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Esser, Frederick. "John Lockeś investigation into our knowledge of bodies". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964923432.
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Grant, Ruth Weissbourd. "John Locke's liberalism /". Chicago : London : Ill. ; the University of Chicago press, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349522356.
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Train, Filho Sergio. "A cidadania em John Locke". [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279522.
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Orientador: Yara Adario FrateschiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho visa à compreensão da cidadania em John Locke. Através da análise do estado de natureza, da teoria da propriedade e do estabelecimento das condições que levam os homens à elaboração do pacto formador da sociedade civil, busco compreender os argumentos da filosofia política de Locke sob os quais estariam estabelecidas duas leituras distintas a respeito da cidadania. Uma leitura tem por base a igualdade de poder político no estado de natureza e sua manutenção quando do estabelecimento da sociedade civil, o que acarretaria a isonomia de direitos e deveres dos cidadãos. Enquanto a outra entende que há uma diferenciação de direitos políticos entre os homens. Esta diferenciação teria por fundamento elementos de ordens distintas, como a manutenção de interesses político-econômicos e o uso diferenciado da razão, pensada no âmbito da moral teológica lockeana. A verificação de que ambas as leituras encontram respaldo na obra do filósofo suscita a ocorrência de ambigüidades que envolvem não apenas o seu pensamento político, mas também o de seus intérpretes. Para compreender essa ambiguidade, utilizo uma contextualização de autor e obra que permite dizer que há a diferenciação da cidadania, mas que ela é decorrente de um difícil projeto político de estabilização social que requer abordagens ambíguas. A idéia central dessa dissertação é, tendo por base a cidadania, estabelecer um ponto de partida para a compreensão das ambiguidades no pensamento de Locke. Um filósofo ao qual é possível atribuir ao mesmo tempo um caráter humanista cívico e individualista possessivo.
Abstract: The present work aims to understand citizenship in John Locke. Through the analysis of state of nature, property theory and the establishment of the conditions that take the men to the elaboration of compact of the civil society, we want to understand the arguments of the political philosophy of Locke under two distinct readings regarding citizenship. One reading has the base of equality of political power in estate of nature and its maintenance when the establishment of civil society would cause the isonomy of rights and duties of the citizens. However, the other understands that there is differentiation of political rights between the men. This differentiation would be based on distinct elements of orders, such as the maintenance of economic-political interests and the differentiated use of reason, thought on lockean theological moral scope. Both readings find endorsement in the philosopher work who excite the occurrence of ambiguities which involves not only its political thought but also its interprets. To understand this ambiguity, we use a contextualization of the author and work that allows saying that there is the differentiation of the citizenship, but that it is occurs from a difficult political project of social stabilization which require ambiguous approach. The main idea of this dissertation is, considering citizenship, to establish a starting point in order to understand the ambiguities on Locke's political thought. A philosopher that is possible to attribute, in the same time, a character civic humanist and possessive individualism.
Mestrado
Filosofia
Mestre em Filosofia
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Warmath, Thomas Lawrence Allman Dwight D. "The beginnings, ends, and aims of a gentleman's education an exegesis of Locke's Some thoughts concerning education /". Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5093.
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Sousa, Rodrigo Ribeiro de. "John Locke e a liberdade republicana". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-26052017-133103/.
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Ao longo da história da filosofia, John Locke tem sido frequentemente apresentado sob o rótulo de pai do liberalismo, o que decorre, invariavelmente, de um modo peculiar de interpretação da noção de liberdade para o filósofo, que estaria estruturada em torno da ideia de não-interferência. Derivada frequentemente de propostas analíticas realizadas em um vácuo histórico, em que as ideias de Locke são tomadas como uma estática coleção, tal conclusão expressa uma perspectiva que não considera o caráter essencialmente discursivo da filosofia política e o campo problemático em que os conceitos foram pensados pelo filósofo. Se tomarmos a obra de Locke a partir de um campo mais abrangente, constituído por diferentes atos de discurso, em que sejam considerados as condições e o contexto em que os elementos textuais foram enunciados, recuperando-se o aspecto polêmico do texto, pode ser evidenciado um traço marcadamente republicano no conceito de liberdade formulado pelo autor. Partindo da perspectiva de John Pocock acerca do processo de formação do republicanismo inglês, segundo a qual as matrizes republicanas foram recebidas na Inglaterra a partir do século XVI, desencadeando um longo processo de anglicização da república, no qual diferentes momentos podem ser identificados, e tomando como pressuposto a ideia de dupla filiação do conceito moderno de liberdade, proposta por Jean-Fabien Spitz, o propósito deste trabalho é colher os elementos que apontam em que medida a noção de liberdade defendida por Locke em sua obra política pode ser considerada tributária dos argumentos desenvolvidos nos momentos precedentes em que se expressou o pensamento republicano na Inglaterra, o que permitiria incluí-la como referência de um importante ato do longo discurso que culminou na formulação do conceito republicano de liberdade.Throughout the history of philosophy, John Locke has often been presented under the label of \"father of liberalism,\" which invariably follows from a peculiar way of interpreting his concept of freedom, as structured around the idea of non-interference. Coming from analytical proposals often elaborated in a \"historical vacuum\", in which Locke\'s ideas are taken as a static collection, such a conclusion expresses a perspective that does not consider the essentially discursive character of political philosophy and the \"problematic field\" in which some concepts were thought by the philosopher. On the other hand, if we take Locke\'s work from a broader field, made up of different \"acts of discourse,\" taking into account the conditions and contexts in which the textual elements were enunciated, and recovering the controversial aspect of the text, we can reveal a republican feature in the concept of liberty formulated by the author. Starting from John Pocock\'s perspective about the English republicanism, according to which republican matrices were received in England from the sixteenth century, triggering a long process of \"anglicization of the republic,\" in which different \"moments\" can be identified, and considering the idea of double affiliation of the modern concept of freedom, proposed by Jean-Fabien Spitz, the purpose of this work is to gather the elements that indicate to what extent the notion of freedom defended by Locke in his political work can be considered tributary of the arguments developed in the previous \"moments\" in which the republican thought in England was expressed, which would allow to include it as reference of an important \"act\" of the long discourse that culminated in the republican concept of liberty.
