Tesis sobre el tema "Klein, Melanie 1882-1960"

O presente trabalho visou à realização de uma análise teórica do modelo psicanalítico kleiniano com a finalidade de formular uma concepção de prevenção em saúde mental na infância. Buscou também avaliar a existência de concepções kleinianas que apontem para a prevenção primária, bem como elementos que corroborem a intervenção preventiva primária, em suas aplicações universal, seletiva e indicada. Foram formulados conceitos de saúde mental com base no modelo psicanalítico kleiniano, e analisadas as influências do processo de transformação do superego como precondição para a consolidação da saúde mental na infância. Sua viabilização se deu a partir de pesquisa teórica de livros, artigos científicos, e outras fontes de informação relacionadas às obras completas de Melanie Klein e aos escritos dos pós-kleinianos. A análise do material teórico contemplou as principais categorias conceituais da teoria kleiniana e enfatizou vértices que marcassem o encontro com as noções de prevenção e saúde mental. Conclui-se que o modelo kleiniano comporta a idéia de prevenção primária e reúne elementos para nortear intervenções preventivas universais, seletivas e indicadas. A saúde mental é definida como um estado fluido, influenciado por fatores quantitativos e qualitativos, e que se caracteriza pela resiliência e competência sócio-emocional. A transformação do superego arcaico em consciência moral é tida como essencial para o alcance da saúde mental, juntamente com a integração do ego. Por fim, com base em análise teórica do modelo kleiniano, e a partir do estudo da interação entre os fatores de risco e fatores protetivos, foi elaborada proposta inspirada na geometria cartesiana para aplicação em intervenção preventiva primária. Foram analisadas as implicações teóricas e éticas da aproximação entre a teoria psicanalítica e a abordagem preventiva.
The present work aimed at the theoretical analysis of the kleinian psychoanalytic model to formulate a conception of infant mental health prevention. Attempted also to evaluate the existence of kleinian conceptions directed towards primary prevention, as well as elements that corroborate the primary prevention intervention, in its universal, selected and indicated applications. Concepts of mental health were formulated, based on the kleinian psychoanalytic model, and the influences of the transforming process of the superego as precondition to the mental health consolidation in childhood were analyzed. Its viability was accomplished by theoretical research of books, scientific articles, and other sources related to Melanie Klein’s work. The analysis of the theoretical material contemplated the main conceptual categories of the kleinian theory and emphasized vertices the pointed out the meeting with notions of prevention and mental health. It was concluded that the kleinian model holds the idea of primary prevention and reunites elements to support universal, selective and indicated preventive intervention. Mental health is defined as a fluid state, influenced by quantitative and qualitative factors, and characterized by resilience and social-emotional competence. The transformation of the archaic superego in moral conscious is considered essential to the reaching of mental health, hand in hand with the integration of the ego. Finalizing, based on the theoretical analysis of the kleinian model, and the study of the interaction between risk factors and protective factors, a proposal inspired on Cartesian geometry applied in primary prevention intervention was elaborated. The theoretical and ethical implications of the approximation between the psychoanalytic theory and the preventive approach were examined.

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Este trabalho pretende compreender as transformações do tema feminilidade na obra de Melanie Klein e com isso traçar um percurso histórico e epistemológico sobre o significado desta temática para o pensamento desta autora. De modo específico, também, objetivamos discutir e problematizar como a noção da feminilidade pode oferecer uma maneira inovadora na forma de ler e compreender o texto kleiniano. Além disso, acreditamos que esse tema permitira pensar outras trilhas subjetivas na contemporaneidade, o que repercutiria, posteriormente, na forma de compreender a Psicanálise deslocada do eixo fálico. Isso porque, desde o início dessa pesquisa nos pautamos na ideia de que haveria, como é defendida por alguns autores contemporâneos da Psicanálise e que já havia sido refletido por Freud ao final de sua obra, a possibilidade de compreender modos de subjetivação fora do registro fálico, ou seja, anteriores à estrutura tradicional do complexo de Édipo e herança de nossa cultura Ocidental. Feminilidade, então, seria esse modo de subjetivação em um tempo psíquico muito primitivo da criança com sua mãe, o que permitiria articulações subjetivas diferenciadas
This work intends to understand the theme of femininity changes in the work of Melanie Klein and then trace a historical and epistemological route on the significance of this issue to the thought of this author. Specifically, we also aim to discuss and question how the notion of femininity can offer an innovative way in order to read and understand the Kleinian text. Despite that, we believe that this issue will allow other subjective tracks to come up in contemporary times, what repercussions later in the way of understanding psychoanalysis displaced the phallic trait. In other words, since the beginning of this research we were based on the idea that there would be, as is advocated by some contemporary authors of psychoanalysis and that had been reflected by Freud at the end of his work, the ability to understand modes of subjectivity out of phallic trait i.e. prior to the traditional structure of the Oedipus complex and heritage of our Western culture. Femininity, so it would be this subjectivity so in a very primitive psychic time of the child with his mother, which would allow different subjective joints

