Tahami, M. S., A. V. Gorochov y S. Sadeghi. "Two new species of cave crickets of the genus Eremogryllodes (Orthoptera: Myrmecophilidae: Bothriophylacinae) from Iran". Zoosystematica Rossica 27, n.º 2 (18 de diciembre de 2018): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/27.2.322.
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Two new species, Eremogryllodes spinulatus sp. nov. and E. balouchi sp. nov., are described from the south of Iran. These crickets were collected in caves located in Fars and Sistan & Balouchestan Provinces. They differ from other Iranian congeners mainly in some distinct characters of ventral ectoparameres in the male genitalia, namely structure of distal and proximal sclerites of ventral ectoparamere, and shape of dorsal ectoparamere and rachis.
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Milani, Mohsen M. "Iran's Policy Towards Afghanistan". Middle East Journal 60, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2006): 235–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/60.2.12.
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Since 1979, Iran's objectives in Afghanistan have changed as Afghanistan's domestic landscape changed. Still, Iran has consistently sought to see a stable and independent Afghanistan, with Herat as a buffer zone and with a Tehran-friendly government in Kabul, a government that reflects the rich ethnic diversity of the country. Toward those and other goals, Iran has created “spheres of influence” inside Afghanistan. During the Soviet occupation (1979-88), Iran created an “ideological sphere of influence” by empowering the Shi'ites. Iran then created a “political sphere of influence” by unifying the Dari/Persian-speaking minorities, who ascended to power. Iranian policies added fuel to the ferocious civil war in the 1990s. Astonishingly slow to recognize the threat posed by the Taliban, Iran helped create a “sphere of resistance” to counter the “Kabul-Islamabad-Riyadh” axis by supporting the Northern Alliance. Since the liberation of Afghanistan, Iran has also established an “economic sphere of influence” by engaging in the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Today, Iran's goals are to pressure the Afghan government to distance itself from Washington, and for Iran to become the hub for the transit of goods and services between the Persian Gulf and Afghanistan, Central Asia, India, and China. While Iran has been guilty of extremism and adventurism in some critical aspects of its foreign policy, its overall Afghan policy has contributed more to moderation and stability than to extremism and instability.
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Boyajian, Vahe S. "Is there an Ethno-religious Aspect in Balochi Identity?" Iran and the Caucasus 20, n.º 3-4 (19 de diciembre de 2016): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20160309.
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The paper deals with certain aspects of the complex phenomenon of Balochi identity in their traditional habitat, including the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchistan, the Pakistani province of Balochistan, as well as the areas of Afghanistan where the Baloches live compactly. Considering quite different socio-political and cultural situations in the mentioned environments, it is argued that the identity perceptions among the Baloches themselves and among the others towards the Baloches (Persian-speaking Shi‘a population in Iranian province, as well as mostly Sunni diverse ethnic groups in the Pakistani province and in Afghanistan) are not fixed ideas bound by ethnicity and/or religion, but, rather, flexible constructs dependent particularly upon the peripeteia of the state policies. The multiple aspects of the Balochi identity could constantly be negotiated, as well as manipulated by engaged parties. The main argument of this paper rests upon the speculation that the already existing and bona fide aspects of Balochi identity, such as ethnicity and religion, could be paralleled into the aggregate of ethno-religiousness depending on the socio-political and cultural landscape.
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Rabush, Taisiya Vladimirovna. "Iran’s position regarding the afghan military conflict in 1978-1979". RUDN Journal of World History 13, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-1-7-20.
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The author considers the position of Iran regarding the Afghan armed conflict (1978-1979) before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan, as well as the consistent evolution of this position and the involvement of Iran in internal Afghan events. The author relies mainly on documentary sources, but also attracts scientific works in Russian and English (including the works of Iranian authors). According to the author, the analysis and study of Irans position on Afghanistan and the evolution of this position deserve a separate article because, firstly, the religious factor began to especially influence Irans foreign policy after the events of the Islamic Revolution of 1979; secondly, for the two years chosen for consideration in an article in Iran, the political regime has radically changed, and it is useful to consider the transformation of Irans foreign policy from the reign of the shah to the theocratic regime. In the first part of the article, the author analyzes the position of the Shah of the Iranian regime regarding the April Revolution of 1979 and the political changes that took place in Afghanistan after the revolution. The second part is devoted to the policy of Iran with respect to Afghanistan in 1979, and in this part the author argues that the Herat rebellion, which took place in March 1979, became the main trigger for transforming Irans attitude towards Afghanistan from a wait-and-see attitude to active involvement. The author also notes, that Irans policy towards Afghanistan in 1978-1979 developed sequentially, despite the radical transformation of power in Iran itself during this period.
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Asatrian, Garnik. "Iranian Notes III". Iran and the Caucasus 13, n.º 2 (2009): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12625876281307.
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AbstractThis paper brings to light additional lexical material with regard to several items, primarily cultural terms, discussed already in the relevant literature. The material was recorded during recent field-work in various parts of the Iranian-speaking oikumene, including present-day Iran, western parts of Afghanistan, and Central Anatolia. The list of terms examined in this essay are: “bare-foot and naked”, “step-child”, “yawning”, “snow, sleet, and dew”, “threshing-floor”, “mortar and pestle”, “fork for winnowing grain”, “plough-handle”, “clothing, underwear, and shirt”, and “Rhubarb (Rheam L.) and Purslane (Portulaca L.)”.
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AMIRI, MOHAMMAD SADEGH, SHAHRIAR SAEIDI MEHRVARZ, HAMID MOAZZENI, MOHAMMAD REZA JOHARCHI, FARSHID MEMARIANI y DMITRY A. GERMAN. "The genus Spryginia (Brassicaceae) in Iran and Afghanistan". Phytotaxa 334, n.º 3 (19 de enero de 2018): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.334.3.3.
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The oligotypic Irano-Turanian mustard genus Spryginia (Brassicaceae, Euclidieae) is revised in Iran and Afghanistan. Species composition and distribution within the region are clarified. Unlike previously believed, the genus includes two (not one) species in the studied area. Both S. afghanica and S. winkleri are distributed in Afghanistan while only the latter species occurs in Iran representing the first record of the genus for the country. Updated morphological descriptions, data on type specimens, ecology, phenology, and distribution map of both species within the studied area are provided. Spryginia winkleri is illustrated based on Iranian material. A modified generic key is also presented.
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Salehiniya, Hamid, Maryam Mohammadian y Neda Mahdavifar. "TREND OF INCIDENCE OF GASTRIC CANCER IN SISTAN AND BALUCHESTAN PROVINCE, IRAN". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, n.º 9 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s3.14738.
