Tesis sobre el tema "Jan Gehl"

Urban design is being rediscovered. For most of the past 50 years it has lacked the concrete theory necessary to guide praxis. As a field it has related only sporadically and selectively to experiential knowledge and was essentially still entrenched within formulistic Modernist approaches. This has limited urban design as practiced to a design profession focused on aesthetics and individual projects without being part of the mainstream city-shaping process. The vacuum in city politics has been filled by modernist traffic engineering and car-based planning. This has limited urban design’s ability as a field to respond to the need for sustainable, vibrant and inclusive urban environments. In particular, it has failed to address the force and power of car-based planning. However, there is scope for a profession of urban design that considers a city holistically and is an advocate for the needs of pedestrians. In particular, there is scope for an urban design practice that is able to challenge the pre-eminence of the auto-focused shaping of cities. These determinations necessitate a different approach to designing our cities. Through work in over 40 cities, Danish urban designer Jan Gehl has begun to demonstrate a new theory and practice of urban design that rediscovers it potency through an emphasis on walkability.This study considers the theory and practice of urban design from a walkability perspective in order to facilitate a more effective, sustainable, humanistic and responsive approach, developing an evaluation framework based on Jon Lang’s (1994) call for a more encompassing urban design approach. This framework is then applied to the work of Gehl, as a case study of an urban designer who has constantly focused on the needs of people within city design, asking what is the significance of Gehl’s work and theory to urban design?Fundamentally urban design is concluded to be about creating cities, or improving existing ones, to be vibrant and sustainable places that relate to people’s use and needs—especially pedestrians—using the skills and theories of various disciplines and depending to a large degree on the public and political process to define the values and priorities. It is about creating hopeful resilient places that are able to adapt and respond to varying social, environmental and economic needs and about creating positive changes in urban environments. The study concludes that there is scope for urban design to move beyond its current limitations to work from a base of experiential knowledge about the city and its use that is focused on a reflective and experiential approach, building on solid practice based theory and on planning for pedestrians.Gehl’s work, both in theory and practice, is explicitly humanist, offering normative urban design theories based on substantive research, is part of organic urban theory and is embedded in ideas of pedestrian based transport planning. As a practitioner, Gehl’s methods enable experiential knowledge to come to the forefront of urban design concerns. Building from Gehl’s focus on the need to overcome formulistic and automobile-dominated urban planning would enable urban design’s aesthetic and prescriptive based theories to have a new and deeper meaning: sustainable urban design is at its heart planning and designing for walkability. This thesis determines that a core component of urban design theory and practice is advocating for the needs of pedestrians.

Many small municipalities, in contrast to larger centers, struggle to offer natural social venues in their neighborhoods. As people choose larger cities for social gatherings, smaller city centers becoming depopulated and in turn they lose their necessary demand to sustain social meeting places. The purpose of this work is to see what small towns can do to make social spaces more attractive and vibrant and thereby encourage people to participated more in the public realm. This study will focus on Smedjebacken (Sweden) municipality's urban development and present proposals for measures that the municipality can take to become more socially sustainable from a planning perspective. The work is much based on Kevin Lynch and Jan Gehl's theories. Where Lynch's scientific strategies see the great perspective of how the city is built and Gehl's ideologies are at a more detailed level where the residents meetings in the city are the primary. A case study has been conducted to gather information about past and future strategies concerning Smedjebacken's city center, as well as documents, ideas and views of municipal official and knowledgeable persons through interviews. A Lynch-based observation analysis of central parts of the city was also used. The method is based on theories in Lynch’s The image of the city, Lynch argues that people see five critical elements in cities: paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks. This analysis was conducted during two days in Smedjebacken’s city center. The results show that Smedjebacken has several improvement points in order to increase the social sustainability in the city center. The city is divided into three major districts and has an incoherent character, which means that the few shops and social venues in the city are dispersed and do not benefit from one another as a result. In order to fuse the core of the city, recommendations based on Jan Gehl's theories are advanced. The key strategy recommended is to create social meetings that encourage residents to visit and participate in their community center.<br>Många mindre kommuner har idag svårt att bibehålla de naturliga sociala mötesplatserna i sina tätorter till följd av att större städer har mer att erbjuda. Att allt fler människor väljer större städer för olika sociala sammankomster leder ofta till att de mindre stadskärnorna blir folktomma och i sin tur försvinner den efterfrågan som behövs för att upprätthålla sociala mötesplatser. Syftet med det här arbetet är att se vad småkommuner kan göra för att uppmuntra sin befolkning att lämna hemmen och göra de sociala rummen mer attraktiva och levande. Arbetet kommer att ha fokus på Smedjebacken kommuns stadsutveckling och presentera förslag på åtgärder som kommunen kan vidta för att bli mer socialt hållbara ur ett planeringsperspektiv. Arbetet grundar sig mycket i Kevin Lynch och Jan Gehls teorier. Där Lynch vetenskapliga strategier ser det stora perspektivet av hur staden är uppbyggd och Gehls ideologier är på en mer detaljerad nivår där invånarnas möten inom staden är det primära. En fallstudie har genomförts för att samla in information om tidigare och framtida strategier för Smedjebackens stadskärna, även olika dokumentationer från kommunen har använts och insatta personer har intervjuats. En Lynchbaserad observationsmetod över de centrala områdena inom staden har tillämpats. Metoden grundar sig i Lynch teorier från boken The image of the city där Lynch hävdar att människor ser och upplever staden utifrån de fem kritiska elementen: stråk, gränser, distrikt, noder och landmärken. Analysen genomfördes under två dagar i centrala Smedjebacken. Resultatet visar att Smedjebacken har ett flertalet olika punkter som skulle kunna förbättras för att främja den sociala hållbarheten inom centrum. Staden är uppdelad i tre större distrikt och har en osammanhängande karaktär vilket leder till att de få affärerna och sociala mötesplatserna i staden är utspridda och inte gynnas av varandra till följd av det. För att knyta samman stadskärnan har stadsplaneraren Jan Gehls teorier applicerats där han menar att människor måste uppmuntras till sociala möten i staden för att vilja vistas där.

