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1
Mailer, Franz. Joseph Strauss, 1825-1899. Vienna: Federal Press Service, 1999.
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2
Joseph Strauss: Kommentiertes Werkverzeichnis. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2002.
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Devigne, Robert. Recasting conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the response to postmodernism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
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Sternberg-Siebert, Elisabeth. Jüdisches Leben im Hünfelder Land: Die Familie Joseph Strauss in Hünfeld = Jewish life in the county of Huenfeld : the Joseph Strauss family in Huenfeld. Fulda: Parzeller, 2006.
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Axt, Eva-Maria. Musikalische Form als Dramaturgie: Prinzipien eines Spätstils in der Oper "Friedenstag" von Richard Strauss und Joseph Gregor. München: E. Katzbichler, 1989.
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6
Salzburger Symposion (1989- ) (14th 2002). Das Fragment im (Musik-) Theater, Zufall und/oder Notwendigkeit?: Vorträge und Gespräche des Salzburger Symposions 2002 ; mit einem Anhang: Joseph Gregor/Richard Strauss, Die Liebe der Danae. Anif/Salzburg: Mueller-Speiser, 2005.
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Cinéma: Revue semestrielle d'esthétique et d'histoire du cinéma. Paris: Éd. Léo Scheer, 2005.
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Lehmann, Mathias. Der Dreissigjährige Krieg im Musiktheater während der NS-Zeit: Untersuchungen zu politischen Aspekten der Musik am Beispiel von Karl Amadeus Hartmanns Des Simplicius Simplicissimus Jugend, Ludwig Mauricks Simplicius Simplicissimus, Richard Mohaupts Die Gaunerstreiche der Courasche, Eberhard Wolfgang Möllers und Hans Joachim Sobanskis Das Frankenburger Würfelspiel und Joseph Gregors und Richard Strauss' Friedenstag. Hamburg: Von Bockel, 2004.
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9
Day, Walter. Twin Galaxies' Official Video Game & Pinball Book Of World Records; Second Edition, Arcade Volume. Editado por Walter Day y Mr Kelly R. Flewin. Fairfield, IA: 1st World Publishing, 2007.
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10
Waldeck und Pyrmont, Wolrad, Prinz zu. y Straus Joseph, eds. Patents and technological progress in a globalized world: Liber amicorum Joseph Straus. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
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Mailer, Franz. Joseph Straub: Kommentiertes Werkverzeichnis. Peter Lang Pub Inc, 2002.
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Chester, M. Joseph Strauss Builder of the Golden Gate Bridge. Putnam Pub Group (L), 2000.
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Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism. Yale University Press, 1996.
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14
Noam, Vered. John Hyrcanus and a Heavenly Voice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811381.003.0003.
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This chapter treats the second-generation Hasmonean figure John Hyrcanus to whom the virtues of leadership, priesthood, and prophecy are attributed. This ascription is reflected not only in Josephus and rabbinic literature but also receives a hostile twist in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Based on an earlier stratum from a lost Aramaic chronicle, the legend recounts an announcement of military victory by a heavenly voice in the temple. In essence this tale belongs to a genre identified as priestly temple legends. This priestly legend was in turn integrated into both the Josephan and the rabbinic contexts. The new rabbinic setting in effect “rabbinized” the image of John Hyrcanus and inverted the message of the story, using it to announce the end of the era of prophecy. In contrast, Josephus underscored the merit of prophecy and retained the full image of John as a political and military leader. For both corpora, Hyrcanus represents the acme of the Hasmonean rulership.
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Müller-Graff, Peter-Christian, ed. Europäisches Binnenmarkt- und Wirtschaftsordnungsrecht. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748908593.
