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1
Hunter, John, and Carl Mabbs-Zeno. "African land tenure." Agricultural Administration 23, no. 2 (January 1986): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-586x(86)90034-8.
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G., Wagah George, Mathenge Mwehe, Nelson Obange, Peris Teyie, and Maria Nystrom. "Land Tenure Systems in Kisumu City; The Formal-Informal Dichotomy." International Journal of Sciences Volume 6, no. 2017-10 (November 7, 2017): 32–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3350120.
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In the process of urbanization, the peri-urban areas are often the front line of urban transformation and transition and therefore potential zones of conflicts over land tenure arrangements. This study sought to explore land tenure arrangements, administration and governance in the peri-urban zones of Kisumu city. The objective was to provide empirical evidence on the conflicts and emerging governance issues in Kisumu city. In this working paper, we recognize three main drivers as being particularly important for facilitating equitable land use and therefore good outcomes from urbanization in Kisumu; Sound land use planning, smoothly functioning land and housing markets and capable and responsive land market. The results, based on the insights gained through conversational interviews as well as desk-top reviews show that public land tenure, leaseholds, freeholds and community land tenure systems are the most widespread in the study area. Holding land under leasehold and freehold tenure appears to be more widespread within peri-urban fringe. Whereas elaborate town planning criteria should ideally direct resource allocation, the challenge for Kisumu like other developing towns and cities is that it has been developing against a backdrop of poor urban planning practice.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V62017101450 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1450
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Katusiime, Juliet, and Brigitta Schütt. "Linking Land Tenure and Integrated Watershed Management—A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 23, 2020): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041667.
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Land tenure is given attention in the general discussions on conservation and management of natural resources, but the necessary holistic approach to understand the linkages is less considered. Thus, we considered a watershed as a unit of reference and Integrated Watershed Management as a holistic land and water resources management approach with various roles and touchpoints with land tenure issues. To examine the role of land tenure on the management of natural resources in watersheds, we reviewed and compiled literature that captures watershed issues, integrating aspects of land tenure, and aiming to identify the key land tenure roles, dynamics, and its influences on integrated watershed management. Land tenure is observed playing various roles in watersheds and, thus, also on integrated watershed management as an approach—as a driver of change, influence for investment decisions, an incentive for adoption of practices, and leading to sustainability. Land tenure dynamics range from land tenure security, land tenure forms, land access and acquisition modalities, and how these aspects of land tenure relate with integrated watershed management.
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Makata, Innocent Franklin, and Nnamdi Alex Udobi. "Comparison of Land Use Act and Traditional Land Use." International Journal of Civil Engineering, Construction and Estate Management 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijcecem.14/vol12n17082.
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This study examines the land tenure system in Imilike, Udenu Local Government, South East Nigeria, with a focus on the customary land tenure system and its implications for land use, economic development, and social stability. The research reveals that the land tenure system in Imilike has undergone significant changes, including the sale of land, changes in inheritance patterns, and modifications to land pledging practices. The study also highlights the differences and similarities between the Land Use Act of 1978 and the land tenure system in Imilike, including government control, land allocation, and land registration. The findings of this study have important implications for land administration, conflict resolution, and sustainable development in Imilike and beyond. Recommendations include integrating traditional and modern institutions, recognizing customary rights, prioritizing sustainable land use, community engagement, and capacity building. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics of land tenure systems in Nigeria and highlights the need for inclusive and effective land administration systems.
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UKPONG--UMO, RAPHAEL. "LAND RESOURCE AND TENURE INNOVATIONS IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT." Social Sciences and Management International Journal 4, no. 4 (December 5, 2023): 95–109. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10276380.
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AbstractLand as a major factor of production and critical resource for economic production is of predominant importance, particularly in agrarian societies. The interest vested on land and attendant resources is further heightened in Nigeria given its high population. This informs the increasing number and magnitude of conflicting interactions arising from access to land and attendant resources which lead to land use disputes in several communities. The study examined land resource and tenure innovations in Nigeria and its implication for agriculture and rural development. Specifically, the study examined the land tenure system, land acquisition and usage as well as tenurial innovation in Nigeria. One hundred and twenty farmers were randomly selected from five communities respectively in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State. Data were collected, collated and analyzed using means, percentages, and frequency distribution analysis. Findings showed that 85% of the respondents practiced individual land tenure system alone, and this has particular implication on livelihood and household sustenance. The paper suggests a review of land tenure system, reduced cost of procuring farm inputs and improvement in the quality of extension services, among others.
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Uwayezu, Ernest, and Walter de Vries. "Indicators for Measuring Spatial Justice and Land Tenure Security for Poor and Low Income Urban Dwellers." Land 7, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7030084.
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There exist various indicators that measure land tenure security for urbanites. Most of those indicators measure the degree to which land titling promotes the security of tenure. Based on the reviewed literature, it is admitted that land titling is not a panacea to land tenure security. Measuring the degree of land tenure security should not rely only on the legalisation of landownership. This paper makes a meta-analysis and conceptual modelling to connect spatial justice and land tenure security. It discusses the potential of inclusive urban development grounded on the claim that spatial justice enhances land tenure security. A comprehensive framework of indicators which can measure the degree of land tenure security from a spatial justice lens is thereafter derived. The meta-analysis and conceptual modelling were coupled with research synthesis to perform an in-depth review and qualitative content analysis of the literature on concepts of spatial justice, land tenure security, and urban (re)development processes. This study proposes 60 indicators which measure the degree of spatial justice and land tenure security along a continuum of spatial justice and land tenure security. Those indicators provide a more holistic approach for measuring land tenure security from a spatial justice lens than the separated sets of existing indicators.
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Jacoby, Hanan G., Guo Li, and Scott Rozelle. "Hazards of Expropriation: Tenure Insecurity and Investment in Rural China." American Economic Review 92, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 1420–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024575.
