Literatura académica sobre el tema "Legal, forms generators"

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is emerging as a new mechanism for settling the exchange of energy between renewable energy generators and consumers. P2P provides a mechanism for local balancing when it is facilitated through distributed ledgers (‘blockchains’). Energy communities across Europe have uncovered the potential of this technology and are currently running pilots to test its applicability in P2P energy trading. The aim of this paper is to assess, using legal literature and legislation, whether the legal forms available to energy communities in the United Kingdom (UK) can help resolve some of the uncertainties around the individual use of blockchain for P2P energy trading. This includes the legal recognition of ‘prosumers’, the protection of their personal data, as well as the validity of ‘smart contracts’ programmed to trade energy on the blockchain network. The analysis has shown that legal entities, such as Limited Liability Partnerships and Co-operative Societies, can play a crucial role in providing the necessary framework to protect consumers engaging in these transactions. This is particularly the case for co-operatives, given that they can hold members liable for not respecting the rules set out in their (compulsory) governing document. These findings are relevant to other European countries, where the energy co-operative model is also used.

The paper describes certain basic principles of the new system of supporting renewable energy sources (RES) introduced in Poland. The amended Polish Act on Renewable Energy Sources (Polish RES Act) has introduced an auction system which is a new legal instrument enabling the selection of RES generators with adequate fi nancial support. Each Renewable Energy Sources project (RES plant project) to generate and sell electricity must go offi cially through an auction. The Internet Auction Platform is an IT tool used in the process. It en ables to conduct the pre-qualifi cation procedure as well as to prepare the auction off er. This new solution has entailed certain legal issues that must be addressed such as the access to the IT system, electronic submission of tenders or the use of an electronic signature to confi rm the statements made in the electronic procedure. All these issues have been discussed in this paper. The paper also contains an analysis of the diff erences between two possible forms of electronic signature that may be used in the process, and identifi es the main advantages and disadvantages of either. It is then concluded that although the online RES auction could be more competitive, in the version as it is it allows to carry out an eff ective auction.

Introduction: the development of modern digital networks is associated with the introduction into circulation of datawith increased social danger and, as a consequence, limited to civilian use in the Russian Federation. Unlike the authorities, this type of information is not recognized by society as dangerous, but generates aspirations of certain categories of citizens to possess such information, to disseminate it, to introduce it into illegal civil circulation. The scientific community, recognizing this problem, has been striving to neutralize the consequences in this area for a long time. The purpose of the work is to conduct a scientific analysis of the existing legal forms of ensuring information accessibility, to determine the effectiveness of modern legal and organizational mechanisms to ensure civil interests in this area. Using the methods of scientific cognition, primarily the method of system analysis, it is established that the complexity of the highlighted problem involves the use of both law-making and law-realization approaches to identify the violations of arrangements for using electronic information in the violation of applicable law. Results: the considered approaches and legal mechanisms for ensuring information security in the Internet environment will justify the need to introduce the organizational and legal methods to improve the current legislation and law enforcement practice in the country and propose a number of measures for their eliminating. Conclusions: it is necessary 1) to adapt the existing judicial system related to the restriction of the circulation of information on the Internet to modern realities in the technical and legal spheres; 2) to change not only the procedure for recognizing information as prohibited, but also to introduce additional forms of responsibility for its placement, in particular, the imposition of administrative forms of sanctions not only on the creator of illegal content, but also on technical intermediaries (providers, telecom operators, domain name grantors), which can be presented in the form of imposing technical prohibitions on the placement of information on the Internet; 3) to increase the number of persons subject to legal liability (administrative or criminal) for the violation of information security in the Russian Federation.

Based on the analysis of land legislation of the Russian Federation and of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and also taking into account legal positions of the constitutional Court of the Russian Federation the article considers topical issues of legislative development to ensure the rational and efficient use and protection of land in light of development of social functions of natural resources and improving the welfare of citizens, and ensure the constitutional regime of use of land and other natural resources as public (public) domain, the natural basis of social-environmental well-being of present and future generations of the peoples of Russia. As positive examples of advanced legal regulation of land relations at the regional level, the author considers legal forms of stimulating land use and the socio-monetary forms of preventive protection of land resources from irrational and inefficient use.

The theme of this paper is a paradoxical problem threatening to afflict modern knowledge societies: how abundance of knowledge can turn into a deficit of knowledge at the same time. Within debates on globalisation, a constantly debated issue relates to the problem of finding new mechanisms of governing societies no longer bounded by the authority of the traditional bureaucratic state. Such concerns typically focus on the weaknesses of national politics and legal mechanisms in controlling the movement of capital in an unrestricted world economy. The point of this discussion is to focus on yet another complex of issues related to the rise of global knowledge societies. Intrinsic to such societies, not the least because of the explosive growth of ICT, is the abundance of communication, information and of unrestricted knowledge. Such abundance not only generates rapid and disorganised movements of capital flows across the world, but, and this is the point of this presentation, it also leads to rapid and disorganised flows of communication and understanding as far as the sciences are concerned.