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Aziz-Ouazzani, Saloua. "John Locke : termes, concepts et théorie". Lyon 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO20030.
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L'objet de Locke est de montrer comment le langage peut être un outil adéquat à l'expression des connaissances. Il distingue entre l'usage civil et l'usage philosophique des mots. Savoir les idées particulières contenues dans la signification des mots est une condition nécessaire à l'usage correct de la langue. Locke est fondateur de la distinction entre le lexique et la terminologie, ainsi que l'analyse componentielleLocke's aim is to show how language can be a suitable means to express knowledge. He distinguishes between civil use and philosophical use of words. Knowing particulars contained in the signification of words is a necessary condition to the right use of language. Locke is the pioneer of the distinction between lexical words and terminology as well as componential analysis
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Stanton, Timothy. "John Locke, Edward Stillingfleet and toleration". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508848.
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Hutchison, Ross. "Locke in France : 1688-1734 /". Oxford : the Voltaire foundation, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35499517w.
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Hulvat, Jason Francis. "A gendered analysis of the historical Locke rethinking Locke's second treatise on government /". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?miami1057759937.
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Spellman, W. M. "John Locke and the problem of depravity /". Oxford [u.a.] : Clarendon Press, 2002. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0606/87028287-d.html.
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Boeker, Ruth. "John Locke on persons and personal identity". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3609.
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John Locke claims both that ‘person' is a forensic term and that personal identity consists in sameness of consciousness. The aim of my dissertation is to explain and critically assess how Locke links his moral and legal account of personhood to his account of personal identity in terms of sameness of consciousness. My interpretation of Locke's account of persons and personal identity is embedded in Locke's sortal-dependent account of identity. Locke's sortal-dependent account of identity provides an important theoretical framework for my interpretation: It makes clear that Locke's account of personhood is to be considered separately from his account of personal identity. My approach gives full credit to Locke's claim that ‘person' is a forensic term, because I argue that persons, according to Locke, belong to a moral and legal kind of being: they are subjects of accountability. On this basis I argue that two components explain why Locke argues that personal identity consists in sameness of consciousness: firstly, his particular moral and legal conception of a person, and, secondly, his particular understanding of the conditions of just accountability and just reward and punishment. Given one accepts Locke's conception of a person and his understanding of the conditions of just accountability, it will be easy to see why Locke regards sameness of consciousness to be necessary for personal identity, but the more challenging question is whether sameness of consciousness is also sufficient. I critically assess this question by considering Locke's account of persons and personal identity within Locke's epistemological, metaphysical and religious views. I will argue that, at least from the divine perspective, the underlying ontological constitution has to be taken into consideration and that it is a verbal question whether Locke's term ‘consciousness' refers not only to phenomenologically given consciousness, but also to the underlying ontological constitution.
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Toyama, Miyagusuku Jorge Luis. "El derecho de propiedad en John Locke". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/98029.
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El tema que abordaremos en esta monografía se contrae en determinar los principales aspectos de la teoría sobre el derecho de propiedad del inglés John Locke (Wrington, 1632-1704), en su obra«Segundo Ensayo sobre el GobiernoCivil».John
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Namazi, Rasoul. "Le problème théologico-politique de John Locke". Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0129.
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Cette thèse est une reconstruction de la pensée morale et politique de Locke autour de la problématique théologico-politique chez cet auteur. Elle entreprend de suivre la pensée de Locke, depuis les textes des années de jeunesse, suivant systématiquement l'évolution de la pensée de Locke, jusqu'à la formulation de ses thèses définitives sur la tolérance, la loi naturelle et le christianisme. D’après l’auteur, il existe chez Locke deux doctrines, une doctrine ésotérique et une doctrine exotérique. La première se confondrait avec une doctrine de l'utilitarisme naturel indépendante du christianisme qui, considéré en lui-même, serait largement suffisant pour fonder un ordre politique mais qui, en raison de la difficulté d'accès rationnel aux prémisses de la loi naturelle ainsi qu'à l'ensemble de ses prescriptions, devrait recourir à tout le dispositif d’une doctrine de la loi naturelle lestée d’une sanction divine, dispositif qui est exposé précisément dans la seconde doctrine. Cette seconde doctrine, malgré ses insuffisances philosophiques, fait partie des mythes salutaires qui sont les piliers du régime politique lockéen ; elle répond aux limites naturelles de la vie humaine : irrationalité et contradictions entre intérêt individuel et bien public. En ce sens, le véritable projet de Locke serait celui de la constitution d'une « religion civile » ordonnée à la construction de l'ordre social et politiqueThis thesis is a reconstruction of John Locke’s political and moral philosophy around the theologico-political problem. It tries to study the evolution of Locke’s thought from is his earlier writings to the formulation of his mature ideas about the toleration, the law of nature and Christianity. According to the author, Locke has two doctrines, one esoteric and other exoteric. The first is a doctrine of natural utilitarianism, independent of Revelation, which considered in itself is largely sufficient as the foundation of a political order. But because of difficulties related to the discovery of the premises of natural law and its complete prescriptions, this doctrine must have recourse to a doctrine of natural law founded on divine sanctions; this is the exoteric doctrine. This second doctrine, in spite of its philosophical insufficiencies is one of the salutary myths which are the pillars of the Lockean regime. This doctrine answers the natural limits of human life: irrationality and contradiction between individual and public interest. In this sense, the real project of Locke is to found a “civil religion” for the constitution and the preservation of his political order
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Schio, Lurdes de Vargas Silveira. "A concepção de substância de John Locke". Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/85997.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T02:15:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
A dissertação de mestrado, A Concepção de substância em John Locke, apresenta, a reabilitação da noção de substância no Ensaio Acerca do Entendimento Humano. Mostra como Locke se vale de certas implicações epistemológicas para promover a dissolução da noção tradicional de substância, i e., substrato ou forma substancial de modo a provocar mudanças em seu significado. A partir disso, as diferentes acepções da noção em questão: essência real, constituição interna desconhecida, etc. são revisitadas e harmonizadas. Como conseqüência, inúmeros aspectos da filosofia de Locke são devidamente esclarecidos e aprofundados sob uma nova luz, principalmente no que concerne às concepções de empirismo e realismo.Da análise das diferentes noções de substância resulta a noção de substância definida como "alguma coisa", vaga e indeterminada que se ajusta ao empirismo de Locke. Ao propor a distinção entre essência nominal e real, Locke reformula o significado dessa noção o que culmina na reformulação do realismo.