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We use household data from northeast China to examine the link between investment and land tenure insecurity induced by China's system of village-level land reallocation. We quantify expropriation risk using a hazard analysis of individual plot tenures and incorporate the predicted “hazards of expropriation” into an empirical analysis of plot-level investment. Our focus is on organic fertilizer use, which has long-lasting benefits for soil quality. Although we find that higher expropriation risk significantly reduces application of organic fertilizer, a welfare analysis shows that guaranteeing land tenure in this part of China would yield only minimal efficiency gains.
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Sieciechowicz, Krystyna. "Northern Ojibwa Land Tenure." Anthropologica 28, no. 1/2 (1986): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25605199.
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Crewett, Wibke, and Benedikt Korf. "Ethiopia: Reforming Land Tenure." Review of African Political Economy 35, no. 116 (June 2008): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240802193911.
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O'Keefe, Phil, and Sam Moyo. "Land Tenure in Zimbabwe." Review of African Political Economy 23, no. 70 (December 1996): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249608704232.
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Aina, Tade Akin. "Land tenure in Lagos." Habitat International 16, no. 1 (January 1992): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(92)90003-h.
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Al-Ossmi, Laith H., and Vian Ahmed. "Land tenure administration: Towards a regulatory backdrop to land tenure in Iraq." Land Use Policy 57 (November 2016): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.016.
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Katusiime, Juliet, and Brigitta Schütt. "Towards Legislation Responsive to Integrated Watershed Management Approaches and Land Tenure." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032221.
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Land tenure affects integrated watershed management approaches in various ways, such as influencing land use and investment in sustainability practices and decisions. However, some land tenure and integrated watershed management relations need more examination, including how the prevailing relevant legislation responds and the needed course of action. In this paper, we provide relevant evidence to support a shift to responsive actions and legislation through (a) examining land tenure scenarios affecting integrated watershed management, including the public–private land tenure co-existence from a watershed perspective; (b) the responsiveness of the prevailing relevant legislation to integrated watershed management and the land tenure scenarios and (c) identifying legislative remedies recommendable for responsiveness. We use qualitative methods to review secondary data sources, including four legislations, and complement them with field survey data. Field experiences are from three sub-catchments in the Lake Victoria basin, each representing a different land tenure system, as case studies. Land tenure links with integrated watershed management in various ways, such as influencing land use decisions. However, underscoring the relationship from the private and public land tenure perspective also indicates a complex and tense spatial relationship. As such, it likely limits adopting sustainable land use and management practices in watersheds as a case. Regardless, the perceptions from the study area indicate the land tenure systems and forms enabling sustainable choices and decisions, despite limitations such as tenure insecurity. The disconnect between integrated watershed management aspirations of ensuring sustainability, the land tenure abilities and the subsequent human practices is mainly institutional, with the relevant legislation indicating a low to moderate level of responsiveness to integrated watershed management approaches and land tenure, thus, abating effectiveness. Therefore, we suggest a shift towards responsive programming and legislation and the adoption of model legislation to support responsiveness replication. We also recommend further studies to assess the legal gaps and feasibility thereof.
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Guinin Asso, Inoussa, Soulé Akinhola Adéchian, Mohamed Salifou, Bédé Prudence M’po Kouyinampou, Bruno Charles Pierre O’heix, and Mohamed Nasser Baco. "Effects of the Systematic Cluster Approach (SCA) and Rural Land Plans (RLPs) on Land Tenure Security for Agricultural Household: Insight from Benin (West Africa)." Land 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101681.
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Rural land plans (RLP) and the systematic cluster approach (SCA) are the two main approaches used in Benin to secure rural land tenure. However, the contributions of these approaches to land tenure security in rural communities are mixed. This paper firstly identifies the main factors to be considered in conceptualizing rural land tenure security and secondly assesses the contributions of the two approaches in achieving rural land tenure security. The study is conducted in four communes of Borgou (a district in North Benin) that have benefited from both approaches to land tenure security. The dimensions of land tenure security were identified during focus group discussions and unstructured interviews with key informants. The contribution of the approaches is assessed using individual surveys from 742 beneficiaries of the approaches randomly selected, based on actors’ perceptions measured on the Likert scale. The nonparametric Friedman test was used to determine the average rank of each factor according to the RLP or SCA context. As a result, land tenure security must integrate nine factors, leading to two forms of land tenure security. Legal and institutional security includes land tenure norms, property rights, local land management institutions, and the land information system. Socioenvironmental security involves access and use rights, social peace, gender mainstreaming, and land conservation. According to stakeholders’ perceptions, RLPs mainly lead to legal-institutional security, whereas SCA combines and contributes to both forms of land tenure security. Rural smallholders will enjoy high levels of land security when these elements are in dynamic balance.
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Murisa, Tendai. "Exploring the Tenure - Democracy Nexus on Customary Land Right Holders." African Journal of Inclusive Societies 2, no. 1 (February 2023): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59186/si.ry9fbpgu.
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In Zimbabwe, as in many African countries, land remains a basic strategic asset for those who live in the rural areas. Particularly, for those people in customary tenured areas, access to land is negotiated through identity. Most Zimbabweans either live or have land rights in customary tenure areas. Here, land is not a commodity that can be traded nor is it regarded as an individual asset. Disputes related to access, ownership and use of customary tenure land are handled in traditional courts presided over by chiefs and their subordinate structures. Those who dwell in customary tenure areas have no direct relationship with civil courts, where private property disputes are resolved, but instead, must go through the traditional courts. In one of my earlier publications, I have argued that the involvement of traditional courts in customary land tenure issues is the hallmark of classical citizenship. While I continue to proffer this argument in the current study, the study also illustrates how traditional authority has, over the years become an appendage of the state through strategic measures which include salaries for chiefs, vehicles, rural electrification, and power that comes with being entrusted with the role of distributing subsidies. Additionally, the exclusion of customary tenure areas from formal financial services means that households are at the mercy of government led subsidies which are steeped within the political interests of the ruling party ZANU-PF. In many cases, government subsidies end up being used as incentive to support the incumbent party. In such instances, elected officeholders take the lead in the distribution of these subsidies. The relationship between land tenure and democracy is perhaps the most compelling for reforms, but rarely discussed. In this study I expand on my previous interventions by arguing that the ways in which land is held in customary tenure areas and the existing subsidy regimes have played a critical role in restricting rural residents’ autonomy to make autonomous political choices. I further argue that the autonomy to choose is mostly compromised in contexts where access to productive resources such as land, markets, mechanical, financial, and physical capital are negotiated through subservience to traditional authorities who are politically affiliated.
