Artículos de revistas: "Leishmaniasis"

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Doroodgar, Masoud, Moein Doroodgar y Abbas Doroodgar. "Unusual Presentation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Ocular Leishmaniasis". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3198547.

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The leishmaniases are parasitic diseases that are transmitted to humans by infected female sandflies. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of 3 main forms of the disease. CL is the most common form of the disease and is endemic in many urban and rural parts of Iran and usually caused by two species ofLeishmania:L. majorandL. tropica.We report a case of unusual leishmaniasis with 25 lesions on exposed parts of the body and right eyelid involvement (ocular leishmaniasis). The patient was a 75-year-old male farmer referred to health care center in Aran va Bidgol city. The disease was diagnosed by direct smear, culture, and PCR from the lesions. PCR was positive forLeishmania major.

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Mota, Camila Alves, Jully Oyama, Mariana de Souza Terron Monich, Aline Ávila Brustolin, João Vítor Perez de Souza, Letícia Sayuri Murase, Luciana Dias Ghiraldi Lopes, Thais da Silva Santos, Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira y Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira. "Three decades of clinical trials on immunotherapy for human leishmaniases: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Immunotherapy 13, n.º 8 (junio de 2021): 693–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2020-0184.

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Aim: Current treatments for leishmaniases are not satisfactory, thus alternatives are needed. We searched for clinical trials with immunotherapeutic approaches for patients with leishmaniasis. Materials & methods: Out of 205 articles, 24 clinical trials were selected, and eight submitted to meta-analysis. Results: A reduction in healing time was observed in patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis treated with pentavalent antimony plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and therapeutic vaccines. Overall meta-analysis indicated that immunotherapy associated with the standard chemotherapy generated a significantly reduced risk of treatment failure than the pentavalent antimony alone (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Our review confirmed the efficacy of immunotherapies for the treatment of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and highlighted the importance of clinical trials using immunotherapies for leishmaniases.

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Benchimol, Jaime Larry. "Leishmaniases of the New World from a historical and global perspective, from the 1930s to the 1960s". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 27, suppl 1 (septiembre de 2020): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702020000300006.

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Abstract The first autochthonous cases of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas were described in 1909, but visceral leishmaniasis only erupted as a public health problem in the region in 1934. Today Brazil is the country with the most cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, and alongside India has the highest incidence of visceral leishmaniasis. Knowledge production and efforts to control these diseases have mobilized health professionals, government agencies and institutions, international agencies, and rural and urban populations. My research addresses the exchange and cooperation networks they established, and uncertainties and controversial aspects when notable changes were made in the approach to the New World leishmaniases.

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El-Mouhdi, Karima, Abdelkader Chahlaoui y Mohammed Fekhaoui. "The Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and the Sand Fly: Knowledge and Beliefs of the Population in Central Morocco (El Hajeb)". Dermatology Research and Practice 2020 (18 de noviembre de 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1896210.

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Background. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic dermal disease transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female sand fly. Morocco hopes to eliminate all forms of leishmaniasis by 2030. These dermatoses pose a real public health problem in the country. Although the information is available on the disease, individual knowledge of cutaneous leishmaniasis and sand fly is not yet developed. Exploring people’s beliefs and popular behaviours about cutaneous leishmaniasis and its vector allows health officials to know the sociocultural aspects of the disease and to improve prevention and control actions. Objectives. To identify the knowledge of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its vector in the population in central Morocco. Methods. Based on the epidemiological data of leishmaniases in the province of El Hajeb, we conducted a field survey and personal interviews in April and May 2019, among 281 persons belonging to the localities where leishmaniases were registered. Results. Our results show that the participants use the concept of “Chniwla” (61.6%) for sand fly and the concept of “Hboub Chniwla” (50.8%) for cutaneous leishmaniasis; 24.6% of the respondents do not know how the disease is transmitted to humans and 43.7% use traditional treatments and home remedies to cure themselves. 44% of participants believe that sand fly does not transmit the disease to humans and only 6.4% were aware of their responsibility in vector control. Conclusions. The study concluded that there is a need to simplify the scientific terminology in the health education of citizens regarding these dermatoses and their vector by integrating the popular concepts obtained in this study to raise public awareness and facilitate their involvement as active actors in the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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Grifferty, Grace, Hugh Shirley, Katherine O’Brien, Jason L. Hirsch, Adrienne M. Orriols, Kiira Lani Amechi, Joshua Lo et al. "The leishmaniases in Kenya: A scoping review". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2023): e0011358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011358.

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Background The leishmaniases are a group of four vector-borne neglected tropical diseases caused by 20 species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through a bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. Endemic in over 100 countries, the four types of leishmaniasis–visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (known as kala-azar), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)–put 1.6 billion people at risk. In Kenya, the extent of leishmaniasis research has not yet been systematically described. This knowledge is instrumental in identifying existing research gaps and designing appropriate interventions for diagnosis, treatment, and elimination. Methodology/Principal findings This study used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to determine the state of leishmaniases research in Kenya and identify research gaps. We searched seven online databases to identify articles published until January 2022 covering VL, CL, MCL, and/or PKDL in Kenya. A total of 7,486 articles were found, of which 479 underwent full-text screening, and 269 met our eligibility criteria. Most articles covered VL only (n = 141, 52%), were published between 1980 and 1994 (n = 108, 39%), and focused on the theme of “vectors” (n = 92, 34%). The most prevalent study types were “epidemiological research” (n = 88, 33%) tied with “clinical research” (n = 88, 33%), then “basic science research” (n = 49, 18%) and “secondary research” (n = 44, 16%). Conclusion/Significance While some studies still provide useful guidance today, most leishmaniasis research in Kenya needs to be updated and focused on prevention, co-infections, health systems/policy, and general topics, as these themes combined comprised less than 4% of published articles. Our findings also indicate minimal research on MCL (n = 1, <1%) and PKDL (n = 2, 1%). We urge researchers to renew and expand their focus on these neglected diseases in Kenya.

