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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Istanbul Strait"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 14 de febrero de 2022

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1

Yıldız, Taner, F. Saadet Karakulak, and Abdullah E. Kahraman. "Lift net fishery in the Istanbul Strait." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 30, no. 4 (2013): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2013.30.4.07.

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2

Kodak, Gizem, and Tayfun Acarer. "Evaluation of the effect of maritime traffic regulations on the accident rate in the strait of Istanbul." Aquatic Research 4, no. 2 (2021): 181–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/ar21015.

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In the Strait of Istanbul, which is one of the most perilous natural waterways of the World, many marine accidents have occurred throughout the history. Some of these accidents resulted in deaths, financial losses, and environmental disasters. The fact that a significant proportion of the ships passing the Strait are tanker carrying hazardous cargo further increases this danger. Especially the increasing size of the ships, the increase in the cost of the for transported and the transportation of dangerous cargoes, especially oil and derivatives, to a great extent by sea, made the possible cons

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3

Koşucu, Mehmet, Mehmet Demirel, V. S. Kirca, and Mehmet Özger. "Hydrodynamic and Hydrographic Modeling of Istanbul Strait." Processes 7, no. 10 (2019): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7100710.

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The aim of this study is to model the hydrodynamic processes of the Istanbul Strait with its stratified flow characteristics, and calibrate the most important parameters using local and global search algorithms. For that, two open boundary conditions are defined, which are in the northern and southern parts of the Strait. Observed bathymetric, hydrographic, meteorological, and water-level data are used to set up the Delft3D-FLOW model. First, the sensitivities of the model parameters on the numerical model outputs are assessed using Parameter EStimation Tool (PEST) toolbox. Then, the model is

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4

Köse, Ercan, Ersan Başar, Emrullah Demirci, Abdulaziz Güneroǧlu, and Şebnem Erkebay. "Simulation of marine traffic in Istanbul Strait." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 11, no. 7-8 (2003): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2003.10.001.

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5

Alpkokin, Pelin, Sabahat Topuz Kiremitci, and Goker Aksoy. "A Critical Review of the Istanbul Strait Transportation Policies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 1003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.1003.

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Istanbul is the major city of Turkey and is a typical large urban settlement facing serious problems of transportation. Amongst the others, Istanbul is unique in a way that the Istanbul Strait (Bosporus Strait) separates the metropolitan area into two main land areas creating a bottleneck and crucial traffic problems along a very strategic corridor between the two continents, Asia and Europe. The construction of the First Bridge (1973) and the Second Bridge (1988) and their beltways have highly influenced the travel and spatial development patterns in the city. Besides, the two Bridges have lo

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6

SÖZER, A., and E. ÖZSOY. "Water Exchange through Canal İstanbul and Bosphorus Strait." Mediterranean Marine Science 18, no. 1 (2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1877.

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The Turkish Straits System (TSS) regulates the transports of water, material and energy between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Amidst existing environmental threats to the region surrounding İstanbul, the environmental footprint of the proposed Canal İstanbul project needs to be evaluated through methods of natural science. We take the elementary step to answer the particular problem of coupled strait dynamics by adding the Canal to an existing hydrodynamic model and estimate changes in their common response. Compared to the virtually unmodified exchange flow in the Bosphorus, the

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7

Basar, Ersan, and Ercan Kose. "DUE TO THE HEAVY MARINE TRAFFIC AND ASSOCIATED RISK THE OIL SPILL SCENARIOS AT KANDILLI WHICH IS THE NARROWEST POINT IN ISTANBUL STRAIT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (2005): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-167.