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Chigbu, Uchendu, Gaynor Paradza, and Walter Dachaga. "Differentiations in Women’s Land Tenure Experiences: Implications for Women’s Land Access and Tenure Security in Sub-Saharan Africa." Land 8, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8020022.
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Most literature on land tenure in sub-Saharan Africa has presented women as a homogenous group. This study uses evidence from Ghana, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe to show that women have differentiated problems, needs, and statuses in their quest for land access and tenure security. It illustrates how women-to-women differences influence women’s access to land. By investigating differentiations in women’s land tenure in the three countries, the study identifies multiple and somewhat interlinked ways in which differentiations exist in women’s land tenure. It achieved some key outcomes. The findings include a matrix of factors that differentiate women’s land access and tenure security, a visualisation of women’s differentiation in land tenure showing possible modes for actions, and an adaptable approach for operationalising women’s differentiation in land tenure policies (among others). Using these as evidence, it argues that women are a highly differentiated gender group, and the only thing homogenous in the three cases is that women are heterogeneous in their land tenure experiences. It concludes that an emphasis on how the differentiation among women allows for significant insight to emerge into how they experience tenure access differently is essential in improving the tenure security of women. Finally, it makes policy recommendations.
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Otsuka, Keijiro, Agnes R. Quisumbing, Ellen Payongayong, and J. B. Aidoo. "Land tenure and the management of land and trees: the case of customary land tenure areas of Ghana." Environment and Development Economics 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2003): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03000056.
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This study explores the effects of land tenure institutions on land use and management using household date from cocoa growing areas of Ghana. Various land tenure institutions with different land rights coexist in our sites, such as allocated family land, inherited land, appropriated village land, and land received as gift. While tree planting and the decision to leave land fallow may be affected by land tenure status, there are no significant differences in labor allocation and revenue of both cocoa and food crops among parcels under different land tenure institutions. These results support the hypothesis that management incentives of cocoa fields, but not food crop fields, tend to be equalized due to the incentive-enhancing effects of granting secure land rights after efforts to plant cocoa trees are expended.
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Kometa, Cordelia G., and Richard N. Asongsaigha. "The Implications of Land Tenure Systems on Socio-Economic Development in Kumbo Central Sub-Division, North West Region of Cameroon." Journal of Geography and Geology 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v11n3p25.
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This study explores the impact of land tenure systems on the socio-economic development of Kumbo Central Sub-Division. The incompatibility of the Statutory and Customary land tenure and land laws in Kumbo brings about conflict between the land laws and land users at large. Land tenure insecurity and lack of land certificates are the major reasons for the slow growth rate in the socio-economic development of Kumbo. This study seeks to assess the reasons for tenure insecurity and implications on the socio-economic development of Kumbo. Data necessary for the realization of this study were obtained through primary and secondary data collection techniques such as questionnaires, interviews, field observation, focus group discussions, snap shorts and the review of related documented materials. These techniques followed a stratified sampling on an age selective population that was liable to have access to land. The study revealed that land ownership and land use conflicts emanate from poor and incompatible land tenure systems in Kumbo. The study recommended that the problem of incompatibility between the two tenure systems can be resolved by harmonizing the two laws. Also, the Social Tenure Domain System was recommended to solve the problem of land tenure insecurity if well implemented by the Government of Cameroon. This model enhances land tenure security for all, especially the vulnerable groups. If all these recommendations are implemented effectively, socio-economic development in Kumbo will be greatly accelerated.
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Sun, Xiaolong, Jinmin Wang, and Fangping Rao. "Land Tenure Security and Sustainable Land Investment: Evidence from National Plot-Level Data in Rural China." Land 14, no. 1 (January 18, 2025): 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010191.
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The linkage between land tenure security and land quality improvement investment is crucial given that the land tenure security system is a widely applied policy tool for the protection of cultivation land in developing countries. Drawing on the triple land tenure security framework, this paper examines the impact of the de jure and the de facto land tenure security on farming households’ decisions about using organic fertilizer on their plots in China, based on a national survey dataset covering 2308 plots matched with 962 farming households across 8 provinces in China (Shangdong, Shangxi, Jilin, Zhejiang, Henan, Gansu, Hunan, and Sichuan) from January to July 2013. The empirical results show that the de facto land tenure security affected the use of organic fertilizer by the farming households positively. In comparison, the impact of the de jure land tenure security on the use of organic fertilizer by farming households was modest. It is suggested that the government should implement the policies effectively to promote de jure land tenure security and encourage farming households to make sustainable land investment.
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Li, Bo, Ruimei Wang, and Quan Lu. "Land Tenure and Cotton Farmers’ Land Improvement: Evidence from State-Owned Farms in Xinjiang, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010117.
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The land system of state-owned farms in China is different from that in rural areas. Whether the land tenure of state-owned farms can play a role in protecting cultivated land is an important issue for the high-quality development of state-owned agriculture in China. This article develops a dynamic model to examine how land tenure influences farmers’ decisions on land improvement. It then analyzes this relationship based on cotton farmers’ household-level data from state-owned farms of Xinjiang in China. We applied methods that take into account the possible endogeneity of the land tenure. The results reveal that the stability of land tenure in the past will not affect the current behavior of farmers for they have a relatively stable expectation of current land tenure and a high degree of trust in the government and its policies. The intergenerational transfer of land tenure is not the key factor that affects farmers’ land conservation, and the relatively long-term duration of land tenure (possibly five years or more) during their careers is more important. Our findings also reveal that non-property factors, such as government intervention (e.g., technology promotion) that alleviates the limited rationality of farmers, cannot be ignored because they played a crucial role in past land improvement when land tenure was less stable.
