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Madalozzo, Regina. "An analysis of income differentials by marital status". Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 38, n.º 2 (2008): 267–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612008000200003.
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Unmarried cohabitation has become a more frequently observed phenomenon over the last three decades, and not only in the United States. The objective of this work is to examine income differentials between married women and those who remain single or cohabitate. The empirical literature shows that, while the marriage premium is verified in different studies for men, the result for women is not conclusive. The main innovation of my study is the existence of controls for selection. In this study, we have two sources of selectivity: into the labor force and into a marital status category. The switching regressions and the Oaxaca decomposition results demonstrate the existence of a significant penalty for marriage. Correcting for both types of selection, the difference in wages varies between 49% and 53%, when married women are compared with cohabiting ones, and favors non-married women. This result points to the existence of a marriage penalty.
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Roksa, Josipa. "Double Disadvantage or Blessing in Disguise? Understanding the Relationship Between College Major and Employment Sector". Sociology of Education 78, n.º 3 (julio de 2005): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003804070507800302.
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Although college graduates earn substantial labor market rewards, not all college degrees are rewarded equally. Graduates who majored in female-dominated fields earn substantially lower incomes than do graduates who majored in male-dominated fields. Income differentials that are associated with different types of college majors are extensively noted but poorly understood. This article advances the previous literature by examining how college major affects the labor market outcomes of college graduates through its relationship with employment sector. The results show that graduates of female-dominated fields are disproportionately employed in public and nonprofit organizations, which offer lower monetary rewards but facilitate access to professional and managerial positions. Notably, college major and employment sector interact in ways that reduce income penalties and enhance the occupational location of graduates of female-dominated fields who work in public and nonprofit settings. These findings highlight the importance of considering organizational context in the study of labor market outcomes, particularly when examining the gendered character of educational credentials and occupations.
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De Lima, Cicero Francisco, Edward Martins Costa, Francisca Zilania Mariano, Wellington Ribeiro Justo y Pablo Urano de Carvalho Castelar. "Migration of labor: differential of income between rural and urban trade union workers in Brazil". Journal of Economic Studies 47, n.º 4 (25 de abril de 2020): 939–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2019-0047.
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PurposeThe objective of this work was to analyze the income differential of the rural–urban worker in relation to the rural–rural worker and in relation to the urban–urban worker in the Brazilian labor market. Two databases were used, the 2005 and 2015 PNADs (Pesquisa Nacional Por Amostra de Domicílios).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is the decomposition approach proposed by Firpo et al. (2007, 2009). This method adopts estimates of unconditional quantile regressions, based on the concepts of influence function and recentered influence function (RIF).FindingsAmong the main results, income differentials were shown to benefit the urban–urban worker when compared to the rural–urban worker, and income differences to the benefit of the rural–urban workers, when these were compared to the rural–rural workers. The educational variable was relevant in explaining the income disparity and expressing increasing effects in the higher quantiles.Originality/valueThe methodology used in this work is considered recent in the literature as it is based on the RIF regression (Firpo et al., 2007, 2009). The main advantage of this method is the possibility of assigning a “composition effect” and a “wage structure effect” for each variable that determines the level of income at different points of the income distribution.
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Semyonov, Moshe y Anastasia Gorodzeisky. "Labor Migration, Remittances and Household Income: A Comparison between Filipino and Filipina Overseas Workers". International Migration Review 39, n.º 1 (marzo de 2005): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00255.x.
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The major purpose of the research is to examine gender differences in patterns of labor market activity, economic behavior and economic outcomes among labor migrants. While focusing on Filipina and Filipino overseas workers, the article addresses the following questions: whether and to what extent earnings and remittances of overseas workers differ by gender; and whether and to what extent the gender of overseas workers differentially affects household income in the Philippines. Data for the analysis were obtained from the Survey of Households and Children of Overseas Workers (a representative sample of households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor sending” areas in the Philippines). The analysis focuses on 1,128 households with overseas workers. The findings reveal that men and women are likely to take different jobs and to migrate to different destinations. The analysis also reveals that many more women were unemployed prior to migration and that the earnings of women are, on average, lower than those of men, even after controlling for variations in occupational distributions, country of destination, and sociodemographic attributes. Contrary to popular belief, men send more money back home than do women, even when taking into consideration earnings differentials between the genders. Further analysis demonstrates that income of households with men working overseas is significantly higher than income of households with women working overseas and that this difference can be fully attributed to the earnings disparities and to differences in amount of remittances sent home by overseas workers. The results suggest that gender inequality in the global economy has significant consequences for economic inequality among households in the local economy. The findings and their meaning are evaluated and discussed in light of the household theory of labor migration.
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Powell, David y Hui Shan. "Income Taxes, Compensating Differentials, and Occupational Choice: How Taxes Distort the Wage-Amenity Decision". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 4, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2012): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.4.1.224.
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The link between taxes and occupational choices is central for understanding the welfare impacts of income taxes. Just as taxes distort the labor-leisure decision, they may also distort the wage-amenity decision. Yet, there have been few studies on the full response along this margin. When tax rates increase, workers favor jobs with lower wages and more amenities. We introduce a two-step methodology which uses compensating differentials to characterize the tax elasticity of occupational choice. We estimate a significant compensated elasticity of 0.03, implying that a 10 percent increase in the net-of-tax rate causes workers to change to a 0.3 percent higher wage job. (JEL H24, H31, J22, J24, J31)
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Register, Charles A. "Racial Employment and Earnings Differentials: The Impact of the Reagan Administration". Review of Black Political Economy 15, n.º 1 (junio de 1986): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903859.
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Numerous authors have considered the time paths of black/white employment and earnings differentials. Some have dealt with significant policy change impacts such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act. This study reports evidence concerning the impact of Reagan administration policy changes. The major drawback to the study is, of course, that the administration's total impact will no doubt not be felt for years. Regardless, using U.S. Census data through 1984, it was found that the administration had either a mixed effect (relative employment) or no effect (relative income), leaving the decaying position of blacks in the labor market little changed.
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Winslow-Bowe, Sarah. "Husbands’ and Wives’ Relative Earnings". Journal of Family Issues 30, n.º 10 (30 de abril de 2009): 1405–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09335441.