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<b>Das Europäische Wirtschaftsordnungsrecht</b> prägt maßgeblich Inhalte und Entwicklungsrichtung des Europäischen Unionsrechts insgesamt und einen wesentlichen Teil von Neuerungen in den mitgliedstaatlichen Rechtsordnungen. Das Handbuch systematisiert und analysiert die auslegungsrelevanten Themen historisch, institutionell, funktional und judiziell. <b>Die 2. Auflage</b> bringt sämtliche Abschnitte auf den neuesten Stand, insbesondere in den wirtschaftsordnungsrechtlichen Bezügen der Währungsunion. Die aktuellen Entwicklungen im Rahmen des Aufgabenumfangs der EZB (Bankenunion, unkonventionelle Geldpolitik), die politische Debatte um eine „echte WWU“ (EU-Währungsfonds, -Finanzminister), die aktuellen Austrittszenarien Großbritanniens („Brexit“, Austrittsvertrag) sind ebenso wie z.B. die neue MarkenrechtsRL und die neue UnionsmarkenVO berücksichtigt. <b>Die Themen im Einzelnen:</b> Das Binnenmarktrecht der transnationalen Faktorfreiheiten Das Binnenmarktrecht der transnationalen Produktfreiheiten Das Binnenmarktrecht gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen Das Binnenmarktrecht gegen unlauteren Wettbewerb Das Binnenmarktrecht der Aufsicht über wettbewerbsverfälschende staatliche Beihilfen Das Binnenmarktrecht des öffentlichen Auftragswesens Das Binnenmarktrecht des geistigen Eigentums (gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht) Das Binnenmarktrecht der wirtschaftlichen Regulierung Das Binnenmarktrecht der Krisen von Unternehmen und Wirtschaft Das Recht der Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion Die <b>prägende Rechtsprechung </b>der europäischen Gerichte und des Bundesverfassungsgerichts ist ausführlich dargestellt. <b>Die Autorinnen und Autoren</b> Dr. Rainer Becker, LL.M.; RAin Dr. Barbara Bonk; Prof. Dr. Friedrich Wenzel Bulst, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Marc Bungenberg, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Andreas Fuchs, LL.M.; PD Dr. Roman Guski, LL.M.; ORR Mara Hellstern; RA Dr. Jens Hoffmann;| Prof. Dr. Ulrich Hufeld; RAin Sinziana Ianc; Prof. Dr. Friedemann Kainer; Prof. Dr. Andreas Kellerhals, LL.M., S.J.D.; Prof. Dr. Michael Kling; RA Dr. Simon Klopschinski; Prof. Dr. Christian Koenig, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Sebastian Krebber, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Jürgen Kühling, LL.M.; RA Prof. Dr. Michael Loschelder; Prof. Dr. Julia Lübke, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Cornelia Manger-Nestler, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Peter-Christian Müller-Graff, Ph.D. h.c.; RA Dr. Ralph Nack; Dr. Stephanie Nitsch; Prof. Dr. Walter Obwexer; Prof. Dr. Helmut Ofner, LL.M.; Dr. René Repasi; Prof. Dr. Florian Schuhmacher, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Heike Schweitzer, LL.M.; RA Dr. Ulrich Soltész, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Dres. h.c. Joseph Straus; Prof. Dr. Cordula Stumpf; Dr. Wesselina Uebe; Prof. Dr. Frank Weiler; RA Prof. Dr. Andreas Weitbrecht, LL.M.; Hendrik M. Wendland, LL.M.
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Wagner, Tamara. The Novel in English in Malaya and Singapore to 1950. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199609932.003.0006.
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This chapter looks at the representations of the former British Straits Settlements in English fiction from 1819 to 1950, discussing both British literary works that are located in South East Asia and English-language novels from Singapore and Malaysia. Although over the centuries, Europeans of various nationalities had located, intermarried, and established unique cultures throughout the region, writing in the English language at first remained confined to travel accounts, histories, and some largely anecdotal fiction, mostly by civil servants. English East India Company employees wrote about the region, often weaving anecdotal sketches into their historical, geographical, and cultural descriptions. Civil servant Hugh Clifford and Joseph Conrad are the two most prominent writers of fiction set in the British Straits Settlements during the nineteenth century; they also epitomize two opposing camps in representing the region.
