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Busacca, Maurizio y Roberto Paladini. Collaboration Age. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-424-0.
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Recently, public policies of urban regeneration have intensified and multiplied. They are being promoted with the aim to start social and economic dynamics within the local context which is subject to intervention. From the empirical analysis, we realise that such activities are mainly implemented by three subjects or by mixed coalitions (public institutions, actors of the third sector and companies). Within them, each player is moved by a multiplicity of interests and goals that go beyond their own nature – public interest, market and mutualism – and tend to redefine themselves, thus becoming hybrid forms of production of value (social, economic, cultural). By studying a number Italian and Catalan cases, this essay deals with the theory that, under specific conditions and configurations, a collaborative direction – of organization, production and design – would give life to successful procedures, even without the identification of a one-best-way. The collaboration is not simply a choice of operation, but a real production method which mobilises social resources to create hybrid solutions – between state, market and society – to complex issues that could not be faced solely with the use of the rationale of action of one among the three actors. In this framework, the systems of relations and interactions between players and shared capital become an essential condition for the success of every initiative of urban redevelopment, or failure thereof. Such initiatives are brought to life by the strategic role of individuals who foster connections as well as the dissemination of non-redundant information between social networks, and collective and individual actors which would otherwise be separated and barely able to communicate and collaborate with each other. In addition to the functions carried out by knowledge brokers, that have been extensively described in organisational studies and economic sociology, the aforementioned figures act as real social enzymes, that is to say, they handle the available information and function as catalysts of social processes of production of knowledge. Moreover, they increase the reaction speed, working on mechanisms which control the spontaneity.
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Strong, S. I. 3. Step one in the IRAC method: the issue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811152.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses the first step in the IRAC method of legal essay writing: namely, the identification of the major issue and the specific sub-issues that are in contention. It offers suggestions meant to help law students learn how to identify what question the examiners want them to answer, as well as how to write a two to three-sentence opening paragraph in approximately one minute. The chapter first considers the relationship of the IRAC method to legal practice before explaining in detail what an ‘issue’ is according to the IRAC methodology; why it is important to identify the issue explicitly in a legal essay or exam; and how to spot the major issues and the contentious sub-issues that arise out of a problem question. Examples of issue spotting are given. Writing tips are provided throughout the chapter.
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Foucault Welles, Brooke y Sandra González-Bailón, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Networked Communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190460518.001.0001.
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Communication technologies, including the Internet, social media, and countless online applications, create the infrastructure and interface through which many of our interactions take place today. This form of networked communication creates new questions about how we establish relationships, engage in public, build a sense of identity, and delimit the private domain. Digital technologies have also enabled new ways of observing the world; many of our daily interactions leave a digital trail that, if followed, can help us unravel the rhythms of social life and the complexity of the world we inhabit, including dynamics of change. The analysis of digital data requires partnerships across disciplinary boundaries that–although on the rise–are still uncommon. Social scientists, computer scientists, network scientists, and others have never been closer to their goal of trying to understand communication dynamics, but there are not many venues in which they can engage in an open exchange of methods and theoretical insights. This book opens that space and creates a platform to integrate the knowledge produced in different academic silos so that we can address the big puzzles that beat at the heart of social life in this networked age.
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Trout, J. D. All Talked Out. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686802.001.0001.
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Few topics animate, even polarize, philosophers, more than Naturalism, a doctrine which states that philosophy is continuous with, and perhaps even replaceable by, sciences worthy of the name. On one side, fans of technical progress believe that the sciences can indeed replace philosophy with something that allows us to reason and explain better. On the other, advocates of the humanities herald the insights and methods of disciplines seemingly beyond the reach of science. But these disputes are often more about turf than truth. All Talked Out exemplifies the power of science in a philosopher’s hands and takes a welcome look at the resulting fate of philosophy. Based on Trout’s Phi Beta Kappa Romanell Lectures, each chapter presents a novel and positive view of intellectual advances while addressing traditional topics in philosophy, and each chapter explains why these achievements occurred despite the archaic and often retrograde influence of philosophical doctrine and method. While foundational reflection remains as necessary as ever, philosophy, as it is conceived of in the halls of academia, no longer adds anything distinctively useful. At its best, philosophy is a place to grow new ideas. But many other disciplines can and do provide that incubation. In the end, we don’t have to kill philosophy; but we do have to figure out what it’s good for. Following a spirited Introduction, the first lecture takes stock of the growing field of evidence-based approaches to reasoning and, in light of these scientific developments, criticizes important failures in epistemology as it is currently practiced in the English-speaking world. The second lecture examines the psychological impulse to explain, the resulting sense of understanding, and the natural limits on cognitively appreciating the subject we have explained. The final lecture, on social policy, presents the proper reaction to the idea that scientific evidence matters to responsible governance.
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Lafer, Gordon. The One Percent Solution. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501703065.001.0001.
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In the aftermath of the 2010 Citizens United decision, it's become commonplace to note the growing political dominance of a small segment of the economic elite. But what exactly are those members of the elite doing with their newfound influence? This book presents an account of legislation promoted by the US's biggest corporate lobbies across all fifty state legislatures and encompassing a wide range of labor and economic policies. In an era of growing economic insecurity, it turns out that one of the main reasons life is becoming harder for American workers is a relentless—and concerted—offensive by the country's best-funded and most powerful political forces: corporate lobbies empowered by the Supreme Court to influence legislative outcomes with an endless supply of cash. These actors have successfully championed hundreds of new laws that lower wages, eliminate paid sick leave, undo the right to sue over job discrimination, and cut essential public services. The book shows how corporate strategies have been shaped by twenty-first-century conditions—including globalization, economic decline, and the populism reflected in both the Trump and Sanders campaigns of 2016. Perhaps most important, the book shows that the corporate legislative agenda has come to endanger the scope of democracy itself.
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Hoffman, Lawrence A. Jewish Liturgy and Jewish Scholarship: Method and Cosmology. Editado por Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0029.