Tierps kommun upplever demografisk och ekonomisk tillväxt, och Tierps tätort är i behov av förnyelse och upprustning. Människor som lever i en stad som upplever tillväxt har högre förväntningar och ställer högre krav på offentliga miljöers hållbarhet, utformning och design. En centrummiljö som är tryggare, mer attraktivt och tillgängligt eftersträvas av Tierps kommun. Denna fallstudie är avgränsad till Centralplan i Tierps centrum och på platsen finns Tierps resecentrum, butiker och andra verksamheter. Syftet med denna studie är att uppfylla Tierps kommuns mål genom att skapa en social och välkomnande mötesplats för alla människor. Centralplan i Tierp har studerats utifrån Jan Gehls metoder för att studera det offentliga livet. Den avgränsade platsens fysiska förutsättningar har inventerats. Faktorer som sol, vind, material, verksamheter och fysisk utformning har studerats. Platsen har därefter analyserats utifrån Gehls 12 kvalitetskriterier. Kartläggning av människors sociala beteende i relation till platsens byggda miljö har även utförts. Denna kartläggning har bestått av Gehls metoder counting, mapping och tracing. För djupare insikt i platsens fysiska och sociala förutsättningar har förbipasserande intervjuats. Intervjufrågorna bestod av strukturerade frågor med möjlighet för respondenter att svara med öppna svarsalternativ. Detta gav respondenterna möjlighet att fritt beskriva hur de upplevde Centralplan och vad de ville förändra. Sedermera, grupperades och analyserades intervjusvaren för undersökning av statistiska samband. Utifrån observationer, intervjuer samt erhållen kunskap om planeringsteorier, har ett gestaltningsförslag skapats över en mer attraktiv, social och välkomnande mötesplats för alla människor. Studien har, med detta gestaltningsförslag över Centralplan, bidragit till kunskapen om svenska småstäders och deras byggda miljöer, samt hur dessa kan analyseras utifrån Gehls metoder.<br>Tierp´s municipality is experiencing demographic and economic growth, and Tierp´s urban centre needs renewal and renovation. People living in a city experiencing growth have higher expectations and higher demands on public spaces´ sustainability and design. Tierp´s municipality seeks for an urban environment that is more attractive, more secure and more available. This case study is delineated to Centralplan. The site contains Tierp´s centre for public transport, shops and other businesses. The purpose of this study is to fulfill the municipality goals by creating a social and welcoming meeting place for everybody. Centralplan was studied with Jan Gehl´s methods of studying public life. Centralplan´s built environment was inventoried and factors such as sun, wind, building material, businesses and physical design were documented. Centralplan was analyzed with Gehl´s 12 quality criterias. People´s social behaviour in relation to the built environment was also studied through Gehl´s methods counting, mapping and tracing. For deeper insight into Centralplan´s physical and social conditions, bypassers were interviewed. The interviews consisted of structured questions with possibility to answer openly, giving respondents the chance to freely explain how they experienced Centralplan and what they wanted to change. Subsequently, the answers were grouped and analyzed for statistical significance. Through observations, interviews and obtained knowledge about planning theory, a design proposal has been created over a more attractive, social and welcoming meeting place for everybody. The creation of a design proposal over Centralplan, has contributed to the knowledge of Swedish towns and their built environments, and thus how they can be analyzed with Gehl´s methods.

Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.<br>Advisor: Gerald Larson. On T.P. the word "we" appears on a new line and without parentheses. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 28, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: social sustainability; sociability; interaction; Jan Gehl; housing; community. Includes bibliographical references.

