Artículos de revistas: "Khmer language"

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Nguyen, Hue Thi. "THE ORIGINAL KHMER WORDS". Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University 1, n.º 25 (19 de junio de 2019): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.25.2017.118.

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The Khmer language vocabulary is not only inherent in the Khmer language but is also characterized by the fact that it is composed of elements from other languages and gradually becomes an indispensable part of the language system in Khmer language. If the concept of Khmer is just the word available in the Khmer language at the newly formed stage, it will be difficult to see the change and development of the Khmer itself and not reflect the true nature of the Khmer language. In terms of origin, the SanscritPali words have been high-level Khmerized, so Khmer language users do not consider them as extrinsic words but native words - pure Khmer words.

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Huynh, Them Thanh. "The language used by the Khmer community in Ha Tien town, Kien Giang province". Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 1, n.º X2 (31 de diciembre de 2017): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v1ix2.441.

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In this paper, we conducted a survey on the use of the language of the Khmer community using Khmer-Viet-Hoa in Ha Tien town, through questionnaires used in social survey study, then through the treatment of the data field surveys. Based on the data, we conducted the analysis and consideration of the capacity of the Khmer language by Gender, Age, Education, Occupation to see the percentage of the Khmer who know the Khmer language, the Vietnamese language, and the Chinese language, from which we form proposals and suggestions for appropriate language policies for the Khmer community in Ha Tien town, Kien Giang Province nowadays.

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Viet, Thach Van. "Khmer people’s language attitude in informal communication in Soc Trang province". Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, n.º 2 (27 de mayo de 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i2.546.

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The language attitude of Khmer people in informal communication in Soc Trang province is a topic in the field of social linguistics, which studies Khmer people’s attitudes in using their mother tongue and the Vietnamese language in informal communication, especially their mother tongue. The language attitude is expressed mainly in the scope of family communication and in that of social communication. As far as family communication is concerned, Khmer people often use language to communicate with grandparents and parents, with descendants, and with relatives and guests. In terms of social communication, Khmer people frequently use the language to communicate in some familiar places such as markets, bus stations, shops, supermarkets, and cultural venues. In addition, Khmer people also use language to communicate in some other cases such as talking on the phone, praying and worshiping, singing, singing a lullaby, etc. Surveys, quantitative and qualitative data, combined with observations and in-depth interviews show such results as: Khmer people in Soc Trang hold respectful attitudes with the sense of conservation and preservation of their mother tongue in the multi-ethnic and multilingual context, which is a completely voluntary attitude originating from the needs of real communication of the locality. In addition, the survey results show that Khmer people also show respect for the Vietnamese language. The Vietnamese language and the Khmer language are an important means of communication in Khmer people’s natural and social life. Each language has a different role and position in the social and family communication environment.

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Wright, Wayne E. "Khmer as a Heritage Language in the United States: Historical Sketch, Current Realities, and Future Prospects". Heritage Language Journal 7, n.º 1 (30 de diciembre de 2010): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.7.1.6.

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Cambodian Americans are a fairly recent language minority group in the United States; most families arrived in the United States as refugees during the 1980s. Over the past 30 years, there has been great concern in the community regarding the maintenance loss of their native Khmer language. This article provides an historical and contemporary sketch of the Khmer language in the United States, and discusses implications for its future survival. Data are drawn and analyzed from the U.S. Census, the 2007 American Community Survey, and other statistical sources, in addition to research conducted in Cambodian American communities, and the author’s experiences and observations as a (non-native) Khmer speaker. The findings indicate that the Khmer language is alive and well in the United States, and most school-age youth continue to speak Khmer, although few speak it with high levels of proficiency and few have literacy skills in the language given the lack of opportunities for Khmer HL education. Nonetheless, there are some positive factors that Khmer communities and educational institutions can draw on to ensure the future of Khmer as a HL in the United States. In the early 1990s, I attended a forum held at California State University, Long Beach sponsored by the United Cambodian Students of America. The distinguished guest speaker was Mr. Neou Kassie, a well-known Cambodian American and an outspoken human rights advocate. Mr. Neou began speaking elegantly and powerfully in Khmer, describing his advocacy work in Cambodia. A few minutes into his animated speech, one of the young college student leaders, with an embarrassed look on her face, interrupted him: “Excuse me Mr. Neou, can you please switch to English? Most of us are having a very hard time understanding you in Khmer.” Cambodian Americans are a fairly recent language minority group in the United States; most families have been in this country for less than 30 years. However, as the vignette above illustrates, issues have already emerged related to the maintenance or loss of Khmer as a heritage language in the United States. Even within the first ten years of refugee resettlement, Cambodian parents and community leaders expressed concern at what they perceived as rapid Khmer language loss among their youth (Smith-Hefner, 1990). Nonetheless, Khmer continues to be widely used in Cambodian American families and communities across the United States, and there are some efforts to provide opportunities for the next generations of Cambodian Americans to develop and maintain their native Khmer language. The purpose of this article is to provide a historical and contemporary sketch of the Khmer language in the United States, and to discuss implications for its future survival. Data for this article are drawn from the United States Census, the American Community Survey, and other statistical sources, in addition to research conducted in Cambodian American communities, and my own experiences and observations as a (non-native) Khmer speaker. It is my hope that these analyses will be useful to policy makers, educators, and researchers, and also to Cambodian American community leaders, educators, and others who are actively working to preserve the Khmer language in the United States. In this article, we first will look briefly at the history of Cambodian American immigration to the United States, including the tragic events in Cambodia leading to the large exodus of political refugees. Next, we will explore demographic information related to Cambodian Americans and the Khmer language in the United States, followed by a discussion of Cambodian Americans’ relationship with Cambodia. We then consider issues related to Khmer language maintenance and loss in the United States, including community and institutional efforts that provide opportunities for the learning and use of Khmer. The article concludes with a discussion of the future of Khmer as a Heritage Language in the United States.