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ABSTRACTObjective: Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of death from cancers in the world and is known as the most deadlycancer in Iran. Since the knowledge about the epidemiological situation and the trend of incidence of this cancer is essential to plan for the preventionand treatment of cancer, this study was performed with the aim of investigating the epidemiological status, the rate and the trend of gastric cancerincidence in Sistan and Baluchestan province.Methods: This study was conducted using existing data and data extracted from the National Cancer Registry System and the Disease ManagementCenter of Iranian Ministry of Health between 2003 and 2008. Age-Standardized incidence rates (ASIR) were calculated using the world standardpopulation. The crude incidence rate was also computed. Cochran–Armitage test for linear trend was used for evaluation of the incidence trend.Results: The number of 255 cases of gastric cancer occurred in the study period that 188 cases were in men and 67 in women. Accordingly, theincidence of gastric cancer has had an ascending trend in Sistan and Baluchestan (p=0.00) and its incidence in men and women has changed to1.18 and 2.73 in 2004 to 1.84 and 4.48 in 2008, respectively. Furthermore, with ageing, the incidence of gastric cancer has increased in both sexes andits incidence was higher in men than women.Conclusion: The incidence of gastric cancer has an increasing trend in Sistan and Baluchestan, hence, etiological surveys and programs of earlydiagnosis are useful in this province to the reduce cancer.Keywords: Incidence, Gastric cancer, Iran, Epidemiology.
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Rohani, Sarah Pour y Sima Pour Rohani. "Afghan Immigrants in Iran and Citizenship". Journal of Public Administration and Governance 4, n.º 4 (18 de noviembre de 2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v4i4.6625.
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Presence of Afghans in Iran has been critical issue for Iranian government. During the Open Door Policy of Iran, huge population of Afghans entered Iran without official monitoring. They have married and got children. Many of these marriages are not officially registered in Iran nor in Afghanistan. Therefore, Iran has faced many illegitimate marriages and children. This paper is to explain the reasons of Afghan entrance to Iran, their situation in Iran and the consequences of their presence for Iranian government. The main goal of the article is to demonstrate how critical the problem is if it is not dealt with as soon as possible.
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Chikhrinova, A. I. "The Problem Of Influence Of The Relations Between Afghanistan And Iran On The Political Situation In The Region And A Way To Improve It". RUDN Journal of Political Science, n.º 2 (15 de diciembre de 2015): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2015-2-23-35.
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In the given article, the interrelations of Iran and Afghanistan are analyzed. The author supposes that the main objective of strengthening the position of Iran is to prevent the formation on the territory of Afghanistan the conditions that could pose a security threat to the Iranian state by the leading powers of the West, or to be used as a tool of coercive pressure on Tehran. The authors presumes that in order to increase its influence in Afghanistan, Iran will continue to contribute to the socio-economic reconstruction, however, the nature and direction of his help will be largely dependent on the military-political situation, and, above all, how long on Afghan territory will continue its military presence in Western countries.
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Kobialka, Michal. "Tadeusz Kantor and Hamed Taheri: Of Political Theatre/Performance". TDR/The Drama Review 53, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2009): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2009.53.4.78.
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Is political performance still viable? Kobialka shows how Iranian theatre director Hamed Taheri—influenced by Polish avantgarde artist Tadeusz Kantor—develops a new kind of radical theatre/performance using actor-immigrants from African nations, Chile, Afghanistan, and Iran.
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SANCHOOLI, NASSER, ESKANDAR RASTEGAR-POUYANI y SAEED HOSSEINIAN. "Genetic variability among Paralaudakia microlepis (Blanford, 1874) (Sauria: Agamidae) populations in the Iranian Plateau". Zootaxa 4526, n.º 2 (29 de noviembre de 2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4526.2.10.
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The small scaled rock agama, Paralaudakia microlepis, is an agamid lizard distributed across many parts of the Iranian Plateau. In the present paper, our aim is to study the genetic variability among different populations of this species in Iran. Based on the ND4 mitochondrial gene fragment, we uncovered high levels of genetic variability between three main clades of the species in Iran. Based on these results, the South Khorasan and Fars populations diverged firstly and then the Kerman and the Sistan-Baluchestan populations split. This pattern of divergence suggests an important role of the Zagros Mountain in the differentiation among populations of P. microlepis in Iran during the mid-Miocene. The Zagros uplift and subsequent aridification in the Iranian Plateau might have been involved in the variation among populations of this species because they are restricted to specific ecological niches. The greater genetic distances between the Fars and South Khorasan populations indicated that they have the potential to be described as different subspecies of P. microlepis. Comparison of all P. microlepis, P. erythrogastra and P. caucasia populations using both molecular and morphological characters is needed to make a strong taxonomic decision on the clade as a whole.
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Bjerre Christensen, Janne. "Human Rights and Wrongs in Iran's Drug Diplomacy with Europe". Middle East Journal 71, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2017): 403–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/71.3.14.
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Europe has a strong interest in and a history of assisting Iran in controlling inflows of drugs from Afghanistan. But due to Iran's increasing use of the death penalty in drug trafficking cases, Europe has terminated its cooperation. Based on interviews with Iranian policy-makers and representatives of both human rights organizations and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), this article presents Denmark's withdrawal of drug control funding in 2013 as a case study, analyzing the dilemmas and trajectories of joint Iranian-European drug diplomacy and the prospects for reengagement following the nuclear agreement.
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Ara, Yasmeena. "India-Iran Relations and the Global World". Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, n.º 2 (5 de mayo de 2019): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1576.
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India and Iran being neighbours have been historically and culturally connected. Both share a long tradition of ideas since civilizations. Both countries had linkages since the pre-historic times. Various historical leftovers found in India resemble those with those found in Dejleh and Forat rivers in Iran show that both nations had cordial interactions with each other. However with the passage of time different factors erupted in between the two, particularly after end of Cold War. U.S. and Israel have affected ties between the two. India-Iran relations have been subject to several factors; be it regional or global. At regional level, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, and the Central Asian region and globally US and Israel have played major role. The present study is a humble attempt to analyse the impact and effect of global factors in Indo-Iranian relations.
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HASSEMER, GUSTAVO. "Notes on the montane Indo-Iranian species in Plantago subgenus Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Phytotaxa 336, n.º 1 (26 de enero de 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.336.1.4.
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A series of nomenclatural and taxonomic misunderstandings have surrounded the montane Indo-Iranian species in Plantago subgenus Plantago. This work has the objective of clarifying the nomenclature and taxonomy for the species and subspecies names available for these plants, in order to determine the correct species names for these entities. More specifically, P. tatarica is here lectotypified and re-established, P. griffithii is re-established, and P. aitchisonii is synonymised with P. griffithii. I provide here images of the types of the names studied, and also an identification key to Plantago subgenus Plantago in the Indo-Iranian region (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka).
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CHIGRAY, IVAN, MAXIM NABOZHENKO, OTTÓ MERKL y ALEXEY KOVALEV. "A review of the genus Prosodes Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Iran". Zootaxa 4379, n.º 4 (15 de febrero de 2018): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4379.4.1.
