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O’Connor, Steven. "Irish identity and integration within the British armed forces, 1939–45". Irish Historical Studies 39, n.º 155 (mayo de 2015): 417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2014.1.
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Abstract During the Second World War tens of thousands of volunteers from the island of Ireland served in the British armed forces. This article will examine the effect of an Irish background on the volunteers’ experience of the British forces. It will explore the ways in which the military authorities facilitated and encouraged the development of a pluralist Irish identity. In doing so the article will demonstrate how the volunteers’ ideas of Irishness were influenced by British perceptions and it will assess to what extent volunteers from North and South really shared a common Irish identity. The article will also place the Irish experience of the British forces in the context of a multinational army incorporating personnel from, among others, Scotland, Wales, the dominions and Poland.
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O'Brien, Denis. "How adult volunteers contribute to positive youth development in the twenty-first century". Queensland Review 24, n.º 1 (junio de 2017): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2017.5.
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AbstractThis article reflects on the importance of adult volunteers in Foróige, a leading Irish youth development organisation. Volunteers make up some 97 per cent of all youth workers in Ireland. Outcomes for huge numbers of young people are mediated through and depend upon volunteers’ suitability, availability, knowledge and skills. The article takes as its starting point three pieces of research in Foróige. Using this evidence, I describe what appear to be the key strengths of the cohorts of volunteers we studied and how Foróige builds on these to reach positive youth development outcomes similar to those sought by the Queensland framework. To support this, Foróige has invested heavily on volunteer development to increase volunteer engagement and provide more roles in which volunteers can participate in achieving youth development outcomes. I explore the value of the positive interactions between volunteers and young people, the role of volunteers in increasing young people's connectedness to community, and the impact on volunteers of other life issues that compete for their time. I outline how the outputs and outcomes of youth work in Foróige would be hugely diminished without adult volunteers.
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McGurk, John. "Irish Volunteers in the Second World War (review)". Journal of Military History 67, n.º 2 (2003): 599–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0144.
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Gentry, Judith Anne Fenner y James P. Gannon. "Irish Rebels: Confederate Tigers, the 6th Louisiana Volunteers, 1861-1865." Journal of Southern History 65, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1999): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2587621.
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Kelly, James. "Mathew Carey’s Irish Apprenticeship: Editing the Volunteers Journal, 1783–84". Éire-Ireland 49, n.º 3-4 (2014): 201–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eir.2014.0012.
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Villar-Flor, Carlos. "The Salamanca Diaries: La perspectiva de Alexander McCabe sobre la Bandera Irlandesa del Tercio". Estudios Irlandeses, n.º 17 (17 de marzo de 2022): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24162/ei2022-10628.
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One of the most recent historiographical contributions on the participation of the Irish brigade recruited by General Eoin O’Duffy in the Spanish Civil War is Tim Fanning’s edition of The Salamanca Diaries (2019), an extensively annotated selection of texts taken from the profuse personal diaries of Father Alexander McCabe, rector of the Irish College in Salamanca during the war period. Through his laborious analysis of the huge handwritten material, in quite illegible and tight handwriting, Fanning has rescued an essential source for the reconstruction of the events that accompanied this irregular adventure of the Irish volunteers who came to Spain in 1936 to fight on the Franco side.
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NEWSINGER, JOHN. "BLACKSHIRTS, BLUESHIRTS, AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR". Historical Journal 44, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2001): 825–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01002035.
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The object of this review is to examine recent developments in our understanding of Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts, of Eoin O'Duffy's Blueshirts, and of British and Irish participation in the Spanish Civil War. It argues that fascism can be understood as having three possible phases of development and considers British and Irish fascism from that standpoint. Debates about the nature of British fascism are considered, its attitude towards violence, towards anti-Semitism, towards women, and towards the coming of the Second World War. The review considers the reasons for the movement's failure. It goes on to examine the debate as to whether or not there actually was an Irish fascism in the 1930s. Finally, it discusses recent work on British and Irish participation in the International Brigades and on the performance of O'Duffy's volunteers in Spain.
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Kelly, James. "Select Documents XLIII: A secret return of the Volunteers of Ireland in 1784". Irish Historical Studies 26, n.º 103 (mayo de 1989): 268–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400009871.
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Though the Volunteers had an enormous impact on Irish politics in the years between their formation in the mid 1770s and their dissolution in 1793, there has been comparatively little historical investigation of this phenomenon. One important and problematical matter in need of resolution is the size of the Volunteer force. Contemporary estimates abound, but they are often more valuable for the insight they give into contemporary thinking on Volunteering than reliable guides to the number of Volunteers in Ireland at any given time. In the absence of registers or other schedules of the hundreds of corps that constituted the Volunteers, it is improbable that we shall ever be able to provide absolute answers to the question of just how numerous they were. We are not wholly bereft of documentation, however, and by combining the more trustworthy of contemporary calculations and such lists as exist it is possible to throw much light on the rise and decline of Volunteering in the 1770s and 1780s. One of the most important and most detailed of these lists is the ‘secret’ and little known ‘Return of the Volunteers with private observations’ which was compiled in the early winter of 1784–5 as Dublin Castle readied itself for an attempt to replace this independent and highly politicised paramilitary body with a compliant and non-political militia.
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Bosi, Lorenzo. "Explaining Pathways to Armed Activism in the Provisional Irish Republican Army, 1969–1972". Social Science History 36, n.º 3 (2012): 347–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001186x.
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In this article three pathways into armed activism are identified among those who joined the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) in Northern Ireland between 1969 and 1972. The accounts of former volunteers generally suggest that for those who were already involved in the Republican movement before 1969, a trajectory of mobilization emerged because of the long-standing counterhegemonic consciousness present in their homes, which in turn strongly influenced them as committed Republican militants. For those who joined after 1969 and had previously been involved in other political activities, mobilization was a result of a particular transformative event that triggered the belief that armed struggle was the only approach capable of bringing change in the new sociopolitical situation of the time. For the majority, that is, those who joined after 1969 at a very young age without any previous involvement in organized networks of activism, it began as a more abruptly acquired sense of obligation to defend their own community and retaliate against the Northern Ireland establishment, the Loyalists, and the British army. Overall, the accounts of former volunteers generally suggest that Republican volunteers were fighting first and foremost to reclaim dignity, build honor, and instill a sense of pride in themselves and their community through armed activism. In these terms, the choice of joining the PIRA was justified not as a mere reproduction of an ideological alignment to the traditional Republican aim of achieving Irish reunification but as part of a recognition struggle. At an analytic level, this article illustrates the utility of a multimechanisms interpretative framework. And it contributes to broadening the empirical basis by presenting and analyzing a series of 25 semistructured interviews with former PIRA volunteers.