Gävle beräknas inom de kommande åren växa med cirka 500 invånare per år, vilket måste avspeglas i satsningar på bostäder, arbete och service. Fastigheten Skeppsbyggaren, mer känd som Philipsontomten, bär anor från svunna industriepoker och har sedan mitten av 1990-talet stått oexploaterad. Genom att närma sig vattnet med en alltmer publik verksamhet och bostäder kan kvarteret Skeppsbyggaren medföra en förtätning samt utvidgning av de centrala delarna i Gävle. Vidare kan fastigheten bli ett bidrag till en redan värdefull kulturmiljö, något som bör ligga i både invånarnas, kommunens och ägaren CA Fastigheters intresse. Vårt arbete har gått ut på att projektera ett miljöcertifierat gestaltningsförslag för Skeppsbyggaren som bidrar till en hållbar stadsutveckling och en positiv exponering av Gävle som stad. Att miljöcertifiera byggnader är något som vunnit mark de senaste åren, men vid projektering av hela bostadsområden finns ett värde i att ta ett ytterligare steg och behandla hållbarhetsfrågor rörande hela stadsdelen. Den problembild som varit knuten till fastigheten är den intilliggande industriverksamheten, områdets ansträngda trafiksituation och att gator i anslutning till fastigheten upplevs som otrygga och därmed oattraktiva att beträda. Även den höga risken för markföroreningar associerade till tidigare verksamheter har varit en central fråga. Med stöd av Gehls och Jacobs teorier om en stadsdelsplanering som lockar till möten, aktiviteter och trygghet har vi med människan i centrum tagit fram vårt gestaltningsförslag. Området utgörs huvudsakligen av flera sammanhängande byggnader som tillsammans skapar en bullerdämpande barriär mot Södra Skeppsbron och Brodingatan. Denna bebyggelse kompletteras med ett punkthus samt en lågbebyggelse i form av radhuskroppar på innergården. Målet har varit att med huskropparnas placering och dess arkitektoniska utformning skapa ett varierat och inbjudande område som uttrycker sitt århundrade med god arkitektur. Resultatet innefattar bland annat ett underjordiskt garage, förslag till systemlösningar, egen elproduktion och brukarrelaterade lösningar för en mindre miljöpåverkan såsom bilpool, urban odling och individuell mätning av elförbrukning med mera. Förslaget uppnår betyget VERY GOOD vid vår certifiering med miljöcertifieringsverktyget BREEAM Communities.<br>Gävle is expected to increase its population with approximately 500 inhabitants per year in the foreseeable future, which should be reflected in the development of housing, work and services. The building plot Skeppsbyggaren, also known as Philipsontomten (the Philipson plot), dates back to an old industrial epoch and has since the mid-1990s, remained undeveloped. By approaching the water with an increasingly public business and residential district Skeppsbyggaren can lead to a densification and extension of the central parts of Gävle. The site could furthermore contribute to an already valuable cultural environment, which should be of interest for the inhabitants, the society and the owner CA Fastigheter. Our aim has been to design an eco-certified housing project proposal for Skeppsbyggaren, which contributes to a sustainable urban development and a positive exposure of Gävle. In recent years, the certification of building is something that gained ground, but during the development of entire neighborhoods is worthwhile consider sustainability issues at a larger scale, throughout the district. The problems associated with the property have been the adjacent industrial activity, the area’s strained traffic and that the nearby streets are perceived as unsafe and therefore unattractive to use. The high risk of contaminated land linked to past activities was also a central issue. We have developed a design proposal with a people-centered focus supported by Gehl’s and Jacob’s theories of planning a high functional neighborhood that attract human encounters, social activities and security. The area mainly consists of several connected buildings, which together create a noise-reducing barrier against the adjacent streets. This development is complemented by tower blocks and low buildings in the form of townhouses, located in the courtyard. Our aim regarding the positions of the buildings and its architectural designs has been to create a diverse and inviting neighborhood that expresses good architecture out of its own century. The final result includes an underground garage, selection of systems such as ventilation and heating, a local production of electricity and user-related suggestions for a smaller environmental impact such as carpools, urban gardening and individual metering of the consumption of electricity, and so on. Our proposal achieves the grade VERY GOOD in our certification using BREEAM Communities.