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A taxonomic review of the genus Prosodes Eschscholtz, 1829 of Iran is given. Two new species from the subgenus Meropersina Reitter, 1909 are described, both from West Azerbaijan Province: P. kasatkini sp. n. and P. shokhini sp. n. Three new synonymies are proposed: Prosodes (Dilopersina) mithras Reitter, 1904 = Prosodes (Dilopersina) chorassanica G. Medvedev, 1996, syn. n., Prosodes (Dilopersina) neopersis Semenov, 1910 = Prosodes (Dilopersina) exilis Medvedev, 1996, syn. n., Prosodes (Meropersina) cordicollis Allard, 1883 = P. cordicollis v. vermicularis Reitter, 1909, syn. n. Lectotypes are designated for Prosodes calcarata Reitter, 1893, Prosodes cordicollis v. vermicularis Reitter, 1909, Prosodes dentimana Reitter, 1909, Prosodes jakowlewi Reitter, 1909, Prosodes jakowlewi Semenov, 1894, Prosodes laticauda Reitter, 1896, Prosodes mithras Reitter, 1904, Prosodes vermiculosa Reitter, 1909, and Prosodes consanguinea Allard, 1885. The Iranian species Prosodes neopersis Semenov, 1910 is resurrected from the synonymy of Prosodes vestita Allard, 1880 and recorded from Turkmenistan for the first time. Prosodes vestita Allard, 1880 is raised to species level. The distribution of Prosodes kraatzi Reitter, 1893 is corrected: this species is known only from Eastern Afghanistan (not from Iran). Morphology of the two closely related subgenera, Dilopersina Reitter, 1909 and Meropersina Reitter, 1909 is discussed. A key to 17 Iranian species of the genus Prosodes is given (Prosodes kraatzi with doubtful Iranian occurrence is also added).
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Ghosh, Suchandra. "Iran and India in the early historic period: A preview of their politico-cultural interface". Studies in People's History 5, n.º 2 (12 de octubre de 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448918795741.
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The Achaemenid Empire’s expansion towards the Indus basin initiated a new confluence of Iranic and Indian cultures. Alexander’s conquests added a Greek component to this confluence, marked by Aśoka’s Aramaic and Greek edicts. The Seleucids and their successor Greek states in Bactria and other parts of Afghanistan, while continuing their homage to Greek divinities on coins, also incorporated concepts, customs and art inherited from the Achaemenids. Their Saka and Parthian successors continued the same policy as indicated by their cons. It was the Kushans beginning with Kanishka (with Huvishka continuing the practice) who shifted to Iranian gods and goddesses.
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Rastegar-Pouyani, Nasrullah. "A multivariate analysis of geographic variation in the Trapelus agilis complex (Sauria: Agamidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia 26, n.º 2 (2005): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568538054253474.
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AbstractThe "Trapelus agilis complex" encompasses three conventional taxa: T. a. agilis (Olivier), T. a. isolepis (Boulenger), and T. a. sanguinolentus (= T. sanguinolentus) (Pallas). In previous studies the author revised this complex, synonymized T. a. isolepis with T. a. agilis, and recognized four distinct subspecies within the complex: T. a. agilis from central Iranian Plateau, southern Afghanistan, and southwestern Pakistan; T. a. sanguinolentus from northeastern Iran, northern Afghanistan, and the Central Asian Republics of the former USSR as well as Daghestan; T. a. khuzistanensis from the lowland southwestern Iran; and T. a. pakistanensis from southeastern Pakistan as well as adjoining northwestern India. In order to re-evaluate this judgment and to resolve the patterns of geographic variation within and among the mentioned four taxa, cluster analysis, principal components analysis, and canonical variate analysis were employed using 18 most informative morphological characters recorded for 522 undamaged and fully-grown specimens belonging to 19 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) throughout the range. The principal components as well as canonical variate analyses identified four primary groups of individuals corresponding to the four taxa recognized by the previous studies.
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Bohdan, Siarhei. ""They Were Going Together with the Ikhwan": The Influence of Muslim Brotherhood Thinkers on Shi'i Islamists during the Cold War". Middle East Journal 74, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2020): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/74.2.14.
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By analyzing the interest displayed by the followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in writings by members of the Muslim Brotherhood, this article shows how the Shi'i Islamist movement in Iran and Afghanistan was both transnational and influenced by Sunni Islamists in the Arab world. Using mostly Iranian and Afghan sources, this article discusses these influences through the notion of Islamic revolutionary ecumenism. While much attention has been given to Khomeini's call to "export" Iran's Islamic Revolution, this article shows some of the ways his own followers "imported" their ideology.
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PAHLEVANI, AMIR H. "Four new species of Euphorbia sect. Pithyusa (subg. Esula, Euphorbiaceae) from SW Asia". Phytotaxa 312, n.º 1 (4 de julio de 2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.312.1.6.
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Four new SW Asian species of Euphorbia subg. Esula, sect. Pithyusa are described and mapped. Euphorbia acanthoclada is known from W Afghanistan and is compared with E. acanthodes. Euphorbia boreo-baluchestanica and E. ziaratensis are found from N Baluchistan of Pakistan and are most similar to E. prolifera and E. sulphurea respectively. Euphorbia kavirensis is known from temperate desert of the interior Iran, Dasht-e Kavir, and is closely related to the Iranian E. gedrosiaca. Diagnosis, description, distribution, ecology, conservation status, image and pertinent notes, if needed, are also considered.
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Chefaoui, Rosa M., Mahboubeh Sadat Hosseinzadeh, Meysam Mashayekhi, Barbod Safaei-Mahroo y Seyed Mahdi Kazemi. "Identifying suitable habitats and current conservation status of a rare and elusive reptile in Iran". Amphibia-Reptilia 39, n.º 3 (2018): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-17000185.
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Abstract Knowledge gaps regarding species distribution and abundance are great in remote regions with political instability, and they might be even larger concerning elusive and rare species. We predict the potential distribution for Hierophis andreanus, a poorly known endemic snake in the Iranian Plateau, and assess its conservation status in relation to existing protected areas. We used a maximum entropy modeling tool and Mahalanobis distance to produce an ensemble species distribution model. The most suitable habitats where located mainly in mountain ranges and adjacent areas of Iran and Afghanistan. Mean temperature and slope were the most important predictors for our models. Furthermore, just five localities for H. andreanus were inside the Iranian protected areas. A 10 km expansion from existing boundaries of protected areas in all directions would double protected localities to 10, and a 20 km buffer would result in 13 protected localities. Our findings are particularly valuable to select locations to conduct new surveys and produce a more reliable estimate of current population size to improve conservation and management for this reptile in the Irano-Anatolian region.
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Avval, Sattar Enayat. "Assessing Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) Using SSR Molecular Markers on Local Species of Citrullus Colocynthis. Case Study: Iran, Sistan-Balouchestan Province". Journal of Molecular Biology Research 7, n.º 1 (8 de marzo de 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmbr.v7n1p42.