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O’Flynn, A., J. Murphy y E. Barrett. "The watersports inclusion games - what are the benefits for volunteers?" European Psychiatry 64, S1 (abril de 2021): S462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1235.
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IntroductionThe Watersports Inclusion Games is an annual event organised by Irish Sailing and partners that provides an opportunity for individuals of all abilities across the physical, sensory, intellectual and learning spectrums and those experiencing barriers accessing mainstream sport to partake in a range of watersports. 79 volunteers from the 2019 cohort responded to a pilot survey to assess the benefits for volunteers at the event.ObjectivesThis project aims to assess this data in the context of current knowledge about the benefits for volunteers in inclusive sport.MethodsLiterature review used the PEO keyword framework in medical and psychological databases, as well as grey literature. Data was collected using SurveyMonkey, quantitative data was analysed using Survey Monkey and SPSS, and qualitative themes were analysed using SurveyMonkey and Excel.ResultsOnly one article exploring the benefits for volunteers in inclusive watersports was identified during literature review. This pilot survey analysis is the first on this topic in Ireland, and the largest sample of volunteers in inclusive watersport that we are aware of internationally. Thematic analysis finds that volunteers at this event are primarily motivated by altruistic motives, while the benefits they perceive include both personal enjoyment and growth, and seeing the enjoyment of other participants.ConclusionsThis project demonstrates that inclusive watersports can have many benefits for volunteers. The findings of this study can contribute to the evidence base on the benefits of inclusive sport for all those involved, while also identifying an opportunity for further study on volunteerism in inclusive sport, particularly adaptive watersports.Conflict of interestMs O’Flynn reports a scholarship from the Health Research Board for this project, Dr Barrett has nothing to disclose, Ms Murphy reports to be the Inclusion Games Office, and thus responsible for the organisation of the Watersports Inclusion Games.
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Day, Rosemary y John Walsh. "Building a language community through radio in the age of social media: The case of Raidió na Life". Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media 18, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/rjao_00017_1.
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This paper investigates the motivations of volunteers in participating in broadcasting on a community radio station in the age of social media. The station chosen broadcasts in Irish, a minority language in Ireland, although it is also the state’s national and first official language. It was founded to support and develop the community of Irish speakers in an English-speaking environment. Raidió na Life is based in Dublin and broadcasts to a mixed and dispersed population of Irish language speakers. One of the original aims of the station was to build a sense of community and linguistic empowerment for these people. Data generated by interviews and focus groups reveal that volunteers do not seem to share these clear-cut aims, in fact they seem to lack a sense of themselves as language or community activists. However, the performances of their roles as voluntary broadcasters, particularly in their engagement with their audiences on air and online, appear to be having the desired effect of building social, cultural and linguistic networks. The article demonstrates how social, communicative and cultural benefits can accrue through traditional broadcasting and new social media, even where practitioners are unaware of this dimension to their work. The element of fun or enjoyment keeps people volunteering and makes it personally worth their while. This is found to be more important than any sense of language or community activism as a motivation for participation in the station and is actually one of the reasons why Raidió na Life has manged to stay so successfully on air for the past 27 years.
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McConnel, James. "‘Après la guerre’: John Redmond, the Irish Volunteers and Armed Constitutionalism, 1913–1915*". English Historical Review 131, n.º 553 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 1445–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cew347.
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Nolan, Janet. "Susannah Ural Bruce.The Harp and the Eagle: Irish‐American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865.:The Harp and the Eagle: Irish‐American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865". American Historical Review 112, n.º 5 (diciembre de 2007): 1544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.112.5.1544a.
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Lázaro Lafuente, Luis Alberto. "Two Conflicting Irish Views of the Spanish Civil War". Oceánide 13 (9 de febrero de 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.36.
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The Spanish Civil War sparked a heated debate in the recently created Irish Free State, as the Republic of Ireland was then called. A country that had also gone through an eleven-month civil war after the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 was again divided between those who supported the left-wing democratic Spanish Republican government and those who favoured Franco’s “crusade” against atheists and Marxists. In fact, some Irish volunteers joined the International Brigades to confront Fascism together with the Spanish Republican forces, while other more conservative Irish Catholics were mobilised to fight with Franco’s army against those Reds that the media claimed to be responsible for killing priests and burning churches. Both sections were highly influenced by the news, accounts and interpretations of the Spanish war that emerged at that time. Following Lluís Albert Chillón’s approach to the relations between journalism and literature (1999), this article aims to analyse the war reportages of two Irish writers who describe the Spanish Civil War from the two opposite sides: Peadar O’Donnell (1893–1986), a prominent Irish socialist activist and novelist who wrote Salud! An Irishman in Spain (1937), and Eoin O’Duffy (1892–1944), a soldier, anti-communist activist and police commissioner who raised the Irish Brigade to fight with Franco’s army and wrote The Crusade in Spain (1938). Both contributed to the dissemination of information and ideas about the Spanish conflict with their eyewitness accounts, and both raise interesting questions about the relations between fact, fiction and the truth, using similar narrative strategies and rhetorical devices to portray different versions of the same war.
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KELLEHER, PATRICIA. "The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 76, n.º 3 (2009): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27778913.
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KELLEHER, PATRICIA. "The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 76, n.º 3 (2009): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/pennhistory.76.3.0372.
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MacNeela, Pádraig. "The Give and Take of Volunteering: Motives, Benefits, and Personal Connections among Irish Volunteers". VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 19, n.º 2 (25 de abril de 2008): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9058-8.
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Mulligan, William H. "The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861-1865". Journal of American Ethnic History 28, n.º 3 (1 de abril de 2009): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40543433.
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Mews, Stuart. "The Hunger-Strike of the Lord Mayor of Cork, 1920: Irish, English and Vatican Attitudes". Studies in Church History 25 (1989): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400008792.