Adolescence is a sensitive period for setting the groundwork of one's legal conscience on the way to the legal culture of an adult. The article analyses the projected risks for shaping the legal conscience of people for the next 10-20 years using the approach of the modern theories of generational cohorts. For the purpose of "detailed portrayal" of the anticipated image of an adult from the 2030-2040 this article contains the results of 11 studies (on centennials, iGeners, homelanders, digital natives etc.). The disputable traits of the typical representatives of these generations (that can potentially have impact on the formation process of their legal conscience) are compared: the idea of authority, the new forms of communication and education, hedonism, multitasking, planning horizon, family values etc. A number of features of the modern generation are compared with the fundamental elements of the structural and functional model of legal conscience (Ratinov A.P), particularly from the viewpoint of some systems: cognitive, regulative and evaluation. The postulates of the generation theories are critically assessed. We also analyse the general tendencies for the interaction of generations from the perspective of legal socializing.

The article analyzes the problematic issues of the content of local rule-making activity, which is considered as an element of the local legal order. It is noted that local rule-making should be necessary, not accidental. Local regulations acts are correlated with corporate acts. It is proposed to consider them as independent but partially overlapping phenomena. The segment of their intersection depends on the direction of legal regulation, methods of objectification outside and the type of the subject that generates them. The tendency of decentralization of legal regulation and its influence on the local legal order is noted. Local legal regulation has a limited scope of regulation (within a collective formation), is subordinate in nature, implements a generally permissible approach in a strictly defined legal framework and forms a local legal order

This work discusses the regulatory standardization among countries that are party to MERCOSUR. This standardization forms the legal and institutional framework for maintaining important and strategic water resources, which require such regulation in order to be preserved and protected for present and future generations. Due to the lack of general legislation relating to MERCOSUR’s water resources, it was necessary to study the main multilateral agreements among the MERCOSUR countries, such as the Amazon Cooperation Treaty and the River Plate Basin Treaty relating to surface water, and also the legal points included in a recent joint statement of the presidents of the Mercosur States regarding the Guarani Aquifer, which is an important resource for current and future generations of the MERCOSUR. The survey was developed using the hermeneutical method, based upon surveys and analysis of international legislation involving MERCOSUR member states, multilateral treaties relating to transboundary waters and groundwater zones and also included a search of bibliographic materials, books, journals, thematic maps, information and documents available on the Internet. The combination of the sparse legal rules covers most legal relationships between MERCOSUR member states relating to water.

In the article, the issue of the influence of modern digital technologies on legal culture is analyzed from the perspective of current post-classical methodology, primarily constructivism and anthropocentrism as areas of sociological jurisprudence. The legal culture of Russian society is analyzed based on the historical and anthropological theory of law in conjunction with legal tradition. The vital role of legal culture in the mechanism for constructing social reality is emphasized. The concept of legal culture integrates legal and non-legal elements; it is synthesizing for the individual with its legal status, a society with its legal system, the state with the legislation it adopts and the law enforcement system it forms. It has been shown that the dynamics of legal culture amid digitalization is determined by the relationship of traditional and new legal values, as well as the contradiction between traditionalism and universalism in their axiological aspect. Digitalization affects the individual and collective legal consciousness of legal subjects as carriers of legal culture, thereby determining the dynamics of its fundamental characteristics. The influence of digital technologies on the value content of Russian legal culture is also examined. The dynamics of legal values in a digital society is presented. It is highlighted that the transfer of legal culture between generations is carried out through social relay. Digitalization entails a “digital divide” between generations, disrupts existing mechanisms for the transfer of legal experience and legal values, since the younger generation is much more immersed in a virtual space where they carry out essential social communication than the older generation. In this context, a systematic and focused effort by the state and civil society institutions is needed to take advantage of the opportunities offered by digital technologies for the legal education of young people.

ABSTRACTCourts have distinguished between several forms of confusion on the part of parties to a contract. This article examines the leading cases defining these related states of mind and their differing legal effects. It offers a fresh look at old chestnuts familiar to generations of law students: cases involving two sailing ships, a pregnant cow, and an uncut diamond. And it shares revealing backstories rarely mentioned in law school.