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Whereas much research has explored the causes and consequences of the gender wage gap, far less has examined earnings differentials within marriage. This article contributes to this literature by utilizing the 2000 wave of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine variation in husbands’ and wives’ relative income by race/ethnicity, human capital, labor supply, and life stage. The author finds that Black women’s disproportionate concentration among high relative earning wives can be attributed more to their greater attachment to paid labor than to their husbands’ labor supply. Nonetheless, Black women’s odds of earning as much as or more than their husbands are greater than those of White women. In addition, unlike research on the motherhood wage gap more generally, the author finds that the impact of motherhood on women’s earnings relative to their husbands can be largely explained by mothers’ lower labor supply relative to their childless counterparts.
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Dorman, Peter y Paul Hagstrom. "Wage Compensation for Dangerous Work Revisited". ILR Review 52, n.º 1 (octubre de 1998): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805200107.
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Using data from the 1982 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the authors investigate the relationship between wages and the risk of work-related death or nonfatal injury. Including industry-level variables and using alternative risk measures dramatically affects measured wage compensation. The results cast doubt on the existence of compensating differentials for risk. Indeed, the strongest finding is the likely presence of negative compensation—relatively high risk and low wages—for nonunion workers. The role of rent-sharing or other forms of strategic bargaining behavior (captured by value-added per worker and other industry variables) and the gender distribution of both risk and wages demonstrate that noncompetitive elements in U.S. labor markets are sufficiently strong to overcome the competitive tendency toward equalizing differentials.
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Bartlett, Will, John Cable, Saul Estrin, Derek C. Jones y Stephen C. Smith. "Labor-Managed Cooperatives and Private Firms in North Central Italy: An Empirical Comparison". ILR Review 46, n.º 1 (octubre de 1992): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204600108.
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The authors analyze the differences between the behavior of private firms and that of producer cooperatives in a matched sample of the two organizational types from the regions of Emilia Romagna and Toscana in North-Central Italy, where producer cooperatives are numerous. Individual firm-level surveys provide new detailed comparative data on key issues such as investment, productivity, wages, employment, and industrial relations. Differences between the two types of firm are found in labor relations, employment, pay, production methods, the relationship to the external market environment, and the level of economic performance. The authors find no significant differences in investment horizons or criteria for finance, despite theoretical assertions to the contrary. The cooperatives apparently have higher productivity, more labor-intensive production methods, lower income differentials, and a more tranquil industrial relations environment than the private firms.
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Akcigit, Ufuk, John Grigsby y Tom Nicholas. "Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity". American Economic Review 107, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2017): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171021.
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We build on the analysis in Akcigit, Grigsby, and Nicholas (2017) by using US patent and census data to examine the relationship between immigration and innovation. We construct a measure of foreign born expertise and show that technology areas where immigrant inventors were prevalent between 1880 and 1940 experienced more patenting and citations between 1940 and 2000. The contribution of immigrant inventors to US innovation was substantial. We also show that immigrant inventors were more productive than native born inventors; however, they received significantly lower levels of labor income. The immigrant inventor wage-gap cannot be explained by differentials in productivity.
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Tamborini, Christopher R. y Changhwan Kim. "Are You Saving for Retirement? Racial/Ethnic Differentials in Contributory Retirement Savings Plans". Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, n.º 4 (19 de octubre de 2019): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz131.
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Abstract Objectives: How individuals and families accumulate retirement resources during working years is a key aspect of aging with implications for later life. This study examines how much, and by what mechanisms, savings in retirement plans vary by race/ethnicity. Method: Using representative survey data and linked W-2 tax records, we estimate the probability of participation in employer-sponsored defined contribution (DC) retirement plans with probit regression, and contribution levels with ordinary least squares (OLS) models. We use Heckman models to adjust for potential sample selection. Results: Black and Hispanic workers have lower participation and contributions in employer-sponsored DC retirement plans than do white workers, while Asian Americans have higher levels. The bulk of racial/ethnic differences is attributed to socioeconomic position, especially education and labor market circumstances like earnings. Differentials are also associated with family circumstances, namely for black workers. After accounting for education, labor market, and family covariates, social-psychological factors appear to explain only small portions of differences, especially for black and Hispanic. Discussion: This study clarifies how racial/ethnic disparities in socioeconomic circumstances generate advantages and disadvantages in retirement wealth accumulation. Lower DC retirement plan participation and contributions among minorities in work life represent an underappreciated earlier-life channel through which racial inequalities in income and wealth in later life are generated.
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Bedasso, Biniam E. "College Major Choice and Neighborhood Effects in a Historically Segregated Society: Evidence from South Africa". Education Finance and Policy 14, n.º 3 (julio de 2019): 472–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00249.
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This paper explores factors affecting the choice of investment in specific human capital in the presence of significant inter-group and spatial inequalities. I use four years of admissions application data at an elite university in South Africa in conjunction with quarterly labor force data to trace the link between aptitude-adjusted expected earnings, neighborhood effects, and the choice of college major. The paper relies on the availability of a rich set of academic and geographical information in the admissions database to make causal inference. The results show that expected earnings have a positive impact on major choice independently of high school background when the ex ante distribution of earnings captures the full range of between-major and within-major income differentials. White applicants are more responsive to differentials in expected earnings than black applicants. Neighborhood effects influence college major choice through near-peer role models and relative achievement at the high school level.
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Gärtner, Svenja y Svante Prado. "Unlocking the Social Trap: Inequality, Trust and the Scandinavian Welfare State". Social Science History 40, n.º 1 (2016): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.80.
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Recent research suggests that economic inequality thwarts attempts to establish a welfare state. The corollary of this view is that today's welfare states had witnessed an equality revolution already before the rise of social policies aiming at redistribution. The paper brings this insight to bear on the creation of the welfare state in Sweden, for many the very model of a universal welfare state, and enquires into whether equality really predated the formation of universal welfare policies in the 1950s. We present evidence on inequality based on labor market outcomes and corroborate the view that there has been a sharp reduction in inequality during the 1930s and 1940s. Hence Sweden underwent a true equality revolution prior to the establishment of the welfare state. A leveling of incomes is a necessary precondition for the rise of the universal welfare state, we suggest, because of trust, which correlates negatively with inequality. High trust levels solve the problems associated with collective goods and boosts support for universal solutions of income security. The paper provides a narrative in which the formation of institutions, the removal of large income differentials, and the creation of higher trust levels interacted in the 1930s and 1940s to form the foundation for the welfare state in the 1950s. It adopts a dynamic view of trust by departing from the assumption that trust arises endogenously as a concomitant to changes in the underlying fundamentals like income inequality and redesigned institutional frameworks.