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Wright, John Samuel Flectcher y mikewood@deakin edu au. "Liberty in key works of John Locke and John Stuart Mill". Deakin University, 1995. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051201.154348.
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The ideas of liberty presented in the important works of John Locke and John Stuart Mill, The Second Treatise of Government (1689) and On Liberty (1859), are often viewed as belonging to the same conceptual tradition, that of English liberalism. This thesis is an articulation of the diversity between the theories of liberty expressed by Locke and Mill in the Second Treatise and On liberty. \ am aiming to provide a corrective to the tendency to ignore or to gloss over very significant differences between the two men. The work concentrates on the philosophical aspects of each theory of liberty, arguing that they differ in four respects. These are; definitions of liberty; justifications of liberty; how much liberty and for whom they recommend it, and finally, who they believe threatens liberty and how this threat is to be curbed. It is the purpose of this thesis to show that in terms of these areas Locke and Mill are pursuing different ends. I conclude that Locke and Mill present strikingly different theories of liberty and cannot be thought of as belonging to the one conceptual tradition in terms of the definition, the justification, the prescription and the threat to liberty. Ultimately, I question the value of including Locke and Mill in the one conceptual tradition of liberty solely on the basis that they argue freedom from.
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Chen, Selina Siong-Li. "Liberal toleration in the thought of John Locke and John Rawls". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242599.
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Arneil, Barbara Morag. "All the world was America John Locke and the American Indian". Online version, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.283910.
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Simmons, Patricia Catherine. "John Locke, anonymity, and the rhetoric of origins". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620020.
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Trazegnies, Granda Fernando de. "Presencia de John Locke en el Derecho Contemporaneo". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107263.
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Vienne, Jean-Michel. "Le naturel dans la pensée de John Locke". Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010649.
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L'ensemble de l'oeuvre de locke est ici relu a partir de la pratique. Sous cet eclairage, les analyses de la connaissance speculative deviennent des modeles pour la constitution d'un savoir probable, qui n'atteint que l'assurance, et ce par l'approximation d'hypotheses eparses lointainement calquees sur le modele de la composition du savoir certain. Le naturel revet ainsi la forme d'une genese typique racontee, au lieu de l'imposition d'un fondement statique et immediat ; la naturel est artificiellement constitue par la raison, puis projete aux origines, afin d'expliquer, de critiquer ou de justifier l'actuel. Cette interpretation de l'ensemble de l'oeuvre de locke est elaboree en premiere partie a partir du statut de la loi naturelle ; elle etendue et confirmee en deuxieme partie par l'exament des autres champs de la pensee de locke : la linguistique et la theorie de l'idee, l'hermeneutique, la politique, l'education et enfin l'economie.
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Vienne, Jean-Michel. "Le Naturel dans la pensée de John Locke". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37610586h.
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Goswami, Kaushik Kumar. "A Discussion of John Locke and Intellectual Property". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/320123.
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Ferguson, Charles Garfield. "John Locke and the education of the poor". W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539618609.
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The purpose of this study was to examine John Locke's views on the education of the poor and compare them with his general philosophy of man and education.;John Locke (1632-1704) is one of the best-known and respected philosophers of the Western World. For three hundred years his famous Essay Concerning Human Understanding has led many philosophers to a view of man as a "free and rational" being. Unburdened with "innate ideas," Locke's man is free to learn to be all that he can be.;Locke extended this general theory into a handbook for education. He published in great detail the training and rigors to be undergone by a child. This book, the famous Some Thoughts concerning Education, told the gentry that a disciplined study of the liberal arts untainted with "useless" knowledge was the basis of education. This would be augmented with the acquisition of a "useful trade." Above all, the gentleman would "learn how to learn.".;It seems, however, that all this concern for proper education was aimed at the gentry--the gentlemen who would need these skills to get along in a society of like men. When we look at Locke's ideas on the education of the poor, we see little of the tenderness that was to be afforded the gentry.;Could these seemingly dichotomous views of education--kindness and understanding for the gentry and force and cruelty the poor--be reconciled with Locke's philosophy of the rational and free man?;I hypothesized that John Locke's ideas of education for the poor were consistent with his philosophy of man.;I concluded that Locke's ideas for the education of the poor are indeed consistent with his views of man as put forth in the Essay Concerning Human Understanding and his views of education as shown in Some Thoughts Concerning Education.
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Sahnwaldt, Anne Mone. "Toleranz bei John Locke Staat und religiöse Toleranz in der "Epistola de Tolerantia" /". Konstanz : [Univ.-Bibliothek], 2006. http://d-nb.info/989899500/34.
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Dawson, Hannah. "Locke, language and early-modern philosophy /". Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0805/2007299088-b.html.
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Hill, James. "Solidity, cohesion and impulse : the philosophy of body in Locke's essay". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268885.
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Nascimento, Christian Lindberg Lopes do. "Locke e a formação do gentleman". Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4647.
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The main goal of this research is to analyze the concept of formation within John Locke's work. But this debate is inserted on the moral perspective defended by the philosopher in his work's set. On another hand, we realize that the formation intended by the author has in the gentleman, its main target. This discussion involves, besides the philosopher's educational texts, the theoretician contributions within the Essays on the Law of Nature, Essays Concerning Human Understanding, Two Treatises of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration. Although, we don't excuse the adoption of other manuscripts from his own and from the commentators we judge pertinent. Once we conclude it, we will reinforce the arguments shown, demonstrating the relevance of the philosopher's educational thought. At last, as a methodological procedure we adopt the reading, analysis and the interpretation of the selected texts.O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar o conceito de formação contido na obra educacional de John Locke. Mas este debate está inserido na perspectiva moral defendida pelo filósofo no conjunto de sua obra. Por outro lado, percebemos que a formação pretendida pelo autor tem no gentleman, o seu alvo central. Esta discussão envolve, além dos textos educacionais do filósofo, as contribuições teóricas contidas nos Ensaios sobre a lei de natureza, Ensaios sobre o entendimento humano, Dois tratados sobre o governo e as Cartas sobre a tolerância. Entretanto, não dispensamos a adoção de outros manuscritos do próprio e dos comentadores que julgamos pertinentes. Ao concluirmos, reforçaremos os argumentos apresentados, demonstrando a relevância do pensamento educacional do filósofo. Por fim, como procedimento metodológico adotamos a leitura, análise e interpretação dos textos selecionados.