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CHUMACHENKO, A.M. "Features of land tenure and legal status of lands of European countries." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №4(239)2021 98 (July 20, 2021): 69–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5116239.
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The subject of the study – a set of theoretical and methodological foundations of legal support for land ownership in Europe. The purpose of the article is identify the features of land tenure and study the legal status of lands of European countries. Research methodology – methods of analysis and synthesis (in the systematization of indicators); method of comparison (when conducting the characteristics of the system of land tenure and land use); method of analogy (in identifying the peculiarities of land tenure of individual countries). Results – comparative analysis of the structure of the legal status of land resources of some European countries. The essence of the concepts of land tenure and land use is revealed, the peculiarities of land tenure and land use as an object of land legal relations are investigated. An analysis of the impact of property rights guarantees on socio–economic and environmental benefits. The legal systems of the countries of the world are analyzed, and it is found that they have three main vectors (groups): civil law, common law and socialist law. The peculiarities of the main European legal systems are studied, their peculiarities are revealed. The modern peculiarities of the formation of the right of private and public ownership of land resources are substantiated. The analysis of the ownership structure on the lands of European countries is carried out. In countries with a high level of economic development, the share of privately owned land is quite significant, due to the liberalization of land policy and the openness and transparency of land markets. Dependencies of food security and land ownership of a number of European countries are revealed. Bringing the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of land ownership. Application of results. Economic branch: economics of nature management, management of national economy, land law. Conclusions – examining the formation of land ownership (use) in a number of countries, we concluded that most developed countries have liberal land markets and the predominant form of land ownership is private. A clear representative of the special land policy is Israel, within which there is virtually no concept of private land ownership. Also, in the United Kingdom, where all land is in the lifelong possession of the Royal Family, only the right to use the land is subject to alienation, which in no way reduces the efficiency of its use. Moreover, most European countries have very significant legal restrictions on changing the purpose of land and clearly defined norms of land tenure and land use.
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Gebremichael, Brightman. "Heartrending or Uplifting: The Ethiopian Urban Land Tenure System Reform and Its Reflection on Tenure Security of Permit Holders." Journal of Developing Societies 33, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17716995.
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In this article, I reflect on the implication of the urban land tenure systems of the three political regimes of Ethiopia on the objective element of land tenure security of urban landholders, particularly, permit holders. The objective element of land tenure security can be assessed in terms of clarity and breadth, duration, assurance, and enforceability of land rights. On these foundations, I argue that the objective element of tenure security of urban landholders in Ethiopia has been reduced with each subsequent regime. The Imperial regime’s urban land tenure system affected the objective land tenure security of urban landholders in terms of enforceability of land rights—particularly limiting the right to appeal to a presumably independent court of law with regard to the amount of compensation awarded for the loss of land rights through expropriation. The Derg regime’s urban land tenure system, on the other hand, had narrowed the breadth of land rights to possessory right; it introduced other grounds in addition to expropriation, by which a landholder could lose his land rights, it adopted a vague and broad understanding of “public purpose” for expropriation, and it introduced a compensation scheme that left a landholder compensated inadequately; and it totally prohibited bringing a legal action in presumably an independent court of law against the government. Even more, the post-1991 urban land tenure system has perpetuated the objective land tenure insecurity of permit holders by making the land rights unclear until the enactment of regulation; and to be valid for a definite period of time by mandatorily demanding its conversion to lease system.
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Chigbu, Uchendu, Zebad Alemayehu, and Walter Dachaga. "Uncovering land tenure insecurities: tips for tenure responsive land-use planning in Ethiopia." Development in Practice 29, no. 3 (January 20, 2019): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1567688.
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Nepal, Harisharan, and Anil Marasini. "Status of Land Tenure Security in Nepal." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 17, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v17i1.23005.
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Land is a fundamental natural resource for living, an economic asset for production, legal entity with multiple rights over it and above all, a societal factor for self-actualization. So, ownership of land has multi-faceted understanding around the world. For the developing country like Nepal having diverse societal arrangements, land tenure system plays important role in economic, social and political structure. As Nepal is in the process of implementing federalization, assessment of land tenure security shall be one of the instruments for developing new land related policies and assessing the effect of new policies afterward. The objective of this paper is to perform SWOT analysis on the status of land tenure security in Nepal by reviewing the history of the tenure system and current tenure system, studying country reports and research papers and analyzing policies and institutions. The study shows that despite some initiatives by government, NGOs, bilateral agencies and media to improve land tenure security, land tenure insecurity prevails in all areas of the country even in registered lands. It is found that stable rganization, registration of most of the built-up and cultivated land, advocacy to protect the right of landless has strengthened the land tenure security. However, the tenure rights of socially and economically disadvantaged people and displaced people from disasters have not been properly addressed and those people are at high risk of eviction from the place they are living. The study recommends that land tenure insecurity arising from political, legislative and organizational behavior should be managed by appropriate interventions and policy reforms. As most of the analyses of land tenure security in Nepal have been performed in a descriptive way, this study explicitly investigates the issue through SWOT analysis.
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Gurung, Chan Bahadur. "Land Tenure System and Security of Kumal Community in Gorkha." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 10, no. 2 (November 27, 2023): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v10i2.60195.