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ABSTRACT The Istanbul strait, which is a part of Turkish Strait System (TSS), is a narrow and navigationally risky waterway for ships. This risk increases daily due to oil transportation from Central Asia and Russia. Over 50.000 vessels, on average, annually use the Turkish Straits. This is an increasing figure that occurred in the Istanbul Strait under the heavy marine traffic. In this study, the scenario was to run on Kandilli which is the narrowest part of the strait. This area is difficult for navigation due to inverse currents (which is referred to as Devils Current by the locals). Simula

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8

Ulusçu, Özgecan S., Birnur Özbaş, Tayfur Altıok, İlhan Or, and Tuba Yılmaz. "Transit Vessel Scheduling in the Strait of Istanbul." Journal of Navigation 62, no. 1 (2008): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463308005092.

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Managing the transit vessel traffic in the Strait of Istanbul is a highly complex operation since vessels, weather and water conditions, and a set of regulations affect its operation significantly. At the present time, the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) operators manage the traffic based on some fundamental rules. After discussions with the VTS, in this report, we present a mathematical formulation of the scheduling process currently in place and validate it by comparing its results with scheduling decisions made by the operators in some days of 2005. The results are highly promising. The funda

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9

Aydogdu, Y. Volkan, Cemil Yurtoren, Jin-Soo Park, and Young-Soo Park. "A Study on Local Traffic Management to Improve Marine Traffic Safety in the Istanbul Strait." Journal of Navigation 65, no. 1 (2011): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463311000555.

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The Istanbul Strait is one of the most congested waterways in the world and is difficult to navigate due to its ‘S-shaped’ geographic structure (Akten, 2004). Much of the local marine traffic affects navigation safety. Results of Yurtoren and Inoue (2004)'s study, which investigated navigational risks in the Istanbul Strait in terms of manoeuvring difficulties and accident statistics, indicates the necessity of effective and applicable local traffic management in the southern entrance of the Strait. In this study, Marine Traffic Fast Time Simulation (MTFTS) studies are used and an attempt is m

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10

Erol, Sercan, Mengü Demir, Bayram Çetişli, and Ekrem Eyüboğlu. "Analysis of Ship Accidents in the Istanbul Strait Using Neuro-Fuzzy and Genetically Optimised Fuzzy Classifiers." Journal of Navigation 71, no. 2 (2017): 419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000601.

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Marine accident analysis is important for ships passing through narrow, shallow and busy waterways. This study analyses the accidents which have occurred in the Istanbul Strait and proposes both quantitative and qualitative assessments of marine accidents. Marine accidents occurring in the Istanbul Strait are analysed by using a method based on neuro-fuzzy and genetically optimised fuzzy classifiers. It can be concluded that accident severity increases when poor weather conditions prevail in the Strait regardless of ship size. Therefore, solutions to reduce unwanted events should be prioritise

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11

Tokuslu, Aydin, Irsad Bayirhan, and Cem Gaziglu. "Investigation the effect of sox emission reduction on transit ships emissions as of January 1, 2020." Thermal Science 24, Suppl. 1 (2020): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci20149t.

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The Istanbul Strait is one of the choke points in the international maritime trade. 44868 ships have passed through the Istanbul Strait in the last two years. These merchant ships are emitting exhaust gas emissions such as CO2, NOx, SOx inten?sively. These pollutants also affect human health and the environment. There is a consensus among scientists that ambient concentrations of particulate matter and SOx have negative health impacts, including asthma, heart attacks, hospital admissions, and premature mortality. In this study, the exhaust gas emissions from ships are estimated based on real s

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12

Tokuslu, Aydin, Irsad Bayirhan, and Cem Gaziglu. "Investigation the effect of sox emission reduction on transit ships emissions as of January 1, 2020." Thermal Science 24, Suppl. 1 (2020): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci20s1149t.

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The Istanbul Strait is one of the choke points in the international maritime trade. 44868 ships have passed through the Istanbul Strait in the last two years. These merchant ships are emitting exhaust gas emissions such as CO2, NOx, SOx inten?sively. These pollutants also affect human health and the environment. There is a consensus among scientists that ambient concentrations of particulate matter and SOx have negative health impacts, including asthma, heart attacks, hospital admissions, and premature mortality. In this study, the exhaust gas emissions from ships are estimated based on real s

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13

Ucan, Emre, and Selcuk Nas. "Analysing Istanbul Strait Maritime Pilot Capacity by Simulation Technique." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 4 (2015): 815–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000909.

