Tesis sobre el tema "Li/S"

Ces travaux ont permis d'approfondir les connaissances du mécanisme de déchargepeu conventionnel de l'accumulateur Li/S et de ses limitations. L'ensemble desrésultats a convergé vers une unique conclusion, à savoir que le système Li/S estprincipalement limité par le phénomène de passivation de l'électrode positive en finde décharge. Les polysulfures de lithium à chaines courtes précipitent à la surface del'électrode positive de soufre. Isolants électroniques, ils sont responsables de la perteprogressive de surface active de l'électrode et de la fin prématurée de la décharge.Ainsi, les performances électrochimiques ont pu être significativement améliorées entravaillant sur la morphologie de l'électrode positive, et sur la composition del'électrolyte. En augmentant la surface spécifique de l'électrode, la quantité depolysulfures de lithium qui peut précipiter en fin de décharge est augmentée, et lapassivation totale de l'électrode est retardée. En augmentant la solubilité despolysulfures de lithium dans l'électrolyte, la précipitation des espèces est retardée etla décharge prolongée. Dans cette optique, les solvants de type PEGDME semblentêtre les plus prometteurs à ce jour. Enfin, un mécanisme possible de réduction dusoufre en électrolyte de type éther a pu être proposé.

This master‘s thesis deals with the design of battery powered soldering iron. The soldering iron will be placed in the plastic box from a conventional transformer soldering iron. First, we need to find the parameters of the original transformer soldering iron. Then design a synchronous step-down converter, driver of converter, BMS circuits, and component placement in a plastic box. The battery-powered soldering iron was successfully revived and tested, the final parameters of the converter are: voltage 0.4 V at 80 A current. The total power on the soldering wire is 32 W. Technically, this is a very interesting alternative to the classic version of the soldering iron, which can be used for assembly or repairs in poorly accessible locations.

This thesis deals with the development and current issues of Li-ion and Li-S accumulators, especially the separators. In the theoretical part is described history of Li-ion batteries, their properties and materials for the positive electrode. Li-S batteries and their problems are also described in this diploma thesis. In the practical part, electrochemical methods were described, and several separator samples with various modifications were created. These samples were then photographed using an SEM electron microscope and evaluated using electrochemical methods.

Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient d’explorer de nouvelles voies pour l’amélioration des performances des accumulateurs Li/S, systèmes présentant de fortes densités d’énergie théorique dont les performances sont limitées par un mécanisme électrochimique incluant des intermédiaires solubles et réactifs. Ces intermédiaires induisent une faible efficacité coulombique et une perte importante de capacité au cours du cyclage. Plusieurs stratégies ont été mises en place pour créer une barrière de nature organique, au transport ou à la réactivité de ces polysulfures, tout en gardant une approche versatile et simple à mettre en œuvre. De bons résultats ont été obtenus en termes d’efficacité coulombique et de cyclabilité, notamment grâce à l’utilisation d’un matériau polymère capable d’interactions ioniques avec les intermédiaires soufrés. Le mécanisme de dépôt du lithium et de croissance dendritique a été également étudié, pour une compréhension plus complète du système
The objectives of this thesis work were to explore new strategies to improve the performance of Li / S accumulators, systems exhibit with high theoretical energy densities whose performance is limited by an electrochemical mechanism including soluble and reactive intermediates. These intermediates induce a low coulombic efficiency and a significant loss of capacity during cycling. Several strategies have been evaluated to create a barrier of organic nature, which mitigate the transport or the reactivity of these polysulfides. The solutions explored are versatile and simple to implement. Good results have been obtained in terms of coulombic efficiency and cyclability, in particular through the use of a polymeric material enables to form ionic interactions with the sulfur intermediates. The mechanism of lithium deposition and dendritic growth has also been studied, for a more complete understanding of the system

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to describe the impact of compaction pressure on the electrochemical parameters of lithium-sulfur batteries. Theoretical part of this thesis contains briefly described terminology and general issues of batteries and their division. Every kind of battery is provided with a closer description of a specific battery type. A separate chapter is dedicated to lithium cells, mainly lithium-ion batteries. Considering various composition of lithium-ion batteries, this chapter deeply analyzes mostly used active materials of electrodes, used electrolytes and separators. Considering that the electrochemical principle of Li-S and Li-O batteries is different to Li-ion batteries, these accumulators of new generation are included in individual subhead. In the experimental part of this thesis are described methods used to measure electrochemical parameters of Li-S batteries. Next chapter contains description of preparing individual electrodes and their composition. Rest of the experimental part of my thesis is dedicated to the description of individual experiments and achieved results.