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This paper analyzes the land tenure system, its history, demographic and socio-economic characteristics and tenure ownership and security of Kumal community in Gorkha district of Nepal. Land is a fundamental natural resource for living, an economic asset for production, legal entity with multiple rights over it and above all, a societal factor for self-actualization. So, ownership of land has multi-faceted understanding. The objective of this paper is to analyze the existing land tenure system of Kumal community of Gorkha by reviewing the history of the tenure system and current tenure system, and carrying out HH survey to improve the tenure ownership and security. However, the tenure rights of socially and economically disadvantaged community like Kumals have not been properly addressed and those people are at high risk of eviction from the place they are living. The study recommends that land tenure insecurity arising from political, legislative and organizational behavior should be managed by appropriate interventions and policy reforms. As most of the analyses of land tenure security in Nepal have been performed in a descriptive way, this study explicitly investigates the issue through household survey. As Nepal is in the process of implementing federalization, assessment of land tenure security shall be one of the instruments for developing new land related policies and assessing the effect of new policies afterward.
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Uchitel, Alexander. "Land-Tenure in Mycenaean Greece and the Hittite Empire: Linear B Land-surveys from Pylos and Middle Hittite Land-Donations." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 4 (2005): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852005774918787.
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AbstractThe article is a comparative study of Mycenaean Greek and Hittite land-tenure systems. It is based upon a systematic comparison of two groups of documents: land-registers (the so-called E-series) from Pylos and Middle Hittite land-donations. The traditional interpretation of both Mycenaean Greek and Hittite documents is challenged and alternative interpretations are offered. Thus, on the Mycenaean side, the construction with the preposition pa-ro is reinterpreted, and on the Hittite side an entirely new interpretation of a Hittite expression pir-sahhanas is offered. Both land-tenure systems are interpreted as two manifestations of compulsory labour service of small landholders attached to large agricultural estates. Cet article est une étude comparative des systèmes de tenue de la terre dans la Grèce mycénienne et l'empire hittite. Elle est fondée sur une comparaison systématique de deux groupes de documents : les registres de la terre (appelés la série E) de Pylos et les donations de terre moyenne hittite. L'interprétation traditionnelle des documents mycénien et hittite est ici remise en question et une nouvelle explication est offerte. Ainsi, du côté mycénien, la construction avec la préposition pa-ro est réinterprétée, et du côté hittite une interprétation entièrement nouvelle de l'expression pir-sahhanas est proposée. Les deux systèmes de tenue de la terre sont interprétés comme deux manifestations d'un service de travail obligatoire dus par des petits propriétaires attachés à des grandes propriétés agricoles.
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Yenkong Sobseh, Emmanuel, and Willibroaddze Ngwa. "LAND TENURE INSECURITY AND LAND CONFLICTS IN THE BAMENDAGRASSFIELDS OF CAMEROON: PUZZLING EVIDENCE FROM BALINYONGA/BAWOCK LAND CONFLICT." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12363.
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This paper examines the challenges of land tenure insecurity and land conflicts in the Bamenda Grassfields of Cameroon. Colonial and later, postcolonial governments of Cameroon introduced different and most often, conflicting land policies. These divergent land policies, later on, replaced collective ownership of land with private ownership. This paper, focuses on the different causes of land tenure insecurity such as inequality, outside encroachment, and common property challenges. It also tackles the measure causes of land conflicts such as multiple land sales, land scarcity, population growth, poor boundary demarcation, land laws and contested records of land conflicts. Despite these challenges, land tenure security was achieved through customary land, state land and individual titling. However, the case study between Bali Nyonga and Bawock demonstrates efforts by different parties to confront, manage and resolve land dispute. Based on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, this paper argues that, land tenure insecurity and land disputes have benefitted the rich, and fostered social inequalities. The study concludes that, despite the lessons and opportunities for intervention advanced, land tenure insecurity and land conflicts in Cameroon could only be overcome, if the present structures and institutions of land management are modernized and restructured by stakeholders to benefit the majority.
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Makinde, Olumuyiwa L., Olubunmi O. Alawode, and Rukayat A. Olaoye. "Legal Issues in Land Acquisition for Agricultural Production in Nigeria." American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology 8, no. 2 (May 4, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v8i2.2705.
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Land is the nations’ most valuable asset, as it provides sustenance. Legally speaking, land tenure in Nigeria is a complicated web of connections between many organizations that establishes land ownership patterns in connection to various land uses. This study examined the legal issues in land acquisition for agricultural production in Nigeria. Secondary data sourced from books, journals, and the internet were used. Normative legal research techniques were adopted to discuss legal issues in land acquisition, while qualitative content analysis was used to ascertain the level of agricultural production in Nigeria, as well as the relationship between land acquisition and agricultural production in Nigeria. The study’s findings showed that Nigeria's land tenure system supports land partitioning (land fragmentation), which leads to scattered small-scale farming. Tenure rules stipulated in the Nigerian Land Use Act of 1978 hinder agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Additional relevant factors and challenges influencing Nigeria's agricultural production include land tenure insecurity, and political and bureaucratic bottlenecks in the acquisition of land rights for agricultural uses. To ensure improved agricultural productivity, the government should initiate and implement a new land tenure reform that will address the inherent challenges in the current land tenure system.
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Dachaga, Walter, and Walter Timo de Vries. "Integrating Urban Land Tenure Security in Health Determinants: The Design of Indicators for Measuring Land Tenure Security and Health Relationships in Developing Country Contexts." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 3080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053080.
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Both urban land tenure insecurity and poor urban health outcomes are research topics of urban geographers and health experts. However, health outcomes or patterns are hardly measured in relation to land tenure security. There are no clear measures or indicators of if and how these two issues interrelate and which type of land tenure deficiency is likely to lead to which kind of health outcomes or patterns. To address this knowledge quandary, we reviewed literature to identify which characteristics of land tenure could relate to which types of health outcomes. The review found four specific land tenure security pathways which significantly influence health outcomes. For each of these, it is possible to identify a set of indicators which could measure the extent of interrelation between land tenure security and health. The result of this process is the design of a list of 46 land tenure-enabled indicators that can be applied empirically. The indicators demonstrate how to design a transdisciplinary approach that connects land management and global urban health knowledge spaces.