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Wang, Binyan, Mark W. Rosenberg, Shijun Wang, Peifeng Yang y Junfeng Tian. "Multilevel and Spatially Heterogeneous Factors Influencing Poor Households’ Income in a Frontier Minority Area in Northeast China". Complexity 2021 (24 de septiembre de 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834422.
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Increasing the income of poor rural households is essential for the realization of China’s goal of sustainable development, which entails inclusive and equitable development and reducing the developmental gap between urban and rural areas. We conducted a case study of Wangqing County, a frontier minority area in Northeast China to examine spatial patterns and income differentials among poor rural households in this area. We quantified existing associations between household-level and environmental-level characteristics and income by applying hierarchical linear models. We subsequently applied Geographically Weighted Regression to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the environmental-level variables and develop an understanding of the interaction mechanism of influencing factors. The results revealed that the distribution of villages, where income levels were similar, showed significant spatial agglomeration characteristics. Our findings also provide empirical evidence that household- and village-level characteristics together determine the income of poor households, but that household-level characteristics determine destitution to a greater extent than environmental characteristics. More specifically, the sex, health condition, and labor capacity of the household head, household size, the dependency ratio, social welfare, and off-farm work are significantly associated with household income. At the environmental level, arable land, the distance to the county center, and the average altitude had spatially heterogeneous impacts that varied in direction and intensity. This systematic study provides a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of the factors influencing the income of poor households in a frontier minority area in Northeast China.
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Tuccio, Michele. "Determinants of Intra-ASEAN Migration". Asian Development Review 34, n.º 1 (marzo de 2017): 144–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00084.
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International labor mobility in Southeast Asia has risen drastically in recent decades and is expected to continue increasing with the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community in 2015. This paper looks at the determinants of the movement of workers and finds three structural factors that will likely drive further intra-ASEAN migration in the coming years: (i) demographic transition, (ii) large income differentials between economies, and (iii) the porosity of borders. A microfounded gravity model is estimated in order to empirically analyze the main determinants of intra-ASEAN migration in the period 1960–2000. Results suggest that the movement of migrants between Southeast Asian economies has mostly been driven by higher wages and migrant social networks in destination economies, as well as natural disasters in origin economies.
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Parrado, Emilio A. y Marcela Cerrutti. "Labor Migration between Developing Countries: The Case of Paraguay and Argentina". International Migration Review 37, n.º 1 (marzo de 2003): 101–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00131.x.
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Despite the historical and numerical importance of international migration between Paraguay and Argentina, the socioeconomic forces affecting the dynamics of the flow remain largely unexplored. This article contributes to the understanding of migration movements between the Latin American countries by analyzing patterns of labor migration from two Paraguayan communities to Argentina. The analysis separates the process of migration into four segments representing different migration decisions that Paraguayan men face throughout their life course: first trip, first return, recurrent trips, and duration of additional trips. Results confirm that Paraguayan migration to Argentina is closely related to individual characteristics and wealth, the extent of migrant networks and experience, and changes in macroeconomic conditions. The relative importance of these factors on migration varies depending on the aspect of migration under consideration. More generally, the analysis shows that unlike migration between Mexico and the United States, Paraguayan migrants to Argentina tend to be positively selected with respect to educational attainment and skills. This reflects the higher transferability of skills between the two countries and the absence of large urban centers attracting internal migrants in Paraguay. In addition, results show that migration between Paraguay and Argentina is very responsive to fluctuations in macroeconomic conditions, particularly income differentials and peso over-valuation. Government policies oriented towards the regulation of migration flows in the Southern Cone should pay closer attention to the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on migration decisions, especially in the context of the Mercosur agreement.
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Navarro, Vicente, Carme Borrell, Joan Benach, Carles Muntaner, Agueda Quiroga, Maica Rodríguez-Sanz, Nuria Vergés, Jordi Gumá y M. Isabel Pasarín. "The Importance of the Political and the Social in Explaining Mortality Differentials among the Countries of the OECD, 1950–1998". International Journal of Health Services 33, n.º 3 (julio de 2003): 419–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/r7ge-8dwk-yy6c-183u.
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This article analyzes (within the conceptual frame defined in the previous article) the impact of political variables such as time of government by political parties (social democratic, Christian democratic or conservative, liberal, and ex-dictatorial that have governed the OECD countries during the 1950–1998 period) and their electoral support on (1) redistributional policies in the labor market and in the welfare state; (2) the income inequalities measured by Theil and Gini indexes; and (3) health indicators, such as infant mortality and life expectancy. This analysis is carried out statistically by a bivariate and a multivariate analysis (a pooled cross-sectional study). Both analyses show that political variables play an important role in defining how public and social policies determine the levels of inequalities and affect the level of infant mortality. In general, political parties more committed to redistributional policies, such as social democratic parties, are the most successful in reducing inequalities and improving infant mortality. Less evidence exists, however, on effects on life expectancy. The article also quantifies statistically the relationship between the political and the policy variables and between these variables and the dependent variables—that is, the health indicators.
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Kaser, Michael. "V. The Economic and Social Impact of Systemic Transition in Central Asia and Azerbaijan". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 2, n.º 3 (2003): 459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915003322986352.
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AbstractThe economies of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan differ from the other states that quit the Soviet Union in 1991 by their inheritance of poor productivity growth and high demographic pressure for job creation. Moreover, since their incorporation into the Russian Empire during the nineteenth century, their production has been geared to primary goods - cotton and hydrocarbons - that in the 1930s Stalin's policy towards autarky was directed to Soviet domestic consumption. The six countries hence gained independence, but with high export dependency on markets that all suffered severe demand recessions. The corresponding production decline in the six states was modified during the 1990s by diversifying the direction of trade and was not as deep as indicated by the official GDP data by reason of the substantial growth of unmeasured production. That 'shadow economy' goes untaxed and all six states show government revenue inadequate for the social expenditure required to maintain the stock of human capital inherited from Soviet planning priorities and to reverse the widening of income differentials, as well as for capital formation to employ the expanding labor force. Some improvement has resulted from emigration and foreign investment by Kazakhstan, and from foreign investment by Azerbaijan. But that inflow has enhanced those states' dependence on hydrocarbons and the danger of a "Dutch disease." In all six states, authoritarian and corruption-prone governance inhibit foreign investment, though in two, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, state funds have been established so that eventual income from fixed assets replace that from depleting hydrocarbon deposits.
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Borisova, D. E. "IMPROVEMENT OF WAGE SYSTEM IN HEALTH CARE AS A FACTOR IN INCREASING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE REGION". Economics Profession Business, n.º 4 (10 de diciembre de 2020): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb201997.