Les batteries lithium-air et Li-S sont des techniques prometteuses pour un stockage efficace d’énergie électrochimique. Les principaux défis sont de développer un électrolyte solide à haute conductivité ionique et des cathodes efficaces. Dans ce travail, des aérogels de carbone conducteurs avec une double porosité ont été synthétisés en utilisant la méthode de sol-gel. Ils ont été utilisés comme cathode dans des batteries lithium-air. Ces cathodes peuvent fournir deux types de canaux pour le stockage de produits de décharge, facilitant la diffusion gaz-liquide et réduisant ainsi le risque de colmatage. Presque 100 cycles été obtenus avec une capacité de 0,4 mAh et une densité de courant de 0,1 mA/cm². Pour le développement d'électrolyte solide stable et conducteur, les sulfures, en particulier Li4SnS4 et son dérivé Li10SnP2S12 ont été particulièrement étudiés. Ces composés ont été synthétisés en utilisant une technique en deux étapes comprenant la mécanosynthèse et un traitement thermique à température relativement basse qui a été optimisé afin d'améliorer la conductivité ionique. La meilleure conductivité obtenue est de 8,27×10-4 S / cm à 25°C et ces électrolytes présentent une grande stabilité électrochimique sur une large gamme de voltage de 0,5 à 7V. Les couches minces ont également été déposées en utilisant la technique de pulvérisation cathodique, avec en général une conductivité ionique améliorée. La performance des batteries Li-S assemblées avec ces électrolytes massifs doit être améliorée, en particulier en améliorant la conductivité ionique de l'électrolyte
Lithium-air and Li-S batteries are promising techniques for high power density storage. The main challenges are to develop solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and highly efficient catalyzed cathode. In this work, highly conductive carbon aerogels with dual-pore structure have been synthesized by using sol-gel method, and have been used as air cathode in Lithium-air batteries. This dual- pore structure can provide two types of channels for storing discharge products and for gas-liquid diffusion, thus reducing the risk of clogging. Nearly 100 cycles with a capacity of 0.4mAh at a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2 have been obtained. For developing stable and highly conductive solid electrolyte, sulfides, especially Li4SnS4 and its phosphorous derivative Li10SnP2S12 have been particularly investigated. These compounds have been synthesized by using a two-step technique including ball milling and a relatively low temperature heat treatment. The heat treatment has been carefully optimized in order to enhance the ionic conductivity. The best-obtained conductivity is 8.27×10-4 S/cm at 25°C and the electrolytes show high electrochemical stability over a wide working range of 0.5 – 7V. Thin films have also been deposited by using the sputtering technique, with generally improved ionic conductivity. The performance of the Li-S batteries assembled with these bulk electrolytes is still to be improved, particularly by improving the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte