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ASSIES, WILLEM. "Land Tenure and Tenure Regimes in Mexico: An Overview." Journal of Agrarian Change 8, no. 1 (December 12, 2007): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2007.00162.x.
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Long, Guoren, Xiaoyan Zhou, and Jun Li. "Land Tenure, Loans, and Farmers’ Cropland Conservation Behavior: Evidence from Rural Northwest China." Land 13, no. 4 (March 23, 2024): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13040413.
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The pivotal role of farmers’ cropland conservation behavior (CCB) in advancing green agricultural practices is well-recognized. This paper underscores the critical role of stable land tenure in enhancing farmers’ CCB, exemplified by the practice of mulch recycling. Drawing on a survey of 349 cotton farmers in Xinjiang, Northwest China, it offers a systematic examination of how land tenure stability influences CCB and its underlying mechanisms. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between land tenure stability and CCB. Notably, this relationship is mediated by the facilitation of land mortgages, wherein written contracts and extended land tenure durations enhance farmers’ participation in land mortgages, thereby bolstering CCB. Furthermore, the stabilizing effect of land tenure on CCB also mitigates the negative impacts of risk aversion and time preference. The study additionally highlights the differential effects of land tenure stability based on farm size and technical training; its facilitative role in CCB is more pronounced among larger-scale farmers and those engaged in technical training.
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Frank, Simon Abdi K., Agustinus Wenehen, and Usman Idris. "The land tenure and the land use among supiori in Papua." ETNOSIA : Jurnal Etnografi Indonesia 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31947/etnosia.v5i1.9924.
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This article aims to explore various forms of land tenure and land use in Sorendiweri Village in East Supiori District, Papua Province. This research uses descriptive research using ethnography. The technique of determining informants is done purposively by determining key informants first that guides researchers to search for further informants. Data collection techniques used are in-depth interviews and FGD (Focus Group Discussion). Data analysis was carried out based on the factual culture of the community. The results show that the pattern of land tenure in the local population is communal at the clan level. Then, according to the local population, psychomo-logical and historicize view of customary land is very dominant because it states that customary land tenure in popular clans such as Sauyas that is more in line with history and relationships between clans. In addition, land tenure conflicts often occur because of the spread of land clearing in customary rights for infrastructure development and etc.
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Carrell, Joshua D., Edward Hammill, and Thomas C. Edwards. "Balancing Rare Species Conservation with Extractive Industries." Land 11, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112012.
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The Colorado Plateau has abundant oil, gas, and alternative energy potential. This energy potential is scattered among a patchwork of land ownership, with private, tribal, and public lands being actively developed for energy extraction. Elements of biodiversity (e.g., listed and sensitive plant and animal species) are distributed among all land tenures, yet the laws protecting them can vary as a function of land tenure. It is imperative to understand the spatial distributions of threatened endangered, and sensitive species in relation to land tenure to preserve habitat and conserve species populations in areas undergoing energy development. We developed species distribution models and spatial conservation optimization frameworks to explore the interactions among land ownership, existing and potential energy extraction, and biodiversity. Four management scenarios were tested to quantify how different approaches to energy extraction may impact rare plant distributions. Results show that incorporating risk and land tenure in spatially optimized frameworks it is possible to facilitate the long-term viability of rare plant species. The scenarios developed here represent a different attitude towards the value of rare plants and the risk of energy development. Results gives insight into the financial consequences of rare species protection and quantifies the biodiversity costs of energy development across landscapes.
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C. S., Okafor,, and Udobi, N. A. "An Analysis of the Difference Between Traditional Land Tenure Systems and the Land Use Act, No 6 of 1978, Nigeria." Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 3 (July 19, 2024): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/jarms-ubb0ospq.
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Land tenure systems are important aspect of any society and the very soul through which societies and countries advance in civilization as they define the manner in which land is held and managed in a society. Even though traditional land tenure systems and customary land tenure systems existed before now, the promulgation of the Land Use Act introduced a new system of land ownership which repealed every other existing laws and introduced uniformity in the land ownership systems as practicable across the country. This paper examines the traditional land tenure systems applicable in Igbakwu community, Ayamelum Local Government Area, of Anambra State together with the practicable general land tenure systems of the South East Zone, Nigeria while comparing it with the Land Use Act, 1978. The major aim of the paper is to analyse the difference between traditional land tenure system and the Land Use Act, No 6 of 1978 while enumerating the salient points obtainable in both systems. Members of clans and villages were interviewed while secondary data was obtained from textbooks and journals. Recommendation includes revision of the existing laws through consultations with professionals to reach a consensus and prevent the law from veering off its original objectives. The study however highlights the need for a more probable tenure system to tackle land distribution due to increase in population.
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Chen, Huiguang, Wojciech J. Florkowski, and Zhongyuan Liu. "Rural Migrant Workers in Urban China: Does Rural Land Still Matter?" Land 14, no. 4 (April 19, 2025): 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14040901.
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The purpose of this study is to test the response of rural–urban migration to land endowment while recognizing the heterogeneity of land tenure security perceptions. Based on the survey data of 751 migrant workers in Nanjing City, the latent class model identifies the secured group and unsecured group, with a particular focus on how heterogeneous concepts of land tenure security mediate the above relationships. Empirical modeling explores how land endowment affects household labor distribution and individual migration decisions, taking the heterogeneity of tenure expectations into account. The key findings reveal the following: (1) an inverse U-shaped relationship between land endowment and household labor distribution, but not between land endowment and individual migrant decisions; (2) farm households who perceive land tenure as unsecured tend to send fewer household members as job-seeking migrants, even as their land endowment increases; (3) however, individual migration decisions under conditions of a secured land tenure reduce the risk of losing land and induce migrant workers to stay in cities. The findings contribute to advancing the institutional analysis of the impact of land endowment on household labor allocation and how land tenure security affects immigration decisions, providing empirical evidence for China’s rural revitalization policies, which would support reforms that secure land tenure, such as the second-round contracting renewal policy and the rural revitalization plan in China.