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Kernan, Dean. "Consent and political obligation : Richard Hooker to John Locke". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28089.
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The problem that this thesis addresses is what was meant by politics based on consent in seventeenth-century England. It proceeds by examining several of the best-known English political writers, beginning with Richard Hooker and ending with John Locke. It attempts to offer an historical account of the meaning of consent, and its relationship to political obligation.
The method used is both philosophical and historical. It examines the cogency and coherence of doctrines of consent that were articulated, beginning with Hooker, touches on several theories of consent that arose during the period of the English Civil War, and examines the relative importance of consent theories during the Restoration and Glorious Revolution. It considers consent, or contract theory in light of two models: a 'social contract theory' that argues from a state of nature, and 'constitutional contract theory' that understands consent as consent to law. The nature of political obligation is a function of both varieties of consent theory.
The general conclusion is that, despite the arguments of the Levellers for a politics based on 'each man's consent', John Locke does not use this vocabulary of consent. He relies instead on a variant form of English constitutionalism, a variety of consent theory that has affinities with that of Richard Hooker's, that assumes that Parliament consents to law for all. It concludes by arguing that, in spite of recent readings of consent theories that have suggested that political obligation was simply understood as a duty to God, one's consent to particular laws was a necessary component of one's obligation and willingness to obey.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Brum, Fábio Antonio. "Liberdade de consciência e lei natural em John Locke". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/25699.
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Resumo: O Segundo Tratado sobre o Governo Civil de John Locke é um dos textos fundadores da tradição liberal na política. Como muitos comentadores já observaram, o conceito de lei natural é central na argumentação desta obra. É a partir deste conceito que Locke desenvolve a idéia de direitos naturais, tais como o direito à liberdade, à vida e à propriedade. A finalidade do governo civil, segundo Locke, é a garantia e a preservação destes direitos naturais. Por outro lado, a liberdade de consciência (um dos direitos naturais do omem), pode ser a causa principal da desordem civil, na medida em que questiona a autoridade do governo instituído por consenso e faz de cada homem juiz de suas próprias ações. Esta dissertação procura mostrar como o filósofo inglês procurou equacionar este problema. Veremos que a tolerância defendida por Locke em seus escritos finais estabelece, dentre outras coisas, os direitos da liberdade de consciência. Trata-se de analisar como a noção de liberdade de consciência se desenvolve no pensamento lockeano e indicar o papel da lei natural em sua filosofia política.
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Dang, Ai-Thu. "Monnaie, éthique et économie politique : autour de John Locke". Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010059.
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Cette thèse propose dans un premier temps une interprétation des écrits monétaires de John Locke à la lumière de sa philosophie politique et morale. L'œuvre de Locke, en particulier ses écrits monétaires, peut être lue comme le développement d'un ensemble de réponses générales à la question de savoir comment doivent être les échanges à l'intérieur d'une cité pour qu'elle soit en ordre. À cet égard, la convention monétaire, décrite dans le chapitre V du deuxième traité du gouvernement civil, marque une étape importante dans l'analyse de Locke. L'invention de la monnaie en rendant possible une appropriation au-delà des nécessites de la vie, ouvre la voie à l'accumulation illimitée. Elle fonde du même coup un ordre économique et politique, qui reste cependant instable. La monnaie, étant désirée par tous, est facteur de perturbations et de dissension sociale. Le gouvernement civil est alors conçu comme un artifice de rattrapage et de mise à exécution des lois morales que les individus ne sont plus capables de suivre. Le souci de contrôler le désir d'enrichissement implique une certaine hiérarchisation et subordination des finalités économiques à d'autres fins. Ceci ressort clairement des écrits monétaires de Locke. L'usure exagérée pratiquée par les banquiers ou le rognage des pièces, deux réalités économiques dont Locke était témoin, montrent bien que les pratiques d'enrichissement de certains, si elles ne sont pas ordonnées à une fin morale, engendrent le désordre, un désordre non seulement monétaire mais également moral et social. En matière de politique monétaire, la tâche du gouvernement consiste alors à assurer la stabilité de l'ordre social par des mesures adéquatesThe aim of this doctoral thesis is, first, to propose an interpretation of Locke's works on money in the light of his political and moral phylosophy. Locke's works, especially his economic writings, can be read as the development of a set of general responses to the question : how exchanges must be organized in the city in order to respect rules of justices and thus to prevent moral and social disorder from happening? Secondly, after examining the political and moral project which underlies Locke's analysis, we compare Locke's theory of private proprety to four contemporaries theories of justice. These theories are founded on a reinterpretation of the "Lockean proviso", which perlits to define the conditions of a just private appropriation. The reinterpretations of the "Lockean proviso" are analysed and we put in evidence the unstable feature of this proviso, which reappears again in the modern debates and reformulations
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Won, Suck-Young. "Das Problem des Skeptizismus bei Descartes und Locke". [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/1999/won/index.html.
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Reinfeldt, Gustaf. "Militära interventioner och klassisk liberalism : En idéanalys av John Locke och John Stuart Mill". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445407.
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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om det går att rättfärdiga militära interventioner med stöd i klassisk liberal politisk teori. För ändamålet har de klassiskt liberala filosoferna John Locke och John Stuart Mill analyserats. Undersökningen är utförd medelst en text- och idéanalys av några av filosofernas portalverk. Resultatet av studien visar ett tydligt stöd för vissa sorters militära interventioner och att det faktumet är djupt rotat i flera etiska och moraliska överväganden som Locke respektive Mill gör. Slutsatsen i uppsatsen är därav att det finns klassiskt liberala argument för att genomföra militära interventioner.
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André, Régimbald. "Théorie empirique de connaissance et théorie politique chez John Locke". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5255.