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The article considers the problems in regional healthcare wage system. It is found that the persistent imbalance between income and expenses formed against the background of increased funding of the public health. It is noted that the main item of expense of medical organizations is the wage fund, which remains understudied.
The high share of labor costs, low level of wages in the industry compared to neighboring entities, wage differentials, erratical wage framework and low share of the guaranteed part of wages, overloading of the wage system and low level of automation of information systems are highlighted as major issues. At the same time, in the author’s view, the healthcare wage system that meets modern requirements is the key to the economic and social security of the region and the state.
The regional healthcare wage system needs to develop new approaches. According to the author, it is required to build a wage system according to a hierarchical type, depending on the level of the medical organization, based on the central place theory and the development of inter-municipal cooperation.
The analysis is based on statistical and analytical data for the last 5 years, as well as methods of dynamic and structural analysis, measuring the achievement of targets and integrated approach.
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Salazar-Elena, Juan Carlos y José Guimón. "Management practices and small firms’ productivity in emerging countries". Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 29, n.º 4 (15 de julio de 2019): 356–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-01-2019-0004.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the potential for increasing the productivity of small firms from emerging countries by enhancing their management practices. Design/methodology/approach The link between four types of management practices and labor productivity at the firm level is tested through a sample of 13,566 small firms from 15 emerging countries. Subsequently, the policy options available to upgrade management practices in such firms are analyzed through a systematic review of recent experiences in 12 emerging countries. Findings The econometric results confirm that the adoption of good management practices has a significant effect on labor productivity, especially when several management practices are combined. This effect is context-dependent, with a higher intensity in lower-middle income countries and in manufacturing firms. The paper also outlines the different components of successful policy programs to support the adoption of good management practices. Research limitations/implications On the one hand, the challenge of isolating the causal relationship between management practices and firm productivity affects the econometric part of this study. On the other hand, the analysis of policy experiences is purely explorative and does not attempt to evaluate impacts but rather to offer a general overview of policy options. Practical implications The paper provides practical guidance for policymakers from emerging countries in their efforts to support the adoption of good management practices by small firms. Social implications Improving management practices of small firms can contribute to a more inclusive development agenda by narrowing wage differentials between leading and laggard firms, while transforming informal businesses into formal ones. Originality/value The multi-method approach used in this study provides rich insights into the relationship between management practices and productivity of small firms in emerging countries.
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Masella, Rosalie y James McIntosh. "Article 3 from Series of 5: Black-White Differences in Canadian Educational Attainments and Earnings". International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies 3 (2019): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31355/53.
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NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................................... Data from two large Canadian surveys are used to analyze educational and earnings performance of Blacks and Whites. The main purpose of this study is to determine how well blacks perform relative to Whites in these two areas. Background........................................................................................................................................................................................................ Canadian researchers have been studying black performance in education and labor markets since the 1970’s. Much of this research was done before 2000. It showed that there was considerable discrimination in the way Blacks were treated in the labor market but fewer problems concerning their success in the educational system. Since then more data has become available and it is possible to re-examine this issue and explore new dimensions of black economic performance. Methodology..................................................................................................................................................................................................... Educational outcomes are categorical and are analyzed by ordered Beta probability models. Earnings functions are estimated by mixed linear regression models where the mixing procedure is used to account for unobserved differences in respondent ability. Contribution....................................................................................................................................................................................................... Our results update and expand what was known before 2016 using the most resent Canadian Census and Youth Smoking Survey of which the latter contains academic performance information for students in primary and secondary school. Findings.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. The main results show that while Black males are able to access the educational system without much racial prejudice, they are not treated fairly in the labor market. Black females do less well in both the educational system and labor markets. Blacks earn significantly less than Whites for all age groups, all levels of education, and in all occupations. They are more likely to be less than fully employed and more likely to be at the bottom of the income distribution. These findings are consistent with earlier studies but the amount of discrimination is larger and black/white earnings differentials are larger than those found by researchers using earlier surveys. Recommendation for Practitioners .................................................................................................................................................................. These results are disturbing and the persistence over long periods of time suggests that some form of expanded government intervention is needed. Recommendations for Researchers................................................................................................................................................................. The surveys used here provide inadequate information on the process of discrimination. More and better data is needed to understand why, for example, black students do less well than their white counterparts in primary and secondary school and yet overcome these problems in tertiary education. Impact on Society.............................................................................................................................................................................................. Discrimination of any sort is costly to the victims but is also detrimental to society as a whole since it represents a failure our institutions to deliver a fair and just society for all groups regardless of race or ethnicity. We hope our results will draw attention to the need to address this problem.
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Blau, Francine D. y Lawrence M. Kahn. "The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations". Journal of Economic Literature 55, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2017): 789–865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995.
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Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) microdata over the 1980–2010 period, we provide new empirical evidence on the extent of and trends in the gender wage gap, which declined considerably during this time. By 2010, conventional human capital variables taken together explained little of the gender wage gap, while gender differences in occupation and industry continued to be important. Moreover, the gender pay gap declined much more slowly at the top of the wage distribution than at the middle or bottom and by 2010 was noticeably higher at the top. We then survey the literature to identify what has been learned about the explanations for the gap. We conclude that many of the traditional explanations continue to have salience. Although human-capital factors are now relatively unimportant in the aggregate, women's work force interruptions and shorter hours remain significant in high-skilled occupations, possibly due to compensating differentials. Gender differences in occupations and industries, as well as differences in gender roles and the gender division of labor remain important, and research based on experimental evidence strongly suggests that discrimination cannot be discounted. Psychological attributes or noncognitive skills comprise one of the newer explanations for gender differences in outcomes. Our effort to assess the quantitative evidence on the importance of these factors suggests that they account for a small to moderate portion of the gender pay gap, considerably smaller than, say, occupation and industry effects, though they appear to modestly contribute to these differences. ( JEL I26, J16, J24, J31, J71)
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Cheong, Jia Qi y Suresh Narayanan. "Gender Income Differentials in Malaysia". 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, n.º 1 (8 de octubre de 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(5).
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Studies related to distribution of income is very important for national development as it is related to efforts also to reducing the gender earnings disparity. Women have overcome many challenges within the labour market, but gender income differentials still persist in Malaysia. As reducing the gender income differentials is one of the ingredients for sustained economic growth, this article examines the gender income distribution in several submarkets within the Malaysian labour market and discusses some initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities therein Keywords: Differentials; Gender; Income; Labour, Malaysia
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Alexander, Rymanov. "Differential land rent and agricultural taxation". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 9 (11 de septiembre de 2017): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/127/2016-agricecon.