This dissertation is comprised of five chapters detailing advances in the synthesis and preparation of polymers and materials and the application of these materials in lithium-sulfur batteries for next-generation energy storage technology. The research described herein discusses progress towards overcoming three critical challenges presented for optimizing Li-S battery performance, specifically, addressing the highly electrically insulating nature of elemental sulfur, extending the cycling lifetime of Li-S batteries, and enhancing the charge discharge rate capability of Li-S cathodes. The first chapter is a review highlighting the use of polymers in conventional lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. Li-S battery technology presents a grand opportunity to realize an electrochemical energy storage system with high enough capacity and energy density capable of addressing the needs presented by electrical vehicles and base load storage. Polymers are ubiquitous throughout conventional Li-S batteries and their use has been critical in overcoming the challenges presented for optimizing Li-S cathode performance towards practical implementation. The high electrical resistivity of elemental sulfur requires the incorporation of conductive additives in order to formulate it into a functional cathode. A polymer binder must be utilized to integrate the elemental sulfur as the active material with the conductive additives into an electrically conductive composite affixed to a current collector. The electrochemical action of the Li-S battery results in the electroactive sulfur species converting between high and low order lithium polysulfides as the battery is discharged and charged. These lithium polysulfides become soluble at various stages throughout this cycling process that lead to a host of complications including the loss of electroactive material and slow rate capabilities. The use of polymer coatings applied to both the electroactive material and the cathode as a whole have been successful in mitigating the dissolution of lithium polysulfides by confining the redox reactions to the cathode. Elemental sulfur is largely intractable in conventional solvents and suffers from poor chemical compatibility limiting synthetic modification. By incorporating S-S bonds into copolymeric materials the electrochemical reactivity of elemental sulfur can be maintained and allow these polymers to function as the electroactive cathode materials while enabling improved processability and properties via the comonomeric inclusions. The use of inverse vulcanization, which is the direct copolymerization of elemental sulfur, is highlighted as a facile method to prepare polymeric materials with a high content of S-S bonds for use as active cathode materials. The second chapter focuses on the synthesis and polymerization of a novel bifunctional monomer containing both a styrenic group to access free radical polymerization and a propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) to install conductive polymer pathways upon an orthogonal oxidative polymerization. The styrenic ProDOT monomer (ProDOT-Sty) was successfully applied to a two-step sequential polymerization where the styrenic group was first leveraged in a controlled radical polymerization (CRP) to afford well defined linear homo- and block polymer precursors with pendant electropolymerizable ProDOT moieties. Subsequent treatment of the these linear polymer precursors with an oxidant in solution enabled the oxidative polymerization of the pendant ProDOT groups to install conductive polythiophene inclusions. Although the synthesis and CRP of ProDOT-Sty was novel, the key advance in this work was successful demonstration that sequential radical and oxidative polymerizations could be carried out to install conductive polymer pathways through an otherwise nonconductive polymer matrix. The third chapter expands upon the use of ProDOT-Sty to install conductive polymer pathways through a sulfur copolymer matrix. The highly electrically insulating nature of elemental sulfur precludes its direct use as a cathode in Li-S batteries and thus the use of ProDOT-Sty in the preparation of a high sulfur content copolymer with conductive inclusions was targeted to improve electrical properties. Inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur with ProDOT-Sty and a minimal amount of 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB) was first completed to afford a sulfur rich copolymer with electropolymerizable side chains. Subsequently, the improved processability of the sulfur copolymer was exploited to prepare thin polymer films on electrode surfaces. The poly(ProDOT-Sty-𝑐𝑜-DIB-𝑐𝑜-sulfur) (ProDIBS) films were then subjected to oxidizing conditions via an electrochemical cell to invoke electropolymerization of the ProDOT inclusions and install conductive poly(ProDOT) pathways. Evaluation of the electrical properties with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that the charge transfer resistance was reduced from 148 kΩ to 0.4 kΩ upon installation of the conductive poly(ProDOT) corresponding to an improvement in charge conductance of more than 95%. This also represented a key advance in expanding the scope of the inverse vulcanization methodology as the first example of utilizing a comonomer with a functional side chain. The fourth chapter focuses on expanding the scope of the inverse vulcanization polymerization methodology to include aryl alkyne based comonomers and the application of new these new sulfur copolymers as active cathode materials in Li-S batteries. The early work on developing inverse vulcanization relied heavily on the use of DIB as one of the few comonomers amenable to bulk copolymerization with elemental sulfur. One of the principal limitations in comonomer selection for inverse vulcanization is the solubility of the comonomer in molten sulfur. Generally it has been observed that aromatic compounds with minimal polarity are miscible and thus common classes of comonomers such as acrylates and methacrylates are immiscible and preclude their compatibility with inverse vulcanization. It was found that aryl alkynes are a unique class of compounds that are both miscible with molten sulfur and provide reactivity with sulfur centered radicals through the unsaturated carbon-carbon triple bonds. Additionally, it was found that internal alkynes were best suited for inverse vulcanization to preclude abstraction of the somewhat acidic hydrogen from terminal alkynes. 1,4-Diphenylbutadiyne (DiPhDY) was selected as a prototypical comonomer of this class of compounds for preparing high sulfur content copolymers via inverse vulcanization. Poly(sulfur-𝑐𝑜-DiPhDY) was prepared with various compositions of S:DiPhDY and these copolymers were formulated into cathodes for electrochemical testing in Li-S batteries. The poly(S-𝑐𝑜-DiPhDY) based cathodes exhibited the best performance reported at the time for a polymeric cathode material with the figure of merit of the first inverse vulcanizate to enable a cycle lifetime of up to 1000 cycles. The fifth chapter details the preparation of composite materials composed of a sulfur or copolymeric sulfur matrix with molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) inclusions and the use of these materials for Li-S cathodes with rapid charge/discharge rate capabilities. The higher order lithium polysulfide redox products (e.g., Li₂S₈ Li₂S₆) generated during Li-S cycling are soluble in the electrolyte solution of the battery. The rate capability of the Li-S battery is thus fundamentally limited by mass transfer as these electroactive species must diffuse back to the cathode surface in order to undergo further reduction (discharge) or oxidation (charge). In order to limit the effective diffusion length of the soluble lithium polysulfides and therefore mitigate the diffusion limited rate, composite materials with fillers capable of binding the lithium sulfides were prepared. MoS₂ was selected as the filler as simulations had indicated lithium polysulfide had a strong binding interaction with the surface of MoS₂. Furthermore, it was demonstrated for the first time that metal chalcogenides such as MoS₂ readily disperse in molten sulfur which enabled the facile preparation of the composite materials in situ. The composites were prepared by first dispersing MoS₂ in liquid sulfur or a solution of liquid sulfur and DIB below the floor temperature of S₈ (i.e.<160 °C). The dispersions were then heated above the floor temperature of S₈ to induce ring opening polymerization of the sulfur phase and afford the composites. The composites were found to be potent active cathode materials in Li-S batteries enabling extended cycle lifetimes of up to 1000 cycles with excellent capacity retention. Furthermore, the composite materials were successful in enhancing the rate capability of the Li-S cathodes where reversible capacity of >500 mAh/g was achieved at the rapid rate of 5C (i.e. a 12 min. charge or discharge time).