Le concept de reparation constitue un apport original de melanie klein a la pensee analytique. Melanie klein utilise ce terme pour designer les divers processus par lesquels le moi s'efforce non seulement de reparer ou d'annuler les effets de ses fantasmes destructeurs sur son objet aime, mais aussi de le preserver, voire de le faire revivre. Nous avons etudie la genese et la constitution de la notion de reparation telle que m. Klein l'elabore a partir du concept freudien de formation reactionnelle et avons suivi les differents sens donnes a ce concept, par rapport a l'ensemble de l'oeuvre kleinienne. La notion de reparation n'est pas dissociable d'une reflexion sur l'angoisse et la culpabilite que m. Klein n'a cesse d'approfondir et qui prend en compte le concept freudien de pulsion de mort. Avec l'introduction du concept de position depressive en 1934, la reparation est definie comme ce qui permet de surmonter la position depressive. La reparation se relie a la decouverte d'un sadisme infantile, conception elle meme liee a celle d'un surmoi precoce et persecuteur et d'un oedipe precoce. Differentes formes de reparation seront distinguees par klein: la reparation maniaque et la reparation obsessionnelle. La vraie reparation est fondee sur la reconnaissance de la realite psychique et sur la preoccupation pour l'objet. Elle peut s'instaurer quand les pulsions libidinales l'emportent sur les pulsions destructrices
The concept of reparation is an original contribution of melanie klein to the psycho-analytic theory. According to melanie klein, reparation includes a variety of processus by which the ego tries to repair the harm done to his loved object, to undo the effects of his sadistic phantasies and also to preserve or to revive the loved object. We have studied the origin and the evolution of this concept and the way m. Klein elaborated it from the freudian concept of reaction formation. Our intention has been to study the different meanings of this notion in conjonction with the kleinian theory. This concept remains linked with the theory of anxiety and guilt which has constantly been deepened by klein, and makes a faithful adherence to the freudian concept of a death instinct. With the introduction of the concept of the depressive position in 1934, the mechanisms of reparation play a very important part, as they allow to overcome the depressive position. Different forms of reparation are distinguished by klein: a manic and an obsessional form of reparation. True reparation is based on the recognition of psychic reality and the concern for the object, and can be experienced when love is stronger than hate

Existe-t-il une continuite entre l'interpretation kleinienne et l'interpretation freudienne ou doivent-elles etre confrontees dans leur opposition ? de quelle facon melanie klein parvient-elle a justifier les bouleversements qu'elle suscite dans la theorie et la pratique freudienne de l'interpretation ? quelles nouvelles problematiques et quelles nouvelles tentatives de reponse sont avancees par l'oeuvre de melanie klein au sujet de l'interpretation psychanalytique ? cette recherche s'emploie a l'examen de ces questions, cependant, son interet ne porte pas seulement sur l'interpretation psychanalytique stricto sensu (qu'elle soit kleinienne ou freudienne) mais sur la methode psychanalytique en general, dont l'interpretation est 1 element essentiel. Que peut donc nous apporter la lecture de l'oeuvre kleinienne pour operer un retour aux sources, une remise en question de ce que la methode psychanalytique inventee par freud recele de plus percutant et de plus novateur? par un parcours de l'ensemble de l'oeuvre de melanie klein - ecrit par ecrit - ainsi que la mise en rapport et en resonance de cette oeuvre avec certaines notions metapsychologiques freudiennes telles que l'inconscient et le ca, le moi, le transfert et l'interpretation, cette recherche tente de parvenir a son but. Il est propose une exploration historique de l'avenement kleinien ainsi que de son inscription dans le mouvement psychanalytique. Cette etude examine les polemiques avec anna freud, surtout a propos de la psychanalyse des enfants et egalement les divergences et les influences reciproques, mais souvent non explicitees, entre les theorisations de melanie klein et celles de freud lui-meme. Enfin, la these essaie de mettre en evidence les perspectives et les problemes souleves par l'interpretation de melanie klein, ainsi que les developpements ulterieurs de cette interpretation, notamment ceux apportes par ses epigones
Is there a continuity between the kleinian interpretation and the freudian interpretation or have them to be confronted in their opposition ? how did melanie klein succeed to justify the upheaval she creates in the freudian's interpretation theory and practice ? what new problematics and new attempts of response are introduced by melanie klein's works concerning the psychoanalytic interpretation ? this research tries to deal with these questions. However, its interest does not take roots in the psychoanalytic interpretation strictly speaking (either kleinian or freudian) but, in the psychoanalytic method in general, whose interpretation is the essential element. What can bring us the reading of kleinian works for going back to the roots of psychoanalysis, and questioning again how new and forceful has been the psychoanalytic method conceived by freud himself ? this research start from a journey of melanie klein's works - paper by paper - then it brings together and compares this work with some freudian's metapsychologic notions such as : the unconscious and the id, the ego, the transference and the interpretation. This paper proposes to do an historical exploration of the kleinian advent and also its inscription in the psychoanalytic movement. It examines the polemics between melanie klein and anna freud, specially about the psychoanalysis of children. Also it studies the divergences and the reciprocal influences (often non-explicits) between kleinian's theorizations and freudian's theorizations. Finally, this thesis tries to show clearly the problems and the perspectives risen by the interpretation of melanie klein, as well as the further developments of this interpretation, brought specially by her epigones