SAMMANFATTNING Det finns en problematik med städer som innehåller otrygga och exkluderande stadsrum,eftersom den demokratiska rätten till staden då hotas. Problemet grundar sig i detstrukturella förtryck mot personer som skiljer sig från den förväntade normen kring kön,etnisk tillhörighet, klass, sexualitet, funktionsvariationer samt könsidentitet och könsuttryck(Almén 2014). Detta ställer krav på planerare och arkitekter att inkludera olika målgrupper ien stadsutvecklingsprocess, för att på så sätt säkerställa att stadsrum både är utformade föroch används av en bred målgrupp. I syfte att främja den sociala hållbara stadsutvecklingen ären högst grundläggande faktor för att en plats ska kännas trygg att få folk att stanna kvar påplatsen och inte bara passera förbi. “Placemaking är […] att omvandla otrygga, outnyttjade stadsmiljöer till platser med enstark identitet som lockar människor. […] syftet är att öka användningen av det offentligarummet samt att skapa ett mervärde i stadsmiljön.” (Stiftelsen Tryggare Sverige 2018b) Utöver det egna insamlade empiriska materialet har en tillämpning av teoretiska perspektiv- i form av forskning, kartläggningar och konkreta modeller för platsutveckling - legat tillgrund för att föra studien framåt, både i förståelse av ämnet men även i form av praktiskatillämpningar. Underlaget har vidare delats in i följande kategorier: Placemaking, Feministisk Stadsplanering och Kartläggning av av mänskliga beteenden i urbana miljöer. Genom fyra faser används blandade metoder för att på ett varierat sätt undersöka deproblemformuleringar som ställs. Det hela startar i en enkätundersökning, som leder till enjämförande studie, vilken i sin tur leder till en etnografisk studie på den utvalda platsen, somslutligen mynnar ut i ett gestaltningsförslag. Hela studien är beroende av den föregåendefasen då slutresultatet är baserat på allt tidigare material som blivit insamlat. Utifrån det insamlade materialet, tidigare publicerad statistik och litteratur i feministiskstadsplanering formuleras en hypotes och teori som kan förklara varför kvinnor respektivemän upplever (o)trygghet i offentliga miljöer. Därmed gör vi ett eget teoretiserande omvarför samhället ser ut som det gör. Slutsatserna ur det observerade faktumet härleds ochexemplifieras i den sista fasen, genom ett gestaltningsförslag på Värnhemstorget.<br>ABSTRACT There is a problem with cities that contain unsafe and exclusive urban spaces since thedemocratic right to the city is threatened. The problem is based on the structural oppression ofpeople that differs from the expected norm regarding gender, ethnicity, social class, sexuality,disability, gender identity, and gender expression (Almén 2014). This requires planners andarchitects to include different target groups in the urban development process, to ensure thaturban spaces are both designed for and used by a broad target group. In order to promotesocially sustainable urban development, a fundamental factor for a place to feel safe is to getpeople to stay in the place and not just pass by. “Placemaking is […] about transforming unsafe, unused urban environments into placeswith a strong identity that attracts people. […] the aim is to increase the use of publicspace and to create added value in the urban environment.” (Stiftelsen Tryggare Sverige2018b) In addition to the own collected empirical material, an application of theoretical perspectives -in the form of research, surveys and concrete models for site development - has been the basisfor advancing the study, both in understanding the subject but also in the form of practicalapplications. The data has been further divided into the following categories: Placemaking,Feminist Urbanism and Mapping of human behavior in urban environments. Through four phases, mixed methods were used to examine the problem formulations in avaried way. It all started with a survey, which led to a comparative study, which then led to anethnographic study at the selected site, which ultimately resulted in a design proposal. Thewhole study was dependent on the previous phase as the finished result was based on allprevious material that had been collected. Based on the collected material, previously published statistics, and literature in feministurbanism, a hypothesis and a theory was formulated that could explain why women and menexperience (un)safety in public environments. Thus, we made our own theorizing about whysociety works the way it does. The conclusions from the observed fact were derived andexemplified in the last phase, through a design proposal for Värnhemstorget.

This thesis evaluates public spaces based on the relationship between humans and thephysical environment. A comparative study was developed, comparing two differentpublic spaces, Hornstull torg and Skärholmstorget. The two places have beenstatistical analysed through chisquare tests and evaluated based on different factors, toidentify strengths and weaknesses. The factors have been identifiedas important forpublic spaces to be perceived as attractive and have been determined with help froma theoretical framework based on urban research. Social progress has resulted in changes on how we use public spaces which createsnew demands on the surroundings. The study concludes that a public space'sattractiveness is a complicated and multifolded concept that has different meanings fordifferent people. On the other hand, it is clear that public spaces are connected toboth social and physical structures and the combination of these two dimensionsdecides how the place is perceived and used. The results from the chisquare-tests show differences depending on gender and ageon how they experience public space. Skärholmstorget fulfils more of the factors thathave been identified as crucial for an attractive public space than Hornstull torg does.However, the majority of the respondents perceive Skärholmstorget as moreinsecure than Hornstull torg. This may have effect on how often the public space isused.