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Nautical services should be allocated efficiently as they have great resource costs. In this paper, the Marine Pilotage Service in the Istanbul Strait has been analysed by using Rockwell Arena Simulation Software. The purpose of the study is to find the required number of marine pilots for vessel traffic flow in the Istanbul Strait. It is evaluated thoroughly by a stochastic, dynamic, discrete simulation for safe service standards in pilotage. The result of the paper shows that discrete simulation technique is an efficient and reliable way of solving complex techno-nautical service allocation

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14

Basar, Ersan. "INVESTIGATION INTO MARINE TRAFFIC AND A RISKY AREA IN THE TURKISH STRAITS SYSTEM: CANAKKALE STRAIT." TRANSPORT 25, no. 1 (2010): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.01.

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The Turkish Straits comprising the Strait of Canakkale, the Strait of Istanbul and the Sea of Marmara are unique in many respects. All dangers and obstacles characteristic of narrow waterways are present and acute in this critical sea lane. This research reveals the simulation of Canakkale (Dardanelle) Strait under different traffic conditions and identifies risky areas. The results of this simulation show that an increase of 25% in the existing traffic grows 43 times in the number of waiting ships (from 1.663 to 73.73), whereas waiting time increases 29 times (from 24.267 to 737.07). As a res

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15

Akkaya Baş, Aylin, Bayram Öztürk, and Ayaka Amaha Öztürk. "Encounter rate, residency pattern and site fidelity of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) within the Istanbul Strait, Turkey." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 4 (2018): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315418000577.

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AbstractThe Istanbul Strait is an important cetacean habitat that is intensely used by humans. Yet little is known about their spatial-temporal distribution. To understand the encounter rates and residency patterns of bottlenose dolphins, photo-identification data were collected between 2011 and 2016 in the Istanbul Strait. The study showed that bottlenose dolphins are a regular, year-round component of the strait. The encounter rate was estimated to be four groups (22 individuals) per 10 km. The adjacent waters of Marmara Sea and Black Sea, that host relatively less marine traffic, had the hi

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16

Okay, Oya S., Hakan Pekey, Enis Morkoç, Serden Başak, and Berna Baykal. "Metals in the surface sediments of Istanbul Strait (Turkey)." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 43, no. 14 (2008): 1725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520802330412.

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17

Birpınar, Mehmet E., Gonca F. Talu, and Barbaros Gönençgil. "Environmental effects of maritime traffic on the İstanbul Strait." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 152, no. 1-4 (2008): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0292-8.

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18

Gazioğlu, Cem, and Volkan Okutan. "Underwater Noise Pollution at the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus)." International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 3, no. 3 (2016): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.306478.

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19

Özlem, Şirin, Yiğit Can Altan, Emre N. Otay, and İlhan Or. "Grounding Probability in Narrow Waterways." Journal of Navigation 73, no. 2 (2019): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463319000572.

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The Strait of Istanbul is one of the world's busiest, narrowest and most winding waterways. As such, there is a high grounding probability for vessels. Although a number of grounding probability models exist, they have been deemed unsuitable by local maritime experts, due to their insufficient stopping distance criteria for narrow waterways. Thus, there is a need for a new model. This paper proposes a two-component grounding probability model that multiplies the geometric grounding probability (calculated with a kinematic-based model) with the causation probability (calculated with a specially

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20

ALTIOK, Η., and M. KAYIŞOĞLU. "Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Water Exchange in the Strait of Istanbul." Mediterranean Marine Science 16, no. 3 (2015): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1225.