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On 25 October 1920, a new name was added to the martyrology of Irish nationalism. On that date, the Lord Mayor of Cork, Alderman Terence MacSwiney, died in Brixton prison after a hunger-strike which had lasted 74 days. He had held office for little more than six months, his predecessor having been roused from sleep and shot, most Irish people believed, by plain clothed policemen. MacSwiney had succeeded not only to the symbolic positions of head of the municipality and titular chief magistrate, but also the less decorative but potentially more deadly positions of president of the Cork branch of Sinn Fein and commandant of the First Cork Brigade of the Irish Volunteers. Brought up in the full flood of the Catholic spiritual and Gaelic cultural revivals, MacSwiney had a long record of active commitment to the struggle for Irish independence. He had been imprisoned by the British in 1916 in the aftermath of Dublin’s Easter Rising which he had watched from Cork in an agony of indecision, developing in one English historian’s view ‘a guilt complex which he was later to expiate in the grimmest possible way’. In August 1920, only days after the introduction of courts martial to replace civilian courts in Ireland, he was arrested in the City Hall, while presiding over a meeting of the Brigade Council. Proclaiming his allegiance to the Irish Republic, the Lord Mayor challenged the right of the British Army to detain him, and immediately commenced a hunger-strike.
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Maartens, Brendan. "For ‘Common Christianity’: War, Peace and the Campaign of the Irish Recruiting Council, 1918". English Historical Review 136, n.º 579 (1 de abril de 2021): 364–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab092.
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Abstract Established towards the end of the Great War, the Irish Recruiting Council was responsible for one of the largest military recruitment campaigns ever waged on Irish soil. Tasked with raising 50,000 volunteers, it produced a wide array of promotional material which included posters, newspaper advertisements and a fortnightly magazine entitled The Irish Soldier. Its work has attracted a measure of scholarly attention, but little is known about its origins, its dealings with authorities in Westminster and Dublin Castle, and the operational difficulties it encountered when attempting to mobilise the public. Even less is known about its newspaper campaign and the reasons behind the continuation of the body in peacetime, when the need for recruits had apparently subsided. This paper addresses these shortcomings by examining the IRC in more detail than has hitherto been achieved in the historiography. In so doing, it calls for a revision of existing understandings of the Council, suggesting that it was not just a recruiting body per se, but a major propaganda agency which portrayed enlistment as a means of uniting a divided country and encouraged Irishmen to mobilise to help resolve long-standing tensions between nationalists and unionists.
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Backus, Margot Gayle y Spurgeon Thompson. "‘If you shoulder a rifle […] let it be for Ireland’: James Connolly's War on War". Modernist Cultures 13, n.º 3 (agosto de 2018): 364–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2018.0217.
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As virtually all Europe's major socialist parties re-aligned with their own national governments with the outbreak of World War I, Irish socialist and trade unionist James Connolly found himself internationally isolated by his vociferous opposition to the war. Within Ireland, however, Connolly's energetic and relentless calls to interrupt the imperial transportation and communications networks on which the ‘carnival of murder’ in Europe relied had the converse effect, drawing him into alignment with certain strains of Irish nationalism. Connolly and other socialist republican stalwarts like Helena Molony and Michael Mallin made common cause with advanced Irish nationalism, the one other constituency unamenable to fighting for England under any circumstances. This centripetal gathering together of two minority constituencies – both intrinsically opposed, if not to the war itself, certainly to Irish Party leader John Redmond's offering up of the Irish Volunteers as British cannon fodder – accounts for the “remarkably diverse” social and ideological character of the small executive body responsible for the planning of the Easter Rising: the Irish Republican Brotherhood's military council. In effect, the ideological composition of the body that planned the Easter Rising was shaped by the war's systematic diversion of all individuals and ideologies that could be co-opted by British imperialism through any possible argument or material inducement. Although the majority of those who participated in the Rising did not share Connolly's anti-war, pro-socialist agenda, the Easter 1916 Uprising can nonetheless be understood as, among other things, a near letter-perfect instantiation of Connolly's most steadfast principle: that it was the responsibility of every European socialist to throw onto the gears of the imperialist war machine every wrench on which they could lay their hands.
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Bennett, Robert J. "Management adaptation of business association services: long-term stability 1783-2012 and ‘change points’ for Irish chambers of commerce". Irish Journal of Management 35, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2016): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijm-2016-0004.
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AbstractThis paper seeks to fill an important gap in literature on institutional adaptation, using Irish chambers of commerce services to examine how managers of business associations adjust long-term balances in services, and respond to short-term challenges. The paper uses the theoretical expectations from collective action theory, transactions cost economics, the theory of organisational evolution and interactions with state supports to explore how the management strategies of chambers adapted to challenges from the economic and institutional environment. The paper demonstrates durability in the long term over the 200- year history of chambers, by an adaptation of service bundles and resource mixes, with major ‘change points’ being critical to re-balancing services and income sources. Using the example of challenges arising from the ‘change point’ of the Irish economic contraction 2008–2012, the paper shows how short-term adaptation mechanisms operate. Larger chambers generally survived better. Smaller chambers had more challenges, but demonstrate the durability of engaged management by volunteers.
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Patterson, James G. "Republicanism, agrarianism and banditry in the west of Ireland, 1798–1803". Irish Historical Studies 35, n.º 137 (mayo de 2006): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400004697.
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On 22 August 1798 the United Irishmen’s long-term efforts to obtain French support finally came to fruition with the appearance of three frigates in Killala Bay on the coast of Mayo. Unfortunately for them, their allies had come too late, for the rebellion of 1798 had been suppressed several weeks earlier. Moreover, the French landing force numbered barely a thousand men. Nonetheless, this belated and undersized army was joined by thousands of Irish volunteers and scored several local victories before being overwhelmed at Ballinamuck in County Longford on 8 September.
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Augusteijn, Joost. "Accounting for the emergence of violent activism among Irish revolutionaries, 1916–21". Irish Historical Studies 35, n.º 139 (mayo de 2007): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400006672.
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Why certain Irishmen came to use violence to obtain their political objectives during the Anglo-Irish War of 1919–21 has proved a difficult question. A number of local studies of the experience of volunteers, following the example of David Fitzpatrick, have provided insights into the process of radicalisation but have not dealt with this aspect of the subject explicitly. A more systematic approach has been taken in the attempt to explain the strong variations in the intensity of activity throughout the country. What caused these variations has indeed been a matter of contention ever since the Anglo-Irish War itself. Michael Collins often voiced complaints about ‘slack’ areas in language that left little to the imagination. Since the publication of Erhard Rumpf’sNationalismus und Sozialismus in Irlandin 1959 historians have sought to explain the unequal distribution of violence by comparing the level of I.R.A. activity in a particular county with certain geographically distributed social and economic variables. Hitherto these attempts have been unable to produce a full explanation for regional variations.
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Benton, Sarah. "Women Disarmed: The Militarization of Politics in Ireland 1913-23". Feminist Review 50, n.º 1 (julio de 1995): 148–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1995.28.
