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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Labor income differentials"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 8 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Labor income differentials"

Madalozzo, Regina. "An analysis of income differentials by marital status". Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 38, n.º 2 (2008): 267–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612008000200003.

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Unmarried cohabitation has become a more frequently observed phenomenon over the last three decades, and not only in the United States. The objective of this work is to examine income differentials between married women and those who remain single or cohabitate. The empirical literature shows that, while the marriage premium is verified in different studies for men, the result for women is not conclusive. The main innovation of my study is the existence of controls for selection. In this study, we have two sources of selectivity: into the labor force and into a marital status category. The switching regressions and the Oaxaca decomposition results demonstrate the existence of a significant penalty for marriage. Correcting for both types of selection, the difference in wages varies between 49% and 53%, when married women are compared with cohabiting ones, and favors non-married women. This result points to the existence of a marriage penalty.

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Roksa, Josipa. "Double Disadvantage or Blessing in Disguise? Understanding the Relationship Between College Major and Employment Sector". Sociology of Education 78, n.º 3 (julio de 2005): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003804070507800302.

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Although college graduates earn substantial labor market rewards, not all college degrees are rewarded equally. Graduates who majored in female-dominated fields earn substantially lower incomes than do graduates who majored in male-dominated fields. Income differentials that are associated with different types of college majors are extensively noted but poorly understood. This article advances the previous literature by examining how college major affects the labor market outcomes of college graduates through its relationship with employment sector. The results show that graduates of female-dominated fields are disproportionately employed in public and nonprofit organizations, which offer lower monetary rewards but facilitate access to professional and managerial positions. Notably, college major and employment sector interact in ways that reduce income penalties and enhance the occupational location of graduates of female-dominated fields who work in public and nonprofit settings. These findings highlight the importance of considering organizational context in the study of labor market outcomes, particularly when examining the gendered character of educational credentials and occupations.

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De Lima, Cicero Francisco, Edward Martins Costa, Francisca Zilania Mariano, Wellington Ribeiro Justo y Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar. "Migration of labor: differential of income between rural and urban trade union workers in Brazil". Journal of Economic Studies 47, n.º 4 (25 de abril de 2020): 939–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2019-0047.

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PurposeThe objective of this work was to analyze the income differential of the rural–urban worker in relation to the rural–rural worker and in relation to the urban–urban worker in the Brazilian labor market. Two databases were used, the 2005 and 2015 PNADs (Pesquisa Nacional Por Amostra de Domicílios).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is the decomposition approach proposed by Firpo et al. (2007, 2009). This method adopts estimates of unconditional quantile regressions, based on the concepts of influence function and recentered influence function (RIF).FindingsAmong the main results, income differentials were shown to benefit the urban–urban worker when compared to the rural–urban worker, and income differences to the benefit of the rural–urban workers, when these were compared to the rural–rural workers. The educational variable was relevant in explaining the income disparity and expressing increasing effects in the higher quantiles.Originality/valueThe methodology used in this work is considered recent in the literature as it is based on the RIF regression (Firpo et al., 2007, 2009). The main advantage of this method is the possibility of assigning a “composition effect” and a “wage structure effect” for each variable that determines the level of income at different points of the income distribution.

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Semyonov, Moshe y Anastasia Gorodzeisky. "Labor Migration, Remittances and Household Income: A Comparison between Filipino and Filipina Overseas Workers". International Migration Review 39, n.º 1 (marzo de 2005): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00255.x.