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Temperature and salinity distribution and volume fluxes through the Strait of Istanbul were analysed using long-term monthly time series of temperature-salinity (1996-2010) and current profiles (1999-2010) collected at both ends of the strait. While annual cycle of the upper layer temperature, with minima in February and maxima in August, reflects the influence of air temperature with a near monthly phase shift, annual cycle of the upper layer salinity, with lowest values observed between April to September, is mostly affected by river discharge into the Western Black Sea. The seasonal variati

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21

Yazici, M. Anil, and Emre N. Otay. "A Navigation Safety Support Model for the Strait of Istanbul." Journal of Navigation 62, no. 4 (2009): 609–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463309990130.

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In this study, a real time maritime traffic support model is developed for safe navigation in the Strait of Istanbul, also known as the Bosporus. The present model simulates vessel trajectories corresponding to possible headings, using channel geometry, counter traffic, and surface currents as input. A new MATLAB code is developed for the simulation and the Marine GNC Toolbox (Fossen and Perez, 2004) is used for the vessel hydrodynamics and the auto-pilot model. After computing the trajectory tree of the vessel by forward-mapping its position distribution with respect to the initial position v

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22

Çakır, Erkan, and Bünyamin Kamal. "Analysis of merchant vessel accidents in Istanbul strait through decision tree method." Aquatic Research 4, no. 1 (2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/ar21002.

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In this study merchant vessel accidents which occured between 2001 and 2016 in the sectors of Türkeli, Kandilli, Kadıköy, Marmara which constitutes Istanbul Strait region under Istanbul Vessel Traffic Services scope have been examined. Data was obtained from database of Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Main Search and Rescue Coordination Center, and after data cleansing process, 535 vessel accidents which involve merchant cargo vessels of above 500 grosston have been analyzed. Merchant cargo vessel accidents which were taken place in the specified sectors have been examined with CHAID

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23

Aydogdu, Y. Volkan, Cemil Yurtoren, Serdar Kum, and Jin-Soo Park. "Questionnaire Survey on the Risk Perception in the Istanbul Strait." Journal of Navigation and Port Research 34, no. 7 (2010): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5394/kinpr.2010.34.7.517.

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24

Kameyama, Saho, Ayhan Dede, Ayaka A. Ozturk, et al. "Study of cetaceans in Istanbul Strait using passive acoustic method." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131, no. 4 (2012): 3494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4709201.

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25

ALTIOK, H., H. YUCE, and B. ALPAR. "Seasonal variation of the cold intermediate water in the Southwestern Black Sea and its interaction with the Sea of Marmara during the period of 1996-1998." Mediterranean Marine Science 1, no. 2 (2000): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.288.

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Seasonal variations of the cold intermediate water (CIW) in the southwestern Black Sea and its entrance into the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus) within the upper layer flow have been studied by using monthly oceanographic data sets collected in 1996-1998 period. In addition, the advection of the CIW via Strait Of Istanbul to the Sea of Marmara has been investigated.The CIW is a permanent and characteristic water mass of the Black Sea, markedly observed in the northwestern Black Sea. It is transported with the Rim Current along the boundary of the basin. The average temperature of the CIW is abo

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26

Aydogdu, Yusuf Volkan. "A Comparison of Maritime Risk Perception and Accident Statistics in the Istanbul Straight." Journal of Navigation 67, no. 1 (2013): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463313000593.

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The Istanbul Strait is a challenging waterway for maritime traffic due to its rough topology, moderate to severe environmental conditions, and heavy local traffic. In particular, a total of 232 maritime accidents took place there between 2000 and 2011. In this study, generic fuzzy analytic hierarchy processes were used to assess the risk perception of stakeholders in the Istanbul Strait, including ship captains, maritime pilots and Vessel Traffic Services operators. These risk perceptions were then compared to the statistical maritime accident data, revealing a fundamental discrepancy between

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27

Aydog˘an, Burak, Berna Ayat, Mehmet N. Öztürk, Esin Özkan Çevik, and Yalçın Yüksel. "Current velocity forecasting in straits with artificial neural networks, a case study: Strait of Istanbul." Ocean Engineering 37, no. 5-6 (2010): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.01.016.