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Pagniez, Julie, Elodie Petitdidier, Oriana Parra-Zuleta, Joana Pissarra y Rachel Bras-Gonçalves. "A systematic review of peptide-based serological tests for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis". Parasite 30 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023011.

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Serological methods should meet the needs of leishmaniasis diagnosis due to their high sensitivity and specificity, economical and adaptable rapid diagnostic test format, and ease of use. Currently, the performances of serological diagnostic tests, despite improvements with recombinant proteins, vary greatly depending on the clinical form of leishmaniasis and the endemic area. Peptide-based serological tests are promising as they could compensate for antigenic variability and improve performance, independently of Leishmania species and subspecies circulating in the endemic areas. The objective of this systematic review was to inventory all studies published from 2002 to 2022 that evaluate synthetic peptides for serological diagnosis of human leishmaniases and also to highlight the performance (e.g., sensitivity and specificity) of each peptide reported in these studies. All clinical forms of leishmaniasis, visceral and tegumentary, and all Leishmania species responsible for these diseases were considered. Following PRISMA statement recommendations, 1,405 studies were identified but only 22 articles met the selection criteria and were included in this systematic review. These original research articles described 77 different peptides, of which several have promising performance for visceral or tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis. This review highlights the importance of and growing interest in synthetic peptides used for serological diagnosis of leishmaniases, and their performances compared to some widely used tests with recombinant proteins.

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Guimarães, Maria Carolina Soares, Beatriz J. Celeste, Edelma María Corrales L. y Carlos M. F. Antunes. "Comparison on the performance of Leishmania major-like and Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis as antigen for new world leishmaniasis IgG-immunofluorescence test". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 33, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1991): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651991000600012.

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The performance of an antigen of L. major-like promastigotes for the serological diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the IgG-immunofluorescent test was compared to that of an antigen of L. braziliensis braziliensis. Each antigen was used to test two hundred and twenty-four sera of etiologies such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, deep mycoses, toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas' disease, visceral leishmaniasis, anti-nuclear factor, schistosomaiasis, rheumatoid factor and normal controls. Agreement between responses to each antigen was high: 77.2% of leishmaniases sera agreed on a positive or a negative result to both antigens and 91.1 % of control sera. Cross reactivity was restricted to Chagas' disease sera, visceral leishmaniasis, anti-nuclear factor and paracoccidiodomycosis. The quantitative response of leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease sera to both antigens was evaluated by a linear regression; although the y-intercept and the slope were different for each antigen, neither was better than the other in the disclosure of anti-Leishmania antibodies. In the case of Chagas' disease sera the L. major-like antigen was better than L. b. braziliensis' to disclose cross-reacting antibodies.

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Hakkour, Maryam, Mohamed Mahmoud El Alem, Asmae Hmamouch, Abdelkebir Rhalem, Bouchra Delouane, Khalid Habbari, Hajiba Fellah, Abderrahim Sadak y Faiza Sebti. "Leishmaniasis in Northern Morocco: Predominance of Leishmania infantum Compared to Leishmania tropica". BioMed Research International 2019 (8 de agosto de 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5327287.

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In Morocco, Leishmania infantum species is the main causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to L. infantum has been reported sporadically. Moreover, the recent geographical expansion of L. infantum in the Mediterranean subregion leads us to suggest whether the nonsporadic cases of CL due to this species are present. In this context, this review is written to establish a retrospective study of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in northern Morocco between 1997 and 2018 and also to conduct a molecular study to identify the circulating species responsible for the recent cases of leishmaniases in this region. Data concerning leishmaniases cases were collected from the Epidemiology and Disease Control Directorate from 1997 to 2018. Human samples obtained from peripheral laboratories were examined using PCR-ITS1 method. The ITS1 products were subjected to digestion with the restriction endonuclease Mn1-I. Between 1997 and 2018, a total of 1,255 cases of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis were recorded in Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima Region, i.e., 1.56% of the reported cases in Morocco (1,255/80,299). Concerning the geographical study covering the period 2007-2018, 79.5% (105/132) of the sectors were affected by leishmaniases. The molecular results showed that Humans were found to be infected with the L. infantum species with a high infection rate compared to L. tropica infection. Moreover, molecular characterization using ITS1 PCR-RFLP showed that the density of L. infantum was significantly higher (n = 68/81; 84%) than that of L. tropica (n = 13/81; 16%) (P-value 9.894e-10). While regarding visceral leishmaniasis, L. infantum was the only species responsible of this form. These findings of this study showed the emergence of L. infantum in Morocco and suggest that this species might be more prevalent than previously thought. Furthermore, the molecular determination of L. infantum will be helpful for control strategies by taking into consideration the reservoir of this species.

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Santarém, Nuno, Luís Cardoso y Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva. "Advances in Leishmania Research: From Basic Parasite Biology to Disease Control". Microorganisms 11, n.º 3 (8 de marzo de 2023): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030696.

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The genus Leishmania (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) currently comprises just over 50 species, of which about 20 cause several syndromes in humans, collectively known as leishmaniasis or “leishmaniases” [...]

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Pasquier, Grégoire, Magalie Demar, Patrick Lami, Asma Zribi, Pierre Marty, Pierre Buffet, Nicole Desbois-Nogard et al. "Leishmaniasis epidemiology in endemic areas of metropolitan France and its overseas territories from 1998 to 2020". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, n.º 10 (7 de octubre de 2022): e0010745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010745.