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The state of Jewish liturgy as a modern discipline has received treatment in many quarters. This article describes liturgical study in Judaism. It examines how Jewish liturgy is a discipline on its own. It now turns out that if it is a discipline, it is a very postmodern one, in the sense that it asks how Jews construct the meaning of their lives. New paradigms do not necessarily displace old ones; they build on them. The scientific rigour of the philologists is as important as ever; the reconstruction of piyyutim and rites serves as raw. With the abandoning of the model by which only origins matter, and with the understanding that every communal ritualizing deserves attention for what it says about Jewish identity, liturgy is becoming a ‘post-discipline’ with enormous potential.
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Rose, Jonathan. Readers' Liberation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723554.001.0001.
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The Literary Agenda is a series of short polemical monographs about the importance of literature and of reading in the wider world and about the state of literary education inside schools and universities. The category of 'the literary' has always been contentious. What is clear, however, is how increasingly it is dismissed or is unrecognised as a way of thinking or an arena for thought. It is sceptically challenged from within, for example, by the sometimes rival claims of cultural history, contextualized explanation, or media studies. It is shaken from without by even greater pressures: by economic exigency and the severe social attitudes that can follow from it; by technological change that may leave the traditional forms of serious human communication looking merely antiquated. For just these reasons this is the right time for renewal, to start reinvigorated work into the meaning and value of literary reading. For the Internet and digitial generation, the most basic human right is the freedom to read. The Web has indeed brought about a rapid and far-reaching revolution in reading, making a limitless global pool of literature and information available to anyone with a computer. At the same time, however, the threats of censorship, surveillance, and mass manipulation through the media have grown apace. Some of the most important political battles of the twenty-first century have been fought--and will be fought--over the right to read. Will it be adequately protected by constitutional guarantees and freedom of information laws? Or will it be restricted by very wealthy individuals and very powerful institutions? And given increasingly sophisticated methods of publicity and propaganda, how much of what we read can we believe? This book surveys the history of independent sceptical reading, from antiquity to the present. It tells the stories of heroic efforts at self-education by disadvantaged people in all parts of the world. It analyzes successful reading promotion campaigns throughout history (concluding with Oprah Winfrey) and explains why they succeeded. It also explores some disturbing current trends, such as the reported decay of attentive reading, the disappearance of investigative journalism, 'fake news', the growth of censorship, and the pervasive influence of advertisers and publicists on the media--even on scientific publishing. For anyone who uses libraries and Internet to find out what the hell is going on, this book is a guide, an inspiration, and a warning.
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William A, Schabas. Part 8 Appeal and Revision: Appel et Révision, Art.82 Appeal against other decisions/Appel d’autres décisions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0087.
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This chapter comments on Article 82 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 82 deals with appeal against ‘other decisions’, which is often referred to as ‘interlocutory appeal’. It sets out the applicable rules and principles governing the appeal of decisions that do not involve acquittal, conviction, and sentence — a matter governed by article 81 of the Statute. Article 82 distinguishes two categories of appeal, one that exists of right and does not require leave of the Court, and the other requiring leave of the Court. There are three types of decision that are subject to appeal by any party, without any preliminary authorization from the Court: those concerning jurisdiction or admissibility; those granting or denying release of the person being investigated or prosecuted; and a decision of the Pre-Trial Chamber to act on its own initiative in order to preserve evidence during an investigation.
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Banati, Prerna, ed. Sustainable Human Development Across the Life Course. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529204827.001.0001.
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Sustainable Human Development Across the Lifecourse brings together impactful findings that respond to the United Nations’ Agenda 2030 commitment to ‘leave no one behind’. Drawing together international longitudinal studies researching child and adolescent wellbeing in over 40 countries, contributors explore a wide range and complexity of pressing global issues, with emphasis given to excluded and vulnerable populations and gender inequality. Importantly, the book sets out actionable strategies for policy makers and practitioners to help strengthen the global Sustainable Development Goals framework, accelerate their implementation and guide improvements for effective public policy.
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Caney, Simon. Justice and Posterity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0009.
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What kind of world should current generations bequeath to those who come after them? One appealing principle holds that those alive at any one time should leave future people with a standard of living that is at least as good as the one that they claim for themselves. Versions of this principle have been put forward by economists, philosophers, and legal scholars. However, while the principle is an attractive one, its meaning is also elusive. This chapter therefore explores how best to spell out the underlying principle. It then seeks to motivate support for this principle and to outline its implications for development, global inequalities, and addressing climate change.
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Byrne, Alex. Inner Sense. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821618.003.0002.
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According to the inner-sense theory, one finds out about one’s own mind by deploying a (quasi-)perceptual mechanism, or “internal scanner.” The theory defended in TS&K is not a version of the inner-sense theory, but there are commonalities. This chapter examines eight leading objections to the inner-sense theory, and argues that they leave it pretty much unscathed. However, as explained at the end, there are some residual puzzles. Although the inner-sense theory offers a nice explanation of peculiar access, it offers none at all of privileged access. Further, it gives no explanation of why Shoemakerian “self-blindness” does not actually occur. This motivates an examination of some leading alternatives.
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Jefferson, Michael. 7. Working time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815167.003.0007.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on the Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR). The WTR implement the Working Time Directive 1993 and parts of the Young Workers Directive 1994. The WTR impose a maximum 48-hour week during a 17-week reference period and provide rules on night work, rest periods, and annual leave. The UK has opted out of the maximum 48-hour working week. It is the sole EU Member State to do so. On Brexit, the WTR are one of the areas which may come under attack from neo-liberals.
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Armstrong, Chris. The Burdens of Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702726.003.0011.
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Justice surely requires the conservation of at least some resources. But when resources are conserved this can generate costs. This chapter discusses where those costs should fall. For instance, if we want to enjoy a safe climate, we ought to ‘leave (some of) the oil in the soil’. But doing so will set back the interests of those who currently rely on fossil fuel extraction for their livelihoods. The chapter draws out an account of when it is appropriate to pool these costs globally. One consequence is that a common picture of natural resource justice—under which agents or communities with valuable resources are taxed so as to shift funds in the direction of those without—is rendered more complex. In some cases, justice likely requires transfers in the direction of agents or communities who currently control valuable resources.