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The movement for ‘military preparedness’ in America and Britain gained tremendous momentum at the turn of the century. It assimilated the cult of manliness — the key public virtue, which allowed a person to claim possession of himself and a nation to reclaim possession of itself. An army was the means of marshalling a mass of people for regeneration. The symbol of a nation's preparedness to take control of its own soul was the readiness to bear arms. Although this movement originated in the middle-class, Protestant cultures of the USA and England, its core ideas were adopted by many political movements. Affected by these ideas, as well as the formation of the Protestant Ulster Volunteers in 1913, a movement to reclaim Irish independence through the mass bearing of arms began in South and West Ireland in autumn 1914. Women were excluded from these Volunteer companies, but set up their own organization, Cumann na mBan, as an auxiliary to the men's. The Easter Rising in 1916 owed as much to older ideas of the coup d'état as new ideas of mass mobilization, but subsequent history recreated that Rising as the ‘founding’ moment of the Irish republic. It was not until mass conscription was threatened two years later that the mass of people were absorbed into the idea of an armed campaign against British rule. From 1919 to 1923, the reality of guerrilla-style war pressed people into a frame demanding discipline, secrecy, loyalty and a readiness to act as the prime nationalist virtues. The ideal form of relationship in war is the brotherhood, both as actuality and potent myth. The mythology of brotherhood creates its own myths of women (as not being there, and men not needing them) as well as creating the fear and the myth that rape is the inevitable expression of brotherhoods in action. Despite explicit anxiety at the time about the rape of Irish women by British soldiers, no evidence was found of mass rape, and that fear has disappeared into oblivion, throwing up important questions as to when rape is a weapon of war. The decade of war worsened the relationship of women to the political realm. Despite active involvement as ‘auxiliaries’ women's political status was permanently damaged by their exclusion as warriors and brothers, so much so that they disappear into the status of wives and mothers in the 1937 Irish Constitution.
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Stokes, David M. "Irish Rebels, Confederate Tigers: A History of the 6th Louisiana Volunteers, 1861-1865 (review)". Civil War History 45, n.º 3 (1999): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.1999.0106.
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Kenny, Ailbhe. "Exploring Student Learning and Leadership through a University-Community Choral Initiative". British Journal of Music Education 35, n.º 2 (4 de marzo de 2018): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051717000286.
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Within a rapidly changing higher education landscape, there is an increased need for universities to look beyond their ‘ivory towers’ and into their surrounding communities in preparing students for the ‘real world’. Findings from an Irish case study explore a children's choral university-community initiative within an urban area of socio-economic disadvantage. The choral initiative involved 14 student volunteers and 150 children. Qualitative research, carried out over two years, involved student focus group interviews and reflective surveys. The research illuminates the multifaceted nature of the learning experience for students and examines to what extent such an initiative can build choral leadership capacity to work in school and community settings.
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Olejniczak, Andrzej. "Oficerowie – Polacy w Pułku Irlandzkim armii napoleońskiej w latach 1806–1815". Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 21, n.º 2 (2020): 126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2020.2(272).0004.
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Several scientific and popular publications have been devoted to the Polish military effort in the Napoleonic era. However, there is too little information about Poles who participated in Napoleonic wars under non-national banners, but also fought alongside Napoleon. Large units composed of Poles have their monographs, but there are no similar studies on the service in the French army of at least hundreds of Poles, scattered over many regiments. Indirectly, Poles from other than Polish formations of the Napoleonic army were mentioned by Stanisław Kirkor in his study of the fates of Poles in British captivity, but these are very short extracts from English sources. Thanks to a preliminary query in French materials, it was possible to determine that many citizens from the pre-partition Polish territory joined the ranks of the French army without serving in the army of the Duchy of Warsaw or in units composed primarily of Poles. Among them were volunteers, deserters from the armies of the partitioning powers, prisoners of war, and seemingly also conscripts. One of the most interesting units among the many different regiments of the Napoleonic army was the Irish Regiment, also known as the Irish Legion. It was in this regiment that many Poles served. They were mainly privates and non-commissioned officers, but there were also cases of Polish officers serving in this formation. During the investigation, at least 11 officers of Polish origin or from the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were identified and their service in the Irish Regiment was described. There were also individual cases of formal assignment of Polish officers to the Irish formation, but in practice these officers often did not take up service and were transferred to Polish units. This paper is an attempt to draw
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Esbester, Mike. "“Railway Work, Life & Death”: Exploring British and Irish Railway Worker Accidents, c. 1890-1939". Labour History: Volume 119, Issue 1 119, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2020): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2020.25.
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The “Railway Work, Life & Death” project explores accidents and ill-health amongst British and Irish railway workers from the late nineteenth century to 1939. Drawing from state, railway company and trade union records, the project is making details of the working lives and accidents of railway employees more easily accessible. This note describes the collaborative impetus behind the project, and the crowd-sourcing methodology used, including the importance of working with volunteers. It shows that focusing on individual cases, at scale, is extremely revealing about the nature of work and the dangers of one of the largest employers of its time. It aims to encourage others to engage with crowd-sourcing and co-creation, as well as to make use of the resources being produced.
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Gill, Paul y John Horgan. "Who Were the Volunteers?1The Shifting Sociological and Operational Profile of 1240 Provisional Irish Republican Army Members". Terrorism and Political Violence 25, n.º 3 (julio de 2013): 435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2012.664587.
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Lawrence Frederick Kohl. "The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861–1865 (review)". Civil War History 54, n.º 3 (2008): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.0.0021.
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Novick, Ben. "Postal censorship in Ireland, 1914–16". Irish Historical Studies 31, n.º 123 (mayo de 1999): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002112140001419x.
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When members of the Irish Volunteers shot dead a policeman and burst into the yard of Dublin Castle on 24 April 1916, Sir Matthew Nathan, the under-secretary, and Major Ivon H. Price, the head of military intelligence in Ireland, were upstairs in Nathan’s office discussing whether or not known agitators should be deported under the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA). This somewhat ironic scenario, which raises questions about the state of British intelligence in Ireland, has proved very attractive to historians working on this period. Some, such as Leon Ó Broin in his classics Dublin Castle and the 1916 rising: the story of Sir Matthew Nathan (1966) and The chief secretary: Augustine Birrell in Ireland (1969), have attempted to defend the actions of the civil government. Eunan O’Halpin, a more recent historian of political and military intelligence in Ireland, chooses to take the idea of British intelligence in Ireland as something of an oxymoron. Focusing on the fact that the Easter Rising was ‘permitted’ to occur, he lays the blame for such poor intelligence work on four factors: the political danger faced by British officials who risked alienating parliamentarians if they struck at advanced nationalists; legal difficulties in getting Irish juries to convict people for political crimes; failure of the intelligence branches of the Royal Irish Constabulary and Dublin Metropolitan Police to collect effective information from suspects; and finally, the personality of Augustine Birrell, who, as his wife slowly went insane and began to die of a brain tumour between 1912 and 1915, rather understandably lost interest in his official duties as chief secretary.