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The paper addresses the influence of various types of taxes on changes in differential (Ricardian) land rent, and the economic performance of agricultural producers. Labour and capital taxes lead to higher prices for agricultural products, causing a decrease in consumer demand and lower income for agricultural producers (mostly utilizing marginal land). A polynomial single-product model has been used to demonstrate that reducing the tax burden on agricultural producers – specifically taxes on labour and capital – will result in increases in differential land rents on the average and relatively better plots, and/or the emergence of the rent on the marginal land. Thus, substituting labour and capital taxes for land/property taxes reduces the overall tax burden of agricultural producers on marginal lands.
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Angelov, Nikolay y Marcus Eliason. "The Differential Earnings and Income Effects of Involuntary Job Loss on Workers with Disabilities - Evidence from Sweden". LABOUR 30, n.º 2 (17 de agosto de 2015): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/labr.12062.
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Guyot, Alice, Stefan Berwing y Maria Lauxen-Ulbrich. "Income differentials on regional labour markets in Southwest Germany". Panoeconomicus 56, n.º 3 (2009): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0903379g.
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The aim of our paper is to identify explanatory variables for income disparities between women and men across different regional types. Using data from the BA Employment Panel (BEP) descriptive statistics show that the gender pay gap grows wider from core regions to periphery. The main explanatory variables for the income differentials are vocational education in the men's case and size of enterprise in the women's case. Whereas in the case of women the importance of vocational status increases and the importance of size of enterprise decreases from rural areas to urban areas.
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Angelopoulos, Konstantinos, Stylianos Asimakopoulos y James Malley. "THE OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TAX BURDEN OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE". Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, n.º 06 (19 de septiembre de 2017): 2298–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000700.
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This paper analyzes optimal capital and labor income taxation for households differentiated by labor skill, income, and wealth, under a balanced government budget, over the business cycle. A model incorporating capital–skill complementarity in production and differential access to labor and capital markets is developed to capture the cyclical characteristics of the US economy, as well as the empirical observations on wage (skill premium) and wealth inequality. We find that optimal taxes for middle-income households are more volatile than the remaining taxes. Moreover, the government re-allocates the total tax burden in bad times so that the share of total tax revenue paid by middle-income households rises. This share also rises for low-income households but by significantly less, whereas the tax share for skilled households falls.
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Scheuer, Florian. "Entrepreneurial Taxation with Endogenous Entry". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2014): 126–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.6.2.126.
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I analyze the optimal taxation of profits and labor income under endogenous firm formation. Individuals differ in their skill and cost of setting up a firm, and can become workers or entrepreneurs. A tax system in which profits and labor income are subject to the same schedule uses general equilibrium effects through wages to indirectly redistribute across occupations. Optimal policies can involve low tax rates at the top and distortions of firms' input choices. However, these properties disappear under a differential treatment of profits and labor income. Then, redistribution is achieved directly through taxes and production efficiency is always optimal. (JEL H21, H24, H25, J24, L25, L26)
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Felderer, Barbara, Gerrit Müller, Frauke Kreuter y Joachim Winter. "The Effect of Differential Incentives on Attrition Bias". Field Methods 30, n.º 1 (5 de septiembre de 2017): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x17726206.
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Respondent incentives are widely used to increase response rates, but their effect on nonresponse bias has not been researched as much. To contribute to the research, we analyze an incentive experiment embedded within the third wave of the German household panel survey “Panel Labor Market and Social Security” conducted by the German Institute for Employment Research. Our question is whether attrition bias differs in two incentive plans. In particular, we want to study whether an unconditional €10 cash incentive yields less attrition bias in self-reported labor income and other sociodemographics than a conditional lottery ticket incentive. We find that unconditional cash incentives are more effective than conditional lottery tickets in reducing attrition bias in income and several sociodemographic variables.
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Randjelovic, Sasa. "Estimating the impact of income tax on personal savings in Serbia: The two channels approach". Acta Oeconomica 66, n.º 2 (junio de 2016): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2016.66.2.4.
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This paper provides an empirical evaluation of the effects of income taxation on personal savings in Serbia, by taking into account both transmitting channels: the direct impact of capital income tax on the rate-of-return and the indirect impact of labour income tax on disposable income. The estimated elasticity of bank deposits to the rate of return of 0.3 and the estimated elasticity of employment income to a labour tax wedge of −0.38 suggest that income tax function aimed at minimising the efficiency losses should not considerably differentiate the tax burden on labour and capital income. We show that in the case of the introduction of a revenue-neutral income tax, with a single marginal tax rate of 15% and considerably larger labour income exemption, households’ savings in Serbia would decline by 0.27%. This means that the negative impact of a rise in the capital income tax wedge on savings would prevail over the positive effects of a labour tax wedge cut. The results imply that the overall possibility to boost savings using tax policy is modest.
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Liu, Yuanxiang. "Pushed out or pulled in? Participation in non-farm activities in rural China". China Agricultural Economic Review 9, n.º 1 (6 de febrero de 2017): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-11-2015-0166.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the determinants of China’s rural households’ non-farm participation. The authors pay special attention to the effect of potential income differential on this participation. Design/methodology/approach The data used in this study come from a household survey conducted in Hubei Province. The authors estimate participation equation and income equation, respectively, then introduce potential income differential simulated in participation equation to examine its effect on non-farm participation. Findings Potential income differential serves as the major pull factor that favors non-farm participation. Education, proximity to a city and specialized commercial farming are crucial in helping rural households to participate in non-farm production; while the land shortage or the labor surplus act as the push factor in non-farm participation. Better quality of land reduces the household’s propensity to participate in non-farm activities. Moreover, the income gap between households that participate in non-farm activities and pure farmers is mainly determined by the differences in household characteristics. Originality/value The authors use the method of “switching regression and structural probit” to examine the impact of potential income differential on non-farm participation, and simulate the response of the participation probability to the change of potential income differential. The authors also analyze the sources of income gap between non-farm and farm households using Oaxaca decomposition.
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Mortikov, Vitalii. "About surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market". Population 24, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.10.