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The major purpose of the research is to examine gender differences in patterns of labor market activity, economic behavior and economic outcomes among labor migrants. While focusing on Filipina and Filipino overseas workers, the article addresses the following questions: whether and to what extent earnings and remittances of overseas workers differ by gender; and whether and to what extent the gender of overseas workers differentially affects household income in the Philippines. Data for the analysis were obtained from the Survey of Households and Children of Overseas Workers (a representative sample of households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor sending” areas in the Philippines). The analysis focuses on 1,128 households with overseas workers. The findings reveal that men and women are likely to take different jobs and to migrate to different destinations. The analysis also reveals that many more women were unemployed prior to migration and that the earnings of women are, on average, lower than those of men, even after controlling for variations in occupational distributions, country of destination, and sociodemographic attributes. Contrary to popular belief, men send more money back home than do women, even when taking into consideration earnings differentials between the genders. Further analysis demonstrates that income of households with men working overseas is significantly higher than income of households with women working overseas and that this difference can be fully attributed to the earnings disparities and to differences in amount of remittances sent home by overseas workers. The results suggest that gender inequality in the global economy has significant consequences for economic inequality among households in the local economy. The findings and their meaning are evaluated and discussed in light of the household theory of labor migration.

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Powell, David y Hui Shan. "Income Taxes, Compensating Differentials, and Occupational Choice: How Taxes Distort the Wage-Amenity Decision". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 4, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2012): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.4.1.224.

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The link between taxes and occupational choices is central for understanding the welfare impacts of income taxes. Just as taxes distort the labor-leisure decision, they may also distort the wage-amenity decision. Yet, there have been few studies on the full response along this margin. When tax rates increase, workers favor jobs with lower wages and more amenities. We introduce a two-step methodology which uses compensating differentials to characterize the tax elasticity of occupational choice. We estimate a significant compensated elasticity of 0.03, implying that a 10 percent increase in the net-of-tax rate causes workers to change to a 0.3 percent higher wage job. (JEL H24, H31, J22, J24, J31)

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Register, Charles A. "Racial Employment and Earnings Differentials: The Impact of the Reagan Administration". Review of Black Political Economy 15, n.º 1 (junio de 1986): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903859.

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Numerous authors have considered the time paths of black/white employment and earnings differentials. Some have dealt with significant policy change impacts such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act. This study reports evidence concerning the impact of Reagan administration policy changes. The major drawback to the study is, of course, that the administration's total impact will no doubt not be felt for years. Regardless, using U.S. Census data through 1984, it was found that the administration had either a mixed effect (relative employment) or no effect (relative income), leaving the decaying position of blacks in the labor market little changed.

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Winslow-Bowe, Sarah. "Husbands’ and Wives’ Relative Earnings". Journal of Family Issues 30, n.º 10 (30 de abril de 2009): 1405–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09335441.

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Whereas much research has explored the causes and consequences of the gender wage gap, far less has examined earnings differentials within marriage. This article contributes to this literature by utilizing the 2000 wave of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine variation in husbands’ and wives’ relative income by race/ethnicity, human capital, labor supply, and life stage. The author finds that Black women’s disproportionate concentration among high relative earning wives can be attributed more to their greater attachment to paid labor than to their husbands’ labor supply. Nonetheless, Black women’s odds of earning as much as or more than their husbands are greater than those of White women. In addition, unlike research on the motherhood wage gap more generally, the author finds that the impact of motherhood on women’s earnings relative to their husbands can be largely explained by mothers’ lower labor supply relative to their childless counterparts.

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Dorman, Peter y Paul Hagstrom. "Wage Compensation for Dangerous Work Revisited". ILR Review 52, n.º 1 (octubre de 1998): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805200107.

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Using data from the 1982 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the authors investigate the relationship between wages and the risk of work-related death or nonfatal injury. Including industry-level variables and using alternative risk measures dramatically affects measured wage compensation. The results cast doubt on the existence of compensating differentials for risk. Indeed, the strongest finding is the likely presence of negative compensation—relatively high risk and low wages—for nonunion workers. The role of rent-sharing or other forms of strategic bargaining behavior (captured by value-added per worker and other industry variables) and the gender distribution of both risk and wages demonstrate that noncompetitive elements in U.S. labor markets are sufficiently strong to overcome the competitive tendency toward equalizing differentials.

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Bartlett, Will, John Cable, Saul Estrin, Derek C. Jones y Stephen C. Smith. "Labor-Managed Cooperatives and Private Firms in North Central Italy: An Empirical Comparison". ILR Review 46, n.º 1 (octubre de 1992): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204600108.

