Tesis: "Irregular warfare"

1

White, Scott C. "Reorganizing for Irregular Warfare". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4353.

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A thorough understanding of Irregular Warfare (IW) and the principles of organizational theory and design will enable the Department of Defense (DoD) to organize efficiently and effectively for operations within the Irregular Warfare Environment, while maintaining its conventional capabilities. We develop our argument for this thesis in several stages. First, we define irregular warfare and differentiate it from conventional warfare through the development of our critical success factors. We introduce organizational theory and design in order to incorporate the critical success factors. We conclude that the DoD should reorganize certain elements of the U.S. Special Operations Command by incorporating existing capabilities, focusing on conducting operations within the Irregular Warfare Environment, and implementing our critical success factors.

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2

Ford, Alexander S. "Dehumanization and irregular warfare". Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34664.

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In the current global environment the practice of dehumanizationthe stripping away of common attributes among people that call for respect and constrain violenceand the misperception it creates have resulted in misguided attempts by militaries to influence the center of gravity in irregular warfare, the civilian population. Traditional thought in this matter implies that cultural training is the most important factor in creating more effective influence when dealing in irregular warfare scenarios. By examining dehumanization and the factors that cause it in irregular warfare environments, this thesis will provide a framework for how dehumanization impacts influence operations. My analysis seeks to explain how dehumanization occurs and how it can be prevented, thereby setting necessary conditions for effective population influence.

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3

Painter, David J. Weaver Mark C. White Scott C. "Reorganizing for Irregular Warfare". Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FPainter_Weaver_White.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.
Thesis Advisor: Rothstein, Hy. Second Reader: Jansen, Erik. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Irregular Warfare, Population-centric Warfare, organizational theory and design, U.S. Special Operations Command. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-76). Also available in print.

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4

Bracco, Jeffrey A. "Fire support for irregular warfare". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Mar%5FBracco.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Arquilla, John. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-90). Also available in print.

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5

Hindert, Johann. "German views of irregular warfare". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45873.

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Increasingly, so-called weak actors employ irregular warfare to successfully challenge the strong. The British, French, and Americans are recognized for their irregular warfare experience, but the comparatively rich German tradition remains overlooked. German contributions to irregular warfare, in fact, rival their reputed expertise in modern maneuver warfare. This thesis surveys German irregular warfare cases from the eighteenth century forward. Beginning in the American Revolution, Hessian officer Johann Ewald revealed important counter-insurgency principles. In the early nineteenth century, Carl von Clausewitz spoke to the larger idea of people’s war and noted its efficacy. In a peripheral theater of World War I, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck mastered the art of irregular adaptation and survival. In the Second World War, Otto Skorzeny perfected the strategic commando raid. After serving in the same war, Friedrich A.F. von der Heydte published a theory of modern irregular warfare, unique for its views on terrorism and the combined employment of irregular and other forms of warfare. Otto Heilbrunn studied partisan warfare and endorsed pseudo operations to counter asymmetric threats such as those faced by the United States today. German irregular warfare offers strategic answers to contemporary security challenges.

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6

Ayre, Steven J. y Jeremy F. Hough. "Air Power in irregular warfare". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27788.

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History is full of with examples of innovations that have proved essential to victory in war. Few innovations have provided the consistent and often decisive impact that air power has delivered in conflict. Across its relatively short history, the concept of air power has maintained a resiliency of innovation across the doctrinal, strategic, organizational, and technological levels. However, warfare itself has witnessed significant changes over the course of the last century. No longer is the classical, conventional state-on-state conflict the principal method of combating ones enemies. In its place, irregular warfare (IW) has arguably become the norm in conflict today. However, we have yet to see air power applied to modern-era irregular conflicts with the same level of success achieved in past conflicts. This thesis examines the use of air power in IW in order to answer the following questions What organizational forms are associated with the successful use of air power in irregular warfare What technologies What concepts of operations What level of coherence between strategic and operational/tactical execution is associated with the successful use of air power in IW And finally, what should the future role of air power in IW be

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7

Hedman, Daniel K. "Reorganizing SOF for irregular warfare". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FHedman.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tucker, David. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 30, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-37). Also available in print.

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8

O'Donnell, Michael W. "Irregular warfare centric foreign internal defense". Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34714.

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Conflict over the past few decades has changed drastically. Warfare changed with the conflict. Large-scale conventional wars are not todays norm. Small non-state actors and terrorist organizations cause havoc on a global scale using unconventional methods and weapons. The United States and its allies need to combat these threats using indirect strategies while maintaining international legitimacy Hizbullah is a terrorist organization operating within Lebanon and the Levant. Hizbullah employs violence, in addition to political means, to achieve its goals. Lebanon and its allies could identify a strategic internal defense and development strategy and implement a comprehensive foreign internal defense training regimen to combat Hizbullah and ultimately disarm the militant wing. Using an indirect method, focusing on a political agreement, increasing social services and providing additional security and stability to southern Lebanon are some of the critical elements the Lebanese government needs to implement to tame Hizbullah and disarm the terrorists. This approach worked for Britain with the Irish Republican Army and it can work for Lebanon with Hizbullah if properly implemented.

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9

Sutton, William R. "Maritime irregular warfare : a long-range view". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA384613.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis) Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2000.
Thesis advisor(s): Arquilla, John. "September 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-103). Also available in print.

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10

Dean, Arleigh William. "Fighting networks the defining challenge of irregular warfare". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5634.