In the first comprehensive academic treatment of the emerging social, medical, and psychological category of the transgender child, ethnographer Tey Meadow introduces readers to a generation of parents who actively facilitate gender nonconformity in their children. Whereas previous generations of parents sent such children for psychiatric treatment aimed at a cure, these families call their children new names, allow them to wear whatever clothing they choose, and even approach the state to alter their legal gender. Drawing from sociology, philosophy, psychology, and sexuality studies, Meadow depicts the intricate social processes that shape gender acquisition. Whereas once atypical gender expression was considered a failure of gender, now it is a form of gender. It is a form that underscores both the centrality of ever more particular configurations of gender in psychic life and the increasing embeddedness of personal identities in social institutions.

This book, demonstrating the important role of eighteenth-century literary treatments of policing and vagrancy, offers a prehistory of police legitimacy in a period that predates the establishment of the modern police force. The book argues that narrative, textual, and rhetorical practices shaped not only police and legal activity of the period, but also public conceptions of police power. The author's research delves into law and literature on both sides of the Atlantic, tracking the centrality of vagrancy in establishing police power as a form of sovereignty crucial to settler colonialism, slavery, and racial capitalism. The first book in several generations to address policing and vagrancy in the eighteenth-century, and the first in the field to center race and empire in its account of literary vagrancy, this work is a significant contribution to the field of eighteenth-century literary and cultural studies.

Since the mid-1970s, so-called family migration has been the predominant legal pathway for migration into Europe and North America. But what has it meant for millions of people to be defined primarily through their role as “family migrants,” whether at the immigration office, in the courtroom, in the workplace, or in the family itself? Fear of the Family addresses these questions by investigating the history of guest worker migration to the Federal Republic of Germany. Ironically, West German employers initially turned to foreign “guest workers” to avoid the complications of families. Foreigners were meant to work in Germany in the prime of their productive years while raising their children and growing old elsewhere, with another country bearing the costs of their education, retirement, and medical care. But guest workers refused to offshore their family life, pressuring the state first to tolerate and later to open an official legal pathway for family reunification. The state’s perspective on the role of family migration changed over time, and debate over this form of migration also continues to this day, as politicians call for “managed migration” to capture the best brains and most in-demand skills while demanding an end to the “chain migration” that is imagined as nothing but a burden. Fear of the Family shows how these categories were established and how generations of migrant families have fought against the assumptions contained within them.

This chapter is dedicated to an overview of the ways the internal tension model operates to empower the executive branch, simultaneously under law and beyond its confines; the maintenance of the internal tension between the need to grant power and the need to retain a façade of legality, is achieved through practices under which an authorizing rule may present a façade of legality that derives from its binding formal status, while its content or application offer broad options for action (and possible abuse) which conceals a reality of a-legality. Beyond general and philosophical studies of the indeterminacy of law, the scholarship in this context has been conducted under the parallel paths discussed in this chapter (delegation and discretion; ‘soft law’; ‘fuzzy law’; and ‘grey holes’. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to an analysis of thirteen types of such fuzzy/grey legal constructs, organized according to the identity of their generators—the constitution, the legislature, and the executive. The resulting taxonomy of thirteen different forms of fuzziness offers a basis for the next part of this book, dedicated to case-studies of several such fuzzy measures.

Abstract Chapter 7 presents a case study of creative work through the lens of a history of the UK book publishing industry. The work that is central to this industry can be described as a form of immaterial labour which, while it participates in the production of commodities, poses particular challenges for capital because its unique use value lies in its ability to make meaning, to communicate with consumers, rather than to meet some physical or biological need. The immaterial nature of the product, and the peculiar nature of the production process, generates distinct challenges for employers, because it renders the work in question relatively unamenable to external management. This has influenced how the work has come to be organized, as well as how it has come to be regulated. Most specifically, it has tended to be excluded from the scope of statutory labour law, and so the function which we today attribute to labour law has come instead to be performed via alternative means, most specifically via copyright law. The chapter thus presents an analysis of the limits and potential of copyright law when it comes to mediating the contradictions inherent in work in capitalism as they manifest in the context of certain forms of creative work.

In 1831, Francis Baily’s hopes realized when the Astronomical Society was elevated to Royal Astronomical Society (RAS). In the same year De Morgan became honorary secretary, and he, Richard Sheepshanks, and George Biddel Airy came together as an “equitanacious triangle” of reasoned mathematical astronomers. Sophia and Augustus first began to notice each other in the context of RAS parties at Baily’s house, in which wives and sisters lightened the intensity of the men’s interactions. In 1835, the return of Halley’s comet severely tried RAS claims for the power of their work. As they scrambled to trace its orbit, William Frend contributed his observations from the countryside while Sophia and the other women poked fun at the men with parlor plays. Conflicts about the nature of astronomy continued in the form of a protracted legal battle between Sir James South and Edward Troughton, the instrument maker he hired to mount and object glass. The equitenacious triangle worked to bring South down, while the women wrote parlor plays extolling their heroism.