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Bruce, Susannah Ural. ""Remember Your Country and Keep Up Its Credit": Irish Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861-1865". Journal of Military History 69, n.º 2 (2005): 331–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2005.0078.
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Carty, Niall y Gerard Bury. "Prehospital practitioner awareness and experience of CPR-induced consciousness". Journal of Paramedic Practice 14, n.º 9 (2 de septiembre de 2022): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2022.14.9.358.
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Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation-induced consciousness (CPRIC) is an important but under-researched area. CPRIC in Irish emergency services has never been examined and this study aimed to explore the experiences of prehospital practitioners. Methods: This study includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using an online anonymous survey followed by a confidential, one-to-one, semi-structured interview with emergency medical technicians, paramedics and advanced paramedics. Results: Of the respondents surveyed, 93% had been involved in the care of at least one case of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA); 36% had managed 6–10 OHCAs within the previous 12 months. Three-quarters (75%) were aware of CPRIC and 57% reported that they had witnessed at least one episode of this. CPRIC incidents were characterised by a range of clinical features, which sometimes interrupted care provision and were managed using wide-ranging and non-standardised responses including drug therapy. Both high-quality manual and mechanical CPR were linked to CPRIC. The rate of reported return of spontaneous circulation (63%) was significantly higher than that in Irish national data for OHCA. Seven volunteers participated in confidential sem-istructured interviews. Themes identified included the impact on resuscitation, unfamiliarity with CPRIC manifestations, how CPRIC affected practitioners and educational needs. Practitioners experienced distress because of this phenomenon. All highlighted their desire to have CPRIC addressed by clinical practice guidelines.
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Harvey, A. D. "Who were the Auxiliaries?" Historical Journal 35, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1992): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00026029.
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In the summer of 1920, as the I.R.A.'s guerrilla campaign against the Royal Irish Constabulary and the British Army approached its climax, the British government attempted to reinforce the R.I.C. by raising a force of ex-officers to act as a mobile police striking force. The new organization was called the Auxiliary Division of the R.I.C, and its members, though officially referred to as ‘cadets’, were popularly called Auxiliaries or Auxis, a denomination which suggests a kind of subconscious analogy with their I.R.A. opponents, who were generally known as ‘Volunteers’. In the subsequent mythology of the Irish ‘Troubles’ the Auxiliaries were generally lumped together with the ‘Black and Tans’ but were in fact a more elite body. The ‘Black and Tans’ were ex-servicemen recruited to serve as R.I.C. constables and initially kitted out in a motley of R.I.C. dark green and Army khaki. The Auxiliaries on the other hand were nattily dressed in tarn o'shanters, khaki tunics and puttees (or officer's gaiters) and were paid a pound a day — twice the R.I.C. constable's rate — which made them the most highly-paid uniformed force in the world at that time.1 Altogether only 2,214 were recruited (with perhaps two-thirds that number in service at the peak of the formation's strength), but they did more than their fair share to discredit the British regime in Ireland.
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Leeson, David. "Irish Volunteers in the Second World War, by Richard DohertyIrish Volunteers in the Second World War, by Richard Doherty. Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2002. 378 pp. 29.95 US (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 39, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2004): 629–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.39.3.629.
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Barry, Tomás, Ainhoa González, Niall Conroy, Paddy Watters, Siobhán Masterson, Jan Rigby y Gerard Bury. "Mapping the potential of community first responders to increase cardiac arrest survival". Open Heart 5, n.º 2 (25 de octubre de 2018): e000912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2018-000912.
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ObjectiveResuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is largely determined by the availability of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation within 5–10 min of collapse. The potential contribution of organised groups of volunteers to delivery of CPR and defibrillation in their communities has been little studied. Ireland has extensive networks of such volunteers; this study develops and tests a model to examine the potential impact at national level of these networks on early delivery of care.MethodsA geographical information systems study considering all statutory ambulance resource locations and all centre point locations for community first responder (CFR) schemes that operate in Ireland were undertaken. ESRI ArcGIS Desktop 10.4 was used to map CFR and ambulance base locations. ArcGIS Online proximity analysis function was used to model 5–10 min drive time response areas under sample peak and off-peak conditions. Response areas were linked to Irish population census data so as to establish the proportion of the population that have the potential to receive a timely cardiac arrest emergency response.ResultsThis study found that CFRs are present in many communities throughout Ireland and have the potential to reach a million additional citizens before the ambulance service and within a timeframe where CPR and defibrillation are likely to be effective treatments.ConclusionCFRs have significant potential to contribute to survival following OHCA in Ireland. Further research that examines the processes, experiences and outcomes of CFR involvement in OHCA resuscitation should be a scientific priority.
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ODoherty, Mark G., Paula M. L. Skidmore, Ian S. Young, Michelle C. McKinley, Chris Cardwell, John W. G. Yarnell, Fred K. Gey, Alun Evans y Jayne V. Woodside. "Dietary Patterns and Smoking in Northern Irish Men: a Population at High Risk of Coronary Heart Disease". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 81, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2011): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000047.
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This study evaluated dietary habits of Northern Irish men who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease, stratified as never-, ex-, moderate-, or heavy-smokers. Participants were male volunteers (30 - 49 years) from a single workforce in Belfast (n = 765). Dietary information was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. For a priori diet scores, never- and ex-smokers had a significantly higher fruit and vegetable score, Mediterranean diet score, and alternative Mediterranean diet score than moderate or heavy-smokers (all p < 0.05). For a posteriori patterns, scores for the healthy, sweet tooth, and traditional dietary patterns, derived from principal component analysis, differed significantly by smoking status, being lower among smokers for the healthy and sweet tooth patterns, and higher in ex-smokers for the traditional pattern (all p < 0.05). When the a posteriori patterns were included in models predicting likelihood of being in a particular smoking category with the a priori patterns, the results for the fruit and vegetable score lost significance (p = 0.13). Both a priori and a posteriori dietary patterns identified smokers, particularly heavy smokers, as exhibiting fewer healthy dietary habits than never- or ex-smokers, but a posteriori dietary patterns appeared to be more strongly associated with smoking status.