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Studying polymorphism information content in plants, particularly local plants which are rich in genetic variety, can play an efficient role in building genetic bank and species’ breeding. Iranian colocynth is highly important in terms of medicinal and therapeutic traits and hence, it needs assessing the polymorphism information content. In present research, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are used. 32 samples are randomly collected from local accumulations in 8 regions of Sistan-Balouchestan province. DNA extraction from each sample was done using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide. 10 primers were designed and used in this study. Polymerase chain reaction was done using extracted DNA and ten primers. To analyze genetic data, NTSYS pc ver.2/2, Genalex 6.5 and XLSATAT software were used. Regarding data analysis of respective values and taking this fact into account that7 out of 10 used primers showed polymorphism information content in respective samples, their classification was not possible and hence, categorization of similar shapes was not performed due to highly genetic diversity of this species and, also, each value had a different shape.
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Sharifi Feriz, Zahra, Khalil Motallebzadeh y Ma'ssoumeh Bemani Naeini. "EFL Learners' Home Culture Attachment and their Attitudes towards English Language Learning: A structural equation modeling approach". International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, n.º 7 (10 de octubre de 2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.7p.161.
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The purpose of the present study is to examine home culture attachment construct and its underlying variables among Iranian English as Foreign Language learners as well as their attitudes towards English language learning. Pearson correlation is used with a sample of 411 English major university students from different provinces in Iran, mainly Khorasan Razavi, Khoran Jonoubi and Sistan Baluchestan participated in this study. As for the quantitative phase of data collection, the study employed home culture attachment and attitude towards English language learning questionnaires. The reliability and validity of these questionnaires are reported. A home culture attachment model and an attitude model are also developed and tested using structural equation modeling. The results suggest that all three subscales of attitudes (emotional, behavioral, and cognitive) are positive and significant predictors of students' western attachment. From three subscales of attitude, only behavioral attitude is negative and significant predictors of students' religious attachment. In addition, Iranian attachment is influenced by cognitive attitudes and emotional attitudes. Besides, cognitive attitude is a positive and significant predictor of students' cultural attachment. It is also found that, artistic attachment is influenced by behavioral attitudes and emotional attitudes. Finally, the pedagogical implications are discussed in light of foreign language achievement.
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Noth, Gregory. "Rethinking the Carter Doctrine and its Geopolitical Implications". Contemporary Arab Affairs 14, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2021): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2021.14.2.3.
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This article combines insights from constructivism with historical analysis to argue that the US military engagement in the Gulf, beginning in the 1980s, was primarily driven by the changed roles of two actors: Iran after the Islamic Revolution and the United States attempting to regain its role as a global superpower following the Vietnam War. It argues that the year 1979 constitutes what constructivists deem a “critical juncture,” in which America’s response to three events—the Iranian Revolution/hostage crisis; the siege of Mecca’s Grand Mosque; and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan—helped to redefine the Gulf’s security architecture and made the region more insecure. It ends with a close examination of US participation in the Iran–Iraq War and the long-term implications of the Carter Doctrine’s changing logic.
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KRUPITSKY, ANATOLY V., IGOR G. PLJUSHTCH y YURIY YE SKRYLNIK. "Systematic position of two Athamanthia Zhdanko, 1983 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) taxa from the Iranian Plateau". Zootaxa 4232, n.º 4 (20 de febrero de 2017): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4232.4.7.
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In the present paper we refine the systematic position of an unclear lycaenine taxon povolnyi Howarth & Povolny, 1976 previously known only from the holotype male. Based on the appearance and morphology of the male genitalia we recognize it as a subspecies of Athamanthia balucha (Howarth & Povolny 1976)—A. b. povolnyi (Howarth & Povolny, 1976), comb. nov. Morphology of the subspecies is redescribed, female is described and illustrated for the first time, and distribution data are added taking into consideration recent findings in Bamyan province of Afghanistan. Taxon athamantides Eckweiler & ten Hagen, 2001 from Central and Southeast Iran is also treated as a subspecies of A. balucha—A. b. athamantides (Eckweiler & ten Hagen, 2001), comb. nov.—based on the similarity of the male genitalia and the wing pattern with A. balucha.
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Nazari Kangavari, Hajar, Abdolrazagh Barzegar, Seyed Davood Mirtorabi, Mohammad Reza Ghadirzadeh, Mehdi Forouzesh, Niloufar Taherpour, Fatemeh Shahbazi y Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari. "Exploring Change in Trend of Homicide Incidence Rate in Iran from 2006 to 2016: Applying Segmented Regression Model". Journal of Research in Health Sciences 20, n.º 2 (5 de mayo de 2020): e00477-e00477. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2020.12.
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Background: Murder is one of the public health problems. According to the WHO reports, murder is fourth leading cause of death among young people. The aim of this study was applying joint point regression model to study trend of homicide mortality in Iran, 2006-2016. Study design: A cross-sectional panel (pseudo-panel) study. Methods: Homicide data during 2006 to 2016 were extracted from Iranian legal medicine organization. Trends of homicide incidence were summarized by annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) using non-linear segmented regression model. Results: Totally, 26918 homicide cases occurred during the period from 2006 to 2016. The highest and lowest frequency was related to the 15-29 yr (46.5%) and 0-4 yr (1.5%) age groups, respectively. The homicide incidence rate of the country in 2016 was 2.81 per 100,000. The four provinces of Sistan & Baluchistan, Khuzestan, Kerman and Ilam had the highest incidence rate in 2016, respectively. During the study period, the incidence rate of homicide in Iran and men have been significantly decreased (APC: -2.8% (95% CI: -3.9, -1.7) and -3.2% (95% CI: - 4.5, -1.8) respectively (P<0.001)). Conclusion: The pattern of homicide rate has a downward trend in the country. Moreover, the varying observed trends in some provinces can be due to the variability in mental, geographical, socio-economic and cultural conditions in each region.
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Bödeker, Just. "An Inter-Ethnic Conflict in the Cultural Environment of the Baloch National Movement in Present-day Afghanistan". Iran and the Caucasus 13, n.º 2 (2009): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12625876281460.
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AbstractThis article focuses on strategies of inter-ethnic conflict resolution in southwest Afghanistan under the circumstances of social changes in a tribal society. Field research was carried on in September and October 2008 in Kabul and Zaranj, the province centre of Nimruz. During ethnographic fieldwork focusing on transnational identities of the Baloch people in the Afghan-Iranian border region, I observed an informal inter-ethnic trial. The location of this trial was the town of Zaranj, the administrative centre of the south-western Afghan province of Nimruz. This province, beside Pashtun and Tajik populations, has a compact Baloch settlement area bordering the Baloch areas in Iran and Pakistan. The trial took place between my host, the chief of a Baloch cultural centre, and an Uzbek defendant. As my host was a representative of an emerging Baloch self-confidence since the decline of the Taliban regime, the trial has to be analysed in the broader socio-cultural context of the Baloch people in present-day Afghanistan. The paper first presents the sequence of events during the trial; then it deals with the social context considering some new developments in the self-conceptions of the Baloches in Afghanistan. Finally, the trial is analysed in the framework of this context.