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The authors analyze the differences between the behavior of private firms and that of producer cooperatives in a matched sample of the two organizational types from the regions of Emilia Romagna and Toscana in North-Central Italy, where producer cooperatives are numerous. Individual firm-level surveys provide new detailed comparative data on key issues such as investment, productivity, wages, employment, and industrial relations. Differences between the two types of firm are found in labor relations, employment, pay, production methods, the relationship to the external market environment, and the level of economic performance. The authors find no significant differences in investment horizons or criteria for finance, despite theoretical assertions to the contrary. The cooperatives apparently have higher productivity, more labor-intensive production methods, lower income differentials, and a more tranquil industrial relations environment than the private firms.

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Akcigit, Ufuk, John Grigsby y Tom Nicholas. "Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity". American Economic Review 107, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2017): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171021.

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We build on the analysis in Akcigit, Grigsby, and Nicholas (2017) by using US patent and census data to examine the relationship between immigration and innovation. We construct a measure of foreign born expertise and show that technology areas where immigrant inventors were prevalent between 1880 and 1940 experienced more patenting and citations between 1940 and 2000. The contribution of immigrant inventors to US innovation was substantial. We also show that immigrant inventors were more productive than native born inventors; however, they received significantly lower levels of labor income. The immigrant inventor wage-gap cannot be explained by differentials in productivity.

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Más fuentes

Tesis sobre el tema "Labor income differentials"

Maldaner, Iandra de Souza. "Decomposição dos diferenciais de rendimento do trabalho na região metropolitana de Curitiba e região não metropolitana do estado do Paraná". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2007. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2149.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iandra de Souza Maldaner.pdf: 544040 bytes, checksum: 4d49db592ab8ac70c791426b46fad6aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-09
The proposal in this study is of verifying the intra-regional dispersion of incomes of the busy people's main work in the Curitiba city Metropolitan Area (RMC) and No Metropolitan Area (RNM) Urban of the Paraná State, for Ronald Oaxaca's decomposition (1973) and through the data collected in the National Research by Sample of Home (PNAD) of 2004. The model bases on estimates of the wage function, for the groups to be considered, in the case of this study, RMC and RNM. In agreement with Mincer (1958 and 1974), the function wage of the human capital, relates the natural logarithm of the wage with the investment in human capital (years of study and experience), in other words, the human capital determines the income of the individual work according to the Human Capital Theory , it was still increased variables presented by the Theory of the Segmentation (section and activity branch). It is ended that there is intra-regional wages dispersion and that 58% of the salary dispersion are due to the workers' productive endowments and the market segmented intra-regional in the State. Already 42% of the dispersion are due to the wages prize that it serves as an amenity of the choice metropolitan locacional
A proposta neste estudo é de verificar a dispersão intra-regional de rendimentos do trabalho principal das pessoas ocupadas na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC) e Não Metropolitana (RNM) Urbana do Estado do Paraná, pela decomposição de Ronald Oaxaca (1973) e por meio dos dados coletados na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) de 2004. O modelo baseia-se em estimativas da função de salário, para os grupos a serem considerados, no caso deste estudo, RMC e RNM. De acordo com Mincer (1958 e 1974), a função salário do capital humano, relaciona o logaritmo natural do salário com o investimento em capital humano (anos de estudo e experiência), ou seja, o capital humano determina o rendimento do trabalho individual conforme a Teoria do Capital Humano, ainda foi acrescentado variáveis apresentadas pela Teoria da Segmentação (setor e ramo de atividade). Conclui-se que há dispersão salarial intra-regional e que 58% da dispersão salarial deve-se às dotações produtivas dos trabalhadores e ao mercado segmentado intra-regional no Estado. Já 42% da dispersão deve-se ao prêmio salarial que serve como uma amenidade da escolha locacional metropolitana