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Young, MD. "Pastoral land tenure options in Australia." Rangeland Journal 7, no. 1 (1985): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850043.
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Most pastoral land in Australia is leased under a form of perpetual or term lease. Covenants are attached to these leases in an attempt to achieve various social, economic and environmental objectives. Land tenure options necessary to achieve these objectives are identified and contrasted with the current tenure systems. From an administrative and management viewpoint each tenure system has a number of strengths and deficiencies. The necessary characteristics of a tenure system which retains the strengths and overcomes the identified deficiencies are outlined.
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Lee, Cheonjae, and Walter Timo de Vries. "Bridging the Semantic Gap between Land Tenure and EO Data: Conceptual and Methodological Underpinnings for a Geospatially Informed Analysis." Remote Sensing 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020255.
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When spatial land tenure relations are not available, the only effective alternative data method is to rely on the agricultural census at the regional or national scale, based on household surveys and a participatory mapping at the local scale. However, what if even these are not available, which is typical for conflict-affected countries, administrations suffering from a lack of data and resources, or agencies that produce a sub-standard quality. Would it, under such circumstances, be possible to rely on remotely sensed Earth Observation (EO) data? We hypothesize that it is possible to qualify and quantify certain types of unknown land tenure relations based on EO data. Therefore, this study aims to standardize the identification and categorization of certain objects, environments, and semantics visible in EO data that can (re-)interpret land tenure relations. The context of this study is the opportunity to mine data on North Korean land tenure, which would be needed in case of a Korean (re-)unification. Synthesizing land tenure data in conjunction with EO data would align land administration practices in the respective parts and could also derive reliable land tenure and governance variables. There are still many unanswered questions about workable EO data proxies, which can derive information about land tenure relations. However, this first exploration provides a relevant contribution to bridging the semantic gap between land tenure and EO data.
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Pule, Neville W., and Motlatsi Thabane. "Lesotho's land tenure regimes: experiences of rural communities and the calls for land reform." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 2 (May 12, 2004): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x04000126.
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Calls to reform Lesotho's traditional or customary land tenure abound. The main argument of those who call for reform is that there is no security of tenure, and therefore economic development and foreign and local investment in agriculture are lacking. Lately, traditional land tenure has been blamed for environmental degradation of agricultural land. Using oral and documentary evidence collected in the Rothe Ward, Mafeteng District, and the Mafeteng District Secretary's Office, this paper argues that the traditional land tenure is ambiguous on ownership of land, and is in need of reform designed to prevent various forms of chiefly abuse. However, no evidence of insecurity of tenure per se was found. Instead, poverty and lack of capital with which to acquire agricultural inputs in order to improve production were most prevalent in the responses of rural communities. Finally, the paper ends on a note of caution that reforms as envisaged may have calamitous long-term consequences both for rural communities and the country.
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Zhang, Juan, Qinping Chen, Hongxi Chen, and Zehua Feng. "How Does Farmland Tenure Security Affect Rural Household Income? Empirical Evidence of China’s Survey Data." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 5645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075645.
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A stable farmland tenure can optimize farmers’ allocation of production factors and then determine the income level and structure of farmers. In recent years, the reform of China’s farmland tenure system had been making efforts to strengthen the stability of farmland tenures. Will the farmland tenure security restrict agricultural development? Based on the data of the 2018 China Labor Dynamics Survey (CLDS), this paper empirically analyzes the impact of farmland tenure stability on rural household income and its mechanism. The results showed that the stability of land rights increased the per capita total income, wage income and agricultural productive income of farmers significantly. The stability of the farmland tenure significantly increased the income of rural households in plain areas and the income of rural households in villages with highly mechanied; additionally, employment opportunities increased significantly. The mechanism analysis showed that the stability of the farmland tenure had a significant positive effect on the total income of farmers by promoting the division of labor and agricultural investment. On this basis, this paper puts forward measures such as strictly controlling the readjustment of agricultural land, improving the rural labor market and financial market, and guiding nonplain areas to develop tertiary industry according to local conditions.
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Cumming, Steven G., and Glen W. Armstrong. "Divided land base and overlapping forest tenure in Alberta, Canada: A simulation study exploring costs of forest policy." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77501-3.
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The forest planning environment in Alberta is complicated by multiple forms of forest tenure and by an arbitrary division of the forest into separate softwood and hardwood land bases. The area within and surrounding the Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc. Forest Management Agreement (FMA) area exemplifies the problem, with a large number of independent forest products companies operating in the area. We model 17 sawmill operators and the Alberta-Pacific pulp mill trying to simultaneously satisfy their mill feedstock requirements from a forest.We examined the inefficiencies introduced by this tenure system using Tardis, a computer simulation model incorporating access development, timber harvest, and regeneration. We examined two scenarios: one representing the business-as-usual case where the 18 forest products companies are operating independently, and one where the forest is managed by one company that harvests timber and delivers it to each of the mills.The costs of the present tenure arrangements are, we believe, substantial enough to warrant a thorough re-examination of forest policy and tenure arrangements in Alberta, specifically with respect to land base designation and overlapping tenures. Key words: forest tenure, simulation modelling, timber harvest scheduling, policy analysis
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Ali, Wahab, and Ruveni Tuimavana. "Dreams and Dilemmas of Internally Displaced People: An Intricate Reality of a Nomadic Lifestyle." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 4, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v4n2p1.