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Background In France, leishmaniasis is endemic in the Mediterranean region, in French Guiana and to a lesser extent, in the French West Indies. This study wanted to provide an updated picture of leishmaniasis epidemiology in metropolitan France and in its overseas territories. Methodology/Principal findings Leishmaniasis cases were collected by passive notification to the French National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases (NRCL) in Montpellier from 1998 to 2020 and at the associated Centre in Cayenne (French Guiana) from 2003 to 2020. In metropolitan France, 517 autochthonous leishmaniasis cases, mostly visceral forms due to Leishmania infantum (79%), and 1725 imported cases (French Guiana excluded), mainly cutaneous leishmaniasis from Maghreb, were recorded. A slight decrease of autochthonous cases was observed during the survey period, from 0.48 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year in 1999 (highest value) to 0.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year in 2017 (lowest value). Conversely, imported cases increased over time (from 59.7 in the 2000s to 94.5 in the 2010s). In French Guiana, 4126 cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cases were reported from 2003 to 2020. The mean incidence was 103.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year but varied in function of the year (from 198 in 2004 to 54 in 2006). In Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies), only sporadic cases were reported. Conclusions/Significance Because of concerns about disease expansion and outbreaks in other Southern Europe countries, and leishmaniasis monitoring by the NRCL should be continued and associated with a more active surveillance.

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Kholoud, Kahime, Lahouari Bounoua, Denis Sereno, MoulayAbdelomain El Hidan y Mohamed Messouli. "Emerging and Re-Emerging Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean Area: What Can Be Learned from a Retrospective Review Analysis of the Situation in Morocco during 1990 to 2010?" Microorganisms 8, n.º 10 (30 de septiembre de 2020): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101511.

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In Morocco, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases represent a public health concern. In this opinion paper, we propose to highlight chosen elements that have governed the drastic increase in the incidence of leishmaniases recorded in Morocco during the period between 1990 to 2010 in order to guide the prediction of the expansion of diseases and epidemic events. We highlight that the dispersion of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) form, caused by the Leishmania major parasite, appears to be closely related to that of its arthropod vector density, which is sensitive to changes in climate. The dissemination of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was related to an increase in human travel and local tourism during the studied decades. These are linked to economic expansion and infrastructure development. Interestingly, the main ACL foci are spatially aligned with the highways, and their occurrence was synchronized with the building of transportation infrastructure. During the above-mentioned decades, the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum has expanded from its historical northern territories, dispersing outwards in all directions. This spread follows the emergence of hamlets and villages connecting with major cities.

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Lacey, Charles, Ahmed Musa, El Tahir Khalil, Brima Younis, Mohamed Osman, Rebecca Wiggins, Ada Keding y Paul Kaye. "LEISH2b - A phase 2b study to assess the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of the Leishmania vaccine ChAd63-KH in post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis". Wellcome Open Research 7 (3 de agosto de 2022): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17951.1.

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Background: The leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases caused by various Leishmania parasite species transmitted by sand flies. They comprise a number of systemic and cutaneous syndromes including kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis, VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). The leishmaniases cause significant mortality (estimated 20 - 50,000 deaths annually), morbidity, psychological sequelae, and healthcare and societal costs. Treatment modalities remain difficult. E.g., East African PKDL requires 20 days of intravenous therapy, and frequently relapsing VL is seen in the setting of HIV and immunodeficiency. We developed a new therapeutic vaccine, ChAd63-KH for VL / CL / PKDL and showed it to be safe and immunogenic in a phase 1 trial in the UK, and in a phase 2a trial in PKDL patients in Sudan. Methods: This is a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2b trial to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of ChAd63-KH in patients with persistent PKDL in Sudan. 100 participants will be randomly assigned 1:1 to receive placebo or ChAd63-KH (7.5 x1010vp i.m.) at a single time point. Follow up is for 120 days after dosing and we will compare the clinical evolution of PKDL, as well as the humoral and cellular immune responses between the two arms. Discussion: Successful development of a therapeutic vaccine for leishmaniasis would have wide-ranging direct and indirect healthcare benefits that could be realized rapidly. For PKDL patients, an effective therapeutic vaccination used alone would have very significant clinical value, reducing the need for extensive hospitalization and chemotherapy. Combining vaccine with drug (immuno-chemotherapy) might significantly increase the effective life of new drugs, with lower dose / abbreviated regimens helping to limit the emergence of drug resistance. If therapeutic benefit of ChAd63-KH can be shown in PKDL further evaluation of the vaccine in other forms of leishmaniasis should be considered. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT03969134.

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Singh, Manoj Kumar, Arpita Das, Rudra P. Saha, Joydeep Paul y Debkumar Nandi. "Leishmaniasis: Plants as a source of antileishmanial agents". Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2022): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(1).227.247.

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Leishmania infection causes a group of tropical diseases and has remained neglected for decades. It spreads by sandfly vector and is one of the most fatal protozoan diseases after malaria. Leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by the infection of different Leishmania species and display clinically different forms like “Visceral leishmaniasis” (VL), “mucocutaneous leishmaniasis” and “cutaneous leishmaniasis” (CL). Approximately one billion people living in an endemic area are at high risk. Three hundred thousand cases of VL are reported annually and around twenty thousand people die every year, proving it as one of the most lethal forms of leishmaniasis. Until now, no effective vaccine could be made. There is an increase in drug resistance in the case of conventional drugs. New synthetic drugs are either too costly or have side effects. Requirements of new drugs are of utmost importance to control this situation. Plants provide a source of unlimited chemical diversity, which can be screened for antileishmanial activities. Moreover, their low cost and less or no side effects make them idle candidates in the search of new antileishmanial drugs.

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LYRA, Marcelo Rosandiski, Maria Inês Fernandes PIMENTEL, Maria de Fátima MADEIRA, Liliane de Fátima ANTONIO, Janine Pontes de Miranda LYRA, Aline FAGUNDES y Armando de Oliveira SCHUBACH. "FIRST REPORT OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS CAUSED BY Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi IN AN URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, n.º 5 (octubre de 2015): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000500016.

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SUMMARY American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and transmitted by sandflies. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, almost all of the cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, while cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. The resurgence of autochthonous VL cases in Rio de Janeiro is related to the geographic expansion of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and its ability to adapt to urban areas. We report the first case of leishmaniasis with exclusively cutaneous manifestations caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro. An eighty-one-year-old woman presented three pleomorphic skin lesions that were not associated with systemic symptoms or visceromegalies. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis identified L. (L.) infantum chagasi, but direct smear and PCR of bone narrow were negative for Leishmania sp. (suggesting exclusively cutaneous involvement). We discuss the different dermatological presentations of viscerotropic leishmaniasis of the New and Old World, and the clinical and epidemiological importance of the case. Etiologic diagnosis of ATL based upon exclusive clinical criteria may lead to incorrect conclusions. We should be aware of the constant changes in epidemiological patterns related to leishmaniases.