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Jakab, András y Dimitry Kochenov. Introductory Remarks. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter puts emphasis on defiance as one of the most important crises facing the EU today. It briefly showcases the apparent inability of the Union to be effective in ensuring that all its Member States comply with the principles and values underlying the integration project in Europe. An array of countries ranging from Hungary and Greece to Poland illustrates this point. While the values in question are spelled out in the Treaties in an overwhelmingly clear fashion, trying to come up with clear examples of their successful enforcement by the Union should problems arise would leave a sense of loss. Defiance in the face of the EU, including not only the letter and the spirit of the acquis sensu stricto, but also seemingly the very values on which the Union is built, has thus come to affect the Union profoundly.
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Grimm, Dieter. The Constitution of European Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805120.001.0001.
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Europe is in crisis. With rising unrest among citizens of European Union Member States exemplified by the UK’s decision to leave the European Union (EU), and the growing popularity of anti-EU political parties, this book presents the argument that Europe has to change its method of further integration or risks failure. The book asserts that currently the EU does not have enough sources of legitimation to uphold itself, surviving solely on the legitimation provided by Member States. One popular remedy is the suggestion of ‘parliamentarization’ of the EU, giving the European Parliament the powers typically possessed by national parliaments as a means of heightening its legitimation. This is criticized by the book as expanding the Parliament’s powers would not change the effects of over-constitutionalization as the Parliament is inferior to the constitution. In order to reduce the EU’s legitimacy deficit, the book makes several recommendations, including the re-politicization of the decision-making processes, which can be achieved by reducing treaties to the capacity necessary for their constitutional function; the reinvigoration of European Parliament elections, by having ‘Europeanized’ parties to increase engagement with European society and give voters the opportunity to more immediately influence European politics; and a new division of powers based on subject matter to restrain European expansionism, reserving particular areas of policy to the responsibility of Member States even if this affects the common market.
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Langston, Joy K. The Dinosaur that Did Not Die. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628512.003.0001.
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This chapter provides an introduction to the question of why Mexico’s PRI—one of the longest-serving authoritarian parties in the world—was able to survive after the transition to democracy in 2000. Many analysts believed that it would fragment, as its politicians would leave the party or voters would reject the party’s label and the candidates running under it. It was not clear whether, without access to resources and with a weaker leadership, the internal groups would be able to negotiate their differences. The book’s argument is that beyond the resource advantages posited by other authors writing on the same topic, institutions, such as federalism, a strong party system, and fiscal decentralization, all played a major role in allowing the PRI’s factions to cooperate after 2000 and prevented a mass defection of voters. Furthermore, these same institutions strengthened the party’s governors while giving the national party headquarters a strong role to play in the years out of power (2000–2012). This chapter also provides a roadmap for the rest of the book.
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McIlvenna, Noeleen. Early American Rebels. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469656069.001.0001.
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During the half century after 1650 that saw the gradual imposition of a slave society in England’s North American colonies, poor white settlers in the Chesapeake sought a republic of equals. Demanding a say in their own destinies, rebels moved around the region looking for a place to build a democratic political system. This book crosses colonial boundaries to show how Ingle's Rebellion, Fendall's Rebellion, Bacon's Rebellion, Culpeper's Rebellion, Parson Waugh's Tumult, and the colonial Glorious Revolution were episodes in a single struggle because they were organized by one connected group of people. Adding land records and genealogical research to traditional sources, Noeleen McIlvenna challenges standard narratives that disdain poor whites or leave them out of the history of the colonial South. She makes the case that the women of these families played significant roles in every attempt to establish a more representative political system before 1700. McIlvenna integrates landless immigrants and small farmers into the history of the Chesapeake region and argues that these rebellious anti-authoritarians should be included in the pantheon of the nation’s Founders.
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Nathan, Marco J. Black Boxes. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190095482.001.0001.
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Textbooks and other popular venues commonly present science as a progressive “brick-by-brick” accumulation of knowledge and facts. Despite its hallowed history and familiar ring, this depiction is nowadays rejected by most specialists. Then why are books and articles, written by these same experts, actively promoting such a distorted characterization? The short answer is that no better alternative is available. There currently are two competing models of the scientific enterprise: reductionism and antireductionism. Neither provides an accurate depiction of the productive interaction between knowledge and ignorance, supplanting the old metaphor of the “wall” of knowledge. This book explores an original conception of the nature and advancement of science. The proposed shift brings attention to a prominent, albeit often neglected, construct—the black box—which underlies a well-oiled technique for incorporating a productive role of ignorance and failure into the acquisition of empirical knowledge. What is a black box? How does it work? How is it constructed? How does one determine what to include and what to leave out? What role do boxes play in contemporary scientific practice? By detailing some fascinating episodes in the history of biology, psychology, and economics, Nathan revisits foundational questions about causation, explanation, emergence, and progress, showing how the insights of both reductionism and antireductionism can be reconciled into a fresh and exciting approach to science.
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Chambers, Clare. Against Marriage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744009.001.0001.
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Against Marriage: An Egalitarian Defence of the Marriage-Free State is a critique of the state recognition of marriage and a proposal for an alternative form of regulation. Part One, ‘Against Marriage’, sets out the critique. State-recognized marriage is unjust as it violates two fundamental values: equality and freedom. Marriage has historically been an instrument for maintaining inequality between men and women both practically, through laws, and symbolically, through norms. Marriage also violates equality between same-sex and different-sex couples. Reform can remove some of these inequalities, but marriage inevitably involves inequality between married and unmarried people. Moreover, state-recognized marriage threatens liberty since it involves the state endorsing a particular way of life. Various arguments have been offered in favour of this state promotion, but none of them adequately support the state recognition of marriage as opposed to other, more inclusive measures. Part Two, ‘The Marriage-Free State’, sets out the alternative. Most feminist and egalitarian critics of state-recognized marriage advocate replacing it with either relationship contracts or alternative statuses such as civil or care-based unions. Neither option is ideal, particularly since both contracts and alternative statuses leave vulnerable people unprotected. Instead, the book proposes a piecemeal, practice-based model of regulation, applying to all people who are engaging in relationship practices that should justly be regulated. In this model, equality is secured by the regulations themselves and liberty is secured by opting out. Finally, the book considers how the state should act to ensure equality in private marriages, be they religious or secular.