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O’Connell, Maeve Lorraine, Tara Coppinger, Seán Lacey, Janette Walton, Tijana Arsenic y Aoife Louise McCarthy. "Associations between Food Group Intake and Physical Frailty in Irish Community-Dwelling Older Adults". Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 14 (enero de 2021): 117863882110064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786388211006447.
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Background: Certain nutrients have shown protective effects against frailty, but less is known about the influence of individual food groups. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the intake of different food groups and physical frailty in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults in Cork, Ireland. Methods: One hundred and forty-two (n = 81 females, n = 61 males, age 74.1 ± 6.80 years) Irish community-dwelling volunteers aged ⩾65 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Frailty was identified as having 3 or more of the following criteria: weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed and low physical activity. Relationships between intakes of food groups and frailty score were determined using Spearman’s rank (and partial rank) correlations and ordinal logistic regression analysis. Results: Negative Spearman’s rank correlations were observed between frailty score and fish and fish products, fruit and vegetables and nuts and seeds, while positive correlations were found between frailty score and potatoes, fats and oils and sugars, preserves and snacks ( P < .05). After adjustment for confounders, partial rank correlations remained statistically significant ( P < .05) for all of the above dietary variables, with the exception of nuts and seeds ( P > .05). Following ordinal logistic regression, the odds ratios (ORs) (95%CI) for frailty incidence for those in the lowest tertile of food group intake compared to the highest were; 3.04 (1.09-8.85) for fish and fish products, 4.34 (1.54-13.13) for fruit and vegetables, 1.52 (0.58-4.15) for nuts and seeds, 0.54 (0.19-1.51) for potatoes, 0.58 (0.17-1.95) for fats and oils and 0.49 (0.16-1.47) for sugars, preserves and snacks. Conclusion: This study suggests that intakes of selected food groups are independently associated with frailty. These findings may hold significant relevance for the development of future frailty prevention strategies.
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Hamon, Siobhan M., Tomás P. Griffin, Md Nahidul Islam, Deirdre Wall, Matthew D. Griffin y Paula M. O’Shea. "Defining reference intervals for a serum growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) assay in a Caucasian population and its potential utility in diabetic kidney disease (DKD)". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 57, n.º 4 (26 de marzo de 2019): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0534.
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Abstract Background: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a stress responsive cytokine, is a promising biomarker of renal functional decline in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study aimed primarily to establish normative data and secondarily to evaluate the potential utility of GDF-15 in DKD using Roche Diagnostics electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) in an Irish Caucasian population. Methods: Following informed consent, 188 healthy volunteers and 128 participants with diabetes (72 with and 56 without DKD) were recruited to a cross-sectional study. Baseline demographics, anthropometric measurements and laboratory measurements were recorded. Blood for GDF-15 measurement was collected into plain specimen tubes kept at room temperature and processed (centrifugation, separation of serum, freezing at −80 °C) within 1 h of phlebotomy pending batch analyses. Reference intervals were determined using the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for serum GDF-15 concentration. Results: Of 188 healthy participants, 63 failed to meet study inclusion criteria. The reference interval for serum GDF-15 was 399 ng/L (90% confidence interval [CI]: 399–399) – 1335 ng/L (90% CI: 1152–1445). Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis for DKD determined the area under the ROC curve to be 0.931 (95% CI: 0.893–0.959; p<0.001). The optimum GDF-15 cutoff for predicting DKD was >1136 ng/L providing a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 94.4% and 79%, respectively, and positive likelihood ratio of 4.5:1 (95% CI: 3.4–6.0). Conclusions: The reference interval for serum GDF-15 in a healthy Irish Caucasian population using Roche Diagnostics ECLIA was established and a preliminary determination of the potential of GDF-15 as a screening test for DKD was made. Further prospective validation with a larger DKD cohort will be required before the cutoff presented here is recommended for clinical use.
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Dan Ramdath, D., Renée L. C. Isaacs, Surujpal Teelucksingh y Thomas M. S. Wolever. "Glycaemic index of selected staples commonly eaten in the Caribbean and the effects of boiling v. crushing". British Journal of Nutrition 91, n.º 6 (junio de 2004): 971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041125.
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Integrating information about the glycaemic index (GI) of foods into the Caribbean diet is limited by the lack of data. Therefore, we determined the GI of eight staple foods eaten in the Caribbean and the effect on GI of crushing selected tubers. Groups of eight to ten healthy volunteers participated in three studies at two sites. GI was determined using a standard method with white bread and adjusted relative to glucose. The mean area under the glucose response curve elicited by white bread was similar for the different groups of subjects. In study 1, the GI of cassava (Manihot esculenta; 94 (SEM 11)) was significantly higher than those of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis; 60 (SEM 9)), cooking ‘green’ banana (Musa spp.; 65 (SEM 11)) and sadha roti (65 (SEM 9)) (P=0·018). There was no significant difference in the GI of the foods in study 2: dasheen (Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta; 77 (SEM 10)), eddoes (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum; 61 (SEM 10)), Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum; 71 (SEM 8)), tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium; 60 (SEM 5)) and white yam (Dioscorea alata; 62 (SEM 6)), and, in study 3, crushing did not significantly affect the GI of dasheen, tannia or Irish potato. However, when the results from studies 2 and 3 were pooled, the GI of dasheen (76 (SEM 7)) was significantly greater than that of tannia (55 (SEM 5); P=0·015) with potato being intermediate (69 (SEM 6)). We conclude that dasheen and cassava are high-GI foods, whereas the other tubers studied and sadha roti are intermediate-GI foods. Given the regular usage of cassava and dasheen in Caribbean diets we speculate that these diets would tend to be high GI, although this could be reduced by foods such as sadha roti and white yam. The range of GI between the staples is sufficiently large that health benefits may be accrued by replacing high-GI staples with intermediate-GI staples in the Caribbean diet.
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Feeney, Emma L., Rebecca Barron, Victoria Dible, Zita Hamilton, Yvonne Power, Linda Tanner, Cal Flynn et al. "Dairy matrix effects: response to consumption of dairy fat differs when eaten within the cheese matrix—a randomized controlled trial". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108, n.º 4 (11 de agosto de 2018): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy146.