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The objective of the article — to analyze not only microeconomic, but macroeconomic aspects of surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market, to research economic policy oriented on its redistribution. The concept of employer/employee surplus in the labor market is clarified. This surplus is a socio-economical phenomenon, some noneconomic factors must be taken into account in researching it. The influence of inflation, social and age characteristics, changes in the market positions of labor market subjects on their salary offers and surplus has been determined. It makes sense to differentiate between nominal and real surplus, fixed surplus and surplus that can be influenced. The article presents grouping of job advertisements based on salary formulation. Informational aspects of the identifying economic surplus are considered. The author proposes direct and indirect indicators to reveal the changes in economic surplus: wage proposals in the vacancy announcements, salary reviews, resume data, population polls, prices for services of individual entrepreneurs, dynamics of unemployment and shadow employment etc. Potential of the government policy on surplus redistribution and the regulation of employer/employee behavior is substantiated. Some instruments aimed at such redistribution through incomes of employers, employees are proposed: minimum wages regulations, changes in taxation (personal income taxation, wage taxes); indexation of personal incomes, subsidization of wages, antimonopoly and administrative regulation of prices. The government can also influence the behavior of surplus receivers through immigration policy. The influence of some instruments on surplus regulation is contradictory. Minimum wage regulations can increase and decrease the surplus at the same time.
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Egger, Peter H., Sergey Nigai y Nora M. Strecker. "The Taxing Deed of Globalization". American Economic Review 109, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2019): 353–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160600.
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This paper examines the effects of globalization on the distribution of worker-specific labor taxes using a unique set of tax calculators. We find a differential effect of higher trade and factor mobility on relative tax burdens in 1980–1993 versus 1994–2007 in the OECD. Prior to 1994, greater openness meant that higher income earners were taxed progressively more. However, after 1994, we document a globalization-induced rise in the labor income tax burden of the middle class, while the top 1 percent of workers and employees faced a reduction in their tax burden of 0.59–1.45 percentage points. (JEL D31, F16, F61, H22, H24)
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Kazlou, Aliaksei y Martin Klinthall. "Entrepreneurial response to changing opportunity structures". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, n.º 5 (13 de agosto de 2019): 859–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0090.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the introduction of a liberalised regime for labour immigration in Sweden affected the self-selection of new immigrant entrepreneurs and to what extent the changes in entrepreneurial income among new immigrants was due to self-selection or to a changing business environment. Design/methodology/approach Based on rich microdata from Swedish administrative registers, this paper investigates how incomes changed during the years before and after the migration policy reform. By decomposing the income differential of new immigrant entrepreneurs arriving before and after the reform, this study estimates the contribution of a changed composition of migrants to the changing entrepreneurial income. Findings Entrepreneurial income among self-employed new immigrants improved after the reform, narrowing the immigrant–native income gap, while among employees, the income gap remained during the whole period of the study. Out of the total 10.9 per cent increase in log income, the authors find that 2.7 per cent was due to selectivity, i.e., changing characteristics of new immigrant entrepreneurs. The remaining 8.2 per cent was due to increased returns to characteristics, i.e., the characteristics of new immigrant entrepreneurs were better rewarded in the markets in the latter period. Hence, increases in entrepreneurial income among new immigrants were due both to self-selection and changes in the business environment. Practical implications The authors find that the migration policy reform had the effect of attracting successful immigrant entrepreneurs. Hence, the findings have implications for migration policy as well as for growth and employment policy. Originality/value This paper reveals a positive trend regarding income from the entrepreneurship of new immigrants after the liberalisation of labour immigration policy in Sweden. Theoretically and methodologically, the authors combine self-selection theory and the mixed-embeddedness perspective in a novel way, using rich data and a quantitative approach.
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Ishaq, Maryam. "Regional Economic Integration and Productivity Convergence: Empirical Evidence from East Asia". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 25, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 23–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2020.v25.i2.a2.
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The study attempts to seek evidence on regional economic integrationin driving labor productivity convergence in low-and middle-income East Asian states towards Japan, the country assumed to be the regional technology leader. The labor productivity convergence of low-and middle-income East Asian countries towards their rich neighbor is modelled against their national levels of innovation, technology spill-oversfrom the regional economic leader and their productivity differential with the frontier country. The hypothesized relationship is empirically verified for seven East Asian states, using a robust econometric approach. The time-series test estimates under Error Correction Representation yield absolute support in favor of valid productivity convergence occurring between Japan and its low-and middle income neighbors. However, panel data estimates generated with better statistical power outperform the time-series test findingsand these results reject the significance of Japan as the regional productivity growth driver for its regionaldevelopingstates.
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Hop, Mai Quang, Nguyen Thanh Liem y Tran Thi Tuan Anh. "Gender and urban - rural pay gap in Mekong Delta". Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management 2, n.º 1 (28 de diciembre de 2018): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v2i1.500.
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This study analyzes the wage differential of male and female workers, and labor in urban and rural areas in the Mekong Delta provinces using the VHLSS 2014 data. The results of the decomposition of the wage disparity between men and women show unexplained difference has the major contribution in the wage gap between men and women, in particular the differences in the returns to academic and professional degrees for male and female workers. Meanwhile, the explained difference has lower explanatory power, suggesting that most of attributes of male and female labor do not significantly differ. The results of the decomposition of urban-rural wage differential show the opposite: the difference is mainly due to the fact that urban workers are more educated than rural labor, while the unexplained difference has lower explanatory power. Based on these results, the paper proposes a number of recommendations to reduce the income gap in the Mekong Delta.
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Gandelman, Néstor, Hugo Ñopo y Laura Ripani. "Traditional Excluding Forces: A Review of the Quantitative Literature on the Economic Situation of Indigenous Peoples, Afro-descendants, and People Living with Disability". Latin American Politics and Society 53, n.º 04 (2011): 147–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00137.x.
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Abstract Unequal income distribution in Latin America and the Caribbean is linked to unequal distributions of human and physical assets and differential access to markets and services. These circumstances, and the accompanying social tensions, need to be understood in terms of traditional fragmenting forces; the sectors of the population that experience unfavorable outcomes are also recognized by characteristics such as ethnicity, race, gender, and physical disability. In addition to reviewing the general literature on social exclusion, this article surveys several more specific topics: relative deprivation (in land and housing, physical infrastructure, health and income); labor market issues, including access to labor markets in general, as well as informality, segregation, and discrimination; the transaction points of political representation, social protection, and violence; and areas in which analysis remains weak and avenues for further research in the region.
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Elu, Juliet U., Jared Ireland, David Jeffries, Ivory Johnson, Ellis Jones, Dimone Long, Gregory N. Price et al. "The Earnings and Income Mobility Consequences of Attending a Historically Black College/University: Matching Estimates From 2015 U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard Data". Review of Black Political Economy 46, n.º 3 (31 de julio de 2019): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034644619866201.