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Brummer, Alex. The Great British Reboot. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300243499.001.0001.
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Taking a refreshingly realistic approach, this book outlines how our current moment can be reshaped into an unprecedented opportunity for economic prosperity. With a new long-term approach, Britain can capitalize on the ever-changing global market, its brilliant research universities, and new technological developments. The book creates an inspiring investigation into how careful planning and innovative reform can lead to a flourishing economy after Brexit. It begins with an examination of the contributions made by the activities that make the UK economy, such as the progress in research, pharmaceuticals, technology, software, and innovation, which can be traced back to the intellectual powerhouses of UK's institutions of higher learning. It cites finance as the highest UK earner of overseas income and a magnet for international institutions. The book describes London as the biggest financial centre outside New York, which has attracted even greater numbers of skilled financial traders since the EU referendum result of 2016. It also explains how the UK financial sector accommodated trading, provided credit, and raised new capital for troubled firms and those seeking post-Covid-19 opportunities. The book emphasizes the profound impact that Brexit has had on British and global trade and production associated with the coronavirus pandemic. It explores the little recognition given to the part that immigration has played in the advancement of the UK economy, and points out the latest long-term projections cite migration as one of the reasons why the UK economy will outpace that of France and other EU members in the 2020s. The book recounts that when Britain voted to leave the EU in June 2016, very few people envisaged the long timescale involved in navigating its departure. It analyses the Brexit disarray on all sides of the political and economic divide, and highlights interventions made by the UK government to put the economy on hold, so that when the pandemic has passed the economy can be brought back to life.
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Cheng, Russell. Finite Mixture Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0017.
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Fitting a finite mixture model when the number of components, k, is unknown can be carried out using the maximum likelihood (ML) method though it is non-standard. Two well-known Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are reviewed and compared with ML: the reversible jump method and one using an approximating Dirichlet process. Another Bayesian method, to be called MAPIS, is examined that first obtains point estimates for the component parameters by the maximum a posteriori method for different k and then estimates posterior distributions, including that for k, using importance sampling. MAPIS is compared with ML and the MCMC methods. The MCMC methods produce multimodal posterior parameter distributions in overfitted models. This results in the posterior distribution of k being biased towards high k. It is shown that MAPIS does not suffer from this problem. A simple numerical example is discussed.
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Ganeri, Jonardon. Śrīharṣa’s Dissident Epistemology. Editado por Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.49.
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Śrīharṣa’s 12th-century Amassed Morsels of Refutation (Khandaṇa-khaṇḍa-khādya) is a brilliant take-down of the system-building philosophical activities of past thinkers, who had developed great philosophical edifices out of the various sūtra-compilations. Śrīharṣa demonstrates that a philosophical method based on the search for definitions is misguided, indeed incoherent. He develops a rival method, a method of refutation, to undercut the earlier approaches. His method requires him to reconstruct the best possible version of any definition, not merely the best one formulated, and his ability to articulate philosophical positions with greater insight, accuracy, and acuity than their own proponents is astonishing. This chapter examines his reconstruction of a theory of knowledge from his Nyāya predecessor, Udayana, and the counter-reaction of Gaṅgeśa, his Nyāya successor. I will also look at Bimal Matilal’s development of a theory of knowledge from post-Śrīharṣa early modern sources and comment on implications for the study of global epistemology.
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Baz, Avner. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801887.003.0001.
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There is little question that experimental philosophy constitutes one of the most significant developments in analytic philosophy in the last couple of decades. What is less clear is what its philosophical significance is, or has been. Whereas its proponents tend to present it as a way of moving forward in philosophy, I would argue that its singular contribution thus far has been that of pressing analytic philosophers to reflect on their favored method of inquiry, thereby helping to bring out fundamental problems with that method. More specifically, the present book argues that the new experimental movement and the responses to it by traditional, “armchair” philosophers have helped to make clear that what is known in contemporary analytic philosophy as “the method of cases”—that is, the widespread philosophical practice of theorizing on the basis of the “application” of terms to “cases”—rests on substantive and challengeable assumptions about language.
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Rowett, Catherine. Knowing What Virtue is in Plato’s Meno. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693658.003.0004.
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Noting the distinction between Plato and his character Socrates, I show that the failure of the Socratic project early in the Meno serves as the catalyst for the character to try out new methods to cope with concepts that lack any unitary definition. As the dialogue proceeds, Socrates uses (i) a method of ‘looking and pointing’ (in the geometry episode) whereby the slave identifies an indefinable length on a diagram, and (ii) a hypothetical method allowing consideration of other questions while keeping a disjunction of possible answers to an earlier question still unresolved. Although the hypothetical method is perfect for the Meno’s task, Socrates applies it incompetently, and the results are disappointing, in Plato’s drama. Nevertheless, the dialogue undermines Socrates’ initial assumption that one must find a definition before continuing the enquiry. It shows Plato recognizing that some ordinary concepts are not definable, and responding with appropriate procedures.
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Rowett, Catherine. Knowledge and Truth in Plato. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693658.001.0001.