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Soccard, Sophie. "La tolérance chez John Locke : élaboration d’un concept : 1659-1704". Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100101.
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En Angleterre, la tolérance se trouve, à partir du dix-septième siècle, au centre d’une polémique théologique à connotation éthique : le salut est un enjeu lié à la dignité de la conscience et soulève la question de la coexistence civile des religions. C’est dans ce contexte que le philosophe John Locke débuta une réflexion sur la tolérance qu’il mena pendant quarante années. Sa quête, aux accents parfois dissonants, s’est articulée autour d’un concept d’une rare complexité, mêlant aspects moraux, principes juridiques, impératifs politiques, convictions religieuses et orientations philosophiques. Au terme d’une recherche affinée par la nécessaire résolution d’ambiguïtés multiples, Locke érige une proposition pour une tolérance construite à la fois sur des arguments objectifs, garantissant l’étanchéité entre intérêts séculiers et spirituels, et sur des arguments subjectifs, soumettant le « gouvernement » de soi à des impératifs éthiques susceptibles d’accueillir la dimension pluraliste d’une société. L’élaboration du concept de tolérance dans la pensée de Locke témoigne de ce difficile équilibre entre l’objectivité de la loi civile, l’ignorance de l’homme et le mystère de la vérité divine. L’invalidation de l’intolérance fonde une théorie qui permet à chacun de ne tyranniser ni son propre esprit, ni celui des autresIn 17th century England, toleration is at the heart of a theological controversy with ethical connotations : salvation is at stake, tied to the dignity of conscience, and raises the question of the civil coexistence of religions. In this context, the philosopher embarked upon a forty-year reflection on toleration. His quest – which sometimes lacked harmony – was founded upon a concept of rare complexity, touching on moral and judicial principles, as well as political imperatives, religious convictions and philosophical orientations. Locke’s research ended with the necessary resolution of multiple ambiguities and he drew up a proposition for toleration built on objective arguments – which guaranteed a separation of secular and spiritual interests – and on subjective arguments – which submitted the “government” of the self to ethical imperatives – likely to be compatible with the pluralist dimension of a society. The elaboration of the concept of toleration in the writings of Locke bears testimony to the difficulty of striking a balance between the objectivity of the civil law, the ignorance of mankind and the mystery of divine Truth. The invalidation of intolerance lays the foundations for a theory which enables us not to play tyrant either with our minds or with the minds of others
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POGGI, Davide. "Pierre Coste e la traduzione francese dell'Essay di John Locke". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337707.
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Brocker, Manfred. "Arbeit und Eigentum : der Paradigmenwechsel in der neuzeitlichen Eigentumstheorie /". Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355864035.
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Pillah, Niali Armand-Privat. "La dialectique de la majorité et de la minorité dans l'œuvre de Locke : actualité de Locke ?" Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010635.
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La majorité ou la raison et la minorité ou la déraison, qui renvoient individuellement et séparément, selon les situations vécues, à une quelconque partie d'une communauté donnée, se livrent une lutte sans merci, afin de se subjuguer mutuellement. Cependant, lorsque la minorité parvient à prendre le dessus sur la majorité, celle-là n'acquiert jamais un pouvoir légal et légitime sur elle, car même si sa domination momentanée est inscrite dans les histoires naturelles et artificielles des hommes, la déraison est toujours considérée comme inhumaine, c'est-à-dire comme un mal volontaire. Il appartient dans pareil cas à la majorité d'employer des voies et moyens non-violents pour se libérer du joug de la minorité. Si cette pratique pacifique échoue, alors il revient à la raison d'utiliser la manière forte pour renverser son ennemie, la déraison, qui la maintient dans l'esclavage. Locke estime que la majorité atteint le sommet de sa gloire avec la lai͏̈cisation et la distribution du pouvoir politique entre différentes mains indépendantes les unes vis-à-vis des autres. Ceci permet à l'Etat de mieux remplir sa tâche consistant à garantir les propriétés privées et étatiques contre les déprédations de la minorité. En outre, le bannissement, par la loi divine, de la conquête du pouvoir par la violence fait du peuple la fontaine unique et raisonnable du pouvoir civil. Néanmoins, le grand défi de la majorité est l'universalisation du multipartisme rattaché à la démocratie.
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Reis, Daniela Amaral dos. "A tolerância em John Locke e os limites do poder civil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-04032008-103149/.
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A liberdade religiosa foi uma das questões mais debatidas no século 17 na Inglaterra. Esse problema estava intimamente relacionado com o do alcance da jurisdição civil ou, ainda, da relação entre o poder civil e o poder eclesiástico. John Locke participou ativamente das discussões da época e dedicou vários escritos ao tema, incluídos os Two Tracts on Government, o Essay concerning Toleration e as Letters concerning Toleration. Mas foi somente nestas últimas que o filósofo deu a forma final aos argumentos em defesa da tolerância que influenciaram toda a modernidade. Nelas encontramos a separação da Igreja e do Estado, pela diferenciação entre a finalidade, o objeto e os instrumentos comunidade política e da comunidade eclesiástica. Além disso, nelas identificamos a argumentação relativa à ineficácia da força para persuadir e à impossibilidade de se mostrar publicamente o conhecimento da verdadeira religião, que contribuem para excluir de uma vez por todas o direito do magistrado de impor uma religião oficial. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é expor e analisar esses argumentos, desde sua gênese até sua elaboração final, para mostrar as bases racionais e o alcance prático da doutrina lockiana da tolerância.Religious freedom was one of the most controversial issues in the seventeenth century in England. Such matter was closely related to the extension problem of the civil jurisdiction or, yet, to the relation between civil power and the ecclesiastic power. John Locke actively participated in debates of the time and dedicated numerous pieces of writing to the theme. We can point out, among them, Two Tracts on Government, Essay concerning Toleration, Letters concerning Toleration. But it was only in the latter the philosopher gave the final form to the arguments in defense of the toleration, therefore, influencing modernity as a whole. Separation of Church and Estate can then be found in those letters due to the political and ecclesiastic communities differences in aims, objects and instruments. Besides, the arguments for inefficiency of power to persuade as well as for the impossibility of showing publicly the knowledge of the true religion can be identified in such letters, what contributes to the radical exclusion of the magistrate right to impose an official religion. The main objective of this essay is to expose and to analyze those arguments, from their geneses to their final elaboration, to show the rational bases and the practical reach of the lockean doctrine of toleration.