I. L'établissement de toutes les références faites par J. Lacan aux textes de M. Klein, de 1938 à 1975, sous forme d'un Catalogue précis -citations exhaustives- daté et raisonné, permet l'explication des tissages conceptuels entre la théorie kleinienne et l'enseignement de Lacan, en particulier à propos du pénis du père et du phallus, du mauvais objet interne et de l'objet "a", du fantasme et de sa fonction d'ultime subjectivation, du corps mythique de la mère et de la Chose, du deuil et de la castration. Les conséquences du repositionnement de l'analyse par Lacan pour la pratique analytique avec les enfants, sont mentionnées au fur et à mesure. II. La technique psychanalytique du jeu est réinterrogée à partir des concepts de signifiants, du calcul du hasard et de l'éventualité du réel, dans la perspective d'une déposition de la prévalence imaginaire et scopique du jeu de l'enfant dans ce qui serait la lecture vocalisée d'une inscription à venir. Des fragments d'une cure d'enfant montrent ce passage
I. Establishing all references by J. Lacan to texts by M. Klein from 1938 till 1975, in the form of a precise Catalog - exhaustive quotations - dated and reasoned will allow to explicit the conceptual network between Kleinian theory and the teaching of Jacques Lacan, especially concerning the father's penis and the phallus, the internal bad object and "objet a", phantasy and its function of ultimate subjectivation, the mother's mythical body and "das Ding", mourning and castration. Consequences of repositioning analysis by Lacan for the practice of child analysis are considered all along. II. The psychoanalytic play-technique is re-interrogated from the concepts of : significants, calculation of chance, and the eventuality of real, in the perspective of dropping off the prevalence of the imaginary and scopic in the child's play, for what would be a vocal reading of an inscription to come. Fragments of a child's analysis indicate this pass

Depuis plus de trente ans de plus de cursus de formation a la psychanalyse en grande bretagne comprennent un a deux ans d'observation psychanalytique de bebe. Paradoxalement, bien que cette pratique ce soit generalisee en de nombreux centres (l'institut de psychanalyse de londres, la tavistock clinic, le centre anna freud. . Etc. ) et ait ete exportee dans plusieurs pays il existe relativement peu de travaux a ce sujet et de surcroit aucun de ces travaux n'aborde l'impact de cette pratique sur l'evolution de la psychanalyse. Bien que le psychisme de l'adolescent ne puisse pas etre assimile a celui du bebe, cette formation affine l'ecoute du futur therapeute: l'ecoute contretransferentielle qui est suscitee par les multiples et fluctuants aspects nonverbaux de la communication entre le bebe et son entourage est particulierement utile dans un travail avec l'adolescent. Chez celui-ci, l'utilisation du clivage et de l'identification projective massive rendent le transfert labile et imposent a l'analyste de saisir, afin de pouvoir interpreter dans le hic et nunc de quel cote du (ou des) clivage (s) se trouve alors l'identite de l'adolescent. Dans les deux cas, chez le bebe ou chez l'adolescent, les deficits de l'enveloppe psychique agissent constamment sur la relation en sorte que l'analyste doit sans cesse se demander comment il est en train d'etre influence par les aspects non-verbaux de la communication
For more than thirty years psychoanalytical observation of infants (starded by e. Bick) has been an integral part of an increasing number of psychoanalytical training programs in britain. Paradoxically, in spite of the fact that this practice has spread to most centres (british institute of psycho-analysis, tavistock clinic, anna freud centre. . Etc. ) and has been exported to several countries there are relatively few articles on the subject and furthermore none on its impact on psycho-analysis itself. Although the mind of the adolescent can not be assimilated to that of the baby, this training helps the future therapist hear aspects of the communication which he may not have heard otherwise. He will learn to use his countertransference to decipher non verbal aspects of the communication between mother and infant. The infant tries to influence his surroundings, the adolescent will often indirectly try to influence his therapist. When working with adolescents the splitting and massive projective identification make for a fluctuating transference. The awareness of the non-verbal aspects of the communication will help the therapist discover in the "here and now" which part of the adolescent is in operation, and therefore to which part of the personality he can direct his interpretation

O ódio ― um dos principais elementos de nossa relação com o outro ― é um afeto que suscita rejeição. Na perspectiva psicanalítica, ele protagoniza o processo de estruturação subjetiva do sujeito e por vezes funciona como elemento de preservação psíquica, como nos revela a prática clínica. Diante disto, é oportuno indagar: de que forma o ódio atua no psiquismo? A presente pesquisa se propõe a ser prolongamento da atividade clínica e a dar prosseguimento a estudos por nós anteriormente desenvolvidos. Para tanto, recorremos às postulações de três dos principais autores e psicanalistas conhecidos: S. Freud, M. Klein e D. W. Winnicott. Considerando as concepções de sujeito e de psiquismo humano de cada um desses autores, constatamos, em suas teorizações, a existência de dados fundamentais para o entendimento da presença do ódio na dinâmica psíquica. Partindo de tais teorias ― aqui parcialmente ampliadas por reflexões de estudiosos da atualidade sobre tal afeto ―, centramos nossa investigação na trama paradoxal do ódio, dada sua ambivalente atuação na dinâmica psíquica: funciona tanto como elemento de estruturação e afirmação do sujeito, quanto de resistência e destrutividade. Transitando entre os polos teórico e clínico ―e desse modo realçando a articulação ativa entre teoria e clínica, tal como postula a psicanálise ―, recorremos também a fragmentos clínicos para ilustrar nosso argumento central. Os exemplos clínicos reportados neste texto sugerem, em suma, que o ódio ― tal como evidenciado no processo de análise ― pode ser igualmente usado como defesa, assim modificando o desenvolvimento da trama psíquica. Acreditamos, finalmente, que esta tese possa vir a se constituir em subsídio e contribuição para aqueles que se dedicam à prática psicanalítica e ao estudo da psicanálise, particularmente no que diz respeito às complexas e reveladoras manifestações do ódio, características da condição humana.
Hatred ― one of the main constituent elements in ones relationship with other people― is a kind of affection that may engender rejection. From a psychoanalytical perspective, it protagonizes the selfs subjective structuring process and, at times, contributes to psychic preservation, as revealed in clinical practice. Thence, the need to start this work by posing the following question: how does hatred work in the psychic structure? This research is meant to be an extension of clinical practice and of our previously developed studies. To achieve this goal, we have resorted to some of the concepts of three major psychoanalists and authors: S. Freud, M. Klein and D. W. Winnicott. Considering their concepts on both the self and human psychism, we have detected in their theories pieces of information which are basic to the understanding of the presence of hatred in psychic dynamics; in addition to this, we have here examined some present day scholars contributions to our theme. All of these materials have helped us perceive the paradoxical plot created by the ambivalence of this affection in psychic dynamics, where it works not only to build up the selfs structure and affirmation, but also as an element of resistance and destructiveness. Moving from theory to clinical practice ― and thus reinforcing the active articulation between both these poles, as recommended by psychoanalysis ― we have also resorted to clinical fragments to illustrate our major argument. The clinical examples here reported suggest, in short, that hatred can be equally used as a defense ― as evidenced, for example, in the analytical process ―, thus modifying the development of the psychic plot. Finally, we do believe that this investigation can eventually contribute to the work of those who dedicate themselves to psychoanalytical practice and the study of psychoanalysis, particularly as regards the complex and revealing expressions of hatred, which are characteristic of the human condition.