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Pogibenko, Tamara G. "LEXICAL COMPLEX IN KHMER: «UNNECESSARY VERBOSITY» OR ELABORATION OF MEANING?" Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, n.º 2 (24) (2023): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2023-2-070-080.

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Complexity of language units in Mon- Khmer and other Asian languages of isolating profile is their prominent feature. The article deals with a specific type of Khmer complex units that is lexical complex, in particular verbal lexical complex which has an exceptionally high frequency in Khmer text. In linguistic literature dealing with isolating languages of Asia, including Khmer, this type of complex units is not recognized due to the fact that they do not look different from complex words and serial verb constructions being also sequences of verbs without any means of subordination or coordination. A most characteristic feature of Khmer is chains consisting of several verbs. Their presence in discourse is often seen as unnecessary verbosity, having nothing to do with expression of meaning. Russian linguist D. I. Yelovkov was the first to introduce the concept of lexical complex in Khmer. According to him, a lexical complex consists of two or more lexemes which make up a structural and semantic unity of a special kind [Еловков 2006, с. 106]. He singled out several types of lexical complexes and described their functional potential in detail. It was a real breakthrough in Khmer studies. This article defines the verbal lexical complex as a unit comprised of several verbs with a unified semantic structure without formal links but connected on the semantic level. Two specific types of semantic derivation by means of lexical complexes are analyzed: polysemantic lexical complexes and lexical complexes that eliminate word ambiguity. Data from Modern Khmer, Middle Khmer and Old Khmer is used. Polysemantic lexical complex derivatives are used to characterize different aspects of one single action. Analysis presented in the article allows us to draw the conclusion that the Khmer lexical complex is a well-structured and effective nomination unit which allows the speaker to accurately, concisely and in a smart way express meanings in the amount required. Lexical complex is a language unit which has no analogues in languages of other typological profile.

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Ourn, Noeurng y John Haiman. "Symmetrical Compounds in Khmer". Studies in Language 24, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2000): 483–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.24.3.02our.

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Binomial coordinate compounds like English give and take are frequent in Khmer. Once the semantic motivation of these is opaque, the ones that survive are predominantly those which manifest some formal symmetry in the structure of their conjoined roots. The result is that Khmer has an enormous number of words like pell mell or zigzag, but, unlike the English examples, these have neither playful nor pejorative connotations. Moreover, the structural basis of their symmetry is neither rhyme, as in pell mell, nor ablaut, as in zigzag, but alliteration. A cursory survey of some other languages in which symmetrical reduplicative compounds exist reveals that alliteration is extremely rare outside of Southeast Asian languages. At the very least, the abundance of compounds of the spic and span type is an areal feature. But it may be that it correlates with an even more restricted typological feature as well. Khmer, like Thai, is an exclusively prefixing language. There is a well-known cognitive basis for preserving parallelism or symmetry in the backgrounded rather than the focussed portions of things that are brought together. It may be that this principle can account for the tendency to mark symmetry in the initial portion of words in a prefixing language.

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Dmitrenko, Sergey Yu. "Сausal markers in Old Khmer". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, n.º 2 (2022): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.207.

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This paper considers causal markers in Old Khmer, the language of epigraphic 7th–15th century monuments found in Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Consistently looking at the contexts of two lexemes, hetu and man, it ascertains that hetu (traceable to the Sanskrit noun “cause”) was used in the 10th–11th centuries as a specialized conjunction to introduce causal clauses. Modern Khmer has transformed hetu into the conjunction haet tae. Modern Khmer also widely uses haet in various consequence phrases (as against its merely sporadic occurrences in this meaning in Old Khmer). The conjunction man is another ancient causal marker, probably ascending to Old Javanese. In consistence with modern views on the emergence of causal markers, its causal function may have developed from its earlier temporal uses (“when”). Man is not found in Modern Khmer, having fallen out of use as early as in the Middle Khmer, the language of the 15th–18th century monuments. Our probe into causal constructions with hetu and man could not come up with any examples of Old Khmer constructions with dependent nominal causal phrases, while these are common in Modern Khmer, though evidently — as derivatives of dependent causal clauses. The paper also looks into the potential emergence paths for the modern causal markers prʊəh and daoj(-saː). Our conclusion is that the registered occurrences of the Old Khmer ancestors of these words (roḥ and toy, respectively) provide no definite clue as to their evolution or the exact period when they or their derivatives assumed the causal function. Nevertheless, the existence of their modern Thai (pʰrɔ́ʔ, dûay) and Lao (pʰɔ̄ʔ, dûay ) counterparts suggests that the Old Khmer also used the respective causal markers that were later borrowed by Tai languages.

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8

Haiman, John. "Auxiliation in Khmer the Case of Baan". Studies in Language 23, n.º 1 (2 de julio de 1999): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.23.1.06hai.

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From a typological perspective, the most striking — and perhaps the only noteworthy — feature of the auxiliation of the main verb baan 'get' in Khmer is that it migrates from V2 to V1 position, contravening the general tendency for grammatical morphemes to remain frozen in the same position where the words from which they originate are found. It may be that the reason for this migration is, ultimately, prosodic: Khmer is an iambic language; hence, it is an exclusively prefixing language; and hence it is a language in which unstressed elements are attracted into some prefixed position. It is possible that Wackernagel's Law, following which unstressed elements are attracted into a suffixing position (typically, sentence-second) may be a typological parameter, rather than a universal. In exclusively prefixing languages like Khmer, which are admittedly very rare, the corresponding migration may be into initial position.