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Domingos, Patrícia Luciana Batista, Agostinho Gonçalves Viana, Carlos Alberto de Carvalho Fraga y Paulo Rogério Ferreti Bonan. "OX40+ T lymphocytes and IFN-γ are associated with American tegumentary leishmaniasis pathogenesis". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 87, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2012): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962012000600005.

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BACKGROUND: Leishmaniases are zoonoses considered a public health problem, representing a complex group of diseases with a broad clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity. Leishmaniasis is caused by several species of protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The evolution of the pathology and the resolution of the leishmaniasis are dependent mainly on the Leishmania species involved, although the cytokine profile plays an important role in the development of the immune response. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the immune response of patients affected by lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis by immunostaining of the OX40, CD20, IFN-γ and IL-4 proteins. METHODS: The tissue samples were collected from indolent skin ulcers confirmed as cutaneous leishmaniasis of 41 patients aged between six and 90 years. The lesions were submitted to OX40, CD20, INF-γ and IL-4 immunolabeling. RESULTS: We observed a statistically significant higher expression of IFN-γ compared with IL-4 (p=0.009). Besides, OX40 had higher expression when compared with CD20 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the immune response in lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with a healing process, which can be explained by the higher expression of IFN-γ when compared with IL4 protein levels.

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Malabadi, Ravindra B., Kiran P. Kolkar, Neelambika T. Meti y Raju K. Chalannavar. "Recent updates on leishmaniasis: Kala-azar outbreak, risk factors and herbal treatment". International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 8, n.º 6 (6 de junio de 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2021.806.001.

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Leishmaniasis is one of the infectious neglected tropical diseases caused by a protozoan parasite vector of genus Leishmania which is transmitted to humans through an infected blood-sucking sandfly. Leishmaniasis is prevalent in tropical and temperate regions of world which is fatal and life threatening if ignored and untreated. The current outbreak of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19) with Kala Azar fever followed by mucormycosis is major health issue killing many people in India. Leishmaniasis is transmitted through the bite of female sand flies infected with the protozoan. Kala Azar is a hyper endemic tropical disease for which no vaccine has been approved yet. However, many drugs that are available for the treatment of Leishmaniasis diseases possess serious side effects and drugs are active only in the acute phase of the disease Kala Azar. Another major limitation of existing drugs are severe toxicity with side effects and drug resistance. The emergence of drug resistance has created the main hindrance for Kala Azar control with one critical target in the state of Bihar in India. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for cheaper, more effective, easily available and less toxic chemotherapeutic agents for combating Leishmaniasis. Therefore, herbal medicines without any side effects play an important role in controlling human health disorders and infectious diseases, Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar). This review paper presents current updates of three different clinical syndromes of leishmaniases disease, control measures, risks and herbal medicine treatment strategies.

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Obaldía Mata, Alejandrina Paola, Eddy José Delgado Rodríguez y Sebastián Miguel Rocha Monge. "Abordaje de la leishmaniasis cutánea". Revista Medica Sinergia 8, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2023): e985. http://dx.doi.org/10.31434/rms.v8i4.985.

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La leishmaniasis cutánea es una infección de la piel causada por un parásito, transmitido por la picadura de un vector. La leishmania es endémica en muchas regiones del mundo, como por ejemplo Centroamérica, Sudamérica y África. El tipo de Leishmania que más frecuentemente se asocia a leishmaniais cutánea es la Leishmania brazilensis. Los vectores encargados de inocular la leishmania en los pacientes son del género Phlebotomus. El diagnóstico de la leishmaniasis cutánea se realiza por medio de la sospecha clínica, por la úlcera característica en piel expuesta y se confirma mediante la histología, por la observación directa del parásito en el microscopio. El tratamiento de primera línea para esta patología es el antimonio pentavalente en monoterapia o combinado, en el cual se han observado mejores tasas de respuesta.

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El-Mouhdi, K., M. Fekhaoui, F. Elhamdaoui, H. Guessioui y A. Chahlaoui. "Knowledge and Experiences of Health Professionals in the Peripheral Management of Leishmaniasis in Morocco (ELHajeb)". Journal of Parasitology Research 2020 (15 de septiembre de 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8819704.

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Background. Morocco hopes to eliminate leishmaniases by 2030. These diseases exist in cutaneous and visceral forms and constitute a serious public health problem. The fight against these parasitoses is carried out within the framework of a national program to control leishmaniases, which offers free treatment. However, the screening rate in public health structures does not exceed 35%. Objective. To determine the knowledge and experience of the social actors directly involved in the fight against leishmaniasis to contribute to analyse and understand the factors of this underreporting and to draw scientific recommendations to improve screening and control activities. Methods. Using a self-administered questionnaire, we conducted an exploratory survey during April and May 2019 among all health professionals working in public health structures in the province of ELHajeb in central Morocco. Results. We found that most of the health professionals had good knowledge about the clinical signs of each form of leishmaniasis, but they had erroneous information about the true vector of the disease, the reservoirs, and the mode of transmission. 76% recognized the national leishmaniases control program and only 17% received continuing education. 85% of these professionals focused on the curative aspects of the program. 47% stated that patients do not adhere to the antileishmaniasis treatment, and 25% stated that the population uses the concept of “Hboub of Chniwla” to refer to cutaneous leishmaniasis. Conclusion. The study concluded that the operationalization of the activities of the leishmaniases control program recognizes some weaknesses which explain the underscreening of cases. Improvement of this situation requires the implementation of continuous training programs for caregivers and awareness-raising programs for citizens which should focus on the mode of transmission, preventive measures against reservoirs, sand flies bites, and recognition of lesions using the popular names of the disease as a starting point.