Cette thèse explore la problématique de l'impasse en tant que crise de la transmission de la psychanalyse. L'impact de cette crise a des conséquences sur la relation analyse-analysant, la théorie analytique et l'institution qui se porte garante de ma théorie de l'analyste. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l'histoire de la théorie de la technique psychanalytique où il est mis en évidence que chaque impasse dans le domaine clinique peut générer une modification, une rupture ou un statu quo de la théorie initiale. Ces modifications aboutissent à un pluralisme conceptuel et à l'élaboration de nouveaux modèles de la vie psychique. La deuxième partie de ce travail concerne les sources épistémologiques de cette recherche. Elle s'attèle à la notion de modèle et au concept de changement catastrophique. La troisième partie de cette thèse aborde la notion d'impasse à partir des données théoriques et cliniques. La notion d'impasse ne comprend pas seulement le satu quo entre analysant et analyste, mais aussi la réaction thérapeutique négative, l'acting out, la perspective réversible et la communication non verbale. L'accent finale est mis sur la relation analytique qui, en tant que rencontre intime, est objet d'impasses, mais aussi de croissance psychique à la condition qu'analyste et analysant acceptent de traverser les changements catastrophiques inhérents à cette rencontre

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Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, autores do século XX, criaram a Esquizoanálise e estudaram várias áreas de conhecimento, dentre as quais, a Psicologia. A fim de propor um conceito de inconsciente, discussão que ocupa boa parte de sua obra, os teóricos discutiram alguns tópicos da Psicanálise, procurando definir seu funcionamento maquínico. A importância de nosso trabalho reside na reconstituição do inconsciente psicanalítico, aproveitando esses aspectos e apontando perspectivas de análise. Na presente dissertação, focamos-nos nos seus escritos acerca da psicanálise de Melanie Klein, a qual possui como um de seus elementos-chave para a compreensão do inconsciente a noção de objeto parcial. Fez-se necessário, então, investigar essa concepção, pois ela é vital e revolucionária e nos ajuda a compreender o inconsciente, embora Deleuze/Guattari tenham se utilizado dos objetos parciais de forma diferente da autora, procurando ressaltar seus aspectos produtivos. Assim, essa dissertação, que possui um caráter teórico-explorativo, busca entender e sistematizar o pensamento de Deleuze/Guattari no que se refere à construção do inconsciente esquizoanalítico. Para alcançar nosso objetivo, realizamos uma leitura da psicanálise kleiniana a partir da perspectiva esquizoanalítica, procurando intersecções entre esses dois campos epistemológicos. Além disso, quando necessário, complementamos a visão de Deleuze/Guattari. Sendo assim, adotamos como primeiro eixo de análise a dinâmica dos objetos parciais nas posições esquizo-paranóide e depressiva, em relação a sua função integradora ou desintegradora do ego e, como segundo eixo, a participação dos objetos parciais na expressão do corpo...
Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari were twentieth century authors who not only studied several knowledge areas, such as Psychology, but also founded Schizoanalysis. In order to elaborate an unconscious concept, these theoreticians discussed some topics from Psychoanalysis. This discussion concerns a great part of their works and searching for a definition of machinic unconscious. The importance of this work lies in the reconstitution of a psychoanalytic unconscious, taking advantage of those productive aspects and showing new perspectives of analysis. In this dissertation, we focused on their writings about Melanie Klein s Psychoanalysis, which possesses as one of its fundamental element the notion of part-objects. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate this statement because it is revolutionary and help us to understand the unconscious. On the other hand, Deleuze/Guattari used these objects in a different way, trying to emphasize the part-object productive aspects. In that way, this study, which has a theoretical-exploratory characteristic, had as purposes to understand and to systematize Deleuze/Guattari s thoughts in reference to the construction of Schizoanalysis unconscious. To reach this goal, we examined Klein s theory through the Schizoanalytic perspective, searching for intersections between these two epistemological fields. Moreover, we complemented Deleuze/Guattari reflections whenever it was necessary. So, as our first point of analysis we adopted the part-object dynamic in paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions in their relation to the ego integrated and desintegrated functions. As our second point, we study how the part-objects participate in the body expression... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