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9

Needham, Susan y Karen Quintiliani. "Communicating time, place, and history". Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 32, n.º 1 (4 de agosto de 2022): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.00082.nee.

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Abstract Prolung Khmer (ព្រលឹងខ្មែរ, meaning “Khmer Soul” or “Khmer Spirit”), is a culturally salient ideological discourse found in modern Cambodian culture in the homeland and the diaspora. Prolung Khmer draws on symbols and practices from Cambodia’s 2000-year cultural heritage, linking Khmer history, religion, language, the arts, and socio-political relationships in an essentialized ideology of Khmer culture. Using a genealogical analysis, this article traces the historical development of Prolung Khmer from earliest times to the present with examples from Cambodia and the diaspora. We argue that through its use, Prolung Khmer delineates, historicizes, and naturalizes what it means to be Khmer in the homeland and the diaspora.

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Dao, Duyen Thi Kim. "A comparison betwween Vietnamese and Khmer in terms of taboo words and euphemism about unwanted things". Science and Technology Development Journal 18, n.º 3 (30 de agosto de 2015): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i3.854.

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Taboo is the cause of euphemism; taboo goes first then comes euphemism. Taboos and euphemism are not only a part of language but also an expression of a unique culture. Vietnamese and Khmer have much in common in language and culture. For unwanted things, people always use taboos, euphemism and litotes. The paper provides overall similarities as well as differences in one aspect of taboo and euphemism terms in the Vietnamese and Khmer languages about unexpected things. This will result in deeper understanding about characteristics of the two languages, elimination of “culture shock” and good establishment of communicative relationships.

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Sry, Sreyteav y Amrudee Sukpan Nguyen. "A review of Khmer word segmentation and part-of-speech tagging and an experimental study using bidirectional long short-term memory". HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 12, n.º 1 (20 de abril de 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.en.12.1.2219.2022.

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Large contiguous blocks of unsegmented Khmer words can cause major problems for natural language processing applications such as machine translation, speech synthesis, information extraction, etc. Thus, word segmentation and part-of- speech tagging are two important prior tasks. Since the Khmer language does not always use explicit separators to split words, the definition of words is not a natural concept. Hence, tokenization and part-of-speech tagging of these languages are inseparable because the definition and principle of one task unavoidably affect the other. In this study, different approaches using in Khmer word segmentation and part-of-speech are reviewed and experimental study using a single long short-term memory network is described. Dataset from Asia Language Treebank is used to train and test the model. The preliminary experimental model achieved 95% accuracy rate. However, more testing to evaluate the model and compare it with different models is needed to conduct to select the more higher accuracy model.

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Vatho, CHEM. "The Standard Khmer vowel system: An acoustic study". Insight: Cambodia Journal of Basic and Applied Research 2, n.º 02 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.61945/10.61945/cjbar.2020.2.2.3.

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Previous acoustic studies of the Khmer Language (Henderson 1952, Thomas & Wanna 1987-88, Ratree 1998, Woźnica 2009, Kirby 2014) do not concentrate on the Phnom Penh dialect (hereafter PP dialect) as the canonical form of Khmer. This study concentrates on describing standard Khmer vowel distinction in the specific context of the PP dialect. Although there is no clear-cut definition of "Standard Khmer".

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Thach, Dan Thi. "KHMER WOMEN IN THE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOTHER LANGUAGE – A CASE STUDY IN TRA VINH CITY". Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University 1, n.º 33 (18 de julio de 2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.33.2019.139.

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Khmer women always play the certain positions and roles in life and cultural, social activities of Southern Khmer. Regarding the role of gender, they have strong influence on preserving and promoting the mother language of their own ethnic minority. In this paper, the researcher has investigated, surveyed and analyzed the situation of using the mother tongue of Khmer women in Tra Vinh City. On that basis, the study proposes some solutions toward promoting the role of Khmer women in preserving and promoting their mother tongue in the coming time.

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Pogibenko, T. G. "DISAPPEARING PARTICIPANTS IN THE KHMER SENTENCE: SEMANTIC INCORPORATION, EXCORPORATION, ZERO ANAPHORA". Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, n.º 1 (11) (2020): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-281-293.

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The paper deals with representation of obligatory participants of a situation described by the verb which do not get a syntactic role in the syntactic structure of a Khmer sentence, i. e. incorporation in the verb semantic structure, excorporation into a lexical complex, deictic zero, zero anaphors. Special attention is paid to the role of lexical complex, which is a unique resource of the Khmer language, and its use for implicit and explicit representation of the participants of the situation described. An issue of a particular interest is participants’ representation as a component of a lexical complex, rather than a component of the sentence syntactic structure. Language data of Modern Khmer, Middle Khmer, and Old Khmer is used to show that this mode of representation has been used throughout the whole period of the evolution of Khmer beginning with the Old Khmer inscriptions. An attempt is made to reveal the functional character of the phenomenon discussed. It is maintained that this strategy is used for semantic derivation, for a more detailed conceptualization of the situation described, as well as for word polysemy elimination in the text. Examples are cited where lexical complexes with incorporated participants are used to make up for the inherent semantic emptiness of predicates of evaluation. In case of participants incorporated in deictic verbs, the deictic zero in Khmer may refer to participants other than “observer”. Specific features of zero anaphora in Khmer are also mentioned.

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Kaing, Hour, Chenchen Ding, Masao Utiyama, Eiichiro Sumita, Sethserey Sam, Sopheap Seng, Katsuhito Sudoh y Satoshi Nakamura. "Towards Tokenization and Part-of-Speech Tagging for Khmer: Data and Discussion". ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, n.º 6 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3464378.