Abstract This chapter discusses major ethical issues in negotiation: at a macro-level, when should we not negotiate, when is any form of compromise or bargaining not warranted (e.g. in situations of unfairness or evil), when is compromise and agreement a morally good thing? The chapter then focuses on micro-behavioral ethical issues in negotiation—when is deception/lying permitted or prohibited in negotiation; the law of fraud and misrepresentation, what tactics are considered inappropriate in negotiation—e.g. taking advantage of other parties’ weaknesses, lack of resources, etc. What are the legal requirements for enforceable agreements, which are formally contracts or at the international level treaties. Are we responsible for the agreements we make with others that may affect others outside of our negotiations (e.g. future generations, employees, other family members)?

Chapter 3 examines John Donne’s ‘Satyre V’, which applies the social and ethical reforming energy of the satiric genre to the need for system-wide legal reform in England. The piece is a tribute to his employer, the Lord Keeper Thomas Egerton, who was lauded for his integrity and commitment to reforming the financially exploitative aspects of legal process, particularly in the Court of Chancery. Central to Donne’s satiric critique of the law is his attack on the excesses within the legal-political system that have been generated by the offences of suitors and legal professionals alike. His analysis is complicated, however, through the evocation of corrective strategies that instrumentalise excess, including equitable reasoning and practices (in Chancery and in statute interpretation), legal and political representation, and secretarial service. Donne exploits and revitalizes traditional legal-political analogies to illuminate the tensions in a system that was forestalled by, but also functioned through, excess. The result is an analogical, rather than metaphysical, style that generates new ethical implications for the Donnean speaker’s characteristic subject position. His in-betweenness emerges here not as a function of individual freedom, but as a function of his new proximity and enlarged responsibilities to others as well as to prevailing social, legal and political forms.

rriage, Family, and Kinship. Social, Economic, and Legal Contexts. This article focuses on the fundamental aspects of marriage, family, and kin relationships in nineteenth-century Lower Austria with an emphasis on rural areas. The range of topics includes household formations and forms of matchmaking, conditions for starting a family, marriage restrictions and marriage prohibitions, the presence of kin, relationships between the genders and generations in interaction with marital property regimes and inheritance practices, remarriage, unwed mothers, and the ever-present potential for conflict. One of the aims is to ascertain how marriage, family, and kin were interconnected with the governmental-administrative power structures, and to what extent the existing legal framework helped shape the options available to men and women. Continuity and change often overlapped – we see this in the manorial system lasting until 1848 or the continued institution of joint marital property, which strengthened the position of wives and widows beyond the standard dictated by the provisions of the Austrian General Civil Code of 1811.

Filmed in 2015, Renee Tajima-Peña’s No más bebés highlights the potential of documentary cinema to seek a form of justice when the legal apparatus has made such an ideal elusive. The movie discusses the troubling case of the forced sterilization of Mexican and Chicana women at the Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center as they were giving birth. It lays bare the eugenics discourses that allowed these actions to occur in the first place. What is more, it emphasizes how these ideologies were enshrined in state and federal law, where they were ultimately upheld by the courts. Tajima-Peña uses documentary to produce a secondary trial; while her film may lack legal weight, it allows new generations to look on this historical event and pass judgment themselves. As such, the film plays a crucial role in educating viewers as to the problems associated with a eugenics approach to healthcare.

This chapter discusses the relationship between law and property. The old aphorism that “possession is nine-tenths of the law” suggests that property rights are not merely about legal rights, but, more importantly, about social relations and the political and physical capacity to hold things of value: land, in particular. For many people in Indonesia, rights remain a faint promise, and justice a mere rumor. Land conflicts and dispossession have placed unjust burdens on ordinary people for generations and under different regimes. Some people acquire land, but more seem to lose it when their lack of wealth, knowledge, language, connections, and organization leaves them vulnerable. Possession may be nine-tenths of the law, but the last tenth, recognition, still matters a great deal. Moreover, recognition often takes the form of legalization, through efforts to make claims and decisions appear legal. And, crucially, this very plausibility of legality can have the effect of law. The chapter explains that the book is therefore about how and why people and institutions work to make claims stick by legalizing them. It is about the relationship between legal recognition and possession.