A cause des présomptions biologiques, Sigmund Freud et Melanie Klein ont laissé de côté l'implication subjective de la pulsion de mort, en imputant directement les phénomènes pathologiques au binarisme pulsionnel. Des appareils rhétoriques ont été mobilisés afin d'élucider l'enchaînement entre la pulsion de mort en tant que cause et ses conséquences, notamment celui d'intrication-désintrication de l'Eros et de la pulsion de mort. Si l'Eros tend à unir, alors que le Thanatos tend à désunir, la possibilité de comprendre tous les phénomènes humains, y compris pathologiques, dépend du savoir sur la manière dont l'un des deux peut être prévalent dans le chaudron pulsionnel. Notre thèse critique ces appareils du point de vue lacanien, en déplaçant le noyau de la conception à la subjectivité. Nous remplaçons l'intrication et la désintrication des deux pulsions par la logique subjective qui concerne les modalités de négation, en mettant en lumière les désastres causés par la forclusion, le passage à l'acte, et la sexualité féminine. Le noyau de cette reconstruction consiste dans la subjectivité singulière
Because of biological assumptions, Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein left aside the subjective implication of the death drive, by imputing directly the pathological phenomena to the binarisme impulsive. Some rhetoric devices were mobilized by them to clarify the chain between the death drive as cause and its consequences, in particular that of the intrication-desintrication of Eros and death drive. If Eros tends to unite, while Thanatos tends to divide, the possibility of comprehension of all the human beings, including pathological phenomena, depends on how the one of both drives can be prevailing in the impulsive cauldron. Our thesis criticizes these devices from a lacanian point of view, by moving the kernel of the conception in the subjectivity. We replace the intrication-desintrication of both drives by the subjective logic which concerns the modalities of negation, by bringing to light the disasters caused by the foreclosure, the passage to the act, and the feminine sexuality. The kernel of this reconstruction consists in the singularity of subject

Le travail repose sur une triple étude, théorico-historique, psychologique et psychosomatique. La 1ere partie théorico-historique constituée de 4 chapitres (réunis dans les tomes 1 et 2) est conçue comme le soubassement de l'ensemble de la recherche. Elle consiste, à partir de l'étude de l'œuvre de Freud (chap. 1), de m. Klein (chap. 2), d'h. Deutsch (chap. 3) et de m. Bonaparte (chap. 4), à chercher et montrer la place occupée par le sein dans la théorie psychanalytique. Nous avons plus particulièrement fixe notre intérêt sur deux points : la séduction en raison de la place du sein comme éventuel premier agent de celle-ci et les identifications précoces en raison des effets présumes de l'identification au sein sur le devenir psychosexuel de la fille. La 2eme partie, composée de 2 chapitres rassembles dans le tome 3 comprend : une étude psychologique sur la façon dont la fille attend et accueille son développement mammaire (a partir d'entretiens semidirectifs avec 39 femmes) (chap. 5) et une étude sur "les messages graphiques et verbaux" a partir desquels on peut mettre en évidence l'intemporalité des représentations faisant du sein le signifiant de la séduction mais aussi de la protection, de la séparation et de la perte. La 3eme partie, exposée dans le tome 4) (chap. 7), présente et discute 10 observations cliniques de femmes atteintes d'une pathologie mammaire grave ou bénigne. L'observation dans les deux cas d'une coïncidence entre un certain type de perte entrainant une blessure narcissique et la réaction somatique suggère une sensibilité du sein à des situations mobilisatrices de sentiments d'abandon, de perte d'amour et de perte d'estime de soi
The present work is based on a theoretico-historical, psychological, and psychosomatic study. The first theoretico-historical part which has 4 chapters (forming the first and second volumes) constitutes the basis of the whole study. Referring to Freud's (chap. 1), m. Klein's (chap. 2),H. Deutsch's (chap. 3) and m. Bonaparte (chap. 4) work, the study traces and reveals the place the breast is given in the psychoanalytic theory. In these 4 chapters we have particularly focused on two main issues, namely seduction, because the breast could be considered as the first agent of seduction, and precocious identifications, due to the presumed effects of the identification with breasts on girls' psychosexual development. The second part, consisting of 2 chapters collected in the third volume, presents a psychological study based on 39 interviews with women showing how girls wait for and react to the growth of their breasts (chap. 5) together with a study on graphic and verbal messages (chap. 6) enabling one to reveal the eternal character of the representations of the breast not only as a symbol of seduction but also as a symbol of protection, separation, and loss. The third part which constitutes the fourth volume (chap. 7) presents and discusses 10 clinical observations of women having major or minor mammary disorders. In both cases, the observation of a coincidence between a certain type of loss resulting in a narcissic injury and a somatic reaction suggests that the breast is sensitive to situations which elicit feelings of helplessness, loss of love and loss of self-esteem