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Soleimanpour, Saman, Daryoush Hamedi Asl, Keyvan Tadayon, Ali Asghar Farazi, Rouhollah Keshavarz, Kioomars Soleymani, Fereshteh Sadat Seddighinia y Nader Mosavari. "Extensive Genetic Diversity among Clinical Isolates ofMycobacterium tuberculosisin Central Province of Iran". Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/195287.
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Human tuberculosis caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) remains a significant disease in many countries. According to Iran’s borders with Afghanistan and Pakistan, which are among the 22 high burden countries around the world, this study was conducted to analyze the current molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis and survey genetic diversity ofMtbstrains in Markazi Province in center of Iran. In this experimental study, 75 sputum specimens and one gastric lavage from all smear-positive TB patients admitted to the public hospitals across the Markazi Province were cultured on specific mycobacterial culture media. Genomic DNA was digested byPvuII and transferred to positively charged nylon membrane by southern blotting method and hybridization by PGRS and DR probes. Genotyping of the isolates by PGRS-RFLP and DR-RFLP displayed a wide range of genetic diversity as 25 and 26 genotypes were identified, respectively. Generally speaking, despite the relatively limited number of isolates in the study, high age of patients and also large heterogeneity found in the setting are both in opposition to active circulation ofMtbstrains between patients under study either Iranian or Afghan nationals. Thus, it seems that reactivation of latent infection has had the main role in the spread of tuberculosis.
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Shahraki, Touran, Mansour Shahraki, Masoud Roudbari y Bahram Pourghassem Gargari. "Determination of the Leading Central Obesity Index among Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Iranian Women". Food and Nutrition Bulletin 29, n.º 1 (marzo de 2008): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650802900105.
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Background It is unknown whether the waist circumference (WC) or the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors at different ages. Objective To compare WC and WHR as predictors of cardiovascular risk factors and to determine the prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adult women at different ages. Methods In this clinical cross-sectional study, 714 overweight and obese women aged 20 to 70 years who were referred to two nutrition clinics in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Islamic Republic of Iran, were studied. The subjects were classified into three groups, 20 to < 35, 35 to < 50, and > or = 50 years of age. Anthropometric indices were measured according to the standard protocol. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and TC/HDL-C ratios were enzymatically determined. Results Older subjects (> or = 50 years old) had significantly higher values of body mass index (BMI), WC, TC, TG, and LDL-C than those in the two younger age classes. The prevalence rates of obesity, high WC, high WHR, high TC, high TG, high LDL-C, and high TC/HDL-C ratios were higher in the older subjects. After adjustment for age and BMI, multiple linear regression showed that WC was significantly related to TC and TG in the 20- to < 35-year-old group and to TG in the 35- to < 50-year-old group. In the older participants, WHR was significantly related to TG. Conclusions The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increases with age. In clinical practice, WC is a better index for predicting some cardiovascular risk factors in younger and middle-aged women; however, for older women, WHR is better.
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SHEIDAI, MASOUD, HANIYEH TEYMOORI, ZAHRA NOORMOHAMMADI, AHMAD-REZA MEHRABIAN, FAHIMEH KOOHDAR y SOMAYEH GHASEMZADEH-BARAKI. "Species delimitation in the genus Tamarix: Morphological and molecular data". Phytotaxa 343, n.º 2 (9 de marzo de 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.343.2.1.
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Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) is an ancient genus in Asia that contains about 54 to 90 species with unresolved taxonomy. Tamarix has major center of speciation in the Pakistan-Afghanistan-Iran-Turkmenistan-S-Kazakhstan-W-China area and in the eastern Mediterranean area. Tamarix species are highly plastic and tolerant to adversity being able to occupy different habitats, thus showing a wide range of ecological variations. Tamarix species have commercial value in the landscape and horticultural trade and are planted for erosion control and as wind breaks. In the genus Tamarix, many species are morphologically very similar probably due, in part, inter-specific hybridization. Tamarix species live in sympatry in Sistan and Baloochestan province of Iran and we have no report on the number of species and their genetic structure. Therefore, we performed morphometric study to delimit the species growing in these two provinces and also used combined ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeat) and RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) molecular markers to study their genetic structure. Morphological analyses separated plants of 6 studied species in different groups, indicating that morphological characters used can delimit Tamarix species. We also encountered some plants having intermediate morphological characters. AMOVA and Hickory test showed significant genetic differences of the studied species and Mantel test showed significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance. STRUCTURE analysis and population assignment test revealed some degree of genetic admixture among the studied species. Assignment tests showed that gene flow mainly occurred among the species that were growing in neighborhood regions. This genetic admixture may be the reason for intermediate morphological characters observed in some the plants.
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Salmanzadeh, Shokrollah, Masoud Foroutan-Rad, Shahram Khademvatan, Sasan Moogahi y Shahla Bigdeli. "Significant Decline of Malaria Incidence in Southwest of Iran (2001–2014)". Journal of Tropical Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/523767.
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Iran is considered as one of the malaria endemic countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and is at risk due to neighboring Afghanistan, Pakistan in the east, and Iraq to the west. Therefore the aim of the present investigation is the evaluation of the trend of malaria distribution during the past decade (2001–2014) in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. In this retrospective cross-sectional investigation, blood samples were taken from all malaria suspicious cases who were referred to health centers across Khuzestan province. For each positive subject a questionnaire containing demographic information was filled out. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18. From a total of 541 malaria confirmed cases, 498 (92.05%) were male and 43 (7.95%) were female. The highest number of infections was seen in 2001 with 161 (29.75%) cases and the lowest was in 2014 with 0 (0%). Also,Plasmodium vivaxwas identified as dominant species in 478 (88.35%) individuals andP. falciparumcomprised 63 (11.65%). The highest infection rate was observed in non-Iranian populations with number 459 (84.85%) and imported cases 508 (93.90%). Also, the majority of subjects were over 15 years of age, 458 (84.65%). Due to proximity to endemic countries which has made the malaria campaign difficult, more effort is needed to control the infection in order to achieve malaria elimination.
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Ahmadzadeh, Faraham, Golya Shahrokhi, Reihaneh Saberi-Pirooz, Mahshid Oladi, Mehrnaz Taati, Nikolay A. Poyarkov y Dennis Rödder. "Alborz Heritage: geographic distribution and genetic differentiation of the Iranian Paradactylodon (Amphibia: Hynobiidae)". Amphibia-Reptilia 41, n.º 4 (12 de junio de 2020): 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10022.