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28

ORS, HALUK. "Oil Transport in the Turkish Straits System: A Simulation of Contamination in the Istanbul Strait." Energy Sources 25, no. 11 (2003): 1043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310390233559.

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29

Dede, Ayhan, Ayaka Amaha Öztürk, Tomonari Akamatsu, Arda M. Tonay, and Bayram Öztürk. "Long-term passive acoustic monitoring revealed seasonal and diel patterns of cetacean presence in the Istanbul Strait." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 6 (2013): 1195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000568.

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The Istanbul Strait (Bosphorus) is a part of the Turkish Straits System, connecting the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. There are three cetacean species in the Strait, namely the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). To monitor the presence of the cetaceans, a fixed stereo passive acoustic monitoring system (A-tag) was deployed in the middle of the Strait from July 2009 to September 2010. In total 26,814 click trains were detected. Presence, direction and inter-click intervals of phonating cetaceans were mea

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30

Doğan, Ertuğrul, and Selmin Burak. "Ship-Originated Pollution in the Istanbul Strait (Bosphorus) and Marmara Sea." Journal of Coastal Research 232 (March 2007): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/04-0283.1.

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31

INOUE, Kinzo, Cemil YURTOREN, Hideo USUI, and Kouhei HIRONO. "Risk Assessment for Marine Traffic Accident in the Strait of Istanbul." Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation 109 (2003): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9749/jin.109.53.

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32

Ulusçu, Özgecan S., Birnur Özbaş, Tayfur Altıok, and İlhan Or. "Risk Analysis of the Vessel Traffic in the Strait of Istanbul." Risk Analysis 29, no. 10 (2009): 1454–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01287.x.

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33

Dyoulgerov, Milen. "Navigating the Bosporus and the Dardanelles: A Test for the International Community." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 14, no. 1 (1999): 57–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180899x00039.

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AbstractThis article addresses the ongoing controversy over the 1994 Regulations imposed by Turkey over the traffic flow in the Strait of Istanbul, the Strait of Canakkale and the Sea of Marmara. It provides background information and a synopsis of the conflict, reviews the consistency of the Turkish Regulations with the existing international law, and offers a constructive suggestion for resolving the impasse. The navigation and the geo-political situation of the Straits is laid out followed by a presentation of, and comments on, the elements of the existing international legal regime governi

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34

., Ahmet Nuri Tarkan, Melek I. inibilir ., and Ali Serhan Tarkan . "Seasonal Variations of the Zooplankton Composition and Abundance in the Istanbul Strait." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8, no. 9 (2005): 1327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2005.1327.1336.

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35

YURTOREN, Cemil, and Kinzo INOUE. "Traffic Control Criteria for Congested Water Area in the Strait of Istanbul." Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation 111 (2004): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9749/jin.111.251.

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36

Altan, Yigit C., and Emre N. Otay. "Maritime Traffic Analysis of the Strait of Istanbul based on AIS data." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 6 (2017): 1367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000431.

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The Strait of Istanbul is one of the most congested and risky waterways in the world. Navigation patterns have been investigated using Automatic Indentification System (AIS) data collected over a long period. 1·5 billion AIS messages, gathered over a year from 309,000 moving vessels in the Strait were stored in a Structured Query Language (SQL) database. Grid-based analysis is used to track the time, number, position, type, dimension, heading, speed and course over ground of ships. Local traffic, whose effect on maritime risk has often been neglected, is found to dominate transit traffic by a

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37

Basar, Ersan, Ercan Kose, and Abdulaziz Guneroglu. "Finding risky areas for oil spillage after tanker accidents at Istanbul strait." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 27, no. 4 (2006): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2006.010580.