This chapter firstly examines how cash cropping heightened gender and generational tensions within colonial Buganda. As female labour increased in value, so did bridewealth demands. As in much of Africa, high divorce rates and delayed marriage were the most obvious results. But the unusual openness of mid-colonial Ganda society facilitated the development of a distinctive sexual culture. Opportunities for women to set themselves up as independent householders arose from Buganda's freehold land tenure, its largely unregulated urban centres, and legal protections for widows. During the middle decades of the twentieth century, meanwhile, new forms of socializing provided Ganda of all ages with opportunities to acquire new sexual partners, increasingly across generations, fostered a growing tolerance of non-marital sex, and facilitated ever wider urban-rural sexual networks. The sexuality of the young changed fastest, due to schooling, parental employment, a new culture of adolescence, and resentment at excessive bridewealth demands.

Being one of the most important values of modern society, a favorable environment requires not only carefully elaborated norms that will allow it to be protected from possible damage, but also, in case of its infliction, to form mechanisms for compensation of damage and restoration of harm in various ways. Today, humanity, more than ever, needs to realize the importance of caring for the environment in order to preserve it for future generations.

Social business, was first defined by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Prof. Muhammad Yunus and is described in his books. Social businesses are non-loss, non-dividend companies created to address and solve social or environmental problems. Microfinance is another form of social businesses. Like an NGO, social business has a social mission, but like a business, it generates its own revenues to cover its costs. In a social business, the investors/owners can gradually recoup the money invested, but cannot take any dividend beyond that point. The purpose of the investment is purely to achieve one or more social objectives through the operation of the company. No personal gain is desired by the investors. The company must cover all costs and be financially sustainable, while achieving the social objective in sectors such as healthcare, education, poverty, environment, housing, climate urgency etc. Legal structures available to all enterprises can be used by social businesses. These are: for-profit organizations, non-profit organizations (associations, foundations), charities, co-operatives. However, there are legal structures specifically designed of social businesses. These are: benefit corporation, flexible purpose corporation, low profit limited liability company (L3C), hybrids, community interest company (CIC).The purpose is this study is to contribute to the Turkish literature related to social businesses. In this study, definition of social business and microfinance will be given. The characteristics of social business will be indicated, social business examples will be presented and finally legal structures of social businesses will be analyzed. This study is descriptive study.