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Tsuji, Yasuo. "Political thought of John Locke : relevance and fragility of modern identity". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67525.
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The purpose of the thesis is to situate John Locke's political ideas in the context of the debate of the late seventeenth-century. In recent scholarship, it is argued that Locke held only a marginal position in the debate. However, this view is improper; there were rich intellectual exchanges between Locke and his contemporaries. They shared strong concern with modes of communication and those of moral cultivation, and a set of concepts in terms of which these issues were discussed. The thesis examines similarities and dissimilarities between Locke's ideas and those of four of his contemporaries: Edward Stillingfleet, Algernon Sidney, Samuel Pufendorf, and William Temple. Through this analysis the thesis shows both the significance and the limit of Locke's liberal ideas in the late seventeenth-century.
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Dawson, H. "John Locke and the problem of language in seventeenth-century philosophy". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598424.
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This thesis situates Locke’s deep and abiding concerns about language in their intellectual context. By recovering everyday assumptions about language and the reactionary developments they inspired in the seventeenth-century, I identify the arguments that Locke is simply reiterating as well as those that he is rejecting, thereby illuminating the distinctive force of his polemic. Part I examines the fundamental linguistic beliefs of the age. These I find in the textbooks on the three arts of language - grammar, logic and rhetoric - which grounded every gentle education. The trivium transmits a view of words as arbitrary signs which univocally signify their meanings. Meanings are thoughts which in turn, if one is talking about the external world, hook on to things. Words, thoughts and things are presented as operating in a harmonious and one-to-one parallel. Indeed, the yoke is so tight that thoughts are often subsumed beneath things, mental mediation eclipsed by a seemingly perfect realism. However, whether through the gaze of an external critical eye or under pressure of internal dissent, various sections of this linguistic cloth threaten to unravel. I have identified three concerns which are occasioned by such a critique and in Part II follow the way in which various philosophers address them. The first is that language might not in fact map things as they really are, but might pervert them instead. The second is that the same words might mean different things to different people. The third is that words might usurp the ideally sovereign place of thoughts and things and come to dominate the relationship. They potentially belie the truth and write the world in their own opaque image. Part III explores Locke’s intervention in these conversations. Immersed in each of the three concerns, he develops them into his own innovative polemic about language, a polemic also grounded in his revolutionary epistemology. First, he believes that we cannot know things in themselves, but only insofar as they affect us. Our talk about the external world is therefore bound to signify only ideas, never things directly. Second, he believes that we actively construct the meanings of complex words. They therefore differ from person to person according to the differences of their experience and beliefs. Third, he accords words pre-eminence over meanings. In themselves words are sensible ideas, sounds and squiggles that enter and fix themselves in our minds with greater ease than their ephemeral and complicated meanings. Words therefore dominate in private thought as well as in communication.
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Arneil, Morag Barbara. "'All the world was America' : John Locke and the American Indian". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317765/.
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This thesis examines the role played by America and its native inhabitants in John Locke's Two Treatises of Government. It begins by examining the large collection of travel books written by explorers to the new world in Locke's library. Locke uses the information from these sources selectively, employing those facts which support his view of natural man and ignoring those which do not. His reasons for using the Indians in his Two Treatises goes beyond simply providing empirical evidence. Locke, steeped in the colonial zeal of his patron, the Earl of Shaftesbury, is, particularly in the chapters on property and conquest, arguing in favour of the rights of English colonists. While it has been recognized that Locke's political philosophy reflects the domestic political needs of Shaftesbury, very little has been written in previous scholarship about the Earl's colonial aims. Locke, as secretary to both the Lords Proprietors of Carolina and the Council of Trade and Plantations, was immersed in the colonial questions of his day. Following in the steps of Hugo Grotius, whose notions of property and war were shaped by his employment In the East Indies Company, Locke uses natural law to defend England's colonization of America. His chapters on property and conquest delineate a very English form of settlement. By beginning property In a very specific form of labour, namely agrarian settlement, and denying the right to take over land by virtue of conquest, Locke creates the means by which England can defend its claims in America with regard to both other European powers and the native Indians. The strength of this argument Is demonstrated by the extent to which it was used by ministers, politicians and judges in the early years of the American republic. In particular, Thomas Jefferson's powerful attempts to transform large groups of nomadic Indians into settled farmers can be traced back to Locke's ideas of the natural state and civil society.
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Sanchez, Pérez Jorge Humberto. "El sentido de la libertad en la obra de John Locke". Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/15650.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorEl documento digital no refiere asesor
Presenta un análisis comparativo entre los elementos de la teoría epistemológica postulada y defendida públicamente por John Locke, particularmente recogida en el Ensayo sobre el entendimiento humano, y la teoría política planteada por él en los Dos tratados sobre el gobierno civil. Tal análisis permite evaluar la coherencia entre uno y otro, pudiendo definir si, finalmente, ambos trabajos podrían presentarse bajo una perspectiva lógica y sistémica. Tal análisis tiene relevancia directa para el estudio y apreciación de los textos políticos de Locke, en tanto el modelo liberal propuesto en tales textos es el predominante en el mundo occidental. Es decir, las aplicaciones prácticas de su obra se han manifestado a lo largo de cientos de años y corresponde conocer cuáles fueron las verdaderas valoraciones que el autor podría tener sobre tales obras. Tres preguntas claves son aquellas que guían el desarrollo de la presente investigación. La primera: ¿Cuál es la teoría epistemológica de Locke y cuál es su alcance y coherencia dentro de lo que propone? La segunda: ¿Cuáles son los fundamentos de la teoría política de Locke? Y la tercera y fundamental: ¿Cuáles son las relaciones que se desprenden de leer ambas esferas? Para lograr tal cometido la presente investigación se divide en 4 secciones. La primera está referida a la investigación acerca del entendimiento y el conocimiento en la obra epistemológica de Locke. En tanto es posible notar que existe un claro vacío sobre la discusión del propio concepto de entendimiento en Locke, se parte por tratar de llenar tal vacío en función de proponer una lectura coherente del total de su obra epistemológica. Luego se procedió a desarrollar el concepto y contenido de su teoría del conocimiento en sí misma, pasando por su teoría de las ideas y de las cualidades. En la segunda sección se abordan los límites de la teoría del conocimiento en Locke, tratando de comprender cuál es el lugar de la fe y cuál es su relación con respecto a la razón. Asimismo, se realiza la lectura de su teoría ética y los fundamentos que la misma utiliza, así como la evolución que la misma sufrió desde sus ensayos de juventud hasta su madurez intelectual en el Ensayo sobre el entendimiento humano. En la tercera se procede a desarrollar un esbozo de los presupuestos de su teoría política. La misma que no será presentada en función a la ya clásica distinción entre el estado de naturaleza y el estado de sociedad civil, sino en función a sus axiomas básicos y la construcción teorética que se deriva de los mismos, es decir, la teoría de los derechos naturales. De tal forma se trabajarán dentro de esta sección, la concepción del derecho a la vida, a los bienes materiales y a la libertad. Teniendo en cuenta una lectura que evalué la relevancia de las premisas teológicas dentro de su obra política. En la última sección se presentan las correspondientes evaluaciones de la lectura política planteada en los Dos tratados sobre el gobierno civil en base a las premisas y requisitos epistemológicos que reclamase Locke para todo conocimiento humano. De esa manera, se puede reconocer el nivel de relación que guardaba una esfera de trabajo con la otra, además de poder identificar las razones que pudieron llevar al autor bajo análisis a publicar uno de los documentos fundacionales de la teoría política liberal.