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Land tenure is an important variable impacting the vulnerability of people staying on leased land the world over. Land tenure-ship security is widespread in countries where the land is owned by the state or traditional people. The problem in securing a tenured land manifests itself in a number of ways that accentuate environmental and socio-economic impacts. Mounting evidence of reduced tenure security shows that affected communities are often unable to evolve equitably and enjoy long term economic stability. In the Fijian context, many displaced Fijians have moved on and settled in the periphery of towns and cities thus changing the socio-economic equilibrium of the environment. A qualitative study using a case study research design was undertaken to establish the perceptions of a group of sugar cane farmers who had become victims of non- renewal of their land leases in 2002. Findings reveal that expiry and non-renewal of land leases leads to social, economical, cultural, political and even psychological and emotional consequences on internally displaced people. The article outlines the pain and agony of the displaced farmers and how they have made integral adjustments to cope with the challenges of resettling in new environments. Having faced the adversities of extradition and then resettling, the dilemmas of ensuing nomadic journeys present a more daunting unfolding for many - only that they have realized it as a fact of life.
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Kishaija, Noel, and Bálint Heil. "Rural Land Rights, Markets, and Structural Transformation: A Review of a Ugandan Case." Land 14, no. 5 (April 30, 2025): 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050967.
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Uganda is gradually transitioning from communal to private land tenure systems. However, establishing privatized land rights has faced ongoing criticism, particularly concerning their impact on vulnerable groups. Despite the enactment of a national land policy, its benefits have not fully reached rural populations. Issues of land tenure insecurity and unclear ownership continue to generate confusion and have reportedly weakened traditional communal land systems, undermining sustainable agricultural production and long-term investment. This paper examines rural land rights, land markets, and the broader structural transformation of Uganda’s land sector, drawing on the existing literature and published reports. This review reveals that land tenure and administrative challenges persist, largely due to the dominance of customary tenure systems. Although land markets are active, they remain imperfect due to tenure insecurity and legal ambiguities. The findings highlight the need for increased public sensitization regarding land policy, gender-sensitive policies that promote joint ownership, continuous incentives for formalization, the acquisition of land documents, and the harmonization and strengthening of relevant land governance institutions.
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Ambali, Yusuf Olatunji, Olaitan M. M., Nofiu N. B., and Omotosho S. A. "Determinants of Land Tenure System Practiced among Farming Households in Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State." BADEGGI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT 4, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35849/bjare202203/77/005.
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This study examined the determinants of land tenure system practiced among farming household in Moro local government area of Kwara state. Specifically, it: examined the type of land tenure system practiced among the farming household; and examined the factor determining the type of land tenure system practiced among the farming households. Data were obtained from primary sources with the aid of an interview schedule. Analysis of data was carried out with descriptive statistics and multinomial regression analysis. It was found that land acquisition was predominantly (76.0%) through inheritance and inferably, most of the respondents owned the piece of land they used for farming. On the factors affecting the type of land tenure system practiced; farming experience and farm size significantly affect the likelihood of choosing inherited land over communal land, the educational level increases the likelihood of choosing purchased land over communal land, the age of the farmers, and the farming experience of farmers were positive factors determining the use of gifted land tenure system over communal land. Likewise, farm size, age and farming experience were found to be key determinants for the use leased tenure system. Since the majority of farmers own their farmland, soil improvement practices that will improve productivity should be imbibed.
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Beyene, Teshome. "Current Land Tenure and Households’ Preferences to Ownership of Farmland in South East Ethiopia." Journal of African Development Studies 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.56302/jads.v9i1.8286.
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The current land policy of Ethiopia allows rural population to access farmlands. Nevertheless, households’ preference to state versus private ownership of farmland is an issue of hot debate. This study aimed at assessing the rural households’ preferences to ownership of farmlands in the dominion of the current land tenure in Ethiopia. The study followed mixed methods research design and data were generated by survey of 310 samples between May and Jun, 2019 as well as descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results indicated that the study area experienced small government land allocation, gender and age imbalanced land access with tenure insecurity. Evaluation of the current land tenure showed that 62.6% of the total respondents perceived the current land tenure is inauthentic. Indeed, 65.2% preferred to private ownership of farmland and regression model identified that sex, age, education, farmland size, number of oxen, and sharecropping-out were determinants of households’ preferences to private ownership of farmland. The study revealed that areas practicing insufficient farmland allocation face illicit farmland markets with the state ownership of farmland. Therefore, farming households should be contingent to legal rules for maintaining secured tenure arrangements. The local government offices should work in accordance with legal regulations in managing land tenure arrangements. The national government might review current land tenure ruling with state ownership of land for devising appropriate land ownership systems.
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James, Deborah. "Tenure reformed." Focaal 2011, no. 61 (December 1, 2011): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2011.610102.
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This article explores the contradictory and contested but closely inter- locking efforts of NGOs and the state in planning for land reform in South Africa. As government policy has come increasingly to favor the better-off who are potential commercial farmers, so NGO efforts have been directed, correspondingly, to safeguarding the interests of those conceptualized as poor and dispossessed. The article explores the claim that planned “tenure reform” is the best way to provide secure land rights, especially for laborers residing on white farms; illustrates the complex disputes over this claim arising between state and NGO sectors; and argues that we need to go beyond the concept of “neoliberal governmentality” to understand the relationship between these sectors.
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Small, Janet, and Fanelwa Norah Mhaga. "Gender, Land Tenure and Environment." Agenda, no. 29 (1996): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065801.
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Lianos, Theodore P., and Despina Parliarou. "Land Tenure in Greek Agriculture." Land Economics 63, no. 3 (August 1987): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146833.
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FéNYES, T. I., and J. A. GROENEWALD. "LAND TENURE: ATTITUDES IN LEBOWA." Agrekon 24, no. 1 (April 1985): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1985.9524039.
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LIVERSAGE, V. "THE EVOLUTION OF LAND TENURE." Journal of proceedings of the Agricultural Economics Society 9, no. 2 (November 5, 2008): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1951.tb02164.x.
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Grabowski, Richard. "Agriculture, mechanisation and land tenure." Journal of Development Studies 27, no. 1 (October 1990): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389008422181.
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