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Coelho, Willian Marinho Dourado y Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani. "Molecular and parasitological detection ofLeishmania spp. in a dipteran of the speciesTabanus importunus". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 22, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2013): 605–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612013000400025.

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Leishmaniasis is an important chronic zoonosis caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp. The major vectors of this protozoosis are sand flies, and Lutzomyia longipalpis is considered the main species implicated in the transmission of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil. The presence of the parasite's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in ectoparasites such as ticks and fleas has prompted speculations about the existence of new vectors in the cycle of leishmaniasis. The aim of this paper is to report the molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in a horse fly of the species Tabanus importunus which parasitized an oligosymptomatic dog infected with Leishmania spp. Molecular amplification of the protozoan's DNA in the head, thoracic region and abdomen of the tabanid tested positive for Leishmania complex. This is the first report of the presence of DNA from Leishmaniaspp. in dipterous insects of the species T. importunus.

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Benchimol, Jaime Larry. "The History of New World Leishmaniases From a Brazilian Perspective". HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 17, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2023): 6–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2023-0009.

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Abstract This article addresses the leishmaniases in the Americas from a Brazilian perspective. The first cases of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis were described in 1909 in São Paulo. Latin American researchers gained international projection because of their work on this disease they considered autochthonous, which came to be known as American tegumentary leishmaniasis. But visceral leishmaniasis only emerged as a public health problem in the Americas in 1934 thanks to a new diagnostic technique for yellow fever. Zoonoses earned greater attention later, especially in the laboratory founded in 1965 at the Evandro Chagas Institute by Ralph Lainson and Jeffrey Shaw. Here we examine their connections with other teams and the resulting changes when they proved that parasite, vector, and host populations were much more heterogeneous than previously imagined. Technical innovations provided a better understanding of the distinct epidemiological characteristics of the illnesses caused by different Leishmania amid a backdrop of far-reaching transnational networks.

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Yasmin, Hadida, Anureeta Adhikary, Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal, Syamal Roy y Uday Kishore. "Host–Pathogen Interaction in Leishmaniasis: Immune Response and Vaccination Strategies". Immuno 2, n.º 1 (9 de marzo de 2022): 218–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/immuno2010015.

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Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.

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Karande, S. C., K. F. John Boby, K. R. Lahiri, M. K. Jain, N. A. Kshirsagar, P. C. Gokhale y S. K. Pandya. "Successful Treatment of Antimony-Resistant Visceral Leishmaniasis with Liposomal Amphotericin B (L-AmpB-LRC) in a Child". Tropical Doctor 25, n.º 2 (abril de 1995): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559502500209.

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Visceral leishmaniasis continues to be a major health problem in Bihar and West Bengal states of India. In Bihar almost 44 million people in 28 districts and in West Bengal 5.5 million people in eight districts are at risk of visceral leishmaniasis1. Pentavalent antimonial (Sbv) compounds are the first-line drugs, and amphotericin B is used when failure to respond to antimony occurs2. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy with advanced antimony-resistant visceral leishmaniasis who was successfully treated by liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmpB-LRC) manufactured in our institute. This case report documents the efficacy of L-AmpB-LRC in such a patient and highlights the need for a longer duration of treatment.

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Leonel, João Augusto Franco, Geovanna Vioti, Maria Luana Alves, Julio Cesar Pereira Spada, Alex Kazuo Yamaguchi, Nuno Wolfgang Balbini Pereira, Diogo Tiago da Silva et al. "Species, Natural Leishmania spp. Detection and Blood Meal Sources of Phlebotomine Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Peridomiciles from a Leishmaniases Endemic Area of Brazil". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2024 (22 de febrero de 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/9932530.

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Leishmaniases are important neglected tropical diseases caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania spp. The female sandflies bite (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) is the main transmission form in the epidemiological chains of these diseases. Thus, studies on Phlebotominae subfamily are fundamental to improve the comprehension of the leishmaniases epidemiology, revealing relationships of these dipterans with the parasite and reservoirs. An entomological survey of Phlebotomine sandflies was carried out to investigate the fauna, Leishmania spp. DNA detection and blood meals sources of female sandflies captured in peridomiciles areas from a leishmaniases endemic area of São Paulo state, Brazil. A total of 637 Phlebotomine sandflies specimens were captured, and twelve species identified, some of them proven or suspected vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Evandromyia (Aldamyia) carmelinoi and Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis PCR positive to Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum kinetoplast minicircle DNA (kDNA) were identified. Also, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis kDNA was found in Evandromyia (Aldamyia) lenti and Lu. (Lu.) longipalpis. Regarding blood meals source, DNA of swine, humans, dogs, cattle, chickens, and opossums were detected in the midgut of Phlebotomine sandflies females captured in the study area. Our results highlight ecological relationships among different species of Phlebotomine sandflies, domestic and wild-synanthropic vertebrates (including humans) and two Leishmania species in peridomiciles from a leishmaniases endemic area of Brazil.

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O'Brien, Katherine, Hugh Shirley, Grace Grifferty, Eleni Ayele, Mezgebu Silamsaw Asres, Philip Espinola Coombs, Ermias Diro y Richard Wamai. "Leishmaniases in Ethiopia: a scoping review protocol to determine the scope of research and remaining gaps". BMJ Open 14, n.º 7 (julio de 2024): e085636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085636.