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This study examines how networks fight, and how to counter networks. Networks, empowered by information technology, play a powerful role in many different aspects of social and organizational interaction. Notably, recent confrontations with networked opponents have strained the U.S. military, and produced time-intensive, brutally complex, and costly irregular warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan. The challenges that these fighting networks present require a close examination of how they fight, and most importantly, how to combat the threat they pose. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the role of networks in irregular warfare, where they are central and prevalent. Regardless of its many forms, the most salient aspect of modern irregular warfare is the increasingly networked nature of the antagonists. Countering these opponents requires a detailed understanding of the organization, doctrine, methods, and information usage, which both empower networks and generate vulnerabilities. This research generated a theoretical framework that draws on the rich bodies of knowledge that inform network theory, network-based operations, irregular warfare, organizational theory, and information strategy. Each of these theoretical areas provided hypotheses for identifying causal factors, which led to an understanding of how networks fight, and development of a systematic framework for countering them. Comparative case studies focused on a cluster of networks engaged in irregular warfare, which served to test this framework. This cluster consists of three cases, each marked by tough opponents, II and network-based organizations operating in the information age: the Chechen separatists, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Overall, this thesis advances theory in a way that provides a systematic understanding of how to counter networked opponents, while generating additional perspective about irregular warfare.

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11

Howell, Jeffrey M. "Modeling insurgency attrition and population influence in irregular warfare". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Jun%5FHowell.pdf.

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12

Scott, Richard L. "Conflict without casualties : non-lethal weapons in irregular warfare /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Sep%5FScott.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Security Studies (Stabilization and Reconstruction))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): McNab, Robert. "September 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 23, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-75). Also available in print.

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13

Volpe, Kevin. "Persistent and continuous? U.S. carrier aviation in irregular warfare". Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA490808.

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14

Burgess, Kenneth J. "Organizing for irregular warfare implications for the brigade combat team". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FBurgess.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Roberts, Nancy ; McNab, Robert. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 18, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-159). Also available in print.

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15

Bleigh, John T. y Curt M. Snider. "Institutional challenges to developing metrics of success in irregular warfare". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10743.

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In irregular warfare (IW) conflicts, where winning the support of the population is often key, the United States military historically has demonstrated consistent difficulty in developing metrics that describe the effectiveness of its operations. We identify previously neglected aspects of the problem. More specifically, we argue that the institutional pressures generated by a conflict's national imperative, when combined with the military's own bureaucratic characteristics, cause the military organization to focus on inappropriate measurements. This causes it to misinterpret the IW environment and therefore misjudge its operational effectiveness. Thus, the search for useful metrics of success in IW must seek to overcome not only the difficulties inherent to measuring IW, but endemic organizational characteristics of the U.S. military; understanding this heretofore neglected interactive effect is crucial to understanding the nature of the metrics problem in irregular warfare campaigns. We develop our argument and illustrate it using historical cases of U.S. IW campaigns.

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16

Cooper, Walter Raymond. "Blood and Treasure: Money and Military Force in Irregular Warfare". Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10712.

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Among the most important choices made by groups fighting a civil war -- governments and rebels alike -- is how to allocate available military and pecuniary resources across the contested areas of a conflict-ridden territory. Combatants use military force to coerce and money to persuade and co-opt. A vast body of literature in political science and security studies examines how and where combatants in civil wars apply violence. Scholars, however, have devoted less attention to combatants' use of material inducements to attain their objectives. This dissertation proposes a logic that guides combatants' use of material benefits alongside military force in pursuit of valuable support from communities in the midst of civil war. Focused on the interaction between the military and the local population, the theory envisions a bargaining process between a commander and a community whose support he seeks. The outcome of the bargaining process is a fiscal strategy defined by the extent to which material benefits are distributed diffusely or targeted narrowly. That outcome follows from key characteristics of the community in question that include its sociopolitical solidarity (or fragmentation) and its economic resilience (or vulnerability). I evaluate the theory of fiscal strategies through a series of case studies from the Philippine-American War of 1899-1902. As a further test of external validity, I consider the theory's applicability to key events from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Government

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17

Reyeg, Fernando M. y Ned B. Marsh. "The Filipino way of war: irregular warfare through the centuries". Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10681.

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The Filipino Way of War is the dominant irregular warfare strategy executed by the Filipino warrior throughout the centuries. Armed with severely limited resources, a strong fighting spirit, and deep traditions, the Filipino warrior has always had to look for another method of warfare other than direct and total war. This has led to the indirect path, the path of irregular warfare. This tradition, built upon a foundation of tribal warfare, shaped by resistance to Spanish and American colonization, and honed during the guerrilla campaign against the Japanese occupation, has emerged in the modern era as the predominant Filipino military strategy. Entering the 21st century, conflict in the Philippines has not been focused on external invaders, but on internal division. In this era, both government and anti-government forces have recalled their traditions and experiences and predominantly used irregular warfare strategies, often through unconventional warfare, insurgency, or special operations. As external military influences wane, it is important to understand and prepare the Armed Forces of the Philippines for the future by understanding their past history, so that the Filipino warrior will be better prepared for tomorrow.

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18

Rodriguez, Jose L. "The Soviet - Afghan War, 1979-1989 failures in irregular warfare /". Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA491229.

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19

Gray, Ron. "Integrated swarming operations for air base defense applications in irregular warfare". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FGray.pdf.

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20

Huebert, Kevin D. "The role of airpower in irregular warfare for the 21st century". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA514119.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tucker, David. Second Reader: Greenshields, Brian. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. DTIC Descriptors: Air Power, Unconventional Warfare, Threats, Theses, Military Tactics, Tibet, Weapons, Yugoslavia, Counterinsurgency, Military Operations, Laos. DTIC Identifiers: Irrregular Warfare. Author(s) subject terms: Airpower, Irregular Warfare, Unconventional Warfare, Counterinsurgency, Special Operations, Yugoslavia, Partisans, Laos, Royal Laotian Air Force, Tibet, Forward Air Controller. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-59). Also available in print.

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21

Mikael, Minberger S. y Svendsen O. Geir. "Irregular warfare as a national military strategy approach for small states". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38985.