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Abstract Paradactylodon, a genus of Hynobiidae, is distributed in mountainous regions of the Middle East. This genus comprises three species, Paradactylodon mustersi (Afghanistan), Paradactylodon persicus, and Paradactylodon gorganensis (Iran). Initially, P. persicus was reported from Talysh Mountains, and afterward, P. gorganensis was described from the eastern Alborz Mountains. Although these two Iranian Paradactylodon species were distinguished based on morphological features, there are arguments about their systematic status. In this contribution, 30 samples of hynobiid salamanders were collected from Talysh and Alborz Mountains and the phylogenetic relationship between the two species was assessed using two mtDNA markers (COI and 16S). Additionally, in order to survey the potential habitat suitability for the species, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were performed and projected on climate scenarios that reflect current and past (6 ky and 21 ky before present) conditions. Our results indicated that P. gorganensis is nested within P. persicus. Overall, both SDM and molecular analyses suggest that the Iranian Paradactylodon population was affected by the Quaternary glacial period, and according to haplotype networks, haplotype diversity was higher in the western part of the distribution range of the species. Given the low genetic distance among all samples, we suggest P. gorganensis be synonymized with P. persicus. Considering the conservational values and numerous threats that this endemic species is facing, we encourage a revision of the IUCN Red List category of the species immediately.
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Savarrakhsh, Ahmad y Ezzatollah Ezzati. "The Dimensions of Threat and Insecurity along the Iran’s Eastern Borders with Emphasis on Drug Transit". Journal of Politics and Law 9, n.º 10 (30 de noviembre de 2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n10p119.
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<p>Borders are lines that separate a political unit or a country from other neighboring units or countries. The main function of the borders is determined in the interactions between surrounding countries and these mutual effects result in the governments in both sides of the border show a specific behavior towards each other.</p><p>Considering what has been pointed above, the security geography of Iran’s eastern borders is highly influenced by the two neighboring countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan, which have special problems each and impact the security of Iran’s eastern borders at national and regional levels.</p><p>The dimensions of threat and insecurity along the Iranian eastern borders are: drugs, terrorism, the Afghan immigrants, asylum-seekers and refugees, development of insecurity into Iran and religious actions. The drugs and drug transit, due to Iran’s adjacency to the golden crescent as the producer of 80 percent of opiates in the world, being between the source (Afghanistan and Pakistan) and target (Turkey and Europe) of the path and the destructive impacts of the drugs on country, in addition to the order villages and regions and the high costs that drugs have imposed on Iran, are highly and more significantly important.</p>Employing analytical-descriptive method and using library resources and documents, the present study aims at clarifying the way Iran’s eastern borders have been delineated, the dimensions of threat and insecurity along the aforementioned borders with emphasis on the drugs as the main case of threat and insecurity and explaining Iran’s geographical realities and capacities for drug transit from this route in the country.
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Pavlyuk, Olesya. "The US policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran during the Reagan administration". European Historical Studies, n.º 4 (2016): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.04.176-191.
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The foreign policy approaches and methods of establishing bilateral relations between Washington and Tehran and the actual implementation of the US “containment” policy towards Iran are analyzed in the article. The author argues that the Middle Eastern vector of US foreign policy was formed according to the three security challenges in the region and Iranian involvement in them: the Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and the kidnapping of American hostages in Beirut 1982. Background and progress of Iran-Iraq war were the result of striking contradictions between regional and world leaders in the Middle East. In fact, since the early 1980s. this military confrontation substantially affect the US relationship with IRI. In this context, the key point was the blatant US support of the Iraq and its government. Reagan administration continued the foreign policy of J. Carter and considered the Soviet Union as the greatest threat to the Gulf region, including through military intervention in Afghanistan and its close ties with radical countries like Libya and Syria. In the Middle East, the White House has focused its efforts on negotiations on a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt in 1978. Before the revolution in 1979, Iran was crucial to US interests in the Middle East. First, as a frontline state with an extended 2000-km border with the Soviet Union, as well as a springboard for American intelligence. In addition, Iran was one of the few Muslim countries to recognize Israel, and exported oil to it. However, the after the Islamic revolution, Iran became the periphery to US priorities in the region.
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Dehghan, Roghieh. "The health impact of (sexual) torture amongst Afghan, Iranian and Kurdish refugees: A literature review". Torture Journal 28, n.º 3 (28 de noviembre de 2018): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v28i3.111194.
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Background: Amongst Muslim majority countries, torture is reported most in Afghanistan and Iran. In addition, despite the significant impact of sexual violence on individuals and public health, the issue has been poorly researched amongst victims of torture. Objectives: The original intention of this paper was to review the health impact of sexual torture amongst Iranian and Afghan refugees in high-income countries; however, a comprehensive search of relevant databases did not produce any results. The aim of this review was then altered to examine those health-related studies that explored the impact of torture in this population. Special attention was given to the discussion of gender and sexual violence in those studies. Methodology: Web of Science, PILOTS, Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, Popline and the online catalogue at DIGNITY were searched for health studies that examined the health impact or predictors of adverse health outcomes in Afghan, Iranian and Kurdish refugee survivors of torture. Outcome: Seven papers were identified and examined in this review. The results were limited by the diverse methodologies, by the use of psychiatric tools that had not been validated in this population, and by small sample sizes. Since there is a high prevalence of sexual torture in Iranian and Kurdish refugees, the issue merits greater attention in this population. Studies are most limited amongst the Afghan population. Moreover, there is a great need for further culture-andgender- specific health research in torture survivors from Muslim backgrounds.
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Shahdadi, Hosein, Abbas Balouchi, Zahra Sepehri, Hosein Rafiemanesh, Awad Magbri, Fereshteh Keikhaie, Ahmad Shahakzehi y Azizullah Arbabi Sarjou. "Factors Affecting Hemodialysis Adequacy in Cohort of Iranian Patient with End Stage Renal Disease". Global Journal of Health Science 8, n.º 8 (18 de diciembre de 2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n8p50.
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<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> There are many factors that can affect dialysis adequacy; such as the type of vascular access, filter type, device used, and the dose, and rout of erythropoietin stimulation agents (ESA) used. The aim of this study was investigating factors affecting Hemodialysis adequacy in cohort of Iranian patient with end stage renal disease (ESRD).</p><p><strong>METHODS</strong><strong>: </strong>This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 133 Hemodialysis patients referred to two dialysis units in Sistan-Baluchistan province in the cities of Zabol and Iranshahr, Iran. We have looked at, (the effects of the type of vascular access, the filter type, the device used, and the dose, route of delivery, and the type of ESA used) on Hemodialysis adequacy. Dialysis adequacy was calculated using kt/v formula, two-part information questionnaire including demographic data which also including access type, filter type, device used for hemodialysis (HD), type of Eprex injection, route of administration, blood groups and hemoglobin response to ESA were utilized. The data was analyzed using the SPSS v16 statistical software. Descriptive statistical methods, Mann-Whitney statistical test, and multiple regressions were used when applicable.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The range of calculated dialysis adequacy is 0.28 to 2.39 (units of adequacy of dialysis). 76.7% of patients are being dialyzed via AVF and 23.3% of patients used central venous catheters (CVC). There was no statistical significant difference between dialysis adequacy, vascular access type, device used for HD (Fresenius and B. Braun), and the filter used for HD (p> 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed between the adequacy of dialysis and Eprex injection and patients' time of dialysis (p <0.05).</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Subcutaneous ESA (Eprex) injection and dialysis shift (being dialyzed in the morning) can have positive impact on dialysis adequacy. Patients should be educated on the facts that the type of device used for HD and the vascular access used has no significant effects on dialysis adequacy.</p>
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DOOSTMOHAMMADI, MOSLEM y NORBERT KILIAN. "Lactuca pumila (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) revisited—additional evidence for a phytogeographical link between SE Zagros and Hindu Kush". Phytotaxa 307, n.º 2 (23 de mayo de 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.307.2.4.