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IntroductionThe leishmaniases are among the group of neglected tropical diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality each year. Currently, the East Africa region has the highest visceral leishmaniasis burden in the world. Ethiopia is one of the East African countries that reports both visceral and cutaneous forms of the disease. As part of the Nairobi Declaration, Ethiopia showed commitment to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis by 2030. In this endeavour, it is important to understand the scope of research conducted on leishmaniases in the country and identify where the research gaps exist. Determining the research landscape is vital in the plan towards leishmaniases control and elimination. It will help to reference conducted research, determine if systematic reviews are warranted and help prioritise future research directions.Methods and analysisThis protocol was developed with reference to the JBI Scoping Review Methodology Group’s guidance on conducting scoping reviews and the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines for scoping reviews. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Embase via Embase.com, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane CENTRAL, Global Index Medicus, ClinicalTrials.gov, the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry and PROSPERO. Locally published literature that may not be indexed in the above-mentioned systems will be identified through team members familiar with the setting. Each record will be dually and blindly reviewed in an abstract-title screen and full-text screen using inclusion–exclusion criteria. Included articles must contain an in-depth discussion of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Data extracted will consist of study themes, study types, and categories and subcategories each defined in the developed codebook, in addition to type of leishmania, year of publication, funding source and the number of citations. Results will be reported with summary statistics.Ethics and disseminationIndividual consenting and ethical approvals are not applicable. We plan to disseminate our findings to the appropriate stakeholders.

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Alborzi, Abdolvahab, Gholam R. Pouladfar, Abdolkarim Ghadimi Moghadam, Armin Attar, Nima Drakhshan, Mohsen Khosravi Maharlooei y Mohsen Kalantari. "First molecular-based detection of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in Iran". Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, n.º 05 (13 de mayo de 2013): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2754.

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Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which mostly occurs in the New World, is mainly associated with Leishmania braziliensis and to a lesser degree L. panamensis and L. amazonensis infections. Primary mucosal leishmaniasis is very rare in Iran in spite of high prevalence of cutaneous and visceral leishmanisis. A nine-year-old boy had cutaneous leishmaniaisis for five years involving the left side of his face; he then developed swelling and ulceration of the lip and left side buccal mucosa five months before hospital admission. He had severe swelling of the lower lip and there was ulceration and bleeding of the buccal mucosa. Direct smear revealed leishman bodies and nested PCR confirmed the presence of kinetoplast DNA of L. major in the oral mucosal specimen. The patient received amphotericin B deoxycholate 1 mg/kg/day for one month. The lip and face inflammatory reaction disappeared to nearly normal after one month of therapy. The patient was discharged with ketoconazole (5mg/kg/day) for six weeks. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major in Iran.

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Alberola, J., A. Rodríguez, O. Francino, X. Roura, L. Rivas y D. Andreu. "Safety and Efficacy of Antimicrobial Peptides against Naturally Acquired Leishmaniasis". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, n.º 2 (febrero de 2004): 641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.2.641-643.2004.

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ABSTRACT Leishmaniases, which are important causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and dogs, are extremely difficult to treat. Antimicrobial peptides are rarely used as alternative treatments for naturally acquired parasitic diseases. Here we report that the acylated synthetic antimicrobial peptide Oct-CA(1-7)M(2-9) is safe and effective for treating naturally acquired canine leishmaniasis.

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Lana, Rosana Silva, Érika Monteiro Michalsky, Consuelo Latorre Fortes-Dias, João Carlos França-Silva, Fabiana de Oliveira Lara-Silva, Ana Cristina Vianna Mariano da Rocha Lima, Daniel Moreira de Avelar, Juliana Cristina Dias Martins y Edelberto Santos Dias. "Phlebotomine Sand Fly Fauna andLeishmaniaInfection in the Vicinity of the Serra do Cipó National Park, a Natural Brazilian Heritage Site". BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/385493.

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In the New World, the leishmaniases are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites ofLeishmania-infectedLutzomyia(Diptera: Psychodidae) phlebotomine sand flies. Any or both of two basic clinical forms of these diseases are endemic to several cities in Brazil—the American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) and the American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). The present study was conducted in the urban area of a small-sized Brazilian municipality (Jaboticatubas), in which three cases of AVL and nine of ACL have been reported in the last five years. Jaboticatubas is an important tourism hub, as it includes a major part of the Serra do Cipó National Park. Currently, no local data is available on the entomological fauna or circulatingLeishmania. During the one-year period of this study, we captured 3,104 phlebotomine sand flies belonging to sixteenLutzomyiaspecies. In addition to identifying incriminated or suspected vectors of ACL with DNA of the etiological agent of AVL and vice versa, we also detectedLeishmaniaDNA in unexpectedLutzomyiaspecies. The expressive presence of vectors and naturalLeishmaniainfection indicates favorable conditions for the spreading of leishmaniases in the vicinity of the Serra do Cipó National Park.

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Abbas, Mohammed Abdo Saghir, Jihene Lachheb, Ifhem Chelbi, Dorra Louati, Khalil Dachraoui, Slimene Ben Miled y Elyes Zhioua. "Independent Circulation of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica in Their Respective Sandfly Vectors for Transmission of Zoonotic and Chronic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Co-Existing in a Mixed Focus of Central Tunisia". Pathogens 11, n.º 8 (29 de julio de 2022): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080855.

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Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) and chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CCL) are known to overlap in Central Tunisia. Sandflies were collected using sticky traps and CDC light-traps set in rodent burrows at the ecotones surrounding the village, in houses, and in animal shelters during July–October 2017, 2018, and 2019. A total of 17,175 sandflies were collected during the three sandfly seasons and identified morphologically to species level. Of a total of 18 sandfly species reported in Tunisia, 16 were identified in this mixed focus of ZCL and CCL. Except for the rocky mountainous areas, Phlebotomus papatasi was the most abundant sandfly species in all biotopes. In the mountainous areas, Phlebotomus sergenti is the most abundant sandfly species belonging to the genus Phlebotomus. Female sandflies were tested for the presence of Leishmania species by PCR. The overall infection prevalence of sandflies with Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica was 0.42% and 0.065%, respectively. The sequencing of PCR-amplified ITS1 products showed that L. major is the predominant species in all biotopes and transmitted mostly by P. papaptasi followed by Phlebotomus longicuspis and Sergentomyia species. Leishmania tropica was detected in Phlebotomus sergenti and in Phlebotomus longicuspis collected in bedrooms and in the ecotone of rocky mountainous areas. Our results provided strong evidence that the proximity of human settlements to biotopes of rodent reservoir hosts of L. major and of L. tropica resulted into the cocirculation of both Leishmania species leading to a mixed focus of ZCL and CCL. The epidemiology of leishmaniases in North Africa is highly complex by the high diversity of sandfly vectors and their associated Leishmania species, leading to a mixed form of cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is of major epidemiological importance to point to the risk of spillover from rural to urban areas leading to the anthroponization of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Therefore, efficient control to reduce the indoor abundance of sandfly vectors in order to reduce the incidence of leishmaniases is urgently needed.