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As a highly analytic language, Khmer has considerable ambiguities in tokenization and part-of-speech (POS) tagging processing. This topic is investigated in this study. Specifically, a 20,000-sentence Khmer corpus with manual tokenization and POS-tagging annotation is released after a series of work over the last 4 years. This is the largest morphologically annotated Khmer dataset as of 2020, when this article was prepared. Based on the annotated data, experiments were conducted to establish a comprehensive benchmark on the automatic processing of tokenization and POS-tagging for Khmer. Specifically, a support vector machine, a conditional random field (CRF) , a long short-term memory (LSTM) -based recurrent neural network, and an integrated LSTM-CRF model have been investigated and discussed. As a primary conclusion, processing at morpheme-level is satisfactory for the provided data. However, it is intrinsically difficult to identify further grammatical constituents of compounds or phrases because of the complex analytic features of the language. Syntactic annotation and automatic parsing for Khmer will be scheduled in the near future.

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Huynh, My Linh. "<span>Using teaching facilities to support Khmer ethnic students at some primary schools in Soc Trang, An Giang and Dong Thap in learning Vietnamese</span>". Dong Thap University Journal of Science 13, n.º 3 (10 de abril de 2024): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.52714/dthu.13.3.2024.1252.

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This article studies the use of visual teaching aids in supporting Khmer students at some primary schools in Soc Trang, An Giang, and Dong Thap provinces to learn Vietnamese well. Specifically, the article points out the influence of mother tongue on pronunciation and word use of Khmer students at some primary schools in Soc Trang, An Giang and Dong Thap provinces in learning Vietnamese. It also shows that visual teaching aids can facilitate stundents learning to read, write, speak, and narrate in Vietnamese language, and makes clear the demand for visual support of Khmer students in some schools when learning Vietnamese. From those results, the author proposes the measure related to using visual teaching aids in teaching reading, writting, speaking, and storytelling in Vietnamese for Khmer students at some surveyed primary schools. This study used theoretical research methods to find out the influence of mother tongue on learning Vietnamese of Khmer primary school students, collected information about mispronunciation and the need for visual support of 80 Khmer students in Soc Trang, An Giang and Dong Thap provinces. The results show that students' pronunciation and word use errors are related to the similarities in sounds and meanings of the two languages, and the rate of needing visual support to learn Vietnamese is very high. Therefore, the article proposes to use visual teaching aids to support Khmer primary school students at the above provinces in learning Vietnamese with some specific instructions and examples. The study has limitations on the size of the survey sample and will be improved in next studies.

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Phan, Ly Thi My. "SURVEY OF THE INTEREST LEVELS OF KHMER STUDENTS AT TRA VINH UNIVERSITY ON CRITICAL THINKING SKILL (The case of School of Southern Khmer Language, Culture and Arts)". Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University 1, n.º 2 (5 de agosto de 2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.2.2019.150.

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The study was conducted to explore the interest levels and the understanding of Khmer students at Tra Vinh University (The case of School of Southern Khmer Language, Culture and Arts). The survey results on 114 first-year to fourth-year students of the majors: Cultural Vietnamese Ethnic Minorities, Khmer language, Pedagogy of Southern Literature show that 70% of students are interested in critical thinking. Students realize that this is the necessary thinking for the learners themselves when there are 32.46% totally agree and 54.39% agree to develop critical thinking skills. Based on the results, we initially try to find out the causes and propose the solutions to develop critical thinking skills for students.

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Bunlot, KHOY. "Analyzing the readability of Khmer language textbooks." Insight: Cambodia Journal of Basic and Applied Research 3, n.º 02 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 174–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.61945/cjbar.2021.3.2.5.

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Textbooks play a vital role in the process of teaching and learning, especially in education systems where they are the only resources available to teachers and students. Despite this indispensable role, textbooks in Cambodia have ongoing problems concerning their content and design. This paper analyzes the readability of passages in Khmer textbooks (Flesch, 1948); Kincaid et al., 1975, as cited in DuBay, 2004. Reading passages were extracted from the Grade 3, Grade 6 and Grade 9 Khmer textbooks published by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. It was found that the readability of these textbooks was not in line with the reading level of students. For instance, on average, 20 words per sentence were used, which is equivalent to a Grade 10 level (Flesch, 1975). Further, while the number of words and sentences did not significantly vary across the three grade levels, the number of syllables and words did. These findings have implications for publishers and authors when designing reading passages in textbooks if they are to have an appropriate level of readability for their intended users at each grade level.

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MASPONG, Sireemas. "Khmer onset voicing at the end of the 13th century". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 51, n.º 2 (10 de octubre de 2022): 175–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-bja10025.

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Abstract Khmer displays extensive diachronic phonological restructuring (Huffman, 1976), especially in the realization of initial stops. These changes include (i) devoicing and merger of voiced and voiceless stops, and (ii) the emergence of implosives from pre-vocalic voiceless stops. However, the details and the chronology of these changes remain unclear in many respects. This paper proposes a chronology of the two changes based on philological evidence: Chinese transcriptions of Khmer words in the Zhēnlà Fēngtǔ Jì (ZFTJ), a travel account from the late 13th century. Previous research on ZFTJ by Pelliot (1951) suggested that implosives had already emerged at the time of transcription, while the merger of voiced and voiceless stops had at least started. This is at odds with the general view of Khmer language history. I motivate a revised analysis of the Khmer transcriptions in the ZFTJ and show that the devoicing and merger of voiced and voiceless stops in fact had not yet occurred at the end of the 13th century. There is, however, not enough evidence from ZFTJ to confirm whether implosives had already emerged.

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Kirby, James P. "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, n.º 3 (11 de noviembre de 2011): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100311000181.