Digitaliseringen av samhället är igång och Sveriges regering har satt som mål att Sverige ska vara i spetsen för utveckling och innovation inom området. Efterfrågan på digitala lösningar är stor bland befolkningen och satsningar görs i de flesta branscher. Inom ämnesområdet fysisk planering innebär detta bland annat att nya tekniska lösningar bör utforskas för att hålla jämna steg med de krav som ställs på samtidens och framtidens medborgardeltagande. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka virtual reality-teknikens potential i kommunal fysisk planering och hur den kan tillämpas. Med utgångspunkt i Jan Gehls ”12 kvalitetskriterier för offentliga platser” analyserades fallet Nättraby centrum i Karlskrona kommun som vidare mynnade ut i en redovisning av process samt arbetsmetodik för arbete med VR i kommunal planering. Gehls metod applicerades sedan på den virtuella miljön genom att tjänstemän på Karlskrona kommun fick utvärdera projektet. Syftet med appliceringen av analysmetoden var att belysa styrkor och svagheter med tekniken för att genom intervju med tjänstemän kunna diskutera vilka situationer den är tillämpbar samt hur planförslag bör visualiseras för att uppnå kommunens syfte med tekniken. Resultatet av uppsatsen visade att analysmetoden ”12 kvalitetskriterier för offentliga platser” var tillämpbar i en virtuell miljö men att vissa kriterier var lättare att bedöma än andra. De kriterier som ansågs lätta att bedöma i den fysiska miljön var relaterat till skala, rumslighet och relation mellan volymer. De kriterier som ansågs svåra var relaterade till faktisk rörelse på platsen och sinnesupplevelser som inte var representerade (ljud och känsel), men de behövde inte nödvändigtvis inkluderas i simuleringen för att yrkesverksamma planeringsarkitekter skulle kunna bedöma. Vid utformandet av planförslag i VR ansågs det vara extra viktigt att kommunicera förslagets föränderlighet till medborgare samt att diskutera och kunna motivera förslagets detaljeringsgrad baserat på förslagets kommunikationssyfte.<br>The process of digitalizing our society is in full swing and the Swedish government has set its sight on Sweden being the spearhead of development and innovation in the field. There is great demand for digital solutions among Swedish citizens and most branches of industry are making investments to answer it. What this means for spatial planning is, among other things, that new technical solutions should be explored to keep up with citizens demands regarding participatory planning today and in the future. The purpose of this thesis has been to explore virtual reality technology’s potential and application in municipalities spatial planning. With point of departure in Jan Gehl’s “12 quality criteria for public space” a case study was performed on Nättraby center in Karlskrona municipality. This was followed by a plan proposal constructed in 3D with a documented design process and work methodology for working with VR in spatial planning. Gehl’s method was then applied in the virtual environment where officials from Karlskrona municipality evaluated the plan proposal. The purpose of the method for analyzing public space was to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the technology to create a discussion with officials from Karlskrona municipality, through an interview, about where VR is best used and how spatial planning proposals should be visualized to fulfill the municipality’s intent with using the technology. The results showed that the analysis method “12 quality criteria for public space” proved to be applicable in a virtual environment, but some of the criteria were easier to evaluate than others. Criteria related to scale, space and relation between volumes deemed easiest to evaluate. Criteria related to actual movement and senses that were not simulated like sound and touch were deemed harder to evaluate, but their lack of representation did not hinder the planning officials to evaluate the criteria. In the design of planning proposals for VR the officials emphasized the need to communicate to its citizens that the proposal was changeable and discuss the importance of the relation between level of detail and the proposals communicative intent.

The goal of this thesis is to define the current public space of a city and to introduce its main elements and characteristics, also the planning principles of public space and types of public activities of a citizen in a city. The thesis is mainly focusing on the ideas and principles of a Danish architect and urbanist Jan Gehl, after who I am describing types of cities and as well as the analysis of main principles in city planning according to the book Cities for People. It describes the relationship between the citizen and the city and it follows the main questions of creating an ideal public space for its residents and visitors. After the conducted detailed research of a specific place, the thesis establishes positive and negative aspects of the given space and creates a methodology for designing the public space. Thanks to qualitative questionnaires, I evaluated the views of citizens on key questions about the quality of given public space.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-10T13:41:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Jos? Brand?o de Menezes Junior.pdf: 1334630 bytes, checksum: 0e3130fc9cf04d6dac8ef9b924232b57 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T13:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Jos? Brand?o de Menezes Junior.pdf: 1334630 bytes, checksum: 0e3130fc9cf04d6dac8ef9b924232b57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES<br>Vegetable of African origin, the hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa. L) is fully adapted to the climatic conditions of the state of Maranh?o its leaves are the basis for many dishes Maranh?o. The vinegar has high nutritional value, low cost, easy to grow especially for lowincome families who produce and consume a product containing functional nutrients such as minerals and vitamins, like iron and vitamin C and thus acquiring great socioeconomic importance, however in its marketing there is a significant loss, which is linked primarily to