El creciente proceso de dispersión territorial de las ciudades latinoamericanas y venezolanas (Maracaibo), deriva de la expansión incontrolada de la periferia urbana por ausencia o trasgresión de las restricciones físico-geográficas y legales y es consecuencia de la migración, el laissez faire territorial, la poca capacidad de gestión y la ausencia de cultura de sostenibilidad. Resulta de formas de producción del hábitat -paisajes urbanos híbridos-dispersos, donde coexisten y se mezclan en un continuo espaciotemporal desarticulado, fragmentos urbanos con diferentes códigos genéticos (urbanización espontánea y planificada). Este patrón de ocupación y desarrollo urbano, basado en tipologías extensivas de bajo rendimiento-intensidad de uso, genera fuertes presiones frente a las que parece no existir capacidad de respuesta institucional o a las que muchas veces no se quiere responder por razones políticas e ideológicas. La dispersión urbana en Maracaibo se ha traducido en el aumento de los costos de urbanización, del incremento del déficit de los servicios infraestructurales, de las asimetrías en la distribución espacial de calidad de vida y la precariedad. Este modelo disperso-insostenible que caracteriza a Maracaibo - con 1,6 millones de habitantes - ha desbordado los límites de la ciudad, ocupando los bordes de los corredores urbanos metropolitanos que desde la ciudad atraviesan la Zona Protectora (ZP). La ZP es un green belt plurimunicipal de 20.800 Has, que bordea y define el limitefrontera urbana del Archipiélago Metropolitano de Maracaibo (AMM). La ZP fue decretada en 1989 por el Ministerio del Ambiente (MARN) para frenar la expansión anárquica de Maracaibo y actuar como agente regulador del clima y el medio ambiente en beneficio de la calidad de la vida urbana y como políticacontenedor del crecimiento urbano de la ciudad, actualmente en proceso de ocupación por rituales urbanos en expansión. La ponencia presenta la metodología -estrategia de planificación-evaluación innovadora- (EPE+i) y resultados de un Estudio realizado para el Ministerio del Ambiente, con el fin de decidir sobre la desafectación total o parcial de la ZP. Con ese propósito se evalúa el impacto de los posibles futuros escenarios de ocupación urbana de la ZP, en la sostenibilidad del AMM. La EPE+i llena el vacío de la planificación-gestión urbana en Venezuela, asumiendo el principio de sostenibilidad y trenzando estratégicamente el proceso de Planificación-Gestión Urbana (PGU), con el modelo Presión- Estado-Respuesta (PER) y el apoyo de Tecnologías de Información Geográfica (TIG) -imagen satelital y SIG- para desarrollar modelos urbanos y atributos e Indicadores de Sostenibilidad Urbana (ISU) específicos. La sostenibilidad y gobernanza (participación-interacción política y social multinivel), se asumieron como principios clave del estudio, para la toma de decisión ética y construir una visiónhipótesis territorial integral y concertada de futuro para el conjunto urbanos ZP-AMM. La ponencia concluye presentando el resultado de la aplicación de la estrategia metodológica, EPE+i = [PGU+PER+TIG] (tecnovación creativa), donde los modelos SIG de vulnerabilidad, consolidación y conformidad de uso y el modelo síntesis, conformidad-adecuación ambiental y legal de la ocupación urbana de la ZP, constituyen los atributos e ISU de Estado; los escenarios se transforman en atributos e ISU de Presión y la gobernanza, evaluada a través de tres variables, legitimidad por desempeño, gobernabilidad y participación, conforman los atributos de Respuesta y seleccionado como política urbana y visión-hipótesis territorial integral para el conjunto ZP-AMM, el escenario E2: Corredores de Expansión Tendencial, porque organiza la ocupación lineal urbana actual, a lo largo de los corredores metropolitanos, manteniendo las áreas intermedias como zonas verdes de protección. Urban sprawl in Latin-American and Venezuelan cities derives from uncontrolled urban expansion of the periphery, due to the absence or infringement of geographical and legal restrictions through planned and spontaneous urban occupation (hybrid urbanization). This in turn results from migration and territorial laissez faire; limited urban management capacity and sustainability culture in public, private and community institutions although they perceived and inhabit a precarious environment and frequently protest demanding services, security and houses. For Sempere (2005, is caused by illegal ways of habitat production based on low density and extensive typologies. This urban pattern generates strong pressures against which there is no institutional capacity or will to respond due to political or ideological reasons. This disperse-unsustainable model in Maracaibo (capital of the Zulia State, located at the western extreme of Venezuela) has led to the explosion of the city boundaries, and the occupation of the edges of the metropolitan urban corridors, which run from the city across the Protective Zone (PZ). The PZ is a green belt of 20.800 Hectares, decreed in 1989 to act as a policy-container of urban growth by defining the city west boundaries and is in the process of transformation-mutation by urban rituals in expansion. It is the territorial expression of the contemporary forms of making city which result from the practice of the visible management government (VMG) in metropolitan Maracaibo, referred by Ferrer and others (2005) as Maracaibo’s metropolitan archipelago (MAM). The paper describes the method, innovative planningevaluation strategy (IPES) and the results of a study that evaluates the impact of sprawl -urban occupation of the Protective Zone (PZ)-, in Maracaibo’s -hybrid metropolitan archipelago- (HMA) sustainability. The IPES fills the gap of the local urban planning assuming the principles of sustainable development (SD) by means of braiding the urban planning process (UPP) with the Pressure-State-Response Model (PSR) and Geographical Information Technologies (GIT) -satellite images and GIS- to develop urban models, specific attributes and urban sustainable indicators (USI). The IPES (UPP+PSR) is a multilayered-relational model that works, within the PSR model and grapping this model with the UPP. In this model, the causes of environmental changes, Pressure are correlated with the urban-spatial scenarios, their effects State, with the diagnose synthesis and, the Response with the multilevel government and stakeholders, urban projects, actions and policies, proposed and undertaken to deal with these changes. To reach an ethical decision, a concerted vision of the future scenarios and to build an integral territorial hypothesis for the PZHMA, sustainability and governance -stakeholders’ participation- were the key principles of the study. The paper concludes presenting the IPES model (creative technovation), where the GIS models of vulnerability, consolidation, conformity of usage and the model synthesis, environmental and legal conformity-adequation of the urban occupation, serve as specific State Attributes; the envisioned urban - spatial scenarios constituted the Attributes of Pressure and urban governance, measured through three variables, legitimacy by performance, governability and participation, configured the Response Attributes and selecting as policy and integral hypothesis –vision for the PZ-MAM the E2 Scenario: Corridors of Tendencial Expansion because controls, adjusts and organises the present lineal urban occupation along the metropolitan corridors maintaining intermediate areas of green protection and re-creates a new hybrid sustainable urban landscape, a compact, dense and multifunctional-polycentric PZ-MAM.