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Today, the Western way of war is mainly based on conventional strategies and organizations, with a sense of a Clausewitzian view of war: achieving victory by defeating the opponents army. Small states have been copying the larger nations way of planning for war, with limited analysis of to whether this is the most effective strategy for them. Analyses of large numbers of historical cases show that a conventional approach is a road to defeat for small states when facing larger conventional opponents. Another solution might be to change the national strategy to an irregular one. The intention of this thesis is to illuminate the potential for small states to improve the effect of their military by adopting an irregular strategy. The thesis is based on analyses of the works of recognized military thinkers, as well as three distinct historical cases. Based on the irregular strategy, the authors have described irregular tactics, organizational principles, and enabling technology.

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22

Wittwer, Larry N. "An exploration of equipping a future force warrior small combat unit with non-lethal weapons". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FWittwer.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research and M.S. in Modeling Virtual Environments and Simulation)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Thomas Lucas. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-103). Also available in print.

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23

Kostelnik, Edward A. "Airmen first shaping the expeditionary air force for counterinsurgency". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Sep%5FKostelnik.

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24

Karres, Matthew G. Richardson Michael. "Innovation from below the role of subordinate feedback in irregular warfare operations /". Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA392863.

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25

Egnell, Robert. "The missing link : Civil-military aspects of effectiveness in complex irregular warfare". Doctoral thesis, Department of War Studies, King's College, London, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-146707.

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26

Karres, Matthew G. y Michael Richardson. "Innovation from below: the role of subordinate feedback in irregular warfare operations". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10891.

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Of the numerous variables that impact the outcome of irregular warfare operations, leadership is one of me most critical. Irregular operations require decentralization and the freedom of the local commander to create local solutions to the situations that he faces. These local solutions can have a dramatic and positive effect on the outcome of irregular military operations. A review of cases that span a century of US irregular warfare operations provides evidence that, at times, the military hierarchy did allow subordinates to innovate and did listen to their recommendations, with positive outcomes as a result. This evidence also illustrates, however, that the military has failed to institutionalize these lessons and is prone to have to re-learn them from conflict to conflict, and at times this relearning process has resulted in the failure of an operation. Leaders must ensure that innovation and feedback are a part of the conduct of irregular warfare operations. This thesis will illustrate that the doctrine and culture of the United States military does not provide for the systematic analysis and exploitation of subordinate innovation. The purpose of this thesis is to clearly articulate the important role that innovation and feedback from subordinates can have on the outcome of operations. The cases put forth to illustrate these points are the Philippines (1898-1902), Vietnam, and El Salvador. The goal is to draw conclusions and make recommendations on how the US military might better capture and utilize subordinate feedback and innovation in future operations.

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27

Sullivan, Michael P. "How to win and know it an effects-based approach to irregular warfare /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FSullivan.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Gustaitis, Peter J. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 18, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-70). Also available in print.

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28

Muse, Robert C. "Advising foreign forces force structure implications of the indirect approach to irregular warfare /". Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA491120.

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29

Sisk, Kurt N. "House divided the splitting of Active Duty Civil Affairs Forces". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FSisk.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.
Thesis Advisor: Sepp, Kalev. Second Reader: Greenshields, Brian. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on February 1, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Civil Affairs, Irregular Warfare, counterinsurgency, foreign internal defense, stability operations, special operations, future threat environment. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-89). Also available in print.

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30

Lockyer, Adam. "Foreign Intervention and Warfare in Civil Wars: The effect of exogenous resources on the course and nature of the Angolan and Afghan conflicts". University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4987.

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Doctor of Philosophy (Economics)
This dissertation asks how foreign assistance to one or both sides in a civil war affects the dynamics of the conflict. This overarching question is subsequently divided into two further questions: 1) how does foreign intervention affect the capabilities of the recipient, and 2) how does this affect the nature of the warfare. The puzzle for the first is that the impact of foreign intervention on combat effectiveness frequently varies significantly between recipients. This variation is explained by recipients’ different abilities to convert the inputs of foreign intervention into the outputs of fighting capability. The nature of the warfare in civil war will change in line with the balance of military capabilities between the belligerents. The balance of capabilities will be responsible for the form of warfare at a particular place and time whether it be conventional, irregular or guerrilla/counter-guerrilla. The argument is then illustrated with two extensive case studies, of civil wars in Angola and Afghanistan, where temporal and spatial variation in the type of warfare is shown to correlate with the type, degree, and direction of foreign intervention.

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Lockyer, Adam. "Foreign Intervention and Warfare in Civil Wars: The effect of exogenous resources on the course and nature of the Angolan and Afghan conflicts". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4987.

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This dissertation asks how foreign assistance to one or both sides in a civil war affects the dynamics of the conflict. This overarching question is subsequently divided into two further questions: 1) how does foreign intervention affect the capabilities of the recipient, and 2) how does this affect the nature of the warfare. The puzzle for the first is that the impact of foreign intervention on combat effectiveness frequently varies significantly between recipients. This variation is explained by recipients’ different abilities to convert the inputs of foreign intervention into the outputs of fighting capability. The nature of the warfare in civil war will change in line with the balance of military capabilities between the belligerents. The balance of capabilities will be responsible for the form of warfare at a particular place and time whether it be conventional, irregular or guerrilla/counter-guerrilla. The argument is then illustrated with two extensive case studies, of civil wars in Angola and Afghanistan, where temporal and spatial variation in the type of warfare is shown to correlate with the type, degree, and direction of foreign intervention.

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Clark, William J. Kelley Christopher S. Bummara Justin M. "Analysis of maritime support vessels and acquisition methods utilized to support maritime irregular warfare". Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FClark%5FMBA.pdf.

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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010."
Advisor(s): Yoho, Keenan D. ; Greene, James B. "June 2010." "MBA Professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Maritime Support Vessel, Maritime Irregular Warfare, Naval Special Warfare, Leasing, Chartering, USSOCOM, Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines, SOF, SEALs, HSV, LCS, Military Sealift Command Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-93). Also available in print.

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Edström, Carl-Fredrik. "Hur konkurrenskraftig är JAS 39 Gripen? : JAS 39C/D-systemets användbarhet i Irregular Warfare". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1403.