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I defend four main theses: (1) Knowledge, in Plato’s vocabulary, is a kind of conceptual competence, involving ‘knowing what it is’ about something like virtue or justice; (2) There is a corresponding special meaning of the verb ‘is’ that occurs in the expression ‘knowing what it is’, which is key to understanding what Plato means by claiming that Forms have a superior kind of being; (3) When one knows ‘what it is’ about such concepts, one knows neither a proposition, nor set of propositions, nor an object, but something like a type. Plato’s term is eidos. Plato rightly notes that, in ordinary experience, we never encounter types, only tokens; (4) Although encountering such tokens does not constitute knowledge, it can provide a ladder whereby philosophers can attain a better grasp of the truths in question. Plato’s preferred philosophical method turns out to be an ‘iconic method’—consciously using images and particulars as stepping stones in the enquiry. Via case studies from the Meno, Republic, and Theaetetus, I establish that these theses are not only compatible with the texts, but render some otherwise puzzling passages intelligible. I show that Plato diagnoses, and deliberately sidesteps, the impasse of Socrates’ fruitless quest for definitions, developing a new method inspired by geometry’s ability to deal pictorially with indefinable lengths. The book offers a novel picture of Plato as resisting and overcoming, not following, the Socratic obsession with definitions, and adopting, not resisting, the use of pictorial proofs and imagery.
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Landy, Joshua. To Thine Own Selves Be True-ish. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698515.003.0007.
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This chapter presents the core challenge before Hamlet as that of achieving authenticity in the face of inner multiplicity. Authenticity—which this chapter will take to mean (1) acting on the (2) knowledge of (3) what one truly is, beneath one’s various masks and social roles—becomes a particularly pressing need under conditions of (early) modernity, when traditional forms of action-guidance are at least halfway off the table. But authenticity is highly problematic when the self that is discovered turns out to be multiple. Which self, exactly, should one be true to? Hamlet’s solution, this chapter suggests, is an “actor’s ethos,” in which each of his aspects is given its day in the sun, granted full commitment by means of what we now call “method acting.” That is what Hamlet learns from the players—and that too is what we stand to learn from Hamlet: not an idea but a method.
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Stamatakis, Emmanuel A., Eleni Orfanidou y Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Editado por Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.7.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the most frequently used functional neuroimaging method and the one that accounts for most of the neuroimaging literature. It measures the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in different parts of the brain during rest and during task-induced activation of functional networks mediating basic and higher functions. A basic understanding of the various instruments and techniques of recording the hemodynamic responses of different brain regions and the manner in which we establish activation and connectivity patterns out of these responses is necessary for an appreciation of the contemporary functional neuroimaging literature. To facilitate such an understanding is the purpose of this chapter.
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Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni y Andrew Rhodes. Renal therapy techniques. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0003.
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Haemodialysis 64Haemo(dia)filtration 68Peritoneal dialysis (PD) 70The first human haemodialysis was performed in 1943 by Willem Kolff in The Netherlands for the treatment of acute renal failure. Following this, haemodialysis was adopted for the treatment of acute renal failure in the immediate post-war years and then for chronic renal failure from the 1960s. Currently haemodialysis is the most common form of replacement treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Haemodialysis is one method used for treatment of acute renal failure, and ESRD patients will develop critical illness. An understanding of the principles of haemodialysis and how it is carried out is therefore essential....
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Nolan, T. J. Trichostrongylidosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0072.
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Trichostrongylidosis is an infection involving nematodes of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea, mainly those of the genus Trichostrongylus. Infections are usually asymptomatic, but when heavy, a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain and diarrhea, can be present. Infections are initiated by the ingestion of third-stage larvae. There is no parenteral migration and the adults are usually found in the mucosa of the duodenum. Eggs pass out with the faeces, hatch in about one day and the larvae develop to the infective stage in 4 to 6 days. Human infections with Trichostrongylus spp. have been reported worldwide, and are particularly common in southern Asia. Infections respond well to anthelmintics and periodic dosing of livestock is the chief method of control.
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Oliva, Aude y Philippe G. Schyns. Hybrid Image Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0111.
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Artists, designers, photographers, and visual scientists are routinely looking for ways to create, out of a single image, the feeling that there is more to see than what meets the eye. Many well-known visual illusions are dual in nature, causing the viewer to experience two different interpretations of the same image. Hybrid images illustrate a double-image illusion, where different images are perceived depending on viewing distance, viewing duration, or image size: one that appears when the image is viewed up-close (displaying high spatial frequencies) and another that appears from afar (showing low spatial frequencies). This method can be used to create compelling dual images in which the observer experiences different percepts when interacting with the image.
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Zürn, Michael. The Deepening of Global Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819974.003.0009.
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The contestation of inter- and transnational institutions does not necessarily lead to the decline of the global governance system. Against this backdrop, this chapter attempts to systematically demonstrate the possibility of substantial reform in the face of societal pressure. In doing so, it focuses on IOs that increasingly introduce provisions for the protection of human rights. Its goal is to examine the conditions under which the authority–legitimation link can deepen global governance in reactive sequences involving non-state actors and how this can play out in different pathways. The argument will be exemplified in the field of human rights protection. One more causal mechanism, “reinforcement via politicization” (CMALL 2), will be examined for this purpose. The method used in this chapter can be described as comparative process tracing.
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Connolly, Joy. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818489.003.0012.
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Throughout her life, Hannah Arendt was deeply and energetically engaged with Greek and Roman ideas, which she saw as sparking new, vital thinking about modern problems. The contemporary artist Tino Sehgal creates artworks out of dialogue that encourage participants to develop new lines of thought and conversation, in keen awareness of their evolving spatial and temporal relationship with one another. This chapter argues that Arendt and Sehgal build a new model for what we now typically call ‘classical reception’—a method of creative, purposive conservation that remembers Greek and Roman texts in their historical specificity even as it focuses on generating novel thought in and for the present time. In their view, to think is to think with—another person, another text, another culture—a treatment of thought as dialogue and, as I argue, an ethics of reading.
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Boudreau, Joseph F. y Eric S. Swanson. Many body dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0018.