If killing a single person is considered as a major crime that forbidden by Sharia and law at the international level and at the level of all religions and divine legislation, so what about the concept of genocide!! Here, not just an individual with a weak influence on society is killed, but thousands of individuals, that means an entire nation, a future, energy and human and intellectual capabilities that can tip the scales, and on the other hand, broken and half-dead hearts are left behind from the horrific scenes of killing they witnessed before their eyes, moreover, the massacres of genocide continues to excrete its remnants and consequences for long years and for successive generations, and it may generate grudges of revenge among generations that did not receive the adequate awareness and psychological support which are necessary to rehabilitate these generations to benefit from the tragedies and bitter experiences of life to turn them into lessons and incentives to achieve progress and advancement. Genocide is a deadly poison whose toxic effect extends from generations to others unless it is wisely controlled. Here the role of the international community and its legal, legislative and humanitarian stance from these crimes is so important and supportive. Genocide can be occurred on two levels: external and internal. As for genocide on the external level: this is what happened at the hands of foreign powers against a certain people for colonial and expansionist goals in favor of the occupier or usurper. There are many examples throughout history, such as the Ottoman and British occupations...etc Whereas genocide at the internal level, can be defined as the repressive actions that governments practice against their own people for goals that could be extremist, racist or dictatorial, such as t ""Al-Anfal"" massacre in 1988 carried out by the previous regime against the Kurds in the Kurdistan region. The number of victims amounted at one hundred thousand martyrs, most of them were innocent and unarmed people from children, women and the elderly, and also the genocide which was practiced against of the organizers of Al-Shaibania Revolution in 1991 was another example of genocide in the internal level. It is possible to deduce a third level between the external and internal levels, which is the genocide that is done at the hands of internal elements from the people of the country, but in implementation of external agendas, for example, the scenes of organized and systematic sectarian killing that we witnessed daily during (2007) and (2008), followed by dozens of bloody explosions in various regions throughout the capital, which unfortunately was practiced by the people of the country who were misguided elements in order to destabilize the security of the country and we did not know until this moment in favor of which external party!! In the three aforementioned cases, nothing can justify the act of killing or genocide, but in my personal opinion, I see that genocide at the hands of foreign forces is less drastic effects than the genocides that done at the hands of internal forces that kill their own people to impose their control and to defense their survival, from the perspective of ""the survival for the strongest, the most criminal and the most dictatorial. The matter which actually dragged the country into the abyss and the ages of darkness and ignorance. As for the foreign occupier, he remains an occupier, and it is so natural for him to be resentful and spiteful and to keep moving with the bragging theory of that (the end justifies the means) and usurping lands illegally, but perhaps recently the occupier has begun to exploit loopholes in international laws and try to gain the support of the international community and international organizations to prove the legitimacy of what has no legitimacy, in the end to achieve goals which pour into the interest of the occupiers' country and from the principle of building the happiness and well-being of the occupiers' people at the expense of the misery and injustice of other peoples!! This remains absolutely dehumanizing societal crime, but at least it has a positive side, which is maximizing economic resources and thus achieving the welfare of a people at the expense of seizing the wealth of the occupied country. This remains the goal of the occupier since the beginning of creation to this day, but today the occupation associated with the horrific and systematic killing has begun to take a new template by framing the ugliness of the crime with humanitarian goals and the worst, to exploit religion to cover their criminal acts. A good example of this is the genocide that took place at the hands of the terrorist organization ISIS, that contradictory organization who adopted the religion which forbids killing and considers it as one of the greatest sins as a means to practice the most heinous types of killing that contemporary history has witnessed!! The ""Spiker"" and ""Sinjar"" massacres in 2014 are the best evidence of this duality in the ideology of this terrorist organization. We may note that the more we advance in time, the more justification for the crimes of murder and genocide increases. For example, we all know the first crimes of genocide represented by the fall of Baghdad at the hands of the Mongol leader ""Hulagu"" in 1258. At that time, the crimes of genocide did not need justification, as they were practiced openly and insolently for subversive, barbaric and criminal goals!! The question here imposes itself: why were the crimes of genocide in the past practiced openly and publicly without need to justify the ugliness of the act? And over time, the crimes of genocide began to be framed by pretexts to legitimize what is prohibited, and to permit what is forbidden!! Or to clothe brutality and barbarism in the patchwork quilt of humanity?? And with this question, crossed my mind the following ""Aya"" from the Glorious Quran (and do not kill the soul that God has forbidden except in the right) , this an explicit ""Aya"" that prohibits killing and permits it only in the right, through the use of the exception tool (except) that permits what coming after it . But the"" right"" that God describes in the glorious Quran has been translated by the human tongues into many forms and faces of falsehood!! Anyway, expect the answer of this controversial question within the results of this study. This study will discuss the axis of (ideologies of various types and genocide), as we will analyze excerpts from the speeches of the former regime that were announced on the local media after each act of genocide or purification, as the former regime described at that time, but the difference in this study is that the analysis will be according to a scientific and thoughtful approach which is far from the personal ideology of the researcher. The analysis will be based on a model proposed by the contemporary Dutch scientist ""Teun A. Van Dijk"". Born in 1943, ""Van Dijk"" is a distinguished scholar and teaching in major international universities. He has authored many approved books as curricula for teaching in the field of linguistics and political discourse analysis. In this study, Van Dijk's Model will be adopted to analyze political discourse ideologies according to forty-one criteria. The analysis process will be conducted in full transparency and credibility in accordance with these criteria without imposing the researcher's personal views. This study aims to shed light on the way of thinking that the dictatorial regimes adopt to impose their existence by force against the will of the people, which can be used to develop peoples' awareness to understand and analyze political statements in a scientific way away from the inherited ideologies imposed by customs, clan traditions, religion, doctrine and nationalism. With accurate scientific diagnosis, we put our hand on the wounds. So we can cure them and also remove the scars of these wounds. This is what we seek in this study, diagnosis and therefore suggesting the suitable treatment "