biological factors that indicate numbers to producers marketing a fresh hibiscus anthocyanins, total phenolics, sugars, non-reducing sugars, fiber, minerals and calories , microbiological analyzes evaluated the products and they were hygienic and sanitary conditions. Sensory analysis showed an average of more than seven in a nine-point hedonic scale, which represents the impression "liked moderately", indicating that the flavor of the vegetable vinegar was well received by consumers. The percentage of panelists who demonstrated purchase intent for jelly and sweet vinegar cut was fairly representative, showing the ability to market products based on vinegar, increasing the shelf life and value of vegetables<br>Hortali?a de origem africana, a vinagreira (Hibiscus sabdariffa. L) est? plenamente adaptada as condi??es edafoclim?ticas do estado do Maranh?o suas folhas servem de base para v?rios pratos da culin?ria maranhense. A vinagreira possui alto valor nutritivo, baixo custo, f?cil cultivo principalmente para as fam?lias de baixa renda que produzem e consomem um produto que contem nutrientes funcionais como minerais e vitaminas, a exemplo do ferro e vitamina C e assim, adquirindo grande import?ncia socioecon?mica, entretanto, na sua comercializa??o existe uma perda significativa, a qual esta ligada principalmente a fator biol?gico que indicam n?meros preocupantes para os produtores que comercializam a vinagreira in natura antocianinas, compostos fen?licos totais,a??cares redutores,a??cares n?o redutores,fibras,minerais e valor cal?rico,as an?lises microbiol?gicas avaliaram os produtos e estes apresentaram condi??es higi?nicos sanit?rias satisfat?rias.A analise sensorial apresentou m?dias superiores a sete em uma escala hed?nica de nove pontos,que representa a impress?o ?gostei moderadamente? indicando que o sabor caracter?stico da hortali?a vinagreira foi bem recebido pelos consumidores. O percentual de provadores que demonstrou inten??o de compra para geleia e doce de corte de vinagreira foi bastante representativo, evidenciando a possibilidade de introduzir no mercado produtos a base de vinagreira, aumentando a vida de prateleira e o valor agregado da hortali?a

The content of this thesis is about preparation and processing of lead-free piezoceramic materials with perovskite structure. Potassium sodium niobate (KNN) powder was prepared by solid state reaction (SSR) and liquid phase reaction (sol-gel reaction). The powders were formed by uniaxial and isostatic pressing and further sintered. The density, grain size and morphology were determined on the sintered samples. The powder, synthesised by SSR and sintered in a conventional furnace, was chosen as a standard. The maximum density achieved on samples after optimization of sintering cycle was 93 %TD. The sintering optimization involved a homogenization step at 950 °C, which promotes the correct development of the phase composition and microstructure, followed by sintering at 1120 °C. The same approach and sintering cycle were used for sintering the samples, prepared by sol-gel synthesis. The maximum density of the samples prepared by sol-gel reaction and sintered in a conventional way, was 92 %TD. For further comparison, both of the synthesised powders were sintered using SPS (spark plasma sintering), which increased their final density up to 97 %TD. The approximate value of the piezoelectric coefficient d33 (pC/N) has been measured on selected SSR samples with pure phase composition ((K0,5Na0,5)NbO3). The best measured value of d33 was around 100 pC/N.

Detta examensarbete har sin utgångspunkt ihållbar stadsutveckling och inriktar sigsärskilt på social hållbarhet men även påekonomisk hållbarhet. Arbetet behandlarhuruvida den fysiska strukturen (gator,byggnader, parker, vägar) och markanvändningen(mötesplatser, funktionsblandning,aktivitetsytor) kan verka brottsförebyggandeoch trygghetsskapande och som kontextundersöks delområdet Herrgården iRosengård, Malmö. Med utgångspunkt i deteoretiska principerna; människans skala,befolkade stadsrum, naturlig övervakningoch förvaltning härleds en förståelse försambandet mellan fysisk miljö, brott ochotrygghet. En nulägesbeskrivning och enhållbarhetsanalys av situationen i Herrgårdengörs. Området Herrgården kartläggsoch analyseras utifrån ett observationsschemabaserat på de teoretiska principerna.Analysen av den fysiska strukturenkompletteras med brottsstatistisk, analysav brottskoncentrationers geografiskaplacering tillsammans med input från denfördjupade trygghetsundersökningen. Intevjuermed verksamma i området kompletterarstudien.Hållbarhetsanalysen visar att Herrgårdenär ett utsatt och resurssvagt område samtatt Herrgårdenborna saknar förankring tillsamhället genom sin låga delaktighet. Invånarnai Herrgården känner en låg gradav trivsel, tillit och kollektiv styrka,lägst för stadsdelen.Vidare uppger invånarna i Herrgården attde känner en hög otrygghet och en storandel av invånarna avstår aktiviteter pågrund av otrygghet fastän utsattheten förbrott inte är anmärkningsvärd hög.Analys av den fysiska strukturen och markanvändningenutifrån principerna ur teorigenomgången;människans skala, befolkadestadsrum, naturlig övervakning ochförvaltning visar att det finns mycket attgöra.Analysen av brottsstatistik visar på treutmärkande mikroplatser i delområdet; Rosengårdsskolan,koloniområdet och Rosengårdsherrgård (inrymmer Drömmarnas hus).Hållbarhetsanalysen visar att jämlikhetenoch delaktigheten i Herrgården behöverstärkas. För att öka den upplevda trygghetenoch minska brottsligheten i Herrgårdenkrävs insatser som inbegriper mångaaktörer och en bred samverkan, inte minstpå lokal nivå. Vidare är det nödvändigtmed en lokal förankring till de boende iområdet inte minst barn och unga som utgören stor andel av invånarna. För attförändringar i den fysiska strukturen skaförbli långsiktiga investeringar och intedrabbas av vandalisering och nedskräpningså är det viktigt att befolkningen i områdetkommer till tals och får möjlighetatt lämna synpunkter och förslag tidigt iprocessen.Som en del av examensarbetet upprättas enprojektplan med syfte att stärka främstden sociala men även ekonomiska hållbarhetensom omfattar att ta fram en generiskmodell för ett lokalt