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Abstract Background Dairy fat consumed as cheese has different effects on blood lipids than that consumed as butter. It is unknown whether the effect is specific to fat interaction with other cheese nutrients (calcium, casein proteins), or to the cheese matrix itself. Objective We aimed to test the effect of 6 wk daily consumption of ∼40 g dairy fat, eaten within macronutrient-matched food matrices, on markers of metabolic health, in overweight adults aged ≥50 y. Design The study was a 6-wk randomized parallel intervention; 164 volunteers (75 men) received ∼40 g of dairy fat/d, in 1 of 4 treatments: (A) 120 g full-fat Irish cheddar cheese (FFCC) (n = 46); (B) 120 g reduced-fat Irish cheddar cheese + butter (21 g) (RFC + B) (n = 45); (C) butter (49 g), calcium caseinate powder (30 g), and Ca supplement (CaCO3) (500 mg) (BCC) (n = 42); or (D) 120 g FFCC, for 6 wk (as per A) (n = 31). Group D first completed a 6-wk “run-in” period, where they excluded all dietary cheese before commencing the intervention. Results There was no difference in anthropometry, fasting glucose, or insulin between the groups at pre- or postintervention. However, a stepwise-matrix effect was observed between the groups for total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.033) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.026), with significantly lower postintervention TC (mean ± SD) (5.23 ± 0.88 mmol/L) and LDL cholesterol (2.97 ± 0.67 mmol/L) when all of the fat was contained within the cheese matrix (Group A), compared with Group C when it was not (TC: 5.57 ± 0.86 mmol/L; LDL cholesterol: 3.43 ± 0.78 mmol/L). Conclusion Dairy fat, eaten in the form of cheese, appears to differently affect blood lipids compared with the same constituents eaten in different matrices, with significantly lower total cholesterol observed when all nutrients are consumed within a cheese matrix This trial was registered at ISRCTN as ISRCTN86731958.
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Fitzgibbon, N. y A. Langtry. "Providing information and support on all aspects of breast health and breast cancer in Ireland". Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, n.º 18_suppl (20 de junio de 2006): 10766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.10766.
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10766 In 2001 the Irish Cancer Society launched Action Breast Cancer (ABC) to provide breast cancer information and support. ABC’s services are free, confidential and accessible and include a national helpline, patient education, one-to-one support, health promotion, research, advocacy, and professional support. Over the last five years, we have been continually developing our services to the public, at the heart of which is the Freefone Helpline (1800 30 90 40). The Helpline is staffed by specialist cancer nurses who offer information, support, and appropriate referral for women who are concerned about breast health, women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, their families and carers, and healthcare professionals. In order to meet the need for clear, concise information, we are continually producing and updating literature and supporting materials. This includes a series of factsheets on all aspect of a breast cancer diagnosis including the different aspects of living with the disease. In January 2005, we launched a programme to address the unique needs of younger women with breast cancer. Services include conferences for younger women, a specialist nurse, and the selection and training of younger Reach to Recovery volunteers. Professional support is also a key element of ABC’s service. Most recently we have developed a workshop for nurses working in oncology to improve communication with breast cancer patients around sexuality. ABC’s annual Breast Cancer Awareness Month campaign takes place in October. A high profile advertising campaign and a nationwide roadshow are just two of the many mediums used to target Irish women in order to make them breast aware for life. Throughout the year, ABC is constantly seeking to raise awareness in communities and workplaces across the country by organising presentations about breast awareness, screening and early detection. Now that we have firmly established ourselves as the leading provider of breast cancer information and support, we have started to significantly develop our advocacy programme, and we are currently working on ensuring that the national breast screening programme will be fully rolled out by the end of 2007. We are also undertaking major nationwide research into the provision, supply and fitting of breast prostheses. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Shaw, Aileen, Bernadine Brady y Patrick Dolan. "From care packages to Zoom cookery classes: youth work during the COVID-19 “lockdown”". Journal of Children's Services 17, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2022): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-06-2021-0027.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the experience of one large Irish youth work organisation, Foróige, to measures introduced during the initial phase of COVID-19 in 2020. In the face of the unprecedented crisis including the closure of schools and curtailment of many youth services, this paper examines how the organisation responded and adapted its service offering. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 senior managers and youth officers in Foróige to explore their perspectives on the organisation’s response. Participants were purposively sampled from across the operational management functions and also from regional levels and youth workers engaging in work “on the ground”. Findings Shifting from a face-to -face, relationship-based to a distanced mode of engagement with young people, colleagues and volunteers required significant adaptation of Foróige’s service model. Innovation took place both in the delivery platform and fundamentally, in its service orientation. The accelerated move to online youth work brought about by the pandemic enabled the organisation to embrace and learn from the challenges and opportunities posed by digital technology. Responding to the immediate and tangible needs of young people in receipt of services, staff found themselves working with families at the more basic levels of intervention. Originality/value This paper provides new insights into the nature of non-profit service innovation during a time of unprecedented crisis management. It highlights characteristics of organisational agility that can assist organisations in managing crises, while also pointing the way towards a more flexible operating model for youth work service delivery.
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Nolan, J. "SUSANNAH URAL BRUCE. The Harp and the Eagle: Irish-American Volunteers and the Union Army, 1861-1865. New York: New York University Press. 2006. Pp. xiii, 309. Cloth $70.00, paper $22.00". American Historical Review 112, n.º 5 (1 de diciembre de 2007): 1544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.112.5.1544-a.
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Akande, Oluwatobi, Nzube Ojimba, Atele Oghenekaro, Oluwakemi Abikoye, Roseline Ogundokun y Akinyinka Akindele. "AFHIRIS: African Human Iris Dataset (Version 1)". F1000Research 11 (21 de diciembre de 2022): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.122759.1.
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Biometric systems remain the most widely used methods for identification and authentication purposes. Their wide acceptability has opened up more research into new application areas of biometric systems. However, biometric research requires an appropriate biometric dataset to validate the proposed technique. This dataset could be privately owned or publicly available for research purposes. In the field of iris biometric research, the iris dataset produced by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA) is the first, most popular, and widely used publicly available iris dataset. However, the increasing popularity and acceptability of human iris-related research have called for additional benchmarks, and therefore, new publicly available databases of human iris images. Existing publicly available human iris datasets have been collected from non-African subjects; therefore, this dataset is the first publicly available human iris dataset of African descent. Three categories of images were collected from 1028 volunteers that participated in the data collection task. The first category was made up of four iris images that were captured when the volunteers used spectacles, while the second category includes four iris images that were captured when the volunteers wore no spectacles. However, the third category of iris images was obtained from eight volunteers that used print-patterned contact lenses. Only four images were captured from volunteers in this category as they were not asked to put on spectacles. In addition to the iris images captured, soft biometric features such as age, gender, state of origin, weight, and height of the volunteers were also captured. It is strongly believed that this unique collection of iris datasets of African descent will open up new research in the study of the human iris.