As novas ligas de alumínio que contém lítio são atraentes devido à sua baixa densidade, alto módulo elástico, elevada resistência mecânica e por terem boa resistência à corrosão em comparação com ligas similares que não contém lítio. A degradação do material devido à fadiga e corrosão são os dois principais fatores que contribuem para o envelhecimento de uma aeronave. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a resistência à fadiga de uma nova liga de Al-Li, denominada de AA 2050-T84, considerando os estágios de nucleação e de propagação. No primeiro caso são avaliados o efeito da variação do concentrador de tensão (kt) e o efeito da razão de tensões (R), enquanto que no segundo caso são estudados os efeitos da direção de laminação e da razão de tensões (R) na taxa de propagação da trinca por fadiga. Para o estágio de iniciação é possível observar que quanto maior o valor de R, menor é a vida em fadiga. Para um R constante, o concentrador de tensão reduz significantemente a vida em fadiga. Considerando a vida de propagação de trinca por fadiga, observa-se que, independente da direção de laminação, quanto maior o valor de R, para um mesmo ΔK, maior foi a taxa de propagação de trinca. Para um mesmo R, o expoente m da equação de Paris é maior na direção TL indicando maior velocidade de crescimento de trinca. Independentemente da direção tomada, quanto maior o valor de R maior o valor de m. O modelo matemático utilizado previu muito bem o efeito de R na taxa de propagação de trinca. A liga AA 2050 apresenta resistência à fadiga similar ligas das famílias 2XXX e 7XXX e similar a da liga Al-Li AA 2198 T8.
The new Al-Li alloys are very attractive due to its low density, high elastic modulus, increased mechanical strength, as well as good corrosion resistance in comparison with similar alloys that don\'t contain lithium. The material\'s degradation due to fatigue and corrosion are the main factors of aircrafts aging, and it is quite important to take them in account to guarantee the aircraft structural integrity. The aim of this work is to study the