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Thomas, Emily. Later British Reactions to Absolutism: 1690–1704. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807933.003.0009.
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This chapter considers British reactions to absolutism between the 1690 publication of Locke’s Essay and the 1704 delivery of Clarke’s Boyle lectures. These reactions tended to focus on absolutism about space rather than time, and they were extremely mixed. Thinkers such as William King, Joseph Raphson, Richard Bentley, and John Keill adopt absolutism about time, duration, or space. Their absolutisms draw on various sources, including Gassendi, Henry More, and Newton. Of these absolutisms, the Newtonian strain would prove the most influential. In contrast to these early advocates, thinkers such as Richard Burthogge, John Sergeant, and John Toland reject absolutism, advancing a variety of metaphysical and theological worries.
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Honisch, Stefan Sunandan. Moving Experiences. Editado por Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner y Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.34.
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This essay asks how navigating the world without sight can influence musical interpretation and enable a blind performer to make music move in unfamiliar ways. A recording of Frédéric Chopin’s Prelude in B Minor Op. 28 No. 6 by the blind Hungarian pianist Imre Ungár (1909–1972) constitutes the focal point for an analysis guided simultaneously by Naomi Cumming’s (2000) conceptualization of “the performing self” (a musical identity that emerges through the performer’s ability to control the movement of notes) and by Joseph Straus’s (2011) conception of “mobility-inflected hearing” (musical understanding shaped by the experience of movement in a disabled body). Ungár’s pianistic self transforms blindness from a visual impairment into a moving (that is, kinesthetic) experience, carrying Chopin’s prelude through musical spaces at once unfamiliar and generative.
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Gruen, Erich. Jewish Literature. Editado por Daniel S. Richter y William A. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199837472.013.44.
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This chapter explores a central tension in Jewish writings of the era broadly defined as Second Sophistic. Many Jewish authors were deeply immersed in and regularly employed the genres, forms, and themes that long had characterized Greek literature and thrived once more (or still) in the age of the Roman Empire. At the same time, however, the homage paid to Jewish traditions and the sense of distinctiveness, even exceptionalism, retained a strong hold. The chapter discusses four very different authors or texts, Philo, 4 Maccabees, Pseudo-Phocylides, and Joseph and Aseneth, illustrating philosophy, history, gnomic poetry, and the novel. In each case, the author utilizes the Hellenic genres that were an ingrained part of his cultural makeup while conveying the sense of his people’s own distinctive character and contribution. And in each case the blend, smooth on the surface, betrays the signs of strain beneath it.
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Atkins, Gareth. Evangelicals. Editado por Frederick D. Aquino y Benjamin J. King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718284.013.9.
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For perhaps a decade between 1816 and 1826, Newman counted himself an Evangelical. Precisely what that meant has been obscured by his own later reflections, and by biographers interested more in his spiritual destination than his starting point. This chapter situates Newman within the Anglican Evangelical movement of the 1810s and 20s, a milieu more diverse and integrated into the Church of England than many accounts imply. The first section considers his youthful reading: Thomas Scott, Joseph Milner, and others. The second considers his opinions in the 1820s, arguing that his move away from Evangelicalism was less a reaction against ‘vital religion’ than an intensification of its moralistic, biblicist, and even apocalyptic strands. The third examines the 1830s, arguing that Newman’s assault on ‘the religion of the day’ should not be allowed to obscure his appreciation of holiness wherever it was to be found, or his efforts to harness Evangelical zeal in the Tractarian project.
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Hicks, Michael. Books and Angels. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039089.003.0001.