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38

Arioglu, Basar, Hasan Burak Gokce, Fatma Sevil Malcioglu, and Ergin Arioglu. "TBM Tunnel under the Bosphorus for the Istanbul Strait Road Crossing Project." Geomechanics and Tunnelling 9, no. 4 (2016): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/geot.201600025.

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39

Karacık, B., O. S. Okay, B. Henkelmann, S. Bernhöft, and K. W. Schramm. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and effects on marine organisms in the Istanbul Strait." Environment International 35, no. 3 (2009): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.005.

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40

Okay, Oya S., Burak Karacık, B. Henkelmann, and Karl Werner Schramm. "Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments and mussels from the Istanbul Strait." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176, no. 1-4 (2010): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1566-5.

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41

Gökaşan, Erkan, Hüseyin Tur, Berkan Ecevitoğlu, et al. "Evidence and implications of massive erosion along the Strait of İstanbul (Bosphorus)." Geo-Marine Letters 25, no. 5 (2005): 324–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-005-0216-3.

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42

Yazicioglu, Hasan, K. M. Murat Tunc, Muammer Ozbek, and Tolga Kara. "Simulation of electricity generation by marine current turbines at Istanbul Bosphorus Strait." Energy 95 (January 2016): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.11.038.

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43

TOKUŞLU, Aydın, and Selmin BURAK. "Examination Of Exhaust Gas Emissions Of Transit Ships In The Istanbul Strait." Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science 9, no. 1 (2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21541/apjes.705918.

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44

Sahin, Ismail, and Güzin Akyıldız. "Bosporus Bridge Toll Plaza in Istanbul, Turkey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1910, no. 1 (2005): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191000112.

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The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, is the first of the two highway crossings connecting Asia and Europe over the Bosporus Strait. Drivers must pay their toll in the Europe-to-Asia direction at a toll plaza comprising 15 lanes. Manual and electronic payment methods are available in the plaza. The analysis of data showed that several factors affect both the throughput of the plaza and the traffic flows approaching it. Among the factors were whether a particular toll lane was in service, the contraflow lane operation toward the plaza, the lane operators’ performance, and the queue lengths i

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45

UZER, Uğur, Taner YILDIZ, and Firdes Saadet KARAKULAK. "Catch composition and discard of the boat seine in the İstanbul Strait (Turkey)." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 41 (2017): 702–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1610-10.

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46

Sarıöz, Kadir, Abdi Kükner, and Ebru Narlı. "A Real-Time Ship Manoeuvring Simulation Study for the Strait of Istanbul (Bosporus)." Journal of Navigation 52, no. 3 (1999): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463399008498.

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During the past thirty years, there has been a steady growth in the size and number of ships that use the Strait of Istanbul (Bosporus), which is one of the most difficult, crowded, and potentially dangerous waterways in the world. There have been over two hundred accidents over the past decade resulting in loss of life and serious damage to the environment. Many of the proposed export routes for forthcoming production from the Caspian sea region pass westwards through the Black Sea and the Bosporus en-route to the Mediterranean Sea and world markets. The risks and dangers associated with tank

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Yüce, Hüseyin. "Mediterranean Water in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus) and the Black Sea Exit." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 43, no. 5 (1996): 597–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0090.

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BAYIRHAN, İrşad, Kadir MERSİN, Aydın TOKUŞLU, and Cem GAZİOĞLU. "Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus)." International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 6, no. 3 (2019): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.641397.

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KARSAVRAN, Yavuz, Tarkan ERDİK, and Zeynep Özge TERZİOĞLU. "The Effect of the Peak Discharges of River Danube on Istanbul Strait (Bosphorus)." International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 7, no. 2 (2020): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.701241.

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Okay, O. S., B. Karacık, Serden Başak, B. Henkelmann, S. Bernhöft, and K. W. Schramm. "PCB and PCDD/F in sediments and mussels of the Istanbul strait (Turkey)." Chemosphere 76, no. 2 (2009): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.051.

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