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Guineret, Hervé. "John Locke : essais sur la loi de nature : traduction et analyse". Dijon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986DIJO1006.
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La première partie de ce travail est la traduction d'un texte inédit de John Locke: Les essais sur la loi de nature. Ce texte est de 1664. A partir de la traduction de ce texte latin, nous avons élaboré une analyse thématiqueThe first part of this work is the translation of The essays on the law of nature, not yet translated in French. This text is of 1664. We elaborated a thematic analysis of this text
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Huang, Bin 1965. "Boyle and Locke on primary and secondary qualities". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60073.
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This thesis attempts to describe the similarities and the differences between Boyle's position and Locke's on the primary and secondary quality distinction.It is in the Corpuscular Hypothesis that Boyle draws the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Locke not only accepts the Corpuscular Hypothesis but also presents some arguments to support it.
Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 respectively examine the differences in the positions of Boyle and Locke on primary and secondary qualities, in their lists of primary qualities, the terminologies they employ, and the scopes of their discussions. Little attention has previously been paid to these differences.
Chapter 3 discusses the essence of the primary/secondary quality distinction. My point is that the distinction between primary and secondary qualities is really a distinction between two kinds of powers for both Boyle and Locke.
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Nascimento, Christian Lindberg Lopes do 1976. "Ciência e religião nos escritos educacionais de John Locke : a formação moral da criança". [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254154.
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Orientador: Lidia Maria RodrigoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:58:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_ChristianLindbergLopesdo_D.pdf: 1307930 bytes, checksum: 73672df8e3b475e3e7b31eb90ef575ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem o propósito de investigar o impacto do ensino da ciência e do ensino da religião na formação moral na criança, fazendo o recorte a partir dos escritos educacionais de John Locke, sem deixar de considerar as demais obras deste filósofo. Para tanto, serão examinados os referenciais teóricos que influenciaram o autor do Ensaio sobre o entendimento humano, como o ceticismo de Montaigne e o realismo baconiano, bem como a contribuição reformista para a educação. Do ponto de vista da teoria educacional de Locke, trata-se de problematizar a relação, em princípio controversa, que o autor estabelece entre o ensino da ciência e o ensino da religião para produzir determinada formação moral. A pesquisa trabalha com a hipótese de que, com esse tipo de formação moral, o autor visa a constituição de uma sociedade moralmente cristã. Dito isto, a presente tese é dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro, serão apresentados os antecedentes do pensamento educativo de John Locke. Em seguida, será feita a análise das principais obras do filósofo inglês, tendo como elemento norteador os temas da ciência, da religião e da moral. No capítulo terceiro, a investigação ficará alicerçada nas obras educativas dele, no qual os conteúdos educativos tornam-se central. No último capítulo, os conceitos de infância e de formação sofrerão uma breve consideração conceitual, para, em seguida, serem utilizados como fundamento para a reflexão acerca do tema da formação moral da criança em Locke. Do ponto de vista operacional, a presente investigação alicerça-se na hermenêutica como concepção metodológica, adotando a análise de conteúdo como método. Já os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados são a leitura, o fichamento, a análise dos dados coletados e a redação do texto propriamente dita. Por fim, adotou-se as obras de John Locke como fonte primária e a dos comentadores e/ou filósofos julgados como relevantes para o desenvolvimento da argumentação como secundária
Abstract: This paper aims to investigate the impact of science teaching and religious teaching in children¿s moral education, by emphasizing the educational writings of John Locke, without forgetting the other works of this philosopher. Therefore, the theoretical frameworks, as the skepticism of Montaigne and the Baconian realism, as well as the reformist contribution to education, which influenced the author of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, will be examined. From the perspective of Locke¿s educational theory, it is necessary to discuss the relationship, at first controversial, that the author establishes between the science teaching and the religious teaching to produce a certain moral education. This research considers the hypothesis that, with this kind of moral education, the author aims the establishment of a society morally christian. Thus, this thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first, John Locke¿s history of educational thought will be presented. Then, the analysis of Locke¿s main works will be done, having as guiding elements the themes: science, religion and morals. In the third chapter, the research will be grounded in his educational works, in which educational content become central. In the last chapter, the concepts of childhood and education will have a brief conceptual consideration, to then be used as a basis for reflection on the theme of children¿s moral education in Locke. Regarding the operational point of view, this research is founded in hermeneutics as a methodological conception, adopting the content analysis as a method. The methodological procedures used were reading, book reporting and analysis of the collected data and drafting the text. Finally, John Locke¿s works were adopted as a primary source and the commentators and/or philosophers¿ works were judged relevant to the development of the argument as a secondary source
Doutorado
Filosofia e História da Educação
Doutor em Educação
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Smith, Olivia Freundlich. "Lives, letters, bodies : John Locke's medical interactions contextualised". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2009. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28166.