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Specialized techniques for solving the classical many-body problem are explored in the context of simple gases, more complicated gases, and gravitating systems. The chapter starts with a brief review of some important concepts from statistical mechanics and then introduces the classic Verlet method for obtaining the dynamics of many simple particles. The practical problems of setting the system temperature and measuring observables are discussed. The issues associated with simulating systems of complex objects form the next topic. One approach is to implement constrained dynamics, which can be done elegantly with iterative methods. Gravitational systems are introduced next with stress on techniques that are applicable to systems of different scales and to problems with long range forces. A description of the recursive Barnes-Hut algorithm and particle-mesh methods that speed up force calculations close out the chapter.
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May, Joshua. Cautious Optimism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.003.0010.
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This chapter briefly draws out some main lessons from the previous chapters and contains a discussion of some their implications for moral enhancement. We are capable of moral knowledge and virtue, in part because we do have a regard for reason that ultimately complicates the reason/emotion dichotomy. We do often fall short, but when we do, the problem is not with moral psychology in particular but the ways in which reason can be corrupted generally. One broad implication of cautious optimism is that the best method for increasing virtue won’t target our empathy or passions to the exclusion of our (often unconscious) reasoning. However, sound arguments aren’t enough, for human beings are fallible creatures with cognitive biases and limited attention spans. An intelligent populace is necessary, but so is moral technology, such as environments that nudge people to engage in good reasoning, not rationalization, particularly during moral learning and development.
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Ran, Hirschl. Introduction: The C Word. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714514.003.0001.
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From its beginnings as a relatively obscure and exotic subject studied by a devoted few, comparative constitutionalism has developed into one of the more fashionable subjects in contemporary legal scholarship, and has become a cornerstone of constitutional jurisprudence and constitution-making in an increasing number of countries worldwide. Despite this tremendous renaissance, the “comparative” aspect of comparative constitutional law, as a method and a project, remains blurry and under-theorized. The introduction sets out the main arguments and structure of the book. The intellectual history and analytical underpinnings of comparative constitutional inquiry are charted and the various types, aims, and methodologies of engagement with the constitutive laws of others through the ages are probed. The introduction also surveys in a nutshell arguments developed in the book as to how and why comparative constitutional inquiry has been, and perhaps ought to be more extensively, pursued by academics and jurists worldwide.
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Stuewer, Roger H. Nuclear Electrons and Nuclear Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827870.003.0006.
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Serious contradictions to the existence of electrons in nuclei impinged in one way or another on the theory of beta decay and became acute when Charles Ellis and William Wooster proved, in an experimental tour de force in 1927, that beta particles are emitted from a radioactive nucleus with a continuous distribution of energies. Bohr concluded that energy is not conserved in the nucleus, an idea that Wolfgang Pauli vigorously opposed. Another puzzle arose in alpha-particle experiments. Walther Bothe and his co-workers used his coincidence method in 1928–30 and concluded that energetic gamma rays are produced when polonium alpha particles bombard beryllium and other light nuclei. That stimulated Frédéric Joliot and Irène Curie to carry out related experiments. These experimental results were thoroughly discussed at a conference that Enrico Fermi organized in Rome in October 1931, whose proceedings included the first publication of Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis.
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Fernandez, Angela. Legal History As The History of Legal Texts. Editado por Markus D. Dubber y Christopher Tomlins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794356.013.13.
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The use and reliance on casebooks and law-review articles informed the background understanding of famous leading cases as they developed over time, particularly into the twentieth century and the context of an academic law school using the case method of instruction. The case is still the primary unit of analysis. However, investigations of how cases came to be included in casebooks are few and far between. This chapter asks: Why did that happen to some cases and not others? What were editors thinking when they dragged one of these specimens out of obscurity? Did the weight of past practice dictate their continued inclusion or were other factors at play? Did they actually become useful in new ways to new generations of teachers and students or was it just a strange kind of deference or inertia that kept them in the casebook where they continued to be read and discussed?
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Foley, Richard. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865122.003.0005.
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This chapter makes a plea both for intellectual humility, which cautions against overconfidence in one’s opinions, and for deference to experts when one is not well positioned to reach an opinion on one’s own. The chapter also discusses how Descartes’s efforts to find a method that would inoculate inquirers against error encountered problems with the Cartesian Circle. The chapter concludes that intellectual humility and openness to new ideas are appropriate even for those who have immense expertise in their fields. All the more so, they are the appropriate attitudes for nonexperts to have; and since no one has expertise in all fields, they are the attitudes that specialists in one field should have when considering issues in other fields. The chapter concludes by pointing out, in particular, they are the attitudes those in the humanities ought to have toward work in the sciences, and vice versa.
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Steiner, Eva. Codification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790884.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the process of codification a process which has been accelerated in recent years following the setting up of a Commission Supérieure de Codification in 1989. Today's codes are aimed at clarifying, and making more accessible, law which has become more complex owing to the increasing number of statutes in particular areas. The most common current method of codification used is the restatement in one place of the law in a particular area which was previously to be found scattered in different documents. The Commission, meanwhile, has not only introduced a number of new codes but also redesigned existing ones found to be in need of reshaping. These codes are the result of the work carried out by ministries involved in the task of producing a draft in their relevant area. It is clear that, today, codification is less an ideological enterprise than a technical exercise.
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Kjeldgaard-Pedersen, Astrid. The Legal Personality of Individuals in International Claims. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820376.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 discusses international claims, that is, claims arising out of injury inflicted upon an individual by a foreign State in violation of international law. Such claims may be enforced either through diplomatic protection or by granting the injured individual himself the right to bring a case against the foreign State before an international dispute settlement body. The common idea is that claims of individuals against foreign States were solely asserted through diplomatic protection before the Second World War, whereas the right of individuals to petition international courts independently is a post-1945 phenomenon. By studying international claims practice in three historical periods (before the First World War, the interwar period, and after the Second World War), the present chapter tests this account against positive international law, and inquires whether the concept of international legal personality played a role in the contracting States’ choice of one method of dispute resolution over the other.