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Karaktären på krig har genom historien förändrats. Andelen konventionella krig har de sista 25åren utgjort mindre än en tiondel av det totala antalet väpnade konflikter globalt. Ettsamlingsbegrepp som inkluderar bl.a. terrorism, uppror, terrorismbekämpning ochupprorsbekämpning är irregular warfare. De internationella insatser som svenska förband kankomma att utföra kommer till del att vara i konflikter som har formen av irregular warfare.Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att ur ett förmågeperspektiv undersöka vilken användbarhetJAS 39C/D-systemet kan anses ha vid insatser som har formen av irregular warfare och vadsom kan utvecklas för att höja användbarheten. För att uppnå syftet har en teoretiskkonstruktion och metod som grundats på affärsidésynsättet använts. Denna teori användsnormalt för att uppskatta effektiviteten i företag och organisationer. Med hjälp av dennateoretiska konstruktion och metod har JAS 39C/D-systemets användbarhet i irregular warfareanalyserats.Resultatet i uppsatsen visar att JAS 39C/D-systemet har god användbarhet i irregular warfare.JAS 39C/D-systemet kan bistå med de flesta av de förmågor som efterfrågas av stridsflygplani irregular warfare men det finns brister i form av begränsad vapenlast, kort aktionstid utanlufttankning samt avsaknad av länksysystem för flygplan och sensorer. Resurser i form avövningar och utbildning stöder till del de förmågor som efterfrågas. Under den formellaflygutbildningen bör mer utbildning som stöder de efterfrågade förmågorna och samverkansamt samövning med markofficerare i samma utbildningssteg införas. För att nå ochupprätthålla förmågan till lufttankning bör det satsas mer på resurser i form av utbildning ochövning.
The character of wars has changed throughout history. The proportion of conventional wars forthe last 25 years has constituted for less than a tenth of the total number of armed conflicts inthe world. A concept that includes, but is not limited to terrorism, insurgency, counterterrorismand counterinsurgency is irregular warfare. The combined military effort that Swedish unitsmay perform in the future will in part be in conflicts that have the form of irregular warfare.The purpose of this essay is to examine the utility of the JAS 39C/D system in irregularwarfare from a capability perspective and to see what can be developed in order to increase theutility. In order to achieve the purpose of the essay a theoretical structure and method based ona business concept called affärsidésynsättet has been used. This theory is normally used toestimate the effectiveness in companies and organisations. Using this theoretical structure andmethod an analyze of the JAS 39C/D system’s utility in irregular warfare has been made.The conclusion of the essay shows that the utility of the JAS 39C/D system in irregularwarfare is good. The JAS 39C/D system has most of the abilities requested from fighteraircraft in irregular warfare but there are deficiencies in form of meagre weapon load, shortloitering time without air-to-air refueling and lack of link-system for aeroplanes and sensors.Resources like exercises and education partly support the abilities requested. In the formalfighter pilot training more education supporting the requested abilities is needed.Collaboration and training with equal army officers should be introduced in the fighter pilottraining. In order to achieve and maintain the ability of air-to-air refueling more exercise andeducation is needed.
Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 06-08

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O'Hearn, David J., Damon S. Robins y Aaron C. Sessoms. "Flattening the Learning Curve: SOF as the Supported Command in the Irregular Warfare Environment". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7395.

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When the United States commits forces to a war, overseas contingency operations, or any other large-scale military effort that centers on conflict with belligerents other than another countrys armed military forces, Special Operations Forces (SOF) should be the supported command. Joint doctrine allows for support of such a concept, but that doctrine has not always been followed in practice. Consequently, this thesis argues for SOF being the supported command in an irregular warfare environment. By selecting the force specifically trained for the task at hand, the United States will dramatically reduce the time lost on the learning curve that results from relying predominantly on General Purpose Forces (GPF) commanders in all combat situations. Advocating for SOF being the supported command is not an argument for SOF only, but rather aims for a synergistic and truly unified approach that makes the best possible use of local national forces, partner nations, and GPF in an irregular warfare environment.

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35

Clark, William J., Justin M. Bummara y Christopher Kelley. "Analysis of maritime support vessels and acquisition methods utilized to support maritime irregular warfare". Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10518.

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MBA Professional Report
As the U.S. military continuously aligns the appropriate platforms to conduct Maritime Irregular Warfare (MIW), Special Operations Command (SOCOM) has leased/chartered civilian ships to provide the appropriate vessels needed to support operations in Operation Enduring Freedom-Philippines (OEF-P). The framework of this study showcases three specific vessels with their corresponding capabilities on cost per day basis. Our findings and analyses may aid commanders in determining the most appropriate vessel and cost-effective acquisition method to accomplish specific MIW missions in not only OEF-P, but also in other MIW environments. Based on the analysis and recommendations presented in this project, decision makers in this arena will have a mechanism from which to make a more informed decision regarding the acquisition of vessels supporting MIW. Decision makers will be able to evaluate various potential MIW scenarios; identify specific vessel capabilities to meet their operational requirements; and acquire vessels more cost-effectively based on total daily rate costs.

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36

Basha, Lawrence O. "An examination of overt offensive military operations outside of combat zones". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FBasha.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis (Irregular Warfare) and M.A. in National Security Affairs (Stabilization and Reconstruction))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Peter J. Gustaitis, James Russell. "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-70). Also available in print.

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37

Wallentin, Nils. "Militärstrategisk doktrin : Är den användbar för dagens försvar?" Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-55.

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Förändringar i den svenska säkerhetspolitiken under 2000-talet har gjort att Försvarsmakten i större utsträckning bidrar med trupp till internationella fredsfrämjande insatser världen över. Dessa har endast varit i konfliktområden med så kallade irreguljära aktörer. Förändringarna har gått fort och det finns delar av Försvarsmakten som inte hunnit med i omställningen. Reglementen och doktriner är ett av dessa områden. Arbetet med doktrinerna har precis börjats men det finns idag inget arbete som påvisar hur relevanta doktrinerna är för den verksamhet som Försvarsmakten bedriver i internationella insatser idag.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att börja fylla detta kunskapshål och undersöka i vilken grad Försvarsmaktens militärstrategiska doktrin är tillämpbar för irreguljära konflikter och besvara frågeställningen: Är Militärstrategisk doktrin relevant som vägledning för att lösa Försvarsmaktens uppgifter i irreguljära konflikter?