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Lactuca pumila, so far known only from a single gathering from E Afghanistan, is shown to occur also in the SE Zagros range, Kerman province, southeastern Iran. The new locality extends the range of the species about 1000 km south-westward and this disjunction further highlights the floristic link between the SE Zagros and the Hindu Kush as well as Central Asian mountains. Fruiting plants, so far not known of the species, confirm it as a member of the L. rosularis group, which includes four closely related species of rosette herbs confined to rock crevices in the montane to alpine zone of the Iranian–Afghan highlands. The relationships of the two disjunctly distributed populations and of the species is corroborated by a molecular phylogenetic analysis. A key to the species of the L. rosularis group, a full description, photographs of life plants, SEM images of achenes and a distribution map of L. pumila are provided, and the generic classification is discussed.
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Ezzati, Morteza. "Contributing factors on the allocation of funds in the Islamic society". Journal of Islamic Marketing 10, n.º 4 (11 de noviembre de 2019): 1074–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-02-2017-0017.
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Purpose This paper aims to explain and present a theoretical framework for providing people with savings to finance two sectors: profitable investment and Gharz-al-Hassane. To do this first, assumptions and presumptions of the theory and framework are expressed, and then the effect of belief on this behavior is explained. Subsequently, this theoretical framework is evaluated in an empirical research. Design/methodology/approach The theoretical framework is explained by mathematical and logical methods. The experimental study is carried out using real data of 500 households from Zahedan (Center of Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran). Data were collected using questionnaire and were analyzed using statistical and econometric methods. Findings The result indicates that demands of Iranian people are not met within the framework of official markets. This disparity in supply and demand has led to the actions of people outside the formal framework, and so, banks and financial institutions cannot exploit the supply of people’s savings. On this basis, key factors determining people supply in a variety of markets are religious belief, age, income, education level, religious experience and so on, which should be considered in designing the Islamic banking and financial tools. Originality/value Today, economics and marketing have shown that an enterprise needs to meet customer demand to succeed. In the field of Islamic banking and finance, financial firms and banks should know this too. However, there are not many research studies in this area.
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JAVADI, HAMID REZA, MOHAMMAD REZA GHASSEMI, MAJID SHAHPASANDZADEH, BERNARD GUEST, MARZIEH ESTERABI ASHTIANI, ALI YASSAGHI y MEYSSAM KOUHPEYMA. "History of faulting on the Doruneh Fault System: implications for the kinematic changes of the Central Iranian Microplate". Geological Magazine 150, n.º 4 (25 de enero de 2013): 651–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000751.
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AbstractThe Doruneh Fault System is one of the major transcurrent faults in central Asia, extending ~900 km from western Afghanistan into West-Central Iran. The left-lateral Doruneh Fault System is also a key structure in the Arabia–Eurasia collisional zone, bounding the northern margin of the independent Central Iranian Microplate. The Doruneh Fault System exhibits a curved geometry, and is divided here into three segments: Eastern, Central and Western. We present the results of geological, structural and geomorphic studies into the nature of recent activity along the Doruneh Fault System segments. A surprising observation is that small, relatively young drainage systems often show recent systematic left-lateral displacement across the fault, whereas large rivers indicate a former more complex right-lateral history. Furthermore, the existence of right-lateral offsets of pre-Pliocene rocks and S-C fabrics confirm this earlier phase of right-lateral movement on the fault. We suggest that the early right-lateral kinematics resulted from an earlier NW–SE-directed regional shortening, associated with the anticlockwise rotation of the Central Iranian Microplate. The shortening is characterized by the NE–SW-striking en échelon folds within the fault slivers, the right-lateral Taknar imbricate fan and the superimposed folding exposed north of Kashmar. Thus, assuming an initiation age of Eocene (55.8 Ma) for the fault, we estimate a former right-lateral slip rate of about 5.2–5.5 mm yr−1, which accompanied the 35° anticlockwise rotation of the Central Iranian Microplate. According to our study, the youngest units exhibiting right-lateral displacement are Middle Miocene in age, suggesting a post-Middle Miocene timing for the onset of slip-sense inversion.
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Niasari-Naslaji, A., A. Afsharian y E. Naghzali. "217 EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF MILKING ON POSTPARTUM EVENTS IN SISTANI CATTLE". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, n.º 1 (2010): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab217.
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Prolonged postpartum anestrus is a major concern in Bos indicus breeds. Sistani cattle is an Iranian Bos indicus beef breed with more than 5000 years of history in the northwest part of Iran, Sistan. This breed is well adapted to the harsh, arid environment, which includes 120 days of hot winds. Small holders in the Sistan region use Sistani cattle for both meat and milk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of frequency of milking on the postpartum events in this breed. Healthy Sistani cattle (n = 41) with 3.3 ± 0.3 parity and normal parturition were randomly assigned to 3 groups after parturition and were monitored for 3 months. Cows in Groups 1 and 2 were milked once (n = 15) or twice (n = 14) per day, respectively. The control (n = 12) cows were not milked. All cows were allowed to be suckled by their calves once per day. Throughout the 3 months of monitoring after calving, blood samples were collected weekly and assayed for progesterone using RIA. Standing estrus was detected every day at 0700, 1400, and 2100 h. The first rise in progesterone after calving was considered when it was above 1.5 ng/mL. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). There was no significant difference in the variables measured among groups (P > 0.05); therefore, the data were pooled (Table 1). The number of estrus, the day of the first estrus, and the first rise in progesterone after calving were 2.9 ± 1.42, 31.2 ± 1.77, and 38.8 ± 2.20, respectively (Table 1). Average number of service per conception (1.6 ± 0.12) and days open (94.4 ± 7.63) in Sistani cattle may be considered to be superior reproductive indices to those reported in the majority of Bos indicus breeds. In conclusion, once-daily or twice-daily milking did not influence postpartum reproductive indices of Sistani cattle, indicating that twice-daily milking may be advised to enhance the profitability of small holders. In Sistani cattle, ovarian activity and estrous behavior resumed fairly soon after partition, allowing for earlier conception in this breeds. Table 1.Postpartum reproductive indices of Sistani cattle with varying frequencies of milking This research was funded by the Research Deputy of the University of Tehran and Animal Science Research Institute.