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This chapter looks at the Mormons' earliest choirs, first by considering passages in the Book of Mormon that mentioned heavenly “choirs”—all of which would have made sense to a young religious American in the 1820s named Joseph Smith. For almost a decade Smith had visits from spirits awash in heavenly light. One of those spirits, an angel named Moroni, had led him repeatedly to a local hillside where a stone box of gold plates lay buried. The result was the Book of Mormon; one of its passages makes reference to the prophet Mormon's promise of heavenly choir membership as a reward to the faithful. This chapter discusses the founding and organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the first choirs it assembled, including the one at Kirtland Temple in Ohio and another at Nauvoo Temple in Illinois. It also examines the anti-choir, anti-music-literacy strand of American Protestantism during the nineteenth century and how conflicting visions of musical literacy lived on in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
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Napolin, Julie Beth. The Fact of Resonance. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823288175.001.0001.
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The Fact of Resonance returns to the imperial and colonial contexts in which Anglophone and francophone narrative theory developed, seeking an alternative sonic premise for theorizing narrative form. The exclusion of postcolonial sound and acoustics is foundational not only to modernist studies, but to narrative theory, novel theory, and the strains of film theory they orient. The study is primarily focused on Joseph Conrad and concerns the bearing of his multilingual formation and attunement to the gender and race of sound in colonial encounter. To return to Conrad is to return to the repressed of colonial sound. Bringing new methodologies of sound studies and postcolonial studies to bear upon older models of narrative and close reading, the book argues the novel to be a sound technology. This technology captures not “facts,” but a fact of resonance, which is both a physical sound and a strategy of relation across difference. The book develops a methodology of reading for resonance, while also developing a vocabulary for the acoustic unconscious of texts. These readings focus on the way that imaginary sound and voice circulate within and between texts, from page to psyche, from colonial site to metropole, and across race and gender. The book follows the resonances between Conrad and a series of writers and artists, including Chantal Akerman, Walter Benjamin, W. E. B. Du Bois, Sigmund Freud, Frantz Fanon, and William Faulkner. Ultimately, the transatlantic and transpacific are resonance, less a place than an event.
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Soentgen, Jens, Ulrich M. Gassner, Julia von Hayek y Alexandra Manzei, eds. Umwelt und Gesundheit. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845296951.
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The series ‘Health Research. Interdisciplinary Perspectives’ is published annually and focuses on topics relating to all aspects of health. Our aim is to take interdisciplinarity as an aspiration seriously and provide the latest findings on current issues from different disciplinary perspectives. This volume addresses the highly topical subject of the environment and health, considering the general relationship between humans and the environment as well as their specific interdependence and the consequences they have on each other. From the history of environmental medicine to the statutory framework or practical (supra-) regional phenomena that could have an effect on human health, this book takes into account a broad variety of aspects and disciplinary viewpoints. With contributions by Daniela Bayr, Christoph Beck, Josef Cyrys, Athanasios Damialis, Michael Ertl, Verena Fricke, Thomas Fuchs, Ulrich M. Gassner, Michael Gerstlauer, Esther Giemsa, Gertrud Hammel, Jasmin Hartmann, Julia von Hayek, Elke Hertig, Clemens Heuson, Barbara Hoffmann, Claudia Hornberg, Jucundus Jacobeit, Jens Kersten, Franziska Kolek, Bernhard Kuch, Benjamin Kühlbach, Alexandra Manzei, Christa Meisinger, Markus Naumann, Andrea Pauli, Annette Peters, Andreas Philipp, Nora Pösl, Joachim Rathmann, Wolfgang von Scheidt, Alexandra Schneider, Stefanie Seubert, Jens Soentgen, Pia Sperlich, Annette Straub, Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann, Felix Tretter
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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.
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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.
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Jillions, John A. Divine Guidance. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055738.001.0001.