This thesis is a study of the educational ideas of four major psychoanalysts who have had a profound and acknowledged influence on the theory and practice of early education in Great Britain - Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Anna Freud (1895-1982), Melanie Klein (1882-1960), and Susan Isaacs (1885-1948). The selection, it must be emphasised, is not arbitrary: Freud and his daughter, Anna, represent the 'orthodox' or mainstream school of psychoanalysis, while Melanie Klein and her followers, of whom Susan Isaacs was the most outstanding English educator, represent a schismatic but influential grouping which has remained controversial ever since. It is important to emphasise, too, that the thesis is not another critique of psychoanalytic theory but, rather, concerns itself with two questions: (1) What is the educational essence of psychoanalysis? And (2) does this essence or core propose a unique, liberating pedagogy as believed and practised by many radical educators of the twentieth century, like Percy Nunn (1870-1944), Homer Lane (1876-1925), Alexander S. Neill (1884-1973), and Dora Russell (1894-1986). In order to achieve some kind of -historical perspective, the Introduction looks at the intellectual roots of Freud's work and sets it against two allied phenomena - the evolutionary theory of Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), and the redefinition of psychology as a mental science. As a result of this perspective it becomes evident that, despite Freud's claims to total originality, most of his central concepts and conceptualisations are to be found in the writings of Darwin, Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841), Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887) and Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819- 1892). Moreover, Freudian theory has endorsed, amplified and propagated three beliefs which were unassailable stanchions of the scientific community in the early decades of the twentieth century, and whose impact proved very important for twentieth century educational theory - (1) a belief in fixed intelligence: (2) a belief in genetic predeterminism; and (3) a belief that all behaviour is motivated by instincts or by painful stimuli. What is the educational core of psychoanalysis? The lynch-pin of Freudian theory is the belief - which Freud expressed as early as the 1890s to his friend Wilhelm Fliess (1858-1928) - that the aetiology of neurosis is always to be found in the repression of infant sexuality. The subsequent attempts of psychoanalysts to elucidate the implications of this belief involve four things: (1) a recognition of the crucial importance of the early years of childhood; (2) a recognition of the supreme importance of interpersonal relationships; (3) a theory of psychosexual development; and (4) a theory of repression. The works of the four writers I have studied reflect these four aspects of psychoanalysis, but there is an important shift of emphasis from one analyst to another and from one aspect to another. For example, although the four subscribed to the belief that the early years of childhood are the crucial determinants of the whole course of human development, there is no unanimity with regard to the specific period in question. What years are crucial? Where Freud and Anna emphasised the first few years of 1if e, Klein and her followers finally limited the period to the first few months. With interpersonal relationships, too, there is a change of emphasis. All of them believed that our relationships, past, present and future are formed from the imagos of our parents, siblings and others who cared for us during the early, critical years. But, whereas for-Treud, the father-imago was of paramount importance, the younger generation of analysts, including Anna Freud, Melanie Klein and Susan Isaacs, bestowed on the mother-child relationship an importance unparalleled in educational literature. With the change of emphasis, the father became a 'shadowy' presence, occupying a position in the family of secondary importance to the mother. Does psychoanalysis propose a liberating pedagogy? It becomes clear that the four psychoanalysts did not advocate a radical, liberating pedagogy which champions the 'free expression' of the individual at the expense of the established values of the State. On the contrary, all of them were clearly on the side of the State; that is, they envisaged their role as custodian: and procurers of public morality. In practice, this entails the removal of the debilitating neurosis, the social 'disease' which renders individuals incapable of adopting/... Vl: adopting a suitable social role and enjoying a 'normal', workable relationship with other human beings. And the 'cure' is considered adequately verified when the same individuals, formerly classified as 'neurotic', 'sick', 'maladjusted', 'crazy', 'delinquent', 'criminal', or whatever, are able at last to achieve a new, personal harmony with other human beings despite the rigorous constraints arising from living in a highly organised network of social relationships. The thesis ends with an attempt to fit Freud's social philosophy into a broader, philosophical context. It is suggested that his advocacy of a closed society superintended by wise, benign Psychoanalytic-Guardians is compatible with the totalitarian philosophy of Thomas Hill Green (1836-1882), founder of the school of British Idealism which displaced the philosophy of Jeremy Bentham ( 1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) as the dominant tradition in British universities from 1870 into the twentieth century

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Clínica e Cultura, 2015.
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Essa pesquisa examina as ligações entre os conceitos de identificação projetiva e de transicionalidade, com base nas obras de Melanie Klein e Winnicott sobre as experiências precoces. Começa pelo estudo do conceito kleiniano de identificação projetiva, focado sobre seu aspecto intrapsíquico. Em seguida, contemplando-se os desenvolvimentos clínicos que conduziram à evolução histórica desse conceito, essa pesquisa chega ao seu entendimento enquanto um processo interpsíquico. Subsequentemente, busca-se relacionar a identificação projetiva às contribuições de Winnicott acerca do desenvolvimento emocional primitivo, detalhando a sofisticada forma como uma mãe se identifica com seu bebê, e as influências disto para o estado de preocupação materna primária. Finalmente, apoiado nas convergências e divergências entre Klein e Winnicott, costura-se o argumento de que a identificação projetiva, aliada à transicionalidade, favorece o movimento pendular que configura um funcionamento psíquico dinâmico e saudável.
This research examines the links between the concepts of projective identification and transitionality, based on the works of Melanie Klein and Winnicott about early experiences. It starts by studying the kleinian concept of projective identification, in its intrapsychic focus. Afterwards, by contemplating the clinical developments that led to its historical evolution, this study arrives at the understanding of projective identification as an interpsychic process. Subsequently, it relates this mechanism to Winnicott’s contributions regarding the primitive emotional development, detailing the sophisticated way that a mother identifies with her baby, and how this can influence the state of primary maternal preoccupation. Finally, supported by the convergences and divergences between Klein and Winnicott, it sews the argument that projective identification, when allied with transitionality, favors the oscillating movements that configure a dynamic and healthy psychological functioning.