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Sil, Rudra. Triangulating Area Studies, Not Just Methods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0013.
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This chapter revisits trade-offs that qualitative researchers face when balancing the different expectations of area studies and disciplinary audiences. One putative solution to such trade-offs, mixed-method research, emphasizes the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods. CAS, as defined above, essentially encourages a different form of triangulation—the pooling of observations and interpretations across a wider array of cases spanning multiple areas. This kind of triangulation can be facilitated by cross-regional contextualized comparison, a middle-range approach that stands between area-bound qualitative research and (Millean) macro-comparative analysis that brackets out context in search of causal laws. Importantly, this approach relies upon an area specialist’s sensibilities and experience to generate awareness of local complexities and context conditions for less familiar cases. The examples of cross-regional contextualized comparison considered in this chapter collectively demonstrate that engagement with area studies scholarship and the pursuit of disciplinary knowledge can be a positive-sum game.
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Knowles, Kim y Marion Schmid, eds. Cinematic Intermediality. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474446341.001.0001.
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As a fundamentally hybrid medium, cinema has always been defined by its interactions with other art forms such as painting, sculpture, photography, performance and dance. Taking the in-between nature of the cinematic medium as its starting point, this collection of essays maps out new directions for understanding the richly diverse ways in which artists and filmmakers draw on and reconfigure the other arts in their creative practice. From pre-cinema to the digital era, from avant-garde to world cinema, and from the projection room to the gallery space, the contributors critically explore what happens when ideas, forms and feelings migrate from one art form to another. Giving voice to both theorists and moving image practitioners, Cinematic Intermediality: Theory and Practice stimulates fresh thinking about how intermediality, as both a creative method and an interpretative paradigm, can be explored alongside probing questions of what cinema is, has been and can be.
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Ramani, Ramachandran, ed. Functional MRI. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190297763.001.0001.
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Functional MRI with BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) imaging is one of the commonly used modalities for studying brain function in neuroscience. The underlying source of the BOLD fMRI signal is the variation in oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin ratio at the site of neuronal activity in the brain. fMRI is mostly used to map out the location and intensity of brain activity that correlate with mental activities. In recent years, a new approach to fMRI was developed that is called resting-state fMRI. The fMRI signal from this method does not require the brain to perform any goal-directed task; it is acquired with the subject at rest. It was discovered that there are low-frequency fluctuations in the fMRI signal in the brain at rest. The signals originate from spatially distinct functionally related brain regions but exhibit coherent time-synchronous fluctuations. Several of the networks have been identified and are called resting-state networks. These networks represent the strength of the functional connectivity between distinct functionally related brain regions and have been used as imaging markers of various neurological and psychiatric diseases. Resting-state fMRI is also ideally suited for functional brain imaging in disorders of consciousness and in subjects under anesthesia. This book provides a review of the basic principles of fMRI (signal sources, acquisition methods, and data analysis) and its potential clinical applications.
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Schmidt, Jr, Ronald J. Reading Politics with Machiavelli. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843359.001.0001.
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Reading Politics with Machiavelli is an anachronistic reading of certain key concepts in Machiavelli’s The Prince and The Discourses (as well as some of his correspondence). In 1513, soon after the Medici returned to power in Florence, Machiavelli lost his position as First Secretary to the Republic, and he was exiled. On his family farm, he began a self-consciously anachronistic reading of great political figures of antiquity, and, in combination with his own experience as a diplomat, crafted a unique perspective on the political crises of his time. At our own moment of democratic crisis, as the democratic imagination, as well as democratic habits and institutions face multiple attacks from neoliberalism, white nationalism, and authoritarianism, I argue that a similar method, in which we read Machiavelli’s work as he read Livy’s and Plutarch’s, can help us see the contingency, and the increasingly forgotten radical potential, of our politics. Louis Althusser argued that Machiavelli functions for us as an uncanny authority, one whose apparent familiarity is dispelled as we examine his epistolary yet opaque account of history, politics, and authority. This makes his readings a potentially rich resource for a time of democratic crisis. With that challenge in mind, we will examine the problems of conspiracy, prophecy, torture, and exile and use a close reading of Machiavelli’s work to make out new perspectives on the politics of our time.
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Nasrallah, Laura Salah. Archaeology and the Letters of Paul. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199699674.001.0001.
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Through case studies of archaeological materials from local contexts, Archaeology and the Letters of Paul illuminates the social, political, economic, and religious lives of those whom the apostle Paul addressed. Roman Ephesos, a likely setting for the household of Philemon, provides evidence of the slave trade. An inscription from Galatia seeks to restrain traveling Roman officials, illuminating how the travels of Paul, Cephas, and others may have disrupted communities. At Philippi, a donation list from a Silvanus cult provides evidence of abundant giving amid economic limitations, paralleling practices of local Christ followers. In Corinth, a landscape of grief includes monuments and bones, a context that illumines Corinthian practices of baptism on behalf of the dead and the provocative idea that one could live “as if not” mourning. Rome and the Letter to the Romans are the grounds to investigate ideas of time and race not only in the first century, when we find an Egyptian obelisk inserted as a timepiece into Augustus’s mausoleum complex, but also of Mussolini’s new Rome. Thessalonikē demonstrates how letters, legend, and cult are invented out of a love for Paul, after his death. The book articulates a method for bringing together biblical texts with archaeological remains in order to reconstruct the lives of the many adelphoi—brothers and sisters—whom Paul and his co-writers address. It is informed by feminist historiography and gains inspiration from thinkers like Claudia Rankine, Judith Butler, Giorgio Agamben, Wendy Brown, and Katie Lofton.
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Calboli, Irene y Maria Lillà Montagnani, eds. Handbook of Intellectual Property Research. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826743.001.0001.