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How are claims to God’s guidance to be understood against the background of fears, fundamentalism, and violence inspired by religious belief? But equally, how are acts of humanity, love, and sacrificial service to be understood, when they also claim to be inspired by God? How is healthy religion to be distinguished from unhealthy religion? Questions like these were the subject of lively debate in the first-century world of Corinth, where the views of Greek, Roman, Jewish, and early Christian residents mixed continually, and where Paul established one of the first Christian communities. While their differences were real, there was also common ground and a shared critique of destructive religion. This study looks at how believers and unbelievers confront questions about divine guidance, discernment, delusion, and rational thought. Part I looks at Greco-Roman views, focusing on the archeology of ancient Corinth and the writings of Homer, Virgil, Lucretius, Posidonius, Cicero, Seneca, Plutarch, and others. Part II surveys Jewish attitudes by looking at Philo and Josephus, Qumran, early rabbinic writers, and other intertestamental literature. Part III unpacks Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians to show that issues of divine guidance and discernment are woven throughout as Paul shapes a distinctly Christian approach. Part IV brings the historical strands together and considers religious experience research to draw some conclusions about discernment and delusion today in the hope that rational and mystical need not be mutually exclusive.
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Böse, Martin, ed. Europäisches Strafrecht. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748908630.
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Das <b>Europäische Strafrecht</b> nimmt zunehmend Einfluss auf die deutsche Strafrechtswissenschaft und -praxis. Die Entwicklungen nicht nur aufzuzeigen, sondern ihre Auswirkungen auf das nationale Straf- und Strafverfahrensrecht zu analysieren und einzuordnen, ist Gegenstand von Band 11 der „Enzyklopädie Europarecht“. <b>Die 2. Auflage</b> des großen Handbuchs systematisiert <b>auf aktuellem Stand</b> Schritt für Schritt die durch den Vertrag von Lissabon neuen primärrechtlichen Grundlagen, gibt detailliert Aufschluss über die Angleichung des Straf- und Strafverfahrensrechts und die Grundlagen der strafrechtlichen Zusammenarbeit in der Union. Fokus liegt dabei zugleich auf der demokratischen wie gerichtlichen Kontrolle der Akteure. <b>Aktuelle Entwicklungen</b> in der <b>Rechtsprechung </b>(z.B. zu den unionsrechtlichen und verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen des Prinzips der gegenseitigen Anerkennung) und <b>Gesetzgebung</b>, z.B. zu gemeinsamen Mindeststandards für Verfahrensrechte im Strafverfahren, neuen Instrumenten der Zusammenarbeit (Europäische Ermittlungsanordnung oder den direkten grenzüberschreitenden Zugriff auf Clouddaten) oder zur Europäischen Staatsanwaltschaft, werden kritisch begleitet und systematisch im Gesamtkontext des europäischen Integrationsprozesses verankert. <b>Die Schwerpunkte</b> Grund- und Verfahrensrechte, Rechtsschutz Entwicklung auf das nationale Recht „Europadelikte“ Grenzüberschreitende Kriminalität Europäischer Haftbefehl Europäische Ermittlungsanordnung Vollstreckungshilfe Beweisrechtshilfe Polizeiliche Kooperationen Eurojurist, EJN <b>Die Autorinnen und Autoren</b> Prof. Dr. Stefanie Bock, Prof. Dr. Martin Böse, Dr. Christoph Burchard, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Gerhard Dannecker, Prof. Dr. Robert Esser, Prof. Dr. Karsten Gaede, Prof. Dr. Klaus F. Gärditz, Prof. Dr. Pierre Hauck, Prof. Dr. Martin Heger, Prof. Dr. Suzan Denise Hüttemann, Prof. Dr. Thomas Krüßmann, Prof. Dr. Dieter Kugelmann, Prof. Dr. Frank Meyer, PD Dr. jur. habil. Christine Morgenstern, Apl. Prof. Dr. Peter Rackow, BVR Prof. Dr. Henning Radtke, Prof. Dr. Josef Ruthig, Prof. Dr. Helmut Satzger, Prof. Dr. Anne Schneider, Dr. Thomas Schröder, Prof. Dr. Carl-Friedrich Stuckenberg, Prof. Dr. Joachim Vogel †, Prof. Dr. Bettina Weißer, PD Dr. Frank Zimmermann und Prof. Dr. Mark A. Zöller.