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Reis, Luiza C., Eduardo Milton Ramos-Sanchez, Fernanda N. Araujo, Ariane F. Leal, Christiane Y. Ozaki, Orlando R. Sevillano, Bernardina A. Uscata y Hiro Goto. "Pleiotropic Effect of Hormone Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Immune Response and Pathogenesis in Leishmaniases". Journal of Immunology Research 2021 (4 de mayo de 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6614475.

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Leishmaniases are diseases caused by several Leishmania species, and many factors contribute to the development of the infection. Because the adaptive immune response does not fully explain the outcome of Leishmania infection and considering that the initial events are crucial in the establishment of the infection, we investigated one of the growth factors, the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), found in circulation and produced by different cells including macrophages and present in the skin where the parasite is inoculated. Here, we review the role of IGF-I in leishmaniasis experimental models and human patients. IGF-I induces the growth of different Leishmania species in vitro and alters the disease outcome increasing the parasite load and lesion size, especially in L. major- and L. amazonensis-infected mouse leishmaniasis. IGF-I affects the parasite interacting with the IGF-I receptor present on Leishmania. During Leishmania-macrophage interaction, IGF-I acts on the arginine metabolic pathway, resulting in polyamine production both in macrophages and Leishmania. IGF-I and cytokines interact with reciprocal influences on their expression. IL-4 is a hallmark of susceptibility to L. major in murine leishmaniasis, but we observed that IGF-I operates astoundingly as an effector element of the IL-4. Approaching human leishmaniasis, patients with mucosal, disseminated, and visceral diseases presented surprisingly low IGF-I serum levels, suggesting diverse effects than parasite growth. We observed that low IGF-I levels might contribute to the inflammatory response persistence and delayed lesion healing in human cutaneous leishmaniasis and the anemia development in visceral leishmaniasis. We must highlight the complexity of infection revealed depending on the Leishmania species and the parasite’s developmental stages. Because IGF-I exerts pleiotropic effects on the biology of interaction and disease pathogenesis, IGF-I turns up as an attractive tool to explore biological and pathogenic processes underlying infection development. IGF-I pleiotropic effects open further the possibility of approaching IGF-I as a therapeutical target.

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Noe, Perla y Veronica Jorge Babo-Terra. "Feline leishmaniasis – review". Clínica Veterinária XXI, n.º 122 (1 de mayo de 2016): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46958/rcv.2016.xxi.n.122.p.56-68.

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Leishmaniases are diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and are a major challenge to public health. While dogs and various wild species serve as reservoirs of the protozoan, domestic and wild cats can also be infected. The number of diagnosed cases of feline leishmaniasis has recently grown in endemic areas, suggesting that this species can no longer be considered an unusual host of Leishmania sp. There was a great advance in laboratory techniques in recent years, which may have contributed to increasing the number of positive diagnoses. Thus, it is necessary to understand the real role of the cat in the epidemiology of the disease and clarify whether this species can behave like a protozoan reservoir. The purpose of this review is to gather important information about the disease in domestic cats, such as epidemiology, clinical signs and diagnosis.

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Limeira, Clécio Henrique, Clebert José Alves, Sérgio Santos de Azevedo, Carolina de Souza Américo Batista Santos, Marcia Almeida de Melo, Rafael Rodrigues Soares, Nathanael Natércio da Costa Barnabé y Gabriel de Queiroz Rodrigues. "Clinical aspects and diagnosis of leishmaniasis in equids: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2019): 574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019074.

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Abstract Leishmaniases are a group of diseases of zoonotic importance caused by over 20 species of protozoa of the genus Leishmania, in which domestic dogs are considered to be the main reservoir for the disease. However, the involvement of other vertebrates as reservoirs for these parasites has also been investigated. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to carry out a systematic review with meta-analysis on occurrences of leishmaniasis in equids. The case reports described animals with cutaneous symptoms of leishmaniasis (papules, nodules, ulcers or crusts) that regressed spontaneously, located mainly on the head and limbs, from which three species of protozoa were identified in the lesions: Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania siamensis. In turn, the meta-analysis showed a combined prevalence of 25%, although with high heterogeneity among the studies, which was attributed to the use of different methods for diagnosing the disease. Leishmaniasis in equids is a benign disease but it should be included in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous diseases among these species. Seroepidemiological studies are important in investigating and monitoring suspected exposure of these hosts to the parasite, especially in endemic areas. However, there is also a need to standardize diagnostic methods.

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Kaye, Paul, Ahmed Musa, Joseph Olobo, Margaret Mbuchi, Asrat Hailu Mekuria, Flavia D’Alessio, Sophie Houard y Odile Leroy. "OC 8489 CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A THERAPEUTIC VACCINE FOR PREVENTION OF POST KALA AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS". BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (abril de 2019): A9.2—A9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.22.