I uppsatsen beskrivs irreguljära konflikters bakgrund och karaktär samt aspekter som anses viktiga för att insatser skall lyckas med att skapa fred i konflikterna. Utifrån teorin formas operationella indikatorer vilka används i en kvalitativ textanalys för att undersöka den militärstrategiska doktrinen. Resultatet visar att Försvarsmaktens Militärstrategiska doktrin inte är relevant som vägledning i irreguljära konflikter. Den innehåller inte tillräckligt mycket information som anses vara viktig för att insatser skall lyckas. Doktrinen fyller inte längre sitt syfte utan behöver revideras.

Changes in the Swedish security policy during the 21^st century have made the armed forces extending their international peacekeeping efforts worldwide. These missions have only been in conflicts with so-called Irregular armed forces since year 2000. The changes have been rapid and there are areas within the Armed Forces who haven’t kept up with them. Regulations and doctrines is one of those areas. The work with revising these doctrines has just begun but there is currently no efforts being made to demonstrate the relevance of the doctrines for the work the Armed Forces is undertaking in international operations.

The purpose of the paper is to start the process of amending this lack of knowledge and to examine to what extent the Armed Forces military strategic doctrine is applicable for conflicts with irregular armed forces and also to answer the question: Can the military strategic doctrine be considered a relevant guide in solving the tasks of the Armed Forces in conflicts with irregular armed forces?

The paper describes the background and characteristics of conflicts with irregular armed forces. It also describes aspects of these conflicts which are considered essential for the efforts to succeed in establishing peace. Using this theory as a starting point, operational indicators are formed that can be textually analysed qualitatively to investigate the military strategic doctrine. The result shows that the Armed Forces Military Strategic doctrine cannot be considered a relevant guide when dealing with conflicts with irregular armed forces. The doctrine does not contain enough information deemed essential for success. The doctrine no longer fills its purpose, but needs to be revised.

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38

Korteniemi, Christoffer. "Gröna män landar på Krim : en teorikonsumerande fallstudie kring Rysslands irreguljära metoder". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-6607.

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Early in the year 2014 Russia conducted an irregular warfare campaign in the Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea, in a surprisingly swift operation towards an Ukrainian loss . The warfare strategy focus of this thesis is the irregular aspect of the conflict. The conflict was discussed by NATO in a debate earlier this year. Conclusions stated that both NATO and the EU should enhance their defence and resilience against the irregular aspect of warfare, in order to repel and deter such threats in the future. Academics have different arguments about whether the Russian success was achieved using enemy centric or population centric irregular warfare. The aim of this study is to examine Russia´s annexation of Crimea based on theories of irregular warfare. By adding this research based on the conflict in Crimea, other studies based on the case may increase their scientific validity and reliability. The result shows that during the conflict, Russia used population centric irregular warfare, in parallel with a few aspects of enemy centric warfare. Therefore the irregular warfare conducted by Russia could be explained using both of the stated theories.

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39

Ziegler, Thomas. "The long war concept using the security cooperation Marine Air Ground Task Force to address irregular threats through shaping and deterrence /". Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA490846.

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40

Tsoutsoumpis, Spiros. "Irregular warfare in occupied Greece 1941-1944 : masculinity and morale in the British Special Operations Executive and the Greek Resistance". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:161711.

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The resistance of 1941-1944 is one of the more contested and intensively studied periods of Greek history, yet despite the profusion of work that exists in the period, none has discussed in depth the experience of the men who took part in the fighting. This thesis addresses this discrepancy, discussing the experience of Greek resistance fighters and British SOE operatives. The thesis addresses four main questions: Why did men enlist? How were discipline and cohesion retained? How was morale affected by men's experiences and in what ways did they try to address the problems posed? How did men experience combat and construct their personal and gendered identities? These questions are addressed in four separate chapters. The first chapter is concerned with enlistment, and argues that most resisters were driven to enlist either because they lacked any other choice or because of pressure and coercion. Such men were more often than not 'outside the pale': impoverished peasants; outlaws; and marginal intellectuals, who had nothing to lose by joining up. Motives among British irregulars were equally prosaic: boredom; a desire to escape the rigours of military life; or in the case of escaped POW's lack of any other choice. The second chapter discusses discipline. The radical politics of the resistance groups and their egalitarian ideology had a detrimental effect on discipline: guerrillas were hostile to the authority of the officers which they considered to be at odds both with the Resistance's proclamations and their irregular identities. The Resistance tried to address this problem by inventing new structures of command and authority. However, problems persisted and hindered its function throughout this period. The situation was similar in the SOE. Lack of communications, isolation and influences from the Resistance often led to a disregard for discipline, where men turned against each other, embezzled alms and become involved in black market rackets. The third chapter discusses morale. Guerrilla life was wanting in the extreme: deprivation; boredom; and the tedium of everyday chores took a heavy toll. The resistance authorities tried to address this through indoctrination and leisure activities that were used to bolster morale and imbue men with a sense of purpose. At the same time men also turned to what was familiar and appealing to cope with the strain: religion, superstition and drink. In the absence of a relevant support network, British irregulars turned to their immediate environment for support and affection, men formed friendly and intimate relations with the Greeks whose way of life and habits they adopted, thus demonstrating a strong identification with their cause. The fourth chapter focuses on combat and identity. Both Greek and British men saw their participation in the Resistance as a masculinising experience. The effects of hardship and tribulation were acknowledged but at the same time many saw them as necessary and even praiseworthy occurrences that enabled men to mature physically and psychologically and thus to lay claim to idealized heroic masculinities. The personalized nature of guerrilla warfare also enhanced these perceptions, since it enabled them to assert the values of traditional soldiery such as such as personal valour and initiative, rendering combat exhilarating and even pleasurable from many men.