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Vietnamese, the official language of Vietnam, is spoken natively by over seventy-five million people in Vietnam and greater Southeast Asia as well as by some two million overseas, predominantly in France, Australia, and the United States. The genetic affiliation of Vietnamese has been at times the subject of considerable debate (Diffloth 1992). Scholars such as Tabard (1838) maintained a relation to Chinese, while Maspero (1912), despite noting similarities to Mon-Khmer, argued for an affiliation with Tai. However, at least since the work of Haudricourt (1953), most scholars now agree that Vietnamese and related Vietic languages belong to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic family.

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Aleksachin, A. N. "Schools of Chinese, Vietnamese, Burmese, Laotian, Thai and Khmer languages". MGIMO Review of International Relations, n.º 5(38) (28 de octubre de 2014): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-264-266.

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School of teaching Chinese, Vietnamese, Burmese, Laotian, Thai and Khmer languages functions under the same title as the department, which was established in 1954 at the Department of Chinese Language of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. MGIMO graduates with the knowledge of the Chinese language are successfully working in the structural units of the Russian foreign Ministry and all over the world, in various government agencies and major companies. Currently, the number of students studying Chinese language is 128 people as a first language.

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Pogibenko, Tamara G. "NICOBARESE LANGUAGES AND OLD KHMER: NOUN PHRASE MARKER TA". Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, n.º 4 (18) (2021): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2021-4-239-251.

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Nicobarese languages Car and Nancowry, which are modern vernacular languages of the indigenous population of the Nicobar Islands, and Old Khmer — the language of epigraphic inscriptions of 7th–15th A.D, possess a considerable fragment of grammatical system, which coincides in almost every detail. That is functional domain of the marker ta, which has two functions: marker of dependent predications of different types and marker of noun phrases with different syntactic and semantic roles. This fact is somewhat challenging since Nicobarese and Khmer are distant relatives, typologically different, they have different status and temporal affiliation. The present article deals with the second function of ta, which is called case marking function. Ta in the function of dependent predication marker was described in detail in [Погибенко, 2020б]. In Nicobarese and Old Khmer languages dependent predication marker ta has left vestiges in the form of prefix in deverbal nouns, adjectives and adverbials. In Nicobarese it is also found in adjectives derived from nouns. In the present article it is suggested that the case marker ta has also left vestiges in the form of suffix in verbs of location and dislocation and in prepositions. In Old Khmer ta marks indirect object and circumstantial noun phrases covering several semantic roles: location, addressee, recipient, deprivative, temporative. In Nicobarese it is also found in instrument and comitative noun phrases and, in contrast with Old Khmer, in direct object and displaced agent noun phrases, the latter in passive VPA sentences. In the compared languages case marking ta is gradually replaced by prepositions via the strategy of dubbing. It is suggested that the case-marking function of ta could have evolved during syntactic compression of a subordinate clause with the dependent predication marker.

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LEBAUD, Daniel y Sylvain VOGEL. "Sémantique deba nen khmer contemporain". Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 103, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2008): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.103.1.2033496.

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Pogibenko, T. G. "NICOBARESE LANGUAGES AND OLD KHMER: FORMS OF DEPENDENT PREDICATION". Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, n.º 3 (13) (2020): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-317-332.

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The aim of this article is to show that Nicobarese languages Car and Nancowry, which are modern vernacular idioms of the indigenous population of the Nicobar Islands, and Old Khmer — the language of epigraphic inscriptions of 7th–15th A.D., possess a considerable fragment of grammatical system, which coincides in almost every detail. That is the system of forms of dependent predication, i.e. synthetic forms with allomorphs of labial and dental infixes and analytical forms with the marker ta. This fact is somewhat challenging since Nicobarese and Khmer are distant relatives, typologically different, they have different status and temporal affiliation. Data analysis shows that forms with ta in Nicobarese and Old Khmer are used in the same types of dependent predications, i.e. in verb, adjective, noun, pronoun, numeral modifiers, in relative clauses and clauses of time and reason, as well as in sentences with rheme shift. Infixed forms in the languages under comparison underwent lexicalization. However, as a relic they are still used in dependent predications of some types. In the languages compared we find similar examples of variation and dubbing of means marking dependent predication which successively replaced one another on the diachronic scale, i. e. infixed forms and forms with ta, forms with ta and conjunctions. Coincidence of the functional domain of forms of dependent predication in Nicobarese and Old Khmer is unique and cannot be found anywhere else all over the Austroasiatic phylum. In other Austroasiatic languages those forms are either extinct, or preserved as lexicalized units, or else are found in odd relic functions, e.g. the possession suffix ta in Santali.

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Haiman, John y Noeurng Ourn. "Nouns, verbs and syntactic backsliding in Khmer". Studies in Language 27, n.º 3 (27 de noviembre de 2003): 505–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.27.3.03hai.

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One of the difficulties in parsing Khmer is that morphosyntactic clues about the category membership of words are either lacking or misleading. In particular, words which seem to have the status of deverbal nominalizations because of a derivational infix -Vm(n)- are in fact “still”functioning as verbs. It may be that this phenomenon of “syntactic backsliding” provides novel evidence for the hypothesis that this infix was originally meaningless, and that infixation arose in Khmer via the process of “secretion”.

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26

Intajamornrak, Chommanad. "Thai Tones Produced by Tonal and Nontonal Language Speakers: An Acoustic Study". MANUSYA 20, n.º 2 (2017): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-02002001.

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The purpose of this paper was to analyze the acoustic characteristics of Thai tones produced by tonal language speakers, namely Vietnamese and Burmese, and non-tonal language speakers, namely Khmer and Malay, in citation form and connected speech. The test words in citation form and connected speech comprised five tones, which were the Mid tone, the Low tone, the Falling tone, the High tone, and the Rising tone occurring in non-checked and checked syllables. The informants were twenty-four Vietnamese, Burmese, Khmer, and Malay native speakers with high experience in Thai (three speakers for each language) and low experience in Thai (three speakers for each language). The informants’ speech was recorded directly on to a computer. The fundamental frequencies (F0) of tones were measured using Praat Version 5.1.43 and then converted to semitones.