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Hersen, Amarildo. "Decomposição dos diferenciais de rendimento do trabalho das regiões metropolitanas e não metropolitanas brasileiras". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2009. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2250.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amarildo Hersen.pdf: 556673 bytes, checksum: 564ec67694b0e65341b6d0f913173150 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-10
The aim of this study is to examine the dispersion of intra and inter-regional income from main employment of persons employed in urban Metropolitan Regions (RM) and Non Metropolitan Brazilian (RNM) in the States of Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo. For realization of the analytical it was applied the structural break test, which showed evidences of two labor markets. It was applied the decomposition of Oaxaca with Heckman procedure. It was used data from the National Research by House Sample of 2006. The work is based on the Theory of Human Capital and the Theory of Targeting. The Theory of Human Capital, although widely used, is unable by itself to explain the observed wage differences between individuals, as the market also provides dispersion. It was observed that, regarding the variables related to human capital, in the RM the best schooling explains the differences in pay and, in contrast, experience has more explanatory power in the countryside. The majority in the labor market are males, the informal labor force is stronger in the countryside os those states and the skin color of the workers as they approach the extreme south of Brazil is predominantly white and, in contrast, as it approaches the far north the predominant color is non-white. It was concluded that there are intra-regional wage and inter-regional dispersion for local reasons and attributes of workers. The wage dispersion in the States Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo is present for the local characteristics of the labor market. On the other hand, on the state of Ceará both factors, regional and attributes of workers, contribute in a balanced way to explain such differences. Finally, in the States Bahia, Pará and Pernambuco, the characteristics of the worker provide more explanation for the differences in average income from labor. Rates of pay are, on average, more expressive in RM, as expected because of empirical consensus, and, furthermore, it was found that the richer states pay more in their RM by local factors and the poorer pay in different manner RM by attributes in their employees.
O objetivo deste estudo é de examinar a dispersão intra-regional e inter-regional de rendimentos do trabalho principal das pessoas ocupadas nas Regiões Metropolitanas (RM) e Não Metropolitanas (RNM) urbana dos Estados da Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo. Para realização da análise foi feito o teste de quebra de estrutural de Chow, o qual evidenciou a existência de dois mercados de trabalho. Aplicou-se a metodologia da decomposição de Oaxaca com correção de Heckman. Foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) de 2006. O trabalho encontra-se embasado na Teoria do Capital Humano e na Teoria da Segmentação. A Teoria do Capital Humano, apesar de ser bastante utilizada, não é capaz por si só de explicar as diferenças salariais observadas entre indivíduos, pois o mercado também propicia dispersão. Percebe-se que, com relação às variáveis relacionadas ao capital humano, na RM a escolaridade melhor explica as diferenças na remuneração e, contrariamente, a experiência tem capacidade explicativa maior no interior. O sexo masculino é majoritário no mercado de trabalho, a mão-de-obra informal é mais acentuada no interior dos Estados e a cor da pele dos trabalhadores à medida que se aproxima do extremo sul do Brasil é predominantemente branca e, contrariamente, à medida que se aproxima do extremo norte a cor predominante é a não-branca. Conclui-se que há dispersão salarial intra-regional e inter-regional por motivos locais e atributos dos trabalhadores. A dispersão salarial nos estados de Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo se dá por características locais do mercado de trabalho. Já, no estado do Ceará ambos os fatores, regionais e atributos dos trabalhadores, contribuem de forma equilibrada, para explicar tais diferenças. Por fim, nos estados da Bahia, Pará e Pernambuco, as características do trabalhador proporcionam maior explicação para as diferenças nas rendas média do trabalho. As remunerações salariais são, em média, mais expressivas na RM, conforme o esperado por ser de consenso empírico, e, além disso, verificou-se que Estados mais ricos remuneram melhor em suas RM por fatores locais e Estados mais pobres remuneram de forma diferenciada nas suas RM por atributos dos trabalhadores.

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Milcher, Susanne. "Decomposing Income Differentials Between Roma and Non-Roma in South East Europe". The Romanian Regional Science Association, 2011. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5142/1/V513.MILCHER.pdf.