Notre questionnement part du constat des problèmes posés par Pirreprésentable de la psychose, le « sans nom » des angoisses psychotiques de type agonies primitives ; et qui est à l'origine d'une production métaphorique riche et diverse dans la littérature psychanalytique. Cette thèse se propose d'évaluer la place et la fonction de la métaphore dans l'activité psychothérapeutique avec les patients psychotiques et états limites ; ainsi qu'elle contribue à explorer et à formaliser les modalités de l'expression métaphorique dans la relation patient-thérapeute. Nous tentons ainsi de dégager la portée transnosographique du concept d'angoisse archaïque irrepre��sentable, à travers notamment une étude critique et détaillée de ces angoisses. La thèse s'articule donc autour de trois axes directeurs : la question de l'angoisse et des angoisses psychotiques, la problématique de la métaphore, le langage dans la psychanalyse. Cette étude s'inscrit dans une réflexion psychanalytique plus vaste concernant le travail de la métaphore comme travail de la pensée de l'analyste au contact des angoisses psychotiques, et dans une perspective plus large encore portant sur la métapsychologie des processus psychiques de l'analyste. Enfin, se dégage de cette thèse une réflexion sur le langage dans la psychanalyse à travers le rapport entre les mots et les choses : de la théorie freudienne de la représentation vers une théorie de la métaphore en psychanalyse. Œuvrant comme potentialité créatrice, la métaphoricité devient renouvellement du «jeu » nécessaire entre les différentes modalités de la représentation
Our hypothesis takes root in the basic assumption of the irrepresentability of psychosis, the "unnamedness" of psychotic anxieties such as primitive agonies, which is at the earth of a rich and diverse metaphoric production in the psychoanalytic literature. This thesis aims at evaluating the place and function of metaphor in psychotherapeute activity with psychotic and borderline patients. It thus contributes to the exploration and formalization of the modalities of metaphorical expression in the patient-therapist relationship. In this way we try to discern between the transnosographic approach and the concept of irrepresentable archaic anxieties, mainly through a critical and detailed study of this kind of anxieties. Our study is articulated around three core elements : the question of anxiety and psychotic anxieties, the problem of metaphor and the role of language in psychoanalysis. It is inscribed in a broader psychoanalytic reflection on the work of metaphor as a work of the analyst's mind in touch with psychotic anxieties, as well as in an even broader perspective of the metapsychology of the analyst's psychic processes. Finally, this thesis yields a reflection on the role of language in psychoanalysis through the relationship between words and things : from the Freudian theory of presentation towards a theory of metaphor in psychoanalysis. Acting as a creative potentiality, metaphoricity becomes a renovation of the necessary "playing" between the different modalities of presentation

Cette recherche démontre au travers des expériences et analyses ethnologiques ainsi que celles de la clinique psychanalytique, que l'affirmation de Freud concernant la « concordance » entre les processus psychiques des sociétés dites « primitives » et ceux des « névrosés » est tout à fait justifiée. A partir de l'analyse ethnologique de déconstruction du « Totémisme », institution longtemps considérée comme prototypique des peuples dits « primitifs », nous mettons en évidence dans l'ensemble des phénomènes mythico-rituels qui le constituent, un pivot autour duquel ceux-ci s'articulent pour former ce que nous nommons un « complexe totémico-initiatique » qui présente les mêmes caractéristiques « primordiales » ou « fondamentales » qui interviennent dans les processus de symbolisation « primaires » ou « originaires » du psychisme individuel. Il est mis en évidence que dans ces processus « primordiaux » ou « fondamentaux » de la constitution d'une société comme dans ceux de la constitution de l'appareil psychique individuel la question du « féminin » est centrale. Nous nommons « archaïque » l'ensemble de ces phénomènes sociaux et processus psychiques individuels pour signifier qu'ils échappent à une temporalité linéaire d'une vision développementale, rejoignant ainsi une conception psychanalytique postfreudienne qui propose un mouvement pendulaire de « positions » psychiques qui animent la « vie psychique » et dans lequel la question de la différence des sexes et de l'union sexuelle sont les formes inconscientes privilégiées de représentation des éléments « primordiaux » du processus de symbolisation, là ou la question de l'engendrement est au premier plan
Through ethnological analyses and experiments as well as psychoanalytic clinics, this work establishes that Freud's statement about the" concordance" between the psychic process of so-called " primitive" societies and of "neurotics" is totally justified. Starting from the deconstruction of « Totemism », which was considered for a long time as prototypical of the so-called « primitive » peoples, in this analysis of the whole of the mythico- rituals phenomena which a constitute it, we want to put the stress on the turning point where they are articulated so as to form what we call « a totemical-initiatical complex » viewed as an actual « total social fact » which presents the same « primordial » characteristics, or « fundamental « ones which get along through the process of « primary » or « originary » symbolizations of the individual psyche. It is put forward that in these processes of the constitution of a society as in that of the individual psychic System, the « feminine» question is central. We call » archaic » the whole of these social phenomena and individual psychic processes, so as to mean they escape a linear temporality in the sense of a developmental vision. We meet a postfreudian psychoanalytical conception which suggests a pendular movment of psychic "positions", animating the psychic life. In such positions the question of the difference of the sexes and the sexual union are privileged unconscious forms of the representation of the" primordial" elements of the symbolization process, at the point where the question of generation are at the foreground, and support all the processes of either " collective" or " individual" life