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41

Watsfeldt, Erik. "Irreguljära metoder i marina konflikter : En teoriutvecklande studie om Guerre de razzia i modern kontext". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9174.

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This paper examines naval irregular warfare by developing the theory Guerre de razzia written by Benjamin Armstrong. In its ambition to develop Guerre de razzia this paper analyses recent events of maritime conflicts containing at least one state actor. The analysis is based on the three main categories described in the theory: methods, goals, and success factors. Past research on naval irregular warfare determines it as warfare conducted by non-state actors. Events as recent as April 2020 shows the use of irregular methods in maritime conflicts by state actors when Iran employed swarming attacks against the US Navy. Contemporary research emphasizes that irregular methods are no longer reserved to rebels and guerrillas but a way for state actors to reach their goals more efficiently. The analysis establishes Guerre de razzia as a theory with high level of explanatory value for naval irregular warfare used in recent maritime conflicts. In terms of developing Guerre de razzia the analysis makes the following conclusions: -Methods used in naval irregular warfare utilizes a higher degree of nonviolent approaches with the ambition of keeping the conflict from escalating -Partnership as a mean of receiving logistics enables a small actor to expand its area of operation -The specialized equipment required to undertake naval irregular warfare should increase mobility as a way of approaching the opponent with greater diversity

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42

Ruettershoff, Tobias. "Counterinsurgency as ideology : the evolution of expert knowledge production in U.S. asymmetric warfare (1898-2011) : the cases of the Philippines, Vietnam and Iraq". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/20887.

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This PhD thesis examines the status of ‘expert knowledge’ in the history of U.S. asymmetric, or ‘counterinsurgency’ (COIN), warfare during the last century. The historical rise of expert influence has so far been neglected in the study of wars within the field of International Relations and the thesis will give us an indication of the importance and utility of expert knowledge. With a specific focus on the campaigns in the Philippines (1899-1902), Vietnam (1954-75) and Iraq (2003-11), the central research question guiding the project is as follows: “What were the conditions for the evolution, the constitution and the use of ‘outside’ expert knowledge in U.S. counterinsurgency campaigns?” The thesis claims that military and academic ‘experts’ had a key role in framing and implementing the problem-sets and solutions to these conflicts. They have, in Iraq in particular, played an important part in developing the campaigns’ ex-post-facto justification of success. Within the framework of organisational knowledge production, this knowledge does not necessarily play an instrumental role for the military. Instead, it can also serve a merely symbolic function, demonstrating to the audience and stakeholders within the political environment that the organisation is willing to solve the problems the insurgents pose, but without any interest in long-term utilisation of the knowledge. This thesis argues that across time, from the beginning of the Philippine-American War in 1898 to the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011, ‘counterinsurgency’ has developed from a tactical and operational tool, used instrumentally to fight insurgencies, to a strategy or even ‘ideology’ in its own right. Whilst the methods or techniques of counterinsurgency remain basically the same, expert knowledge is increasingly used in modern – that is post-World War II – campaigns to support a politico-strategic narrative.

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43

Vikenslätt, Seivan. "Stad i eld och rörelse – Manöverkrigföring i bebyggelse : En kvalitativ studie om manöverkrigföring i SIB". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-10013.

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While the world is urbanising at an exponential rate, so does the conflicts. The common environment for a conventional military force has changed from the open fields normally dominated by tanks and artillery, to narrow streets and buildings in a city. While the actors and environment for combat changes, the tactics doesn’t seem to. Maneuver warfare was mainly developed from the lessons learned from WW2 and was focused on warfare with large units using firepower and movement. But since the last two decades most of the fighting has taken part in urban areas against another type of enemy, which won’t allow for the full extent of the maneuvering and firepower due to structures and other obstructions in a city. This study will analyse how western militaries utilised the principles of maneuver warfare in urban combat. The goal is to measure how well the principles of maneuver warfare applicable in an urban environment against the ever-increasing irregular threat. The purpose is to indicate the complexity the urban environment brings to military units when planning and conducting operations. The results find that maneuver warfare relates well but can’t fully explain military success in urban warfare.

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44

Rapp, Joel. ""Warden och den irreguljära konflikten" : Har Wardens teorier spelat ut sin roll?" Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1612.

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Johan A. Warden tog fram sin modell om motståndaren som ett system för att genom denna hitta dess svagheter. Modellen visade sig vara mycket användbar inom mellanstatliga konflikter och var mycket effektiv vid planerandet och genomförandet av USA:s offensiv mot Irak under inledningen av Gulfkriget. Men kopplat mot irreguljära konflikter har Wardens modell stött på mycket kritik då den anses spelat ut sin roll och därför inte längre kan anses applicerbar vid planerandet av luftoperationer inom denna typ av krigföring. Denna uppsats skall se om det är precisionsvapen och användandet av dessa som räddar kvar Warden inom planeringen av luftoperationer inom irreguljär krigföring.
John A. Warden developed the Five ring model and the enemy as a system. These models where used as a tool to find the enemies weak points. These models proved useful in a conventional conflict, and where very effective during the planning and execution of Operation Desert Storm. In recent times Wardens theories has been a subject of a debate, stating that they have played out there role as an effect of irregular warfare. This essay is going to try to see if it is precision-guided munitions that save Wardens theories in the fields of modern air-warfare planning in irregular warfare.

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45

Tenenbaum, Élie. "Une odyssée subversive : la circulation des savoirs stratégiques irréguliers en Occident (France, Grande-Bretagne, États-Unis) de 1944 à 1972". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0015.