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27

VOGEL, Sylvain. "L'expression du temps en khmer moderne". Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 92, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1997): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.92.1.2002508.

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THACH, Joseph Deth, Denis PAILLARD, Denis PAILLARD y Joseph Deth THACH. "Description de tr3ɨ en Khmer contemporain". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 38, n.º 1 (2009): 71–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602809x00072.

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Le verbe tr3ɨ en khmer présente une très grande diversité d'emplois. Cet article propose une étude "unitaire" de tr3ɨ. Sur la base d'une description systématique des cinq grandes classes d'emplois ("nécessité", "conformité", "détrimental", "passif" et "toucher"), il est possible de mettre en évidence un ensemble de contraintes et de régularités d'ordre syntaxique et sémantique qui rendent compte de la diversité des emplois du verbe tr3ɨ tout en conservant l'identité sémantique stable du verbe.

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29

Hornberger, Nancy H. "Language policy, language education, language rights: Indigenous, immigrant, and international perspectives". Language in Society 27, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1998): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020182.

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ABSTRACTIndigenous languages are under siege, not only in the US but around the world – in danger of disappearing because they are not being transmitted to the next generation. Immigrants and their languages worldwide are similarly subjected to seemingly irresistible social, political, and economic pressures. This article discusses a number of such cases, including Shawandawa from the Brazilian Amazon, Quechua in the South American Andes, the East Indian communities of South Africa, Khmer in Philadelphia, Welsh, Maori, Turkish in the UK, and Native Californian languages. At a time when phrases like “endangered languages” and “linguicism” are invoked to describe the plight of the world's vanishing linguistic resources in their encounter with the phenomenal growth of world languages such as English, the cases reviewed here provide consistent and compelling evidence that language policy and language education serve as vehicles for promoting the vitality, versatility, and stability of these languages, and ultimately promote the rights of their speakers to participate in the global community on and IN their own terms. (Endangered languages, immigrant languages, indigenous languages, language revitalization, linguicism)

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30

Kann, Bonpagna, Thodsaporn Chay-intr, Hour Kaing y Thanaruk Theeramunkong. "Khmer Treebank Construction via Interactive Tree Visualization". IJITEE (International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering) 3, n.º 3 (11 de diciembre de 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijitee.48545.

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Despite the fact that there are a number of researches working on Khmer Language in the field of Natural Language Processing along with some resources regarding words segmentation and POS Tagging, we still lack of high-level resources regarding syntax, Treebanks and grammars, for example. This paper illustrates the semi-automatic framework of constructing Khmer Treebank and the extraction of the Khmer grammar rules from a set of sentences taken from the Khmer grammar books. Initially, these sentences will be manually annotated and processed to generate a number of grammar rules with their probabilities once the Treebank is obtained. In our experiments, the annotated trees and the extracted grammar rules are analyzed in both quantitative and qualitative way. Finally, the results will be evaluated in three evaluation processes including Self-Consistency, 5-Fold Cross-Validation, Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation along with the three validation methods such as Precision, Recall, F1-Measure. According to the result of the three validations, Self-Consistency has shown the best result with more than 92%, followed by the Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation and 5-Fold Cross Validation with the average of 88% and 75% respectively. On the other hand, the crossing bracket data shows that Leave-One-Out Cross Validation holds the highest average with 96% while the other two are 85% and 89%, respectively.

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Haiman, John. "Possible Origins of Infixation in Khmer". Studies in Language 22, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 1998): 597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.22.3.04hai.

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The existence of infixation in Austroasiatic has always been treated as a given: one of such antiquity that it has been proposed as a possible index of genetic affiliation with Austronesian. Nor does the comparative method allow the reconstruction of a typologically more plausible set of prefixes from which the attested infixes could have been derived via metathesis. Yet a plausible mechanism for the infixation process can be suggested on the basis of internal reconstruction, given the following facts about Khmer: 1. A canonical iambic word structure; 2. An ongoing process of initial syllable erosion whose most consistent effect is the simplification and reduction of the rhyme of the anacrusic syllable. Both facts, although currently attested, are also of great antiquity in Austroasiatic. In Viet-Muong, the process of erosion, unchecked, led to a lexicon of monosyllabic roots. In (Mon-)Khmer, erosion created a perceived gap in the structure of the word. Infixation plugs that gap.

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32

Coffman, Kristofer Dale. "Translating Khmer Second Person Pronouns: Respect, Relations, and Social Conventions in the Gospel of John". Bible Translator 68, n.º 3 (30 de noviembre de 2017): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677017740419.

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This paper is a case study in the challenges of translating the Greek New Testament into Khmer, the language of Cambodia. The paper focuses on Khmer’s honorific system of second-person pronouns in order to show the difficulties of translating across language families and to highlight the amount of theological interpretation that every Khmer translation entails. Through three examples drawn from the Gospel of John, the paper explores the challenges that Jesus’ presence at the heart of Christian piety poses for a pronominal system that encodes social values such as relation and respect. The paper ends with a reflection on the possible advantages of the study of idiolect for the translation of honorific pronouns.

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Sawanakunanon, Yanin. "Segment Timing in Twelve Southeast Asian Languages". MANUSYA 17, n.º 3 (2014): 124–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01703007.

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In several studies the duration of segments (i.e. consonants and vowels) is measured to classify languages according to their speech rhythm. This research investigates whether Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a new method of analyzing segment-timing parameters for language classification, can be used to classify twelve Southeast Asian languages according to their timing patterns. The twelve Southeast Asian languages examined are Malay, Cebuano, Standard Thai, Southern Thai, Tai Yuan, Vietnamese, Hmong, Mien, Burmese, Sgaw Karen, Mon and Khmer.