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Benestad, Rasmus. Climate in the Barents Region. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.655.
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The Barents Sea is a region of the Arctic Ocean named after one of its first known explorers (1594–1597), Willem Barentsz from the Netherlands, although there are accounts of earlier explorations: the Norwegian seafarer Ottar rounded the northern tip of Europe and explored the Barents and White Seas between 870 and 890 ce, a journey followed by a number of Norsemen; Pomors hunted seals and walruses in the region; and Novgorodian merchants engaged in the fur trade. These seafarers were probably the first to accumulate knowledge about the nature of sea ice in the Barents region; however, scientific expeditions and the exploration of the climate of the region had to wait until the invention and employment of scientific instruments such as the thermometer and barometer. Most of the early exploration involved mapping the land and the sea ice and making geographical observations. There were also many unsuccessful attempts to use the Northeast Passage to reach the Bering Strait. The first scientific expeditions involved F. P. Litke (1821±1824), P. K. Pakhtusov (1834±1835), A. K. Tsivol’ka (1837±1839), and Henrik Mohn (1876–1878), who recorded oceanographic, ice, and meteorological conditions.The scientific study of the Barents region and its climate has been spearheaded by a number of campaigns. There were four generations of the International Polar Year (IPY): 1882–1883, 1932–1933, 1957–1958, and 2007–2008. A British polar campaign was launched in July 1945 with Antarctic operations administered by the Colonial Office, renamed as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS); it included a scientific bureau by 1950. It was rebranded as the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1962 (British Antarctic Survey History leaflet). While BAS had its initial emphasis on the Antarctic, it has also been involved in science projects in the Barents region. The most dedicated mission to the Arctic and the Barents region has been the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), which has commissioned a series of reports on the Arctic climate: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report, the Snow Water Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) report, and the Adaptive Actions in a Changing Arctic (AACA) report.The climate of the Barents Sea is strongly influenced by the warm waters from the Norwegian current bringing heat from the subtropical North Atlantic. The region is 10°C–15°C warmer than the average temperature on the same latitude, and a large part of the Barents Sea is open water even in winter. It is roughly bounded by the Svalbard archipelago, northern Fennoscandia, the Kanin Peninsula, Kolguyev Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land, and is a shallow ocean basin which constrains physical processes such as currents and convection. To the west, the Greenland Sea forms a buffer region with some of the strongest temperature gradients on earth between Iceland and Greenland. The combination of a strong temperature gradient and westerlies influences air pressure, wind patterns, and storm tracks. The strong temperature contrast between sea ice and open water in the northern part sets the stage for polar lows, as well as heat and moisture exchange between ocean and atmosphere. Glaciers on the Arctic islands generate icebergs, which may drift in the Barents Sea subject to wind and ocean currents.The land encircling the Barents Sea includes regions with permafrost and tundra. Precipitation comes mainly from synoptic storms and weather fronts; it falls as snow in the winter and rain in the summer. The land area is snow-covered in winter, and rivers in the region drain the rainwater and meltwater into the Barents Sea. Pronounced natural variations in the seasonal weather statistics can be linked to variations in the polar jet stream and Rossby waves, which result in a clustering of storm activity, blocking high-pressure systems. The Barents region is subject to rapid climate change due to a “polar amplification,” and observations from Svalbard suggest that the past warming trend ranks among the strongest recorded on earth. The regional change is reinforced by a number of feedback effects, such as receding sea-ice cover and influx of mild moist air from the south.
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Day, Walter. TWIN GALAXIES' OFFICIAL VIDEO GAME & PINBALLBOOK OF WORLD RECORDS; Arcade Volume, Second Edition. 2a ed. 1st World Publishing, 2007.
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