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Longtemps en marge des pratiques militaires occidentales, la guerre irrégulière fut réintroduite au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sous l’impulsion de la stratégie indirecte adoptée par la Grande-Bretagne. Les réseaux de coopération interalliés permettent alors à ces nouvelles conceptions de se diffuser auprès d’acteurs français et américains, formant ainsi le creuset d’une nouvelle communauté stratégique. L’émergence de la « menace subversive » au début de la guerre froide favorise le renouvellement de cette communauté et le développement des savoirs stratégiques irréguliers tels que la guérilla ou la guerre psychologique. Tantôt dans la coopération, tantôt dans la rivalité, les alliés tissent leur communauté de pratiques, d’abord en Asie du Sud-Est, face à la menace maoïste, puis dans l’ensemble du Tiers-Monde. Au cours des années 1960, ce sont les États-Unis qui prennent la tête de la croisade contre les « guerres de libération nationale » et développent en réponse une stratégie intégrée sous le nom de « contre-insurrection ». L’échec de sa mise en œuvre au Vietnam, ainsi que ses dérives politiques conduisent pourtant au rapide déclin de la stratégie irrégulière en Occident jusqu’à sa réapparition au début du XXIe siècle. En s’appuyant sur un grand nombre de sources primaires et en adoptant les nouvelles méthodes de l’histoire connectée, ce travail met en lumière les structures, les réseaux et les vecteurs qui contribuèrent à la circulation des savoirs associés à la guerre irrégulière. Il en explore également les motivations, ainsi que les limites et tente de proposer un narratif global permettant d’appréhender l’évolution des concepts de guerre irrégulière
After being marginalized for centuries by the Western military model, irregular warfare was reintroduced during the Second World War through the indirect strategy adopted under British leadership. These new concepts then spread to the French and the American allies, thus contributing to forge the crucible of a new strategic community. The emergence of a "subversive threat" at the beginning of the Cold War allowed the renewal of such a community and the development of strategic knowledge such as irregular guerrilla or psychological warfare. Sometimes in cooperation, sometimes in rivalry, Western allies weaved their community of practice, first in Southeast Asia, facing the Maoist threat of people’s war, and then throughout the whole Third World. In the 1960s, the United States took the head of the crusade against the "wars of national liberation" and thus developed an integrated strategy, known as "counterinsurgency". The failure of its implementation in Vietnam and its political excesses yet lead to the rapid decline of irregular strategy in the West until its reappearance in the early twenty-first century, in the context of the global war on terror. Based on a large number of primary sources and adopting new methods of connected history, this work highlights the structures, networks and vectors which contributed to the circulation of strategic knowledge associated with irregular warfare. It also explores the motivations and limitations for such a circulation and attempts to offer an global narrative to apprehend the evolution of irregular warfare concepts

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46

Greentree, Todd. "The origins of the Reagan Doctrine Wars in Angola, Central America, and Afghanistan". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:54550ee8-e24b-4274-83d8-e9643c1f1aba.

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This diplomatic and military history offers a new interpretation of the origins of the three fighting fronts during the final phase of the Cold War in Angola, Central America, and Afghanistan. Vaguely remembered today as proxy wars on the periphery, in fact, these were protracted revolutionary civil wars and regional contests for the balance of power in which millions died, while at the same time they were central to global superpower confrontation. Analysis focuses on the strategy and policy of the United States. The chronology from 1975 to 1982 covers the Ford administration's covert action intervention in the Angolan Civil War, which came to grief at the hands of Cuban troops; Jimmy Carter's effort to conduct foreign policy based on principles, which ran foul of power considerations in Angola, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Afghanistan; and Ronald Reagan's embrace of these wars early in his first term as part of the revival of U.S. strength in its competition with the Soviet Union. The principal argument is that, while generally undervalued as controversial small wars of dubious significance, these wars were in fact integral to U.S. experience of limited war during the Cold War following victory in World War II. In strategic terms, the main conclusion is that the U.S. restricted itself to conducting economy of force contingency operations in Angola, Central America, and Afghanistan as a result of its costly struggles in Korea and Vietnam. Despite declaring these peripheral wars to be central to the Cold War, avoiding the costs of involving U.S forces directly in Third World conflicts and minimizing the risks of escalation with the Soviet Union were overriding political and military imperatives.

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47

Ahlberg, Jonatan. "The Islamic state’s ambiguous warfare". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9263.

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Since 2010 IS has transformed itself from a terroristgroup to an insurgency organisation that held territory from Mosul in Iraq to Aleppo in Syria. Through this conquest of territory it has proven it’s capabilities in launching conventional style offenses but also it use of irregular tactics and the use of different terrorist acts using suicide bombers and vehicle-borne improvised explosions. This study examines IS warfare between 2010 and 2015 and examens if David Galulas theory ’Insurgency doctrin’ and Frank Hoffmans theory ’Hybrid warfare’ can describe IS warfare through this period. This analysis shows that IS partially can be described through the insurgency doctrin theory as an insurgency following the steps that it descibes. It also shows that while IS follows the steps it also continued to use blind terrorism and selektive terrorism through the whole campaigns. Further more the analysis also shows that IS can be described through Frank Hoffmans ’Hybrid warfare’ theory. IS used conventional means such as military weapons and equipment along with artillery, tanks, anti-tank weapons in both conventional and irregular ways. It’s extensive use of IED, VBIED IS used technology in an ortodox way by rebuildning vehicles and drones into mobile IED’s but also vehicles into light fighting vehicles by mounting heavy machineguns on pickups. This study also concludes that IS can not be described as an hybrid actor becuse it strives at building a regulare army. The conclusion of this study is that IS warfare can be described as an insurgent uprising with hybrid elements. Since 2010 IS has transformed itself from a terroristgroup to an insurgency organisation that held territory from Mosul in Iraq to Aleppo in Syria. Through this conquest of territory it has proven it’s capabilities in launching conventional style offenses but also it use of irregular tactics and the use of different terrorist acts using suicide bombers and vehicle-borne improvised explosions. This study examines IS warfare between 2010 and 2015 and examens if David Galulas theory ’Insurgency doctrin’ and Frank Hoffmans theory ’Hybrid warfare’ can describe IS warfare through this period. This analysis shows that IS partially can be described through the insurgency doctrin theory as an insurgency following the steps that it descibes. It also shows that while IS follows the steps it also continued to use blind terrorism and selektive terrorism through the whole campaigns. Further more the analysis also shows that IS can be described through Frank Hoffmans ’Hybrid warfare’ theory. IS used conventional means such as military weapons and equipment along with artillery, tanks, anti-tank weapons in both conventional and irregular ways. It’s extensive use of IED, VBIED IS used technology in an ortodox way by rebuildning vehicles and drones into mobile IED’s but also vehicles into light fighting vehicles by mounting heavy machineguns on pickups. This study also concludes that IS can not be described as an hybrid actor becuse it strives at building a regulare army The conclusion of this study is that IS warfare can be described as an insurgent uprising with hybrid elements