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The paper decomposes average income differentials between Roma and non-Roma in South East Europe into the component that can be explained by group differences in income-related characteristics (characteristics effect), and the component which is due to differing returns to these characteristics (coefficients or discrimination effect). The decomposition analysis is based on Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973) and uses three weighting matrices, reflecting the different assumptions about income structures that would prevail in the absence of discrimination. Heckman (1979) estimators control for selectivity bias. Using microdata from the 2004 UNDP household survey on Roma minorities, the paper finds that a large share of the average income differential between Roma and non-Roma is explained by human capital differences. Nevertheless, significant labour market discrimination is found in Kosovo for all weight specifications and in Bulgaria and Serbia for two weight specifications. (author's abstract)

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Milcher, Susanne y Manfred M. Fischer. "On labour market discrimination against Roma in South East Europe". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3960/1/SSRN%2Did1739103.pdf.

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This paper directs interest on country-specific labour market discrimination Roma may suffer in South East Europe. The study lies in the tradition of statistical Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis. We use microdata from UNDP's 2004 survey of Roma minorities, and apply a Bayesian approach, proposed by Keith and LeSage (2004), for the decomposition analysis of wage differentials. This approach is based on a robust Bayesian heteroscedastic linear regression model in conjunction with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation. The results obtained indicate the presence of labour market discrimination in Albania and Kosovo, but point to its absence in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Serbia. (authors' abstract)

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Helm, Heinrich. "Proportionate income differentials: a long walk to social justice. A case study on the Entgeltrahmenabkommen (ERA) Baden-Wuerttemberg, a general agreement on pay grades, that seeks to achieve pay equity in this region of the German metal and electrical industry and a critical evaluation of how this model can assist in the implementation of section 27 of the Employment Equity Act (EEA) of South Africa". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27531.

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Vertical income differentials between occupational levels in South Africa are among the highest in the world. Under apartheid skilled work performed predominantly by white employees was artificially overvalued, while unskilled work performed predominantly by black employees was systematically undervalued. These discriminatory social and legal norms laid the foundation for the existent disproportionate income differentials. The post apartheid government headed by Nelson Mandela acknowledged the existence of the apartheid wage gap. They were mindful that the vertical pay gap need not only be ‛deracialized', but needs to be eradicated. In this regard the South African Constitution of 1996 and the Employment Equity Act of 1998 (EEA) underpins the demand for non-discriminatory pay structures. Section 27 of the EEA was enacted to address disproportionate income differentials, but has not yet been adequately implemented. The purpose of this thesis is to consider whether the Entgeltrahmenabkommen (ERA) (a general agreement on pay grades) which resulted in the redesign of the pay structure in the German metal and electrical industry correcting long-standing pay differentials between socalled blue and white collar workers, can add value to the implementation of section 27 of the EEA. The thesis consists of six chapters. After the introduction chapter, chapters 2 and 3 consider the historical and current context of income inequality in South Africa; and chapters 4 and 5 provide a detailed analysis of the ERA in Germany and the recommendations that derive from the ERA. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis. There are important lessons to be derived both from the drafting and the implementation phases of the ERA. The ERA process revealed that being conscious of the different challenges that might arise in each phase is a prerequisite for success. The development of norms and benchmarks in the drafting phase minimised pay discrimination. The implementation phase of the ERA showed that prejudicial views and attitudes can hinder the complete eradication of discriminatory payment practices if sufficient heed is not paid to their strong influential role. This thesis concludes that the lessons derived from the implementation of the ERA can assist in introducing proportionate vertical income differentials as required by section 27 of the EEA.

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Sennewald, Ken. "Stochastic Control, Optimal Saving, and Job Search in Continuous Time". Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1195054673140-63635.

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Sennewald, Ken. "Stochastic Control, Optimal Saving, and Job Search in Continuous Time". Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23974.

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Economic uncertainty may affect significantly people’s behavior and hence macroeconomic variables. It is thus important to understand how people behave in presence of different kinds of economic risk. The present dissertation focuses therefore on the impact of the uncertainty in capital and labor income on the individual saving behavior. The underlying uncertain variables are here modeled as stochastic processes that each obey a specific stochastic differential equation, where uncertainty stems either from Poisson or Lévy processes. The results on the optimal behavior are derived by maximizing the individual expected lifetime utility. The first chapter is concerned with the necessary mathematical tools, the change-of-variables formula and the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation under Poisson uncertainty. We extend their possible field of application in order make them appropriate for the analysis of the dynamic stochastic optimization problems occurring in the following chapters and elsewhere. The second chapter considers an optimum-saving problem with labor income, where capital risk stems from asset prices that follow geometric L´evy processes. Chapter 3, finally, studies the optimal saving behavior if agents face not only risk but also uncertain spells of unemployment. To this end, we turn back to Poisson processes, which here are used to model properly the separation and matching process.

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Paula, Bruno Galete Caetano de. "Segregação ocupacional e discriminação segundo cor no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: abordagem regional". Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2012. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/13544.

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The Brazilian labor market is characterized by considerable differences in income, treatment and occupational insertion between white and black workers. With this in mind, this paper aims to identify and measure the factors causing this discrepancy between blacks and whites, highlighting discrimination and occupational segregation and using the PNAD 2009 as database. In order to measure the level of occupational segregation by color we used the following Occupational Segregation Indices: Index of Dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan (D) Index of Dissimilarity Standardized by Size (Ds) and Karmel-MacLachlan index (KM). The results of these indices showed that there is considerable occupational segregation by color in the Brazilian labor market, and the blacks are inserted in occupations with lower pay. The analysis of color discrimination was performed using the Oaxaca decomposition, and this method was applied separately for integrated and segregated occupations, indicating that the integrated occupations have a high level of discrimination and the occupation of majority white show less discrimination. The analyzes were also applied separately to the Northeast and Southeast in order to more efficiently capture the determinants of the wage differential by color between these different regions of Brazil. It was shown that both occupational segregation and discrimination are important factors to explain the wage gap between whites and blacks, and public policies necessary to combat this discriminatory treatment, especially policies aimed at equal opportunities, in order to obtain greater social justice and equal treatment among different groups of workers.
O mercado de trabalho brasileiro se caracteriza por consideráveis diferenças de rendimentos, tratamento e inserção ocupacional entre trabalhadores brancos e negros. Tendo isso em vista, a presente dissertação objetiva identificar e mensurar os fatores que causam essa discrepância entre brancos e negros, destacando a discriminação e a segregação ocupacional e utilizando a PNAD de 2009 como base de dados. A fim de medir o nível de segregação ocupacional por cor foram utilizados os seguintes Índices de Segregação Ocupacional: Índice de Dissimilaridade de Duncan e Duncan (D), Índice de Dissimilaridade Padronizado pelo Tamanho (Ds) e Índice de Karmel-MacLachlan (KM). Os resultados desses índices demonstraram que existe considerável segregação ocupacional por cor no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, sendo que os negros estão inseridos nas ocupações de menor remuneração. A análise da discriminação por cor foi realizada por meio da decomposição de Oaxaca, sendo que esse método foi aplicado separadamente para ocupações integradas e segregadas, indicando que as ocupações integradas apresentam alto nível de discriminação e as ocupações de predominância de brancos exibem menor discriminação. As análises também foram aplicadas separadamente para as regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, a fim de captar de forma mais eficiente os determinantes do diferencial salarial por cor entre essas distintas regiões brasileiras. Foi demonstrado que tanto a segregação ocupacional quanto a discriminação são importantes fatores para explicação do hiato de rendimentos entre brancos e negros, sendo necessárias políticas públicas que combatam esse tratamento diferenciado, principalmente políticas que visem igualdade de oportunidades, a fim de se obter maior justiça social e tratamento igualitário entre os diferentes grupos de trabalhadores.
Mestre em Economia

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Ishii, Hisako. "The effect of firm size on employment practices in Japan wage differentials and quasi-fixed employment costs across firm sizes /". 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33670823.html.

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Hector, C. J. "Wage structures and employment outcomes in New Zealand, and their relationship to technological change /". 2007. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20070704.151408/index.html.

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Libros sobre el tema "Labor income differentials"

Levine, Phillip B. Worklife determinants of retirement income differentials between men and women. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. Labor market institutions, wages and investment. London: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2004.

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Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. Labor market institutions, wages, and investment. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Yi, Pyŏng-hŭi. Kyŏngjejŏk pulp'yŏngdŭng kwa nodong sijang yŏn'gu. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Han'guk Nodong Yŏn'guwŏn, 2013.

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Bernard, Andrew B. Understanding increasing and decreasing wage inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Lloyd-Ellis, Huw. The impacts of inequality on productivity growth: A primer. [Hull, Quebec]: Human Resources Development Canada, Applied Research Branch, 2000.

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Autor, David H. Rising wage inequality: The role of composition and prices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Wolff, Edward N. The impact of IT investment on income and wealth inequality in the postwar US economy. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2001.

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Devroye, Dan. Does inequality in skills explain inequality of earnings across advanced countries? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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Devroye, Dan. Does inequality in skills explain inequality of earnings across advanced countries? London: Centre for Economic Performance, 2002.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Labor income differentials"

Chen, Guifu y Shigeyuki Hamori. "Formal and Informal Employment in Urban China: Income Differentials". En Rural Labor Migration, Discrimination, and the New Dual Labor Market in China, 77–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41109-0_7.

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Ogg, Jim y Michal Myck. "Introduction: Framing Economic Exclusion". En International Perspectives on Aging, 25–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_2.

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AbstractEconomic exclusion is a multidimensional concept that has particular relevance in the context of ageing populations and globalised economies. Sustaining adequate incomes in old age and protecting older citizens from poverty are major challenges for governments and policy makers and they have been amplified in the face of the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the past few decades most countries have made adjustments to their pension systems and other welfare related policies that concern older citizens, and these reforms have already had and will continue to have a differential impact on economic exclusion. For some, extending the working life and pushing back the legal age of retirement can be a safeguard against inadequate incomes in old age, while for others who are excluded from the labour market, or who are working in low paid jobs, economic exclusion remains a reality. The labour market implications of the pandemic are likely to exacerbate this risk for those whose situation was already fragile before the crisis.

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"Income Differentials, Institutions, and Religion: Working in the Rhineland or Pennsylvania in the Eighteenth Century". En Working on Labor, 269–95. BRILL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004231443_014.

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"Division of Labour, Income Differentials and Self-Management". En The Economics of Feasible Socialism, 229–35. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315016399-50.

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Park, Jaehyoung. "Employment outcomes of social investment in latecomer countries". En Welfare Reform and Social Investment Policy, 189–212. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352730.003.0008.

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This chapter tests the Matthew effect argument with regard to social inequality in employment. It analyses whether social investment policies favour low-quality jobs. For the testing of the two dimensions, employment and job quality, the chapter focuses on two particular policy areas: active labour market policies (ALMPs) and work–family policies (WFPs). The first section briefly introduces the conflicting evidence for the relationship between social investment and employment outcomes in the literature, and suggests reasons why we need to pay more attention to class differentials in employment and job quality, as well as why we need to differentiate between ALMPs and WFPs at the programme level. The second section describes the data and estimation strategy. The chapter then elaborates the results and how they meet the argument. It also suggests some political implications, then calls for a more careful policy design that allows low-income groups to benefit from social investment policy.

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Vickerstaff, Sarah y Wendy Loretto. "The United Kingdom – a new moral imperative: live longer, work longer". En Gender, Ageing and Extended Working Life. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447325116.003.0009.

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The drift of government policy affecting older workers in the UK has been focused on encouraging individual responsibility for working longer and saving more, often with an idealised 'adult worker' in mind; an individual devoid of family context and family demands and accumulated advantages or disadvantages. As a result the policies have a differential impact on women and men and diverse incomes groups and are likely to lead to greater inequality between older workers. The focus on the individual (the supply side in the labour market) also takes emphasis away from the problem of demand: whether employers want to retain or recruit older workers. There is an increasingly strong moral assertion that to live longer should mean to work longer, but research demonstrates that those most likely to be unemployed before state pension age are out of work because of lack of job opportunities, poor health or caring responsibilities.

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