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This study offers a close, interdisciplinary reading of several specific instances in which health and sickness were discussed or considered by Locke and his contemporaries. Medical historians have long known that Locke was a medical adviser and practitioner of sorts, and his medical 'cases' have traditionally been scrutinised for details of his medical career and for details of past illnesses and treatments, read against a context of specifically medical thought. In a departure from that tradition, this study presents several of Locke's health-related interactions in their contemporary social contexts, These contexts are not exclusively medical, and it is shown how health issues overlapped with and permeated discussions of land, literature, gender, politics and religion. Focussing on specific micro-historical scenes, this study explores the myriad ways in which health was configured in Locke's world. In this study, we see Locke engaged in presenting the health of a colony in Carolina in America; employed in the management of Anthony Ashley Cooper's festering abscess; writing to the Fletchers of Saltoun about nature-hastening medicines and ignorant practitioners; subduing rumours about Matthew Slade, a mentally unstable scholarly friend; helping Elizabeth Northumberland to describe her searing pains, and more. In this thesis, stories of health from Locke's world are interwoven with similar short scenes of health from his published works to show the reader how Locke himself considered health-related scenes stimulating and illuminating.
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Dillon, Lisa. "Three-strikes legislation and the evolution of the liberal conception of justice". Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=633.
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Stöckl, Katrin [Verfasser] y Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Pawlik. "Der "Letter concerning Toleration" von John Locke / Katrin Stöckl. Betreuer: Michael Pawlik". Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1033216682/34.
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Tsuji, Alessandra. "O governo civil no \'Segundo Tratado Sobre o Governo\' de John Locke". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-26062018-120311/.
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Em cenário permeado por guerras civis e religiosas advindas da busca por poder político, no século XVII, Locke dedica-se a demonstrar a origem, extensão e finalidade do governo civil, bem como sua dissolução, assumindo o poder político como ponto de partida. Isso porque é preciso elucidar a quem cabe esse poder, de direito, na sociedade civil. Nesse sentido, Locke empenha-se em refutar os argumentos de Robert Filmer, para quem a única forma de governo possível é aquela que tem como pressuposto o domínio particular e a jurisdição paterna de Adão como fonte de todo o poder. Locke critica a visão filmeriana que implicaria em assumir que nenhum homem é livre por natureza e refuta o argumento de Filmer no campo da lei natural. Para tanto, parece valer-se, entre outros elementos, de um procedimento próximo ao da medicina empírica de Thomas Sydenham, mais preocupada em observar as alterações e circunstâncias em que a doença se manifesta do que em buscar suas causas ocultas. Por essa via, precisa reconhecer antes de tudo, os limites do conhecimento humano e concentrar-se na utilidade da reflexão voltada para a prática. Daí ele ressaltar, de modo semelhante, a importância do trabalho de observação no Segundo Tratado desde a discussão sobre a lei de natureza, como lei moral que visa à preservação da humanidade, passando pelo reconhecimento dos inconvenientes do estado de natureza e da necessidade de remediá-los via consentindo para a formação do corpo político e do governo, até o direito de resistência que, conforme interpreta Jean-Fabien Spitz, parece depender de que os membros da sociedade civil mantenham certo direito individual de julgar que limitam as ações daqueles autorizados a exercer o poder legislativo.In a scenario permeated by civil and religious wars arising from the search for political power in the seventeenth century, Locke is dedicated to demonstrating the origin, extension, and purpose of civil government, as well as its dissolution, assuming political power as a starting point. This is because it is necessary to elucidate to whom this power belongs, of right, in the civil society. In this sense, Locke endeavors to refute the arguments of Robert Filmer, for whom the only form of government possible is that which assumes the particular domain and the paternal jurisdiction of Adam as the source of all power. Locke criticizes the filmerian view that would imply assuming that no man is free by nature and refutes Filmer\'s argument in the field of natural law. For this, it seems to be worth, among other elements, a procedure close to the empirical medicine of Thomas Sydenham, more concerned with observing the changes and circumstances in which the disease manifests itself than in seeking its hidden causes. In this way, one must first recognize the limits of human knowledge and focus on the usefulness of practice-oriented reflection. Hence the importance of the work of observation in the Second Treatise from the discussion of the law of nature - as a moral law aimed at the preservation of humanity, through the recognition of the inconveniences of the state of nature and the need to remedy it - to the right of resistance which, as interpreted by Jean-Fabien Spitz, seems to depend on the members of civil society maintaining an individual right to judge. So they can limit the actions of those authorized to exercise the legislative power.
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Watkyns, Brian Richard William. "The relationship between religion and rights in the writings of John Locke". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15829.
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Bibliography: pages 168-181.Since 1945 the emphasis on rights has been an ever-increasing phenomenon while the influence of the church plays an ever-diminishing role in today's society. The irony of the situation is that rights have their source in religion. It is Locke who is credited with having put the question of rights into the mainstream of political thinking and it was Locke's faith in God that enabled him to put forward the political doctrine that will be considered in this thesis. The theme of this study is the reconciliation of traditional Christianity with humanist political theory's emphasis on rights in Locke's Political Philosophy which I have termed Theopolity. It traces Locke's thoughts, starting with his view on the creation of man which ultimately gives rise to natural and human rights. These rights, when violated by Government, legitimately result in revolution. Locke has three areas of thought, which when combined, give rise to his political doctrine. These areas are Epistemology, Theology, and Politics. He believed that after creation man was in the State of Nature. This state of Nature was controlled by the law of Nature which gave rise to, and preserved, Natural Rights. To ensure the protection of these Rights the individual entered into a Social Contract and so created a political society. Once society had been established, a Government was formed to ensure the protection of the individual by means of civil laws. These laws extended Natural Rights and these extended rights are known as Human Rights. This study concludes that John Locke's political thought is the most cogent political doctrine that can be adopted by rational individuals who share a strong sense of justice and morality in a Democratic Christian Society. It shows that Locke's pursuit of truth led to his basic, common-sense politics which was the embodiment of the true state of man in a society where the individual's God-given rights are respected.