brottsförebyggandeoch trygghetsskapande program med inriktningpå fysisk struktur och markanvändning,TRYGG & SÄKER. Projektet syftartill att öka tryggheten och minska tillfällenaför brott men även till att ökajämlikheten och delaktigheten bland de boendeoch verksamma.Sökord/nyckelord: hållbar stadsutveckling,social hållbarhet, brottsförebyggande ochtrygghetsskapande stadsplanering, brott,säkerhet, trygghet, GIS, fysisk planering,geografisk analys, markanvändning, befolkadestadsrum, stadsliv, ögon på gatan,delaktighet, hotspots, mikroplats<br>This thesis is based on sustainable urbandevelopment and focuses particularlyon social sustainability, but also economicsustainability. The thesis addresseswhether the physical structure (streets,buildings, parks, roads) and land use (venues,function mixing, activity areas) cansupport crime prevention and reduce thefear of crime and the context for thissurvey is Herrgården in Malmö, Sweden. Basedon the theoretical principles; humanscale, populated urban space, natural surveillanceand management an understandingof the relationship between physical environment,crime and fear of crime is derived.A status report and a sustainabilityanalysis of the situation in the Herrgårdenis made. The area Herrgården is mappedand analyzed through an observationschedule based on the theoretical principles.The analysis of the physical structureis complemented by crime statistics,analysis of hotspots` geographic positiontogether with input from the security survey.Interviews with people working in thearea complements the study.The sustainability analysis shows thatHerrgården is a vulnerable and weak resourcearea and the residents lacks anchoringto the community by their low participation.The inhabitants of Herrgårdenfeel a low degree of satisfaction, trust,and collective strength, lowest for thedistrict.Furthermore, residents in Herrgården statethat they feel a high level of fear ofcrime and a high proportion of residentsrefrain activities due to fear of crime,although victimization is not remarkablyhigh.Analysis of the physical structure andland use based on the principles of thetheory; human scale, populated urban spaces,natural surveillance and managementshows that there still is much to do.The analysis of crime statistics shows threedistinctive hot spots in the area;Rosengårdsskolan, area with the allotmentsand the old mansion of Rosengård(today Drömmarnas hus, multiactivities forchildren and young).The sustainability analysis shows thatequality and participation in Herrgårdenneeds to be strengthened. In order to reducethe crime and the fear of crime in Herrgården efforts involving many stakeholdersand a broad collaboration, especiallyat the local level, is needed.Furthermore, it is necessary to have alocal connection to the residents especiallychildren and young people who make upa large proportion of the inhabitants. Tochange the physical structure to remainlong-term investment and not suffer fromvandalism and littering, it is importantthat people in the area have a voice andthe opportunity to make comments and suggestionsearly in the process.As part of the thesis a projectplan is established,aimed at strengthening primarilysocial but also economic sustainability,which includes developing a genericmodel for a local crime prevention andsecurity-building program that focus onphysical structure and land use, SAFE &SECURE. The project aims to reduce fear ofcrime and reduce opportunities for crimebut also to increase the equality and fullparticipation of people living and working.Keywords/tags: sustainable urban development,social sustainability, crime preventionand reduced fear of crime, urbanplanning, crime, safety, security, GIS,spatial planning, spatial analysis, landuse, populated urban space, city life, eyeson the street, participation, hot spots

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura, Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa, 2018.<br>Exame público realizado em 27 de Junho de 2018.<br>A presente dissertação consiste num estudo das ideologias do arquitecto dinamarquês Jan Gehl associado a uma análise da cidade de Copenhaga. Deste modo, propõe-se estudar como a influência de Jan Gehl se reflecte no desenvolvimento de um modo de vida sustentável, com espaços urbanos que suportam a vida urbana e a interacção entre habitantes, numa abordagem vocacionada para o peão em detrimento do automóvel. Assim sendo, depois de uma breve análise da evolução da cidade desde a Revolução Industrial e os factores determinantes na sua definição, explora-se uma das, senão a mais importante, corrente de pensamento adoptada por muitos arquitectos e urbanistas após a industrialização – o urbanismo moderno – e de como este criou muitos problemas que se tentam resolver hoje em dia. A influência dos princípios do urbanismo moderno e as suas consequências tanto a nível formal e estrutural, como a nível social, são o ponto de partida e a principal motivação para o trabalho de Jan Gehl, cujo papel na mudança do paradigma do planeamento urbano, de um urbanismo moderno ideológico para uma abordagem focada nas pessoas, é inegável.<br>The present dissertation concerns a study of Jan Gehl’s ideologies, associated with an analysis of the city of Copenhagen. Thus, the investigation sets out to understand how the influence of Jan Gehl is reflected in the development of a sustainable way of living, through urban spaces that support urban life and interaction between people, with an approach oriented towards pedestrians to the detriment of the car. Therefore, after a brief analysis on the evolution of the city since the Industrial Revolution and the determining factors in its definition, the study moves onto exploring one of, if not the most important, ideology adopted by architects and urbanists after industrialization – modern urbanism – and how it triggered a lot of the problems that cities are faced with to this day. The influence of the principles found in modern urbanism and its consequences both formal and structural, as well as social, are the starting point and main motivation for Jan Gehl’s work, whose role in shifting the paradigm of urban planning from a modern urban ideology to a people-centered approach is undeniable.