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34

Buoy, Rina, Nguonly Taing, Sovisal Chenda y Sokchea Kor. "Khmer printed character recognition using attention-based Seq2Seq network". HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 12, n.º 1 (20 de abril de 2022): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.en.12.1.2217.2022.

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This paper presents an end-to-end deep convolutional recurrent neural network solution for Khmer optical character recognition (OCR) task. The proposed solution uses a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) architecture with attention mechanism. The encoder extracts visual features from an input text-line image via layers of convolutional blocks and a layer of gated recurrent units (GRU). The features are encoded in a single context vector and a sequence of hidden states which are fed to the decoder for decoding one character at a time until a special end-of-sentence (EOS) token is reached. The attention mechanism allows the decoder network to adaptively select relevant parts of the input image while predicting a target character. The Seq2Seq Khmer OCR network is trained on a large collection of computer-generated text-line images for multiple common Khmer fonts. Complex data augmentation is applied on both train and validation dataset. The proposed model’s performance outperforms the state-of-art Tesseract OCR engine for Khmer language on the validation set of 6400 augmented images by achieving a character error rate (CER) of 0.7% vs 35.9%.

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35

Jiang, Shengyi, Sihui Fu, Nankai Lin y Yingwen Fu. "Pretrained models and evaluation data for the Khmer language". Tsinghua Science and Technology 27, n.º 4 (agosto de 2022): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/tst.2021.9010060.

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Bhat, Raj Nath. "Language Culture and History Towards Building a Khmer Narrative". Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/jala.v2-i1-a3.

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Genetic and geological studies reveal that following the melting of snows 22,000 years ago, the post Ice-age Sundaland peoples’ migrations as well as other peoples’ migrations spread the ancestors of the two distinct ethnic groups Austronesian and Austroasiatic to various East and South–East Asian countries. Some of the Austroasiatic groups must have migrated to Northeast India at a later date, and whose descendants are today’s Munda-speaking people of Northeast, East and Southcentral India. Language is the store-house of one’s ancestral knowledge, the community’s history, its skills, customs, rituals and rites, attire and cuisine, sports and games, pleasantries and sorrows, terrain and geography, climate and seasons, family and neighborhoods, greetings and address- forms and so on. Language loss leads to loss of social identity and cultural knowledge, loss of ecological knowledge, and much more. Linguistic hegemony marginalizes and subdues the mother-tongues of the peripheral groups of a society, thereby the community’s narratives, histories, skills etc. are erased from their memories, and fabricated narratives are created to replace them. Each social-group has its own norms of extending respect to a hearer, and a stranger. Similarly there are social rules of expressing grief, condoling, consoling, mourning and so on. The emergence of nation-states after the 2nd World War has made it imperative for every social group to build an authentic, indigenous narrative with intellectual rigour to sustain itself politically and ideologically and progress forward peacefully. The present essay will attempt to introduce variants of linguistic-anthropology practiced in the West, and their genesis and importance for the Asian speech communities. An attempt shall be made to outline a Khymer narrative with inputs from Khymer History, Art and Architecture, Agriculture and Language, for the scholars to take into account, for putting Cambodia on the path to peace, progress and development.

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POU, S. "Vocabulaire khmer relatif aux éléphants". Journal Asiatique 274, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 1986): 311–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ja.274.3.2011557.

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38

Svantesson, Jan-Olof. "Tonogenetic Mechanisms in Northern Mon-Khmer". Phonetica 46, n.º 1-3 (1989): 60–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000261829.

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39

Jenner, Philip N. "A Common pitfall in old Khmer grammar". Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 20, n.º 1 (1991): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.1991.1338.

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40

Jenner, Philip N. "A COMMON PITFALL IN OLD KHMER GRAMMAR". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 20, n.º 1 (3 de junio de 1991): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000454.

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41

Rischel, Jørgen. "What language do "the spirits of the yellow leaves" speak?: A case of conflicting lexical and phonological evidence". Annual Report of the Institute of Phonetics University of Copenhagen 23 (1 de enero de 1989): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aripuc.v23i.131903.

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This paper (which in part summarizes two papers to appear in Acta Orientalia but which presents separate information as well) deals with some issues raised by descriptive and comparative linguistic work in northern Thailand. The putative Austroasiatic languages "Yumbri" and "Mrabri" (more correctly: Mlabri) have been assigned to "Khmuic" within the Mon-Khmer languages, but the relationship between these two idioms has been a controversial issue. On the basis of recent fieldwork all existing data on "Yumbri" and "Mrabri" can be shown to reflect one and the same language Mlabri in spite of wide discrepancies in notation; these do not even reveal major phonological dialect differences whereas there are conspicuously different lexical usages. This has not so far been properly understood because of difficulties in the interpretation of earlier data which were all gathered by amateurs. - As for the tentative genetic classification of Mlabri as Khmuic, the lexical evidence used to substantiate this claim now turns out to be controversial: a large number of the Khmuic words in Mlabri are rather direct reflexes of en early stage of Tin, a language that has been assigned to the Khmuic branch of Mon-Khmer. Thus, it is either the case that Mlabri and Tin are sister-languages (forming a "Tinic" branch of Khmuic) or that Mlabri has early borrowings from Tin.

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42

Ngel, Kimcheng. "English proficiency: Key to educational opportunities for Cambodian students". Cambodian Journal of Educational Research 2, n.º 1 (julio de 2022): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.62037/cjer.2022.02.01.08.