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BackgroundThe leishmaniases represent a complex of human diseases, with 350 million people at risk of infection worldwide. Although the potential benefits of vaccination have been well-recognised, no human vaccine is registered. Post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a chronic skin disease often following treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In addition to affecting quality of life, evidence suggests that PKDL patients may also act as reservoirs for VL transmission. Hence, PKDL vaccines may have a significant impact on disease burden. We recently developed a third-generation adenoviral vaccine for leishmaniasis (ChAd63-KH) that has been evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in healthy volunteers (Osman et al,2017). ChAd63-KH is currently being evaluated for safety as a therapeutic in Sudanese PKDL patients, with a phase IIb RCT starting in late 2018. With EDCTP funding, we are initiating a new phase IIa/IIb study (PREV_PKDL) todetermine whether ChAd63-KH can prevent PKDL development.MethodsIn PREV_PKDL, we will conduct an open-label phase IIa safety study, followed by a placebo blinded, phase IIb RCT. Safety and clinical response represent primary outcome measures, and immunogenicity is a secondary outcome measure. In addition, working across the four countries of Leishmaniasis East Africa Platform (LEAP), we will use deep phenotyping methods to study the immune status of patients before and after treatment for VL to understand why PKDL development is limited to specific geographic regions. This work, and other research in the region, will be supported by the creation of a new flow cytometry ‘centre of excellence’ within LEAP.ResultsAn update on the progress of our current therapeutic trial in PKDL patients will be provided.ConclusionPREV_PKDL represents an important step in the clinical development of ChAd63-KH and will help develop capacity to support future vaccine and drug trials for leishmaniasis in the East Africa Region.

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Rabaan, Ali A., Muhammed A. Bakhrebah, Ranjan K. Mohapatra, Ramadan Abdelmoez Farahat, Manish Dhawan, Sara Alwarthan, Mohammed Aljeldah et al. "Omics Approaches in Drug Development against Leishmaniasis: Current Scenario and Future Prospects". Pathogens 12, n.º 1 (26 de diciembre de 2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010039.

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Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted in humans by the bite of Leishmania-infected phlebotomine sandflies. Each year approximately 58,500 cases of leishmaniasis are diagnosed across the globe, with a mortality rate of nearly seven percent. There are over 20 parasitic strains of Leishmania which are known to cause distinct types of leishmaniasis and pose an endemic threat to humans worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop potential medications and vaccines to combat leishmaniasis. However, the task of developing therapeutic solutions is challenging due to Leishmania’s digenetic lifecycle. The challenge is further intensified by cases of resistance against the available drugs. Owing to these challenges, the conventional drug development regimen is further limited by target discovery and ligand suitability for the targets. On the other hand, as an added advantage, the emergence of omics-based tools, such as high-end proteomics, transcriptomics and genomics, has hastened the pace of target discovery and target-based drug development. It is now becoming apparent that multi-omics convergence and an inter-connected systems approach is less time-consuming and more cost-effective for any drug-development process. This comprehensive review is an attempt to summarize the current knowledge on the muti-omics approach in drug development against leishmaniasis. In particular, it elaborates the potential target identification from secreted proteins in various stages of Leishmania infection and also illustrates the convergence of transcriptomic and genomic data towards the collective goal of drug discovery. This review also provides an understanding of the potential parasite’s drug targets and drug resistance characteristics of the parasite, which can be used in designing effective and specific therapeutics.

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Evans, Thomas G. "LEISHMANIASIS". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 7, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1993): 527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30541-9.

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Choi, Christine M. y Ethan A. Lerner. "Leishmaniasis". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 3, n.º 2 (2002): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200203020-00003.

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Moore, Elinor M. y Diana N. Lockwood. "Leishmaniasis". Clinical Medicine 11, n.º 5 (octubre de 2011): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.11-5-492.

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Mishra, Rashmi, Mradul K. Daga y Ishan Rohatgi. "Leishmaniasis". Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 25, S2 (2021): S166—S170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23844.

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&NA;. "Leishmaniasis". Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 5, n.º 6 (abril de 1995): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00042310-199505060-00005.

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Lesho, Emil Patrick. "Leishmaniasis". Postgraduate Medicine 90, n.º 8 (diciembre de 1991): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1991.11701152.

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NORDEN, ÅKE y FOLKE LINELL. "Leishmaniasis". Acta Medica Scandinavica 149, n.º 5 (24 de abril de 2009): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1954.tb11440.x.

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Neuber, Hubertus. "Leishmaniasis". Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 6, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2008): 754–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2008.06809.x.

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Marsden, P. D. "Leishmaniasis." BMJ 300, n.º 6725 (10 de marzo de 1990): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6725.666.

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Piscopo, T. V. y A. C. Mallia. "Leishmaniasis". Postgraduate Medical Journal 82, n.º 972 (1 de octubre de 2006): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2006.047340.

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Piscopo, T. V. y C. Mallia Azzopardi. "Leishmaniasis". Postgraduate Medical Journal 83, n.º 976 (1 de febrero de 2007): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2006.047340corr1.

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Davidson, Robert N. "Leishmaniasis". Medicine 33, n.º 8 (agosto de 2005): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.2005.33.8.43.

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Davidson, Robert N. "Leishmaniasis". Medicine 29, n.º 5 (mayo de 2001): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.29.5.38.28135.

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Von Stebut, Esther. "Leishmaniasis". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 13, n.º 3 (26 de febrero de 2015): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12595.

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Von Stebut, Esther. "Leishmaniasis". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 13, n.º 3 (26 de febrero de 2015): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12595_suppl.

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Maria Coutinho Dias, Grazielle, Esthe Fernandes da Silva Veras, Marcela Mariana Muniz de Araújo, Júlia Enderli do Nascimento, Herika Morais Paixão, Adrielle Pereira Silva, Rosana De Sousa da Silva et al. "LEISHMANIASIS". Periódicos Brasil. Pesquisa Científica 3, n.º 2 (29 de julio de 2024): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36557/pbpc.v3i2.68.

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O presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar sobre a Leishmaniose de forma ampla, com foco em sua epidemiologia e patologia. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com caráter exploratório e abordagem quanti-qualitativa embasada em publicações dos anos de 2019 a 2024 a respeito dos tipos da leishmaniose. A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados da biblioteca virtual em saúde- PubMed, Scielo e PUBVET, devido serem fontes seguras para pesquisas. Concluímos que a Leishmaniose é uma zoonose que precisa ser mais abordada em espaços de saúde ou não, para que se tenha um entendimento considerável designado para controle e prevenção da mesma.

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Skeet, Joyce. "Leishmaniasis". Practice Nursing 16, n.º 10 (octubre de 2005): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2005.16.10.19871.

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