Dans ce travail, il s'agit d'un questionnement articulant la théorie et la clinique. Au travers de récits cliniques singuliers, la représentation de l'amour maternel instinctuel, naturel et inconditionnel, qui revient de nos jours dans l'idéologie prédominante, est remise en question. La clinique de la maternité conduit inévitablement à une étude de l'ambivalence qui se trouve au cœur de toute relation humaine, y compris la relation d'une mère à son enfant. Des traumatismes et des souffrances passés peuvent empêcher une femme qui devient mère d'investir son enfant, et rendre l'accès à la maternité extrêmement difficile. Ce travail interroge les raisons pour lesquelles la venue d'un enfant au monde peut provoquer des mouvements de haine inconsciente, parfois symptomatique et destructrice. La différence entre les termes agressivité, violence et haine est mise en évidence. La question de l'infanticide, passage à l'acte d'extrême violence est aussi abordée comme l'apogée d'une maternité hors loi. La haine renvoie toujours à l'horreur de la castration, à la position d'être manquant. C'est la réactivation du manque qui peut venir se lier étroitement à la haine comme passion de l'être en tant que manque à être. Derrière tout deuil impossible, il y a le deuil impossible de l'objet maternel, de la Chose, qui constitue le véritable pôle de la haine du sujet
This work articulates theory and clinical practice in order to examine the representation of mother's instinctual, natural and unconditional love through different clinical narratives. Clinical work with mothers leads inevitably to a study of the ambivalence in every human relationship, including the mother-child relationship. Past trauma and suffering can disrupt a mother's libidinal investment in her child and make the transition to motherhood extremely difficult. This work investigates the reasons for which a child's birth can cause different movements of unconscious hate that can become symptomatic and destructive. The difference between the terms aggression, violence and hate is underlined. The question of infanticide, acting out of extreme violence, is as well posed, as the ultimate point of an "out-law" motherhood. Hate reflects the horror of castration and the lack of being. The reactivation of lack is connected to hate, as a passion of being, defined as lack of being. Behind every impossible mourning, the impossible mourning of the maternal object, of the Thing, is revealed. The Thing is the real pole of the subject's hate

A presente pesquisa consiste num estudo sobre o processo de constituição psíquica da criança em idade escolar a partir do conceito tempo de latência, buscando articulá-lo ao processo de escolarização da infância. Situa o conceito no conjunto da obra freudiana desde seus primeiros trabalhos sobre as neuroses e a sexualidade infantil, passa pelo período de formulação da teoria das pulsões, localiza-o no contexto da teoria estrutural e, igualmente, nas reflexões de Freud acerca das relações entre natureza e cultura. Em sucessão, verifica os desdobramentos que o conceito tem na obra de reconhecidos psicanalistas que se dedicaram à análise de crianças, como Melanie Klein, Anna Freud, Donald Winnicott, Charles Sarnoff e Françoise Dolto, culminando com uma leitura do tempo de latência como um tempo lógico a partir do enfoque lacaniano. Enquanto tempo lógico infere que a latência não decorre de um processo natural, desencadeado pelo organismo, e sim pela demanda do Outro. Nesse sentido procura vinculá-lo às transformações culturais da modernidade, entre estas o processo de escolarização da infância. Sustenta que a escolarização favorece a constituição do tempo de latência, na medida em a escola se organiza como o espaço social destinado à criança, distanciando-a do ambiente familiar sem, no entanto, incluí-la no mundo adulto, ao mesmo tempo em que possibilita formas de sublimação. Entendendo o tempo de latência como uma produção do laço social, cogita que novas transformações na cultura podem extingui-lo enquanto tempo constitutivo. Aponta que fraturas na sustentação do trabalho psíquico deste tempo constitutivo aparecem em algumas formações clínicas, como a inibição intelectual e a fobia escolar.
The research consists of a study on the process of psychic constitution of the child in school age from the concept of latency time, searching the education process of infancy. It points out the concept in the set of the Freudian workmanship since the first works on the neuroses and the infantile sexuality, passes for the period of formularization of the drive theory, still locates it in the context of the structural theory and in the reflections of Freud about the relations between nature and culture. To leave of this, it verifies the unfoldings that the concept has in the workmanship of recognized psychoanalysts who had dedicated themselves to analyze of children as Melanie Klein, Anna Freud, Donald Winnicott, Charles Sarnoff and Françoise Dolto, culminating with a reading of the latency time as a logical time from the lacanian approach. While logical time understands that the latency does not elapse of a natural process, unchained for the organism, and yes for the demand of the Other. In this direction it searches to tie it to the cultural transformations of modernity, between these the education process of infancy. It supports that the education favors the constitution of the latency time, in the measure where the school is organized as the social space destined to the child, distancing itself of the familiar environment without, in meanwhile include them in the adult world, at the same time where it makes possible subliming forms. Understanding the latency time as a production of the social bow, it cogitates that new transformations in the culture can extinguish it while constituent time. It points that breakings in the sustentation of the psychic work of the latency appear in some clinical formations as the intellectual inhibition and the pertaining to school phobia.