O crescimento dos centros urbanos tem promovido o desaparecimento da escala humana. O espaço público torna-se numa tela direcionada para os carros e inabitada pelas pessoas. Um exemplo desta realidade é o Carregado em Alenquer, composto por bairros dormitório, atravessado por vias rápidas que ligam Portugal às empresas de logística que existem no região. O centro é dominado pelo carro, o espaço público é praticamente inexistente e os serviços que poderiam gerar alguma vivência, foram transferidos para a periferia, isolando o centro urbano. Para dar resposta a estas questões os arquitetos e urbanistas têm investigado metodologias alternativas de análise e desenho de propostas para os centros urbanos Um exemplo paradigmático no estudo de novas soluções é Jan Gehl, que dedicou a sua vida profissional a criar e adaptar técnicas e ferramentas para se estudar o espaço público e a forma como as pessoas interagem com o mesmo. O desafio lançado na vertente de Projeto Final de Arquitetura (PFA), serviu de argumento para analisar as técnicas aplicadas por Jan Gehl, nos seus estudos e projetos de espaço público. O estudo desenvolvido na vertente teórica sustenta em parte as decisões de desenho projetual para o carregado. Neste sentido, o presente estudo demonstra como as técnicas de Jan Gehl podem ser aplicadas na metodologia de projeto arquitetónico de forma a melhorar a qualidade dos espaços públicos urbanos.<br>The growth of the urban centres have been promoting the human scale disappearance. The public space becomes a canvas, focused on the cars and inhabited by people. An exemple of this reality is Carregado, in Alenquer, characterized by (dorm hoods), crossed by many speedways that connect Portugal to the local existing logistics enterprizes. The centre is dominated by cars, the public space is practicly unexistent and the services that could generate some liveliness have been trasferred to the periphery, therefore isolating the urban centre. To provide an answer to these questions, the architects and urban planners have been researching methodologies and alternatives for the analysis and design proposals for the urban centres. A paradigmatic exemple in the study of new solutions is Jan Gehl, who dedicated his professional life to creating and adapting techniques and tools for studying the public space as well as the ways people interact with it. The challenge given in the course of Final Project of Architecture (FPA) has served the purpose of analyzing the techniques applied by Jan Gehl on his studies and projects about the public space. The study developed in the theoretical strand, partially sustains the decisions made in the projected design for Carregado. In this sense, the presente study demonstrates how Jan Gehl’s techniques may be applied in the methodology of the architectonic design in order to improve the quality of the urban public spaces.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>Due to the drastic increase in the cost of fossil fuels and other environmental issues, the demand for energy and its storage has risen globally. Rather than being dependent on intermittent energy sources like wind and solar energy, focus has been on alternative energy sources. To eliminate the need for fossil fuels, advances are being made to provide energy for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) and pure electric vehicles (EV) thus providing scope for much greener environment. Hence, focus has been on development in lithium ion batteries to provide with materials that have high energy density and voltage. Ortho olivine lithium transitional metals are known to be abundant and inexpensive; these compounds are less noxious than other cathode materials. Advancement in research is being done in finding iron and manganese compounds as cathode materials for advanced technologies. However, Lithium manganese phosphates are known to suffer with poor electrochemical performances due the manganese dissolution in the organic liquid electrolyte due to Jahn-Teller Lattice distortion. This problem was tried to endorse in this thesis. In the second chapter by synthesizing nano sized cathode particles with good electronic conductivity, good performance was achieved. In the third chapter additive olivine cathode was synthesized my modified sol gel process. A wt. % of TMSP was added as an additive in the organic liquid electrolyte. By comparing the properties between the two kinds of electrolytes it was observed that by the addition of the additive in the organic electrolyte good electrochemical properties could be achieved hindering the Mn dissolution in the electrolyte. In the final chapter, a composite solid electrolyte was fabricated by using NASICON-type glass ceramic of Lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) with organic binder of Polyethylene oxide. The flexible solid electrolyte exhibited good ionic conductivity. An all solid state cell was fabricated using the composite solid electrolyte using LiMn2O4 as the symmetric electrodes. At different pressures, the performance of the solid state cell was studied.