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This article considers the labor market consequences of attending a Historically Black College/University (HBCU). With 2015 U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard Data, we use a matching estimator to identify and estimate the treatment effect of HBCU attendance on median earnings, earnings relative to a high school graduate, and income relative to that of the household at the time of initial enrollment, 6 and 10 years after attendance. Our treatment effect parameter estimates suggest that once we account for the differential return to college majors, the urban wage premium, and the proportionality/dependence of the labor market return of Black student college attendees on the share of a college/university’s student population that is Black, there is a long-run earnings premium associated with HBCU attendance. In addition, for HBCUs in general, we find that there is a population of students who would realize a positive labor market premium—as high as approximately 42%—and earn more than a high school graduate if they were to attend an HBCU. With respect to intergenerational income mobility, we find that HBCU attendance enables their actual and potential attendees to move to a higher quantile of income relative to their households in the long run.
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Gunawan, Diah Setyorini, Neni Widayaningsih y Barokatuminalloh Barokatuminalloh. "The Strategy Development of SMEs Metal". JEJAK 10, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2017): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i1.9131.
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This research aimed to identify the profile of SMEs metal and to analyze the predictors that differentiate the performance achievement of metalworkers in Pasir Wetan Village, Karanglewas Sub-District, Banyumas Regency using primary data obtained from direct interviews with metalworkers in Pasir Wetan Village, Karanglewas Sub-District, Banyumas Regency. Primary data included the data of net income rate, the amount of labor used, the amount of bank credit received, business duration, education level, and the amount of production. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and discriminant analysis. The analysis results indicated that the increase in the amount of production and the amount of labor used were the predictors that differentiate the revenue achievement between superior metalworkers group and non-superior metalworkers group. In addition, the amount of production was the best predictor to differentiate the revenue achievement between superior metalworkers group and non-superiors metalworker group.
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Sayeed, Asad, Farhan Sami Khan y Sohail Javed. "Income Patterns of Woman Workers in Pakistan - A Case Study of the Urban Manufacturing Sector". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 8, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2003): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2003.v8.i1.a7.
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The paper analyses the income patterns of women workers employed in the urban manufacturing sector of Pakistan. It examines the wage differentials across regions, manufacturing sectors and industrial categories including large scale factories, small-scale enterprises and home based work. The central conclusion is that wages of women workers across sectors and industry size vary because of differences in the capital-labour ratio and hence labour productivity. The paper determines the proportion of women earning above and below the legally mandated minimum wage, which differs significantly across formal and informal industries. Finally, the earnings of workers have been examined in the context of human capital accumulation.
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Atkinson, Anthony B. "The Changing Distribution of Income: Evidence and Explanations". German Economic Review 1, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2000): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00002.
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Abstract This article is concerned with the economics of the distribution of income, emphasizing aspects which have been missing from the recent literature. It begins with factor shares and the rise in real interest rates. These are important in their own right and in relation to the determination of wage differentials. The paper questions the conventional wisdom which locates rising inequality and unemployment solely in a shift in demand away from unskilled workers. This explanation is too partial in its approach, is hard to reconcile with the empirical evidence, and ignores labour market institutions and the role of social norms. In seeking to explain the experience of different countries, we need to look not just at wages but also at the capital market, and should not be limited to a simple competitive supply-and-demand story.
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Chen, Jie y Mingzhi Hu. "CITY-LEVEL HUKOU-BASED LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION AND MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CHINA". Technological and Economic Development of Economy 27, n.º 5 (5 de julio de 2021): 1095–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.15006.
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A previously undocumented association between city-level degree of hukou-based labor market discrimination and migrant’s individual entrepreneurship engagement is examined. Applying the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis on the micro data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) suggests that hukou-based labor market discrimination can on average explain a 6.3% differential in personal income for rural migrants relative to otherwise identical urban migrants. A one standard deviation increase in a city’s average hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with roughly 2.9 percentage point higher of entrepreneurship rate among rural migrants, holding other things equal. Furthermore, city-level hukou-based labor market discrimination is associated with much higher propensity for engagement in necessitybased entrepreneurship compared with opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Our empirical work also suggests that the association between city-level hukou discrimination and migrant entrepreneurship is more prominent for people with middle level of education, young people, married people, and renters. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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Mukerjee, Swati y Arun Venugopal. "Religiosity and Health Through the Decades: Is There a Gender Difference?" American Journal of Health Promotion 32, n.º 4 (9 de marzo de 2017): 1028–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117116687886.
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Purpose: An empirical examination of the long-term association, disaggregated by gender, between religiosity and self-rated health with reference to demographic shifts in labor force participation, education, and income. Design: General Social Survey data. Setting: United States, 1974 to 2012. Participants: A total of 23 353 respondents. Measures: Self-assessed health; 2 key religiosity variables: attendance and intensity of belief; income, labor market variables, education, standard demographic variables, household size, region, and time dummies. Analysis: Probit estimation conducted for the aggregate sample by gender as well as by decades to examine possible gender differential changes over time. Results: Attendance has declined overall with a much greater decline for women. The overall positive association between religiosity and health masks considerable heterogeneity across gender and time; higher and stable for males, there is no longer a significant association for females. Increased education, income, and labor force participation can explain only part of this association. Education is the strongest mediator. Conclusion: The way women and men benefit from religious attendance has changed, suggesting that some pathways may be working differently for women now, especially those with less education. Moving away from church networks could be due to a perceived lack of support or substitution by other social networks. Ceteris paribus, since religious participation has been shown to weaken preference for risky consumption, declining participation, especially for women, may show up as an increase in risky behavior.
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Gornick, Janet C. y Timothy M. Smeeding. "Redistributional Policy in Rich Countries: Institutions and Impacts in Nonelderly Households". Annual Review of Sociology 44, n.º 1 (30 de julio de 2018): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041114.
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We review research on institutions of redistribution operating in high-income countries. Focusing on the nonelderly, we invoke the concept of the household income package, which includes income from labor, from related households, and from the state. Accordingly, we assess three institutional arenas: predistribution (rules and regulations that govern paid work), private redistribution (interhousehold transfers), and conventional public redistribution (operating via cash transfers and direct taxes). In each arena, we assess underlying policy logics, identify current policy controversies, summarize contemporary cross-national policy variation, and synthesize existing findings on policy effects. Our assessment of redistributional effects focuses on three core socioeconomic outcomes: low pay, child poverty, and income inequality. We close by assessing how the three institutional arenas perform collectively and by calling for further work on how these institutions change over time and how they affect subgroups differentially.