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The relevance of intellectual property (IP) law has increased dramatically over the last several years. Globalization, digitization, and the rise of post-industrial information-based industries have all contributed to a new prominence of IP law as one of the most important factors in driving innovation and economic development. At the same time, the significant expansion of IP rules has impacted many areas of public policy such as public health, the environment, biodiversity, agriculture, information, in an unprecedented manner. The growing importance of IP law has led to an exponential growth of academic research in this area. This Book offers a comprehensive overview of the methods and approaches that can be used to address and develop scholarly research questions related to IP law. In particular, this Book aims to provide a useful resource that can be used by IP scholars who are interested in expanding their expertise in a specific research method or seek to acquire an understanding of alternative lenses that could be applied to their research. Even though this Book does not claim to include all existing research methodologies, it represents one of the largest and most diverse compilations, which has been carried out to date. In addition, the authors of this Book comprise an equally diverse group of scholars from different jurisdictions, backgrounds, and legal traditions. This diversity, both regarding the topics and the authors, is a fundamental feature of the Book, which seeks to assist IP scholars worldwide in their research journeys.
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Levin, Dov H. Meddling in the Ballot Box. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519882.001.0001.
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This book examines why partisan electoral interventions occur as well as their effects on the election results in countries in which the great powers intervened. A new dataset shows that the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one out of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 in other countries in order to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties; the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections is just the latest example. Nevertheless, electoral interventions receive scant scholarly attention. This book develops a new theoretical model to answer both questions. It argues that electoral interventions are usually “inside jobs,” occurring only if a significant domestic actor within the target wants it. Likewise, electoral interventions won’t happen unless the intervening country fears its interests are endangered by another significant party or candidate with very different and inflexible preferences. As for the effects it argues that such meddling usually gives a significant boost to the preferred side, with overt interventions being more effective than covert ones in this regard. However, unlike in later elections, electoral interventions in founding elections usually harm the aided side. A multi-method framework is used in order to study these questions, including in-depth archival research into six cases in which the U.S. seriously considered intervening, the statistical analysis of the aforementioned dataset (PEIG), and a micro-level analysis of election surveys from three intervention cases. It also includes a preliminary analysis of the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections and the cyber-future of such meddling in general.
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Gerson, Kathleen y Sarah Damaske. The Science and Art of Interviewing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199324286.001.0001.
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Qualitative interviewing is one of the most widely used methods in social research, but it is arguably the least well understood. To address that gap, this book offers a theoretically rigorous, empirically rich, and user-friendly set of strategies for conceiving and conducting interview-based research. Much more than a how-to manual, the book shows why depth interviewing is an indispensable method for discovering and explaining the social world—shedding light on the hidden patterns and dynamics that take place within institutions, social contexts, relationships, and individual experiences. It offers a step-by-step guide through every stage in the research process, from initially formulating a question to developing arguments and presenting the results. To do this, the book shows how to develop a research question, decide on and find an appropriate sample, construct an interview guide, conduct probing and theoretically focused interviews, and systematically analyze the complex material that depth interviews provide—all in the service of finding and presenting important new empirical discoveries and theoretical insights. The book also lays out the ever-present but rarely discussed challenges that interviewers routinely encounter and then presents grounded, thoughtful ways to respond to them. By addressing the most heated debates about the scientific status of qualitative methods, the book demonstrates how depth interviewing makes unique and essential contributions to the research enterprise. With an emphasis on the integral relationship between carefully crafted research and theory building, the book offers a compelling vision for what the “interviewing imagination” can and should be.
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Michelson, Melissa R. y Brian F. Harrison. Transforming Prejudice. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190068882.001.0001.
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Over the last few decades, public opinion has shifted dramatically to be more supportive of gay and lesbian people and their rights, including support for same-sex relationships and marriage. Support for transgender people and rights, in contrast, remains relatively low. As a result, transgender people suffer from discrimination and violence. Shifting attitudes toward transgender people requires a new approach to persuasive communication, one that recognizes the discomfort that many people feel about the subject but also one that appeals to core values and emotions in a way that encourages them to shift their perspective. This book introduces a new theory—Identity Reassurance Theory—which outlines how to transform prejudice against transgender people. The book provides concrete suggestions about how to reduce defensive reactions, helping people take a journey from prejudice to support. Support for Identity Reassurance Theory comes from a series of experiments conducted with individuals face to face, via the Internet, and in the laboratory. When individuals are put in a happier state of mind or when they are reminded about the good in people, they are more supportive of transgender rights. When they are told a story about a mother who did not support transgender people and rights until her own child came out as transgender, they are more likely to support transgender rights. In these and other experiments, Transforming Prejudice describes a method of boosting the self-esteem of recipients of communication to lower their defenses and to encourage them to be more accepting of others who are different than they are.
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Michels, Andreas. Magnetic Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855170.001.0001.
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This book provides the first extensive treatment of magnetic small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The theoretical background required to compute magnetic SANS cross sections and correlation functions related to long-wavelength magnetization structures is laid out; and these concepts are scrutinized based on the discussion of experimental neutron data. Regarding prior background knowledge, some familiarity with the basic magnetic interactions and phenomena, as well as scattering theory, is desired. The target audience comprises Ph.D. students and researchers working in the field of magnetism and magnetic materials who wish to make efficient use of the magnetic SANS method. Besides revealing the origins of magnetic SANS (Chapter 1), and furnishing the basics of the magnetic SANS technique (Chapter 2), much of the book is devoted to a comprehensive treatment of the continuum theory of micromagnetics (Chapter 3), as it is relevant for the study of the elastic magnetic SANS cross section. Analytical expressions for the magnetization Fourier components allow one to highlight the essential features of magnetic SANS and to analyze experimental data both in reciprocal (Chapter 4) and real space (Chapter 6). Chapter 5 provides an overview of the magnetic SANS of nanoparticles and so-called complex systems (e.g., ferrofluids, magnetic steels, spin glasses, and amorphous magnets). It is this subfield where major progress is expected to be made in the coming years, mainly via the increased use of numerical micromagnetic simulations (Chapter 7), which is a very promising approach for the understanding of the magnetic SANS from systems exhibiting nanoscale spin inhomogeneity.