UKAEA’s mission at its Dounreay establishment in the north of Scotland is to restore the site so that it can be used for other purposes, with a minimal effect on the environment and requiring minimal attention by future generations. A Dounreay Site Restoration Plan (DSRP) has been produced. It sets out the decommissioning and radioactive waste management activities to restore the site within the next 60 years. Management of solid low level radioactive waste (LLW) that already exists, and that which will be produced as the DSRP progresses is an essential site restoration activity. Altogether around 150,000m3 (5.3Mft3) of untreated LLW could arise. This will then need to be treated, packaged and managed, the resulting volume being around 200,000m3 (7Mft3). A project to develop a long term strategy for managing all Dounreay’s existing and future LLW was initiated in 1999. The identification of complete solutions for management of LLW arising from the site restoration of Dounreay, an integrated reactor and reprocessing site, is novel in the UK. The full range of LLW will be encountered. UKAEA is progressing this specific project during a period when both responsibility and policy for UK decommissioning and radioactive waste management are evolving in the UK. At present, for most UK nuclear operators, there are no recognised routes for disposing of significant volumes of decommissioning LLW that has either lower or higher radioactivity than the levels set by BNFL for disposal at the UK national LLW disposal site at Drigg. A large project such as this has the potential to affect the environmental and social conditions that prevail in the area where it is implemented. Local society therefore has an interest in a project of this scale and scope, particularly as there could be a number of feasible solutions. UKAEA is progressing the project by following UK established practice of undertaking a Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) study. UKAEA has no preconceptions of the outcome and is diligently not prejudging issues prematurely. The BPEO process draws experts and non-experts alike into the discussions and facilitates a structured analysis of the options. However to permit meaningful debate those options have to be at first generated, and secondly investigated. This has taken UKAEA two and a half years in technical assessment of options at a cost of around £23/4M. The options and issues have been investigated to the depth necessary for comparisons and valid judgements to be made within the context of the BPEO study. Further technical evaluation will be required on those options that eventually emerge as the BPEO. UKAEA corporate strategy for stakeholder participation in BPEO studies is laid out in “Restoring our Environment”, published in October 2002. This was developed by a joint approach between project managers, Corporate Communications, and discussion with the regulators, government departments and Scottish Executive. An Internal Stakeholder Panel was held in March 2003. The Panel was independently facilitated and recorded. Eight Panel members attended who provided a representative cross-section of people working on site. Two External Stakeholder Panels were held in Thurso at the end of May 2003. A Youth Stakeholder Panel was held at which three sixth form students from local High Schools gave their views on the options for managing Dounreay’s LLW. The agenda was arranged to maximise interactive discussion on those options and issues that the young people themselves considered important. The second External Stakeholder Panel was based on the Dounreay Local Liaison Committee. Additional participants were invited in acknowledgement of the wider issues involved. As the use of Drigg is an option two representatives from the Cumbrian local district committee attended. From all the knowledge and information acquired from both the technical and stakeholder programmes UKAEA will build up the objective line of argument that leads to the BPEO emerging. This will be the completion of this first stage of the project and is planned for achievement in March 2004. Once the BPEO has been identified the next stage will be to work up the applications for the authorisations that will be necessary to allow implementation of the BPEO. Any facilities needed will require planning permission from the appropriate planning authority. The planning application could be called in by a Minister of State or a planning inquiry convened. During this next stage attention will be paid to ensure all reports and submissions are consistent and compliant with regulations and possible future legal processes. Stakeholder dialogue will continue throughout this next stage moving on from disussion of options to the actual developments. The objective will be to resolve as many issues stakeholders might raise prior to the submissions of applications and prior to the regulators’ formal consultation procedures. This will allow early attention to those areas of concern. Beyond the submission of applications for authorisations it is unwise to speculate as nuclear decommissioning will be then organised in the UK in a different way. The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority will most probably be in overall control and, particularly for Dounreay, the Scottish Executive may have developed its policy for radioactive waste management in Scotland.