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48

Lindberg, Filippa. "Hybrid War: A Conceptual History Study : The meaning of hybrid war in the scholarly debate between 2008-2021". Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-10271.

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This thesis examines the meaning and construction of the debated concept of hybrid war/warfare in the existing scholarly literature. The identified research problem stems from the lack of reflection on the conceptual reasoning and thought that underpins the nature of war, which relates to the fact that a historical linguistic perspective is neglected in most studies on war. Through this study, conceptual history theory has demonstrated its utility in War Studies by illustrating the benefit of applying a historically focused lens on debated and contested concepts. Thus, demonstrating how both a synchronic and diachronic perspective is necessary to examine how the meaning and construction of a concept change over time. The analysis aims to answer the question of how the meaning of the hybrid war concept has developed in the existing body of literature between 2008-2021. Based on the analysis, it was observed that the greatest shift in terms of the meaning and use of the concept occurred after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. The previously optimistic anticipation of hybrid war in future was replaced with a more critical understanding of the concept itself, and the prospect of its future. All in all, the result of this thesis, beside the observed shift in the meaning and construction of the hybrid war concept, is that conceptual history theory can contribute to the understanding of contested and debated concepts related to the nature of war.

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49

Baranets, Élie. "La démocratie irrésistible ? : une explication des défaites des démocraties à travers l'étude des guerres menées par les Etats-Unis au Vietnam et par Israͭl au Liban". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0183.

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Les déboires, notamment récents, des démocraties en guerre ne peuvent êtreexpliqués par les théories de la « victoire démocratique ». Dominantes dans le champacadémique contemporain des Relations internationales, celles-ci confèrent aux démocraties unavantage militaire décisif. Rendre compte de cette anomalie, tel est l’objectif de cette recherche.Pour cela, nous posons l’hypothèse que la défaite survient pour un État démocratique lorsquel’exécutif présente publiquement des objectifs de guerre fallacieux : nous parlons de« contournement » (de la démocratie).Une telle pratique rend la guerre illégitime en interne. Les gouvernants en ont conscience et,anticipant la réaction négative du public, ils se restreignent dans l’engagement armé. Leurschoix stratégiques dépendent de cette contrainte. Trop prudents, et surtout trop discrets pourêtre efficaces, ils connaissent des difficultés sur le terrain. Constatant finalement l’existenced’une tromperie quant aux objectifs de la guerre, le public la conteste à mesure qu’elle provoquela mort des soldats de la nation. Les contraintes pesant sur les gouvernants augmentent, et avecelles les difficultés militaires et donc la contestation. Ces facteurs se renforcent mutuellementjusqu’à ce que les gouvernants renoncent à atteindre les objectifs majeurs qu’ils se sont fixés,trop coûteux politiquement. Un temps affaiblie, la démocratie se rétablit irrésistiblement, auxdépens de ceux qui l’ont contrariée. Ainsi les démocraties perdent-elles des guerres, ce quenous tentons de démontrer par l’analyse minutieuse de deux cas d’études représentatifs : laguerre du Vietnam pour les États-Unis et celle du Liban en 1982 pour Israël
Democracies can be in trouble in war, as their recent military failures have shown.The theories of « democratic victory », that put forth that democratic states enjoy a decisivemilitary advantage, have not been able to provide a logical explanation of this occurence. Yet,this proposition dominates the contemporary academic field of International Relations. Thisresearch seeks precisely to solve this puzzle. In order to do so, I argue that democracies losewars when the executive publicly announces fallacious war aims, or as I refer to it as“circumvention” (of democracy).This practice makes war illegitimate internally. Leaders are aware of this, and they must showrestraint in war as they anticipate the negative reactions from the public. Their strategic choicesbecome dependent upon this constraint. Too careful and, above all, too discreet to be effective,they face difficulties in the theater of war. The public eventually discovers the existence of adeception about the aims of the war, and objects to the latter as it provokes the death of thecountry’s soldiers. As the constraints endured by the leaders increase, so do military difficultiesand the contestation of the war. These factors reinforce each other until political leadersabandon their major objectives, realizing it would be too costly to achieve them. Onceweakened, democracy irresistibly recovers at the expenses of those who unsettled it. And thusdemocratic states lose wars, which is evidenced through the meticulous analysis of tworepresentative case studies: the wars that the U.S. and Israel fought in Vietnam and in Lebanon(1982) respectively

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50

ABBIATI, MICHELE. "L'ESERCITO ITALIANO E LA CONQUISTA DELLA CATALOGNA (1808-1811).UNO STUDIO DI MILITARY EFFECTIVENESS NELL'EUROPA NAPOLEONICA". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/491761.

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L’esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811) Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell’Europa napoleonica Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02 La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l’effettività militare dell’esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un’analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell’istituzione militare del Regno d’Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l’apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero. La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell’esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d’origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness. La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d’archivio della Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d’Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano). Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l’esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell’Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell’invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive.
The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army’s behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.

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