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Saghafipour, Abedin, Masoumeh Divband, Leyli Zanjirani Farahani, Hadi Hamidi Parsa y Hossein Golabchi Fard. "Epidemiology, burden, and geographical distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Central Iran". January-June 6, n.º 1 (2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/ijoh.2020.17-22.
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Background and Aim: Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important, neglected zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution which has been reported in different regions of Iran, including the central areas (e.g. Qom Province). The disease is caused by the Echinococcus granulosus parasite living in the intestine of dogs and other canids as definitive hosts. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, burden, and geographical distribution of CE in Qom Province, Central Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, the data of patients with diagnosed CE during 2011-2018 were collected from all urban and rural areas of Qom Province. The data of the epidemiological status of CE cases were extracted from the CE surveillance system in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Qom University of Medical Sciences which is owned and run by Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education. In addition, the economic burden of the disease was evaluated by Azarakhsh and Roozamad financial software; the geographical distribution of CE was obtained by ArcGIS 10.3 software (IBM Corp., Chicago, USA). Results: The results reveal that the incidence rate of CE was 6.81/100,000 people over the 8-year period of the study. More than half of the cases were females (57.95%), housewives (57.47%), and residents (89.77%). The majority of the cases were Iranian (88.77%) and the rest were from the two neighboring countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan. The economic burden of the human CE in the 8 years was estimated to be 3,761,352,526 rials (75,227 $). In terms of spatial distribution, the highest incidence rate of CE was observed in Salafchegan District in the southwest of Qom Province. Conclusion: The economic burden of human CE infection provided by governmental health-care systems or as out-of-pocket expenses is relatively high, and housewives, especially those living in Salafchegan District, are more likely to be affected. More studies are recommended on different epidemiological aspects and the definitive hosts of the parasite; besides, people at risk need to be warned and educated so that the incidence rate of the disease is reduced.
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Mesbahzadeh, Tayyebeh, Ali Salajeghe, Farshad Soleimani Sardoo, Gholamreza Zehtabian, Abbas Ranjbar, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Sara Karami y Nir Y. Krakauer. "Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics of Vertical Dust Flux Simulated by WRF-Chem Model with GOCART and AFWA Dust Emission Schemes (Case Study: Central Plateau of Iran)". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 13 (30 de junio de 2020): 4536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134536.
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Dust and sand storms are among the major threats to central Iran. These phenomena pose irreparable risks to natural ecosystems and human societies, including effects on health. In this study, the spatial and temporal pattern of vertical dust flux (VDF) was used to identify dust sources as well as areas with high potential for dust generation. To simulate VDF, two intense dust storms, from 21 February 2015 and 14 February 2018, were selected using synoptic data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images. These dust storms were identified as responsible for a reduction of horizontal visibility to less than 1000 m, using remote sensing tools and Ackerman Dust Index. MODIS images show that these two storms covered most of Central Plateau of Iran. The Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to simulate the storms, with either the Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) or Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) scheme to calculate VDF. Modeled vertical dust fluxes in both events indicate that the Arabian deserts in Saudi Arabia and in southwestern Iran can be identified as main sources of the dust in the central Iranian plateau. The other source of dust is the Hirmand Basin, located in the country of Afghanistan and in the southeast of Iran. The results of VDF simulations indicate that central southeast Iran could be the main dust source of internal origin. Additionally, over seasonal wetlands in Iran, the amount of VDF was simulated to be sometimes over 4000 μg/(m2s), an indication that these areas are sensitive to wind erosion in dry conditions and can be a source of dust. The WRF-Chem results were compared with the horizontal visibility measured in synoptic stations in the area. The results showed that the coefficients of determination of GOCART results with the measured horizontal visibility on 21 February 2015 and 14 February 2018 were 0.72 and 0.76, respectively, while the coefficient values from the simulations with AFWA scheme on 21 February 2015 and 14 February 2018 with the measured horizontal visibility were lower, 0.44 and 0.50, respectively. Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2) re-analysis data also showed timing of peak dust levels consistent with the GOCART scheme.
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Mobashery, Mahan, Ulrike von Lersner, Kerem Böge, Lukas Fuchs, Georg Schomerus, Miriam Franke, Matthias Claus Angermeyer y Eric Hahn. "The relationship between perceived causes of depression and desire for social distance in Farsi-speaking migrants and refugees from Iran and Afghanistan living in Germany". International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 16, n.º 3 (26 de junio de 2020): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-03-2019-0036.
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Purpose An increasing number of migrants and refugees seeking asylum in Germany is challenging psychiatrists and psychotherapists in multiple ways. Different cultural belief systems on the causes of mental illness and their treatment have to be taken into consideration. The purpose of this study is to explore perceived causes of depression among Farsi-speaking migrants and refugees from Afghanistan and Iran, which represent two groups with a shared cultural heritage, but originating from very different regimes of mobility. Both are among the largest migrant groups coming to Germany over the past decade. Design/methodology/approach In total, 50 Iranian and 50 Afghan migrants and refugees, who arrived in Germany in the past 10 years were interviewed, using an unlabeled vignette presenting signs and symptoms of depression. The answers were then coded through inductive content analysis. Findings Among Iranians, there was a more significant number of causal attribution to Western psychiatric concepts, whereas Afghans attributed depression more often to the experience of being a refugee without referring to psychological concepts. These differences in attribution did, however, not affect the desire for a social distance toward depressed people. Nonetheless, a higher number of years spent in Germany was associated with less desire for social distance toward persons with depression among Afghans, but not among Iranians. Originality/value To the best of the knowledge, this is the first study examining perceived causes of depression with Farsi-speaking migrants in Germany and contributes to understanding tendencies in the perception of depression in non-Western migrant groups.
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Niwa, K. y S. Sakamoto. "Origin of B chromosomes in cultivated rye". Genome 38, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1995): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-038.
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Cultivated rye (Secale cereale) and its weedy relative (S. segetale) carry B chromosomes. The B chromosomes are known to be morphologically alike at somatic metaphase and they are of the standard type in natural populations. To clarify the cytogenetic relationship between the standard B chromosomes of S. cereale and those of S. segetale, we made four crosses between Afghan S. segetale with two standard B chromosomes as a pistillate parent and Turkish, Iranian, Korean, and Japanese S. cereale, all with two standard B chromosomes as pollen parents. We observed the pairing of B chromosomes at diakinesis in pollen mother cells in all F1 hybrids with four standard B chromosomes, two from each of the pistillate and the pollen parents. The degree of pairing of B chromosomes in all F1 hybrids with four standard B chromosomes was similar to or somewhat lower than, that in parental strains with four standard B chromosomes. These results showed that the standard B chromosomes in S. segetale from Afghanistan are homologous with those in S. cereale from Turkey, Iran, Korea, and Japan. We therefore propose monophyletic origin of the standard B chromosomes in S. segetale and S. cereale.Key words: Secale, B chromosomes, origin, cultivated rye, weedy rye.