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Cambodia has experienced some changes in the foreign language landscape in its recent history before having English as the most popular foreign language at present. However, research has shown that the English proficiency of Cambodians is low, which is troubling considering the role of English in educational opportunities. This article provides a brief historical background of foreign languages in Cambodia and explains how English opens doors to educational opportunities as it is the language of the internet and the Massive Open Online Courses. Moreover, as a global lingua franca, English serves as a language for overseas educational opportunities and research and publication. The article concludes with a word of caution regarding the embrace of English and the need to preserve the Khmer language.

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Lukina, Аlisa А. "THE SHAMANIC PRACTICES OF THE TAMPUAN PEOPLE. BASED ON THE ARCHIVAL MATERIALS OF M.V. STANYUKOVICH". Folklore: structure, typology, semiotics 4, n.º 2 (2021): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-5294-2021-4-2-131-145.

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The Tampuans are the indigenous people of Cambodia, living mainly in the northeastern province of Ratanakiri. It was there, to the places of the Tampuan people, that in summer 2015 a group of scientists (specialists from ILS RAS, IL RAS, MAE RAS) made an expedition in order to collect information about the language, culture and life of that people. The cultural aspect was studied in detail by M.V. Stanyukovich (MAE RAS). During the expedition, folklore material and several interviews with natives of the Tampuan people were recorded, including, very extensive interviews with the local shaman Saryan and his daughter, who live in the village of La’en Kraen. Shamanism today continues to play a large role in the daily life and culture of the minorities in Cambodia. In the report, we would like to talk about shamanism through the example of how that traditional form of religion survived among the Tampuan people. In everyday life, the Tampuans communicate with each other using their native language, but at the same time they also speak the state language of Cambodia – Khmer. M.V. Stanyukovich does not speak Khmer, so she worked with the help of Khmer translator Saat So. Until last year, the interviews were not transcribed and analyzed. After a long work on transcribing two interviews, we managed to ascertain that the shamanism of the indigenous people of Cambodia Tampuan is a combination of the following elements: initiation into shamans, performing rituals of sacrifice, treatment of sick people

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44

Smith-Hefner, Nancy J. "Language and Identity in the Education of Boston-Area Khmer". Anthropology & Education Quarterly 21, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1990): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1990.21.3.04x0608j.

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45

VOGEL, S. "Le préfixe verbalpan-en khmer moderne". Journal Asiatique 284, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1996): 213–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ja.284.1.556547.

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46

VOGEL, S. "Quelques réflexions sur l'impératif en Khmer". Journal Asiatique 285, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1997): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ja.285.1.556533.

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47

Singkaselit, Tipchutha Subhimaros, Punnarat Pingkhanont, Patchara Pantongruk y Natamon Komkhum. "A Qualitative Study of Grandparents lullaby: Wisdom of the elderly for Early Child development through Northern-Khmer Child Rearing Cultural Transmission Process in Community way of life". Asian Journal of Arts and Culture 21, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2021): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/ajac.2021.249381.

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The objective of this research is to study the elements of the process of transmission of the Khmer language wisdom and culture of grandparents through lullabies. Culture shows beliefs, values, morals and social aspects, lifestyle, customs, language, daily living and activities of people in the community. The qualitative study was conducted with in-depth interviews of three Northern-Khmer elders and included the study the lullaby songs of the elderly in the community of CHANGWAT SURIN.The results of this study found that the elements of the process of cultural transfer of the elderly through lullabies include five aspects, namely 1) content, 2) knowledge transfer, 3) characteristics of the transmitters and receivers, 4) methods and media and 5) evaluation. The process of transferring culture from wisdom that we can develop for the purpose of inheritance can be of various forms of recording, such as, audio recording, video recording as well as transcription in order for preservation.

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48

Alves, Mark. "Linguistic Research on the Origins of the Vietnamese Language: An Overview". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 1, n.º 1-2 (1 de febrero de 2006): 104–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.104.

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While the majority of linguistic researchers both inside and outside Vietnam consider the Vietnamese language a Mon-Khmer, Austroasiatic language, some counterarguments and general confusion continue to exist in the public domain. This article looks at four hypotheses regarding the linguistic origins of Vietnamese, hypotheses that place Vietnamese variously within the Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Chinese, or Tai-Kadai language families. Based on linguistic methodology and plausible scenarios of interethnic contact, the commonly held position——Vietnamese is an Austroasiatic language——remains the most tenable.

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49

VOGEL, Sylvain. "Noms et emploi syncatégorématique en khmer et en francique". Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 98, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2003): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bsl.98.1.503784.

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50

Pakdeekam, Santi. "Literary Elements of the Sāstrā Lbaeng". MANUSYA 11, n.º 3 (2008): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01103006.

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This article studies and analyzes the literary elements of the Sāstrā Lbaeng. The “Sāstrā Lbaeng” or “Lbaeng Story” is a genre of medieval Khmer literature, which was composed to provide pleasure and entertainment for its readers. The literary elements of the Sāstrā Lbaeng include nine elements: 1) The eulogies of the Sāstrā Lbaeng classified into three types based on the language used, namely, Pāli, Khmer and Pāli-Khmer eulogies; 2) The date of composition, written after the eulogy; 3) The poet’s critical remarks about his work giving information about the author’s name, identity and career; 4) The purpose of the Sāstrā Lbaeng as being mostly to maintain Buddhism; 5) The source in Buddhist literature which inspired the composition; 6) The opening and setting, which are influenced by the “Story of the present” of the Jātaka literature; 7) The content which reflects the influence of Buddhist concepts; 8) Prachum Jātaka or Samodhāna explains the identity of the characters during the life time of the Buddha; 9) Some of the Sāstrā Lbaeng includes the aspiration of the poet or the audience to attain Nirvana. More than one topic may be included in the postscript.

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