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Olmedilla, Begoña, Fernando Granado, Susan Southon, Anthony J. A. Wright, Inmaculada Blanco, Enrique Gil-Martinez, Henk van den Berg et al. "Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C in control subjects from five European countries". British Journal of Nutrition 85, n.º 2 (febrero de 2001): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2000248.
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High intakes of fruits and vegetables, or high circulating levels of their biomarkers (carotenoids, vitamins C and E), have been associated with a relatively low incidence of cardiovascular disease, cataract and cancer. Exposure to a high fruit and vegetable diet increases antioxidant concentrations in blood and body tissues, and potentially protects against oxidative damage to cells and tissues. This paper describes blood concentrations of carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and retinol in well-defined groups of healthy, non-smokers, aged 25–45 years, 175 men and 174 women from five European countries (France, UK (Northern Ireland), Republic of Ireland, The Netherlands and Spain). Analysis was centralised and performed within 18 months. Within-gender, vitamin C showed no significant differences between centres. Females in France, Republic of Ireland and Spain had significantly higher plasma vitamin C concentrations than their male counterparts. Serum retinol and α-tocopherol levels were similar between centres, but γ-tocopherol showed a great variability being the lowest in Spain and France, and the highest in The Netherlands. The provitamin A: non-provitamin A carotenoid ratio was similar among countries, whereas the xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin) to carotenes (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene) ratio was double in southern (Spain) compared to the northern areas (Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland). Serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin were highest in France and Spain; β-cryptoxanthin was highest in Spain and The Netherlands;trans-lycopene tended to be highest in Irish males and lowest in Spanish males; α-carotene and β-carotene were higher in the French volunteers. Due to the study design, the concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, C and E represent physiological ranges achievable by dietary means and may be considered as ‘reference values’ in serum of healthy, non-smoking middle-aged subjects from five European countries. The results suggest that lutein (and zeaxanthin), β-cryptoxanthin, total xanthophylls and γ-tocopherol (and α- : γ-tocopherol) may be important markers related to the healthy or protective effects of the Mediterranean-like diet.
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Corráin, Daithí Ó. "‘Ireland in his heart north and south’ the contribution of Ernest Blythe to the partition question". Irish Historical Studies 35, n.º 137 (mayo de 2006): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400004715.
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Ulster Protestant, farmer’s son, journalist, I.R.B. member, Irish Volunteer organiser, hunger-striker, Sinn Féin T.D. and Minister for Trade and Commerce, advocate of the Anglo-Irish treaty, Cumann na nGaedheal Minister for Local Government, Finance and Posts and Telegraphs, Vice-President of the Executive Council, Blueshirt intellectual (but no fascist): these successive designations capture the varied early career of Ernest Blythe. Far less is known of his interests and writing after his retirement from political life: the Irish language, theatre and, in particular, the partition question.
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Murphy, Tracy, Mary R. Cahill, Jim Fagan, Croxon Harry, Mohammed Khan, Oonagh Gilligan, Stephen McGrath y William G. Murphy. "Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Prion-Filtered Red Cell Concentrates (pfRCC) in Patients Requiring Allogeneic Blood Transfusion." Blood 112, n.º 11 (16 de noviembre de 2008): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.994.994.
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Abstract Background; Transmission of vCJD by blood transfusion from pre-symptomatic blood donors has occurred in 4 reported cases to date. Screening blood donors for infectivity is unlikely to be feasible for several years. Removing infectivity from blood using selective filtration may provide a useful degree of protection from transfusion transmission of the disease. A filter that may remove infectivity from red cell concentrates has been developed and trialed in volunteers receiving autologous blood. No studies have been carried out to date of pfRCC in allogeneic transfusions in the clinical setting. Aims; To establish safety and tolerability of transfusion of prion filtered red cell concentrates. Methods; Twenty patients scheduled to receive transfusion were recruited following ethical approval and with informed consent. Prion filtered units were prepared by the Irish Blood Transfusion Service. A mean loss of 9 gm of haemoglobin per unit of RCC occurred during the filtration process. Each patient received one unit of pfRCC, and a median of 2 units overall (range 1 to 4 units) per transfusion episode. A cross-match sample, full blood count (FBC), renal and liver profile was taken from each patient prior to transfusion. Patients were observed for adverse reactions. After 24 hours, FBC, renal and liver profile were repeated. Six weeks after the transfusion a further sample was tested for red cell antibodies. Six of these patients have consented to undergo re-transfusion with pfRCC. Two re-infusions have taken place uneventfully six months after the first exposure to pfRCC and 4 more are planned. Results No serious adverse events were encountered during the study, or at 24 hour and 6 week follow up after the initial transfusion episode. Mean haemoglobin increment per unit transfused was 0.68g (SD 0.45g; range −0.5 to 1.35g ). Recruitment and follow-up is ongoing in patients exposed to repeat transfusion challenge. Summary The first clinical transfusions of pfRCC were well tolerated. Two patients were rechallenged with transfusions of pfRCC without adverse effect. Further studies with transfusions of prion filtered red cells are now warranted to extend the safety data and to determine whether efficacy is comparable to standard transfusions in adult and paediatric populations.
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Sisson, Elaine. "Sisters in Arms: Ireland, Gender and Militarisation, 1914–1918". Modernist Cultures 13, n.º 3 (agosto de 2018): 340–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2018.0216.
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Remembering the 1914–18 War has a complex and contentious history in Ireland. Recent scholarship has re-examined the complexity of the Irish experience during this period, both by addressing the place of Irishmen in the Allied Forces and by retrieving the contribution of women towards the formation of the Irish Free State. However, the reinstatement of the female experience within the nationalist narrative has overlooked other female experiences of wartime in Ireland which were significantly different from those of their British counterparts. This essay examines an aspect of the ‘Home Front’ in Ireland when women's involvement in war industries, particularly in the Dublin munitions factories, are seen as crucial to the European war effort. Though the revolutionary, armed female volunteer is recognisably a figure of modernity, the female munitions worker, operating within the technological machinery of warfare, is also one. This essay explores the mobilization of women within the Irish war industries and suggests that there is still much work to be done in uncovering the extent of Irishwomen's contribution to the military war effort. Considering the complexities and contradictions of these parallel frameworks for modern Irish womanhood, this essay addresses how the Irish case adds important new dimensions to our understanding of the war's wide-ranging impacts on concepts of gender and the public roles of women that continue to resonate as the twentieth century unfolds.