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Han, Euna y Tae Hyun Kim. "BODY MASS INDEX AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH KOREA". Journal of Biosocial Science 49, n.º 4 (25 de julio de 2016): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000341.
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SummaryThis study assesses differential labour performance by body mass index (BMI), focusing on heterogeneity across three distinct employment statuses: unemployed, self-employed and salaried. Data were drawn from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. The final sample included 15,180 person-year observations (9645 men and 5535 women) between 20 and 65 years of age. The findings show that (i) overweight/obese women are less likely to have salaried jobs than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men are more likely to be employed in both the salaried and self-employed sectors than underweight/normal men, (ii) overweight/obese women have lower wages only in permanent salaried jobs than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men earn higher wages only in salaried temporary jobs than underweight/normal weight women, (iii) overweight/obese women earn lower wages only in service, sales, semi-professional and blue-collar jobs in the salaried sector than underweight/normal weight women, whereas overweight/obese men have lower wages only in sales jobs in the self-employed sector than underweight/normal weight women. The statistically significant BMI penalty in labour market outcomes, which occurs only in the salaried sector for women, implies that there is an employers’ distaste for workers with a high BMI status and that it is a plausible mechanism for job market penalty related to BMI status. Thus, heterogeneous job characteristics across and within salaried versus self-employed sectors need to be accounted for when assessing the impact of BMI status on labour market outcomes.
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Coxhead, Ian y Diep Phan. "Princelings and Paupers? State Employment and the Distribution of Human Capital Investments Among Households in Viet Nam". Asian Development Review 30, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2013): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00014.
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Inequality in access to education is known to be a key driver of income inequality in developing countries. Viet Nam, a transitional economy, exhibits significant segmentation in the market for skilled labor based on more remunerative employment in government and state firms. We ask whether this segmentation is also reflected in human capital investments at the household level. We find that households whose heads hold state jobs keep their children in school longer, spend more on education, and are more likely to enroll their children in tertiary institutions relative to households whose heads hold nonstate jobs. The estimates are robust to a wide range of household and individual controls. Over time, disparities in educational investments based on differential access to jobs that reward skills and/or credentials help widen existing income and earnings gaps between well-connected “princelings” and the rest of the labor market. Capital market policies that create segmentation in the market for skills also crowd out investment in private sector firms, further reducing incentives for human capital deepening.
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Maxim, Paul S., Jerry P. White, Stephen Obeng Gyimah y Daniel Beavon. "Earnings implications of person years lost life expectancy among Canada's aboriginal peoples". Canadian Studies in Population 30, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2003): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p61s4r.
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Overall, Canada has one of the world’s highest national life expectancies. This benefit is not shared by Canada’s aboriginal population, however, which has a life expectancy approximately seven years less than the general population. The Aboriginal population also differs in that it has a higher fertility rate and higher mortality rates among infants and young adults. One of the consequences of the mortality differential is that the number of person years of lost life (PYLL) expectancy is large for the Aboriginal community in comparison to the general population. While several studies have focused on the causes of differential mortality, this study examines some of the socio-economic consequences of differences in PYLL. Examining wage labor income, for example, we determine that the PYLL differential translates into an expected wage and salary loss of approximately $1.56 billion.
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Yuan, Jiahong, Xiaoyu Li, Zilai Sun y Junhu Ruan. "Will the Adoption of Early Fertigation Techniques Hinder Famers’ Technology Renewal? Evidence from Fresh Growers in Shaanxi, China". Agriculture 11, n.º 10 (24 de septiembre de 2021): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100913.
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Fertigation technology is key to solve water pollution and inefficient fertilizer use. However, some early techniques cannot adapt to the current situation of labor shortages and large-scale planting. Therefore, it is necessary to consider farmers’ willingness to adopt more adaptive techniques. Specifically, we focus on whether early technology adoption will hinder technology renewal and whether the factors affecting the adoption of early and latest techniques are consistent. Through theoretical analysis and a survey, we find that farmers’ endowments such as income and labor force only affect the adoption intentions to the high-cost technique (Intelligent Irrigation Control System), but not early techniques (Venturi injector and Differential pressure tank), while farmers’ information processing ability and information acquisition channels affect both. Finally, the results of Propensity Score Matching show that early technology adoption will not become an obstacle to technology renewal.
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Fauzia, Renata y Soengwoo Lee. "THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ON RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION IN JAVA, INDONESIA". Jurnal Tataloka 15, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 2013): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.15.4.235-247.
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This paper investigates if the improvement of agricultural productivity will decrease rural to urban migration. Since rural to urban migration occurs due mainly to disparity between urban and agricultural wage, we assume that boosting agricultural income will reduce migration to urban areas. It is hypothesized that increase in agricultural productivity would result in a rise in agricultural wage, and hence income, ceteris paribus, reduces rural-urban migration. The data used in this study is the 2010 provincial statistics in West Java, Central Java, and East Java, Indonesia. The agricultural productivity and migration equations were estimated by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The research findings may offer the suggestion to reduce rural to urban migration by boosting rural income through focusing the policy on agricultural productivity. Enhancing investment in agricultural sector such as increasing the number of subsidized fertilizer, adding agricultural labor and livestock, increasing education of rural people, and utilizing agricultural land resource are expected to increase agricultural output.Thus, it would also minimize the wage differential between urban and rural area.
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Allcott, Hunt, Benjamin Lockwood y Dmitry Taubinsky. "Ramsey Strikes Back: Optimal Commodity Taxes and Redistribution in the Presence of Salience Effects". AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (1 de mayo de 2018): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181040.
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An influential result in modern optimal tax theory, the Atkinson and Stiglitz (1976) theorem, holds that for a broad class of utility functions, all redistribution should be carried out through labor income taxation, rather than differential taxes on commodities or capital. An important requirement for that result is that commodity taxes are known and fully salient when consumers make income-determining choices. This paper allows for the possibility consumers may be inattentive to (or unaware of) some commodity taxes when making choices about income. We show that commodity taxes are useful for redistribution in this setting. In fact, the optimal commodity taxes essentially follow the classic “many person Ramsey rule” (Diamond 1975), scaled by the degree of inattention. As a result, to the extent that commodity taxes are not (fully) salient, goods should be taxed when they are less elastically consumed, and when they are consumed primarily by richer consumers. We extend this result to the setting of corrective taxes, and show how non-salient corrective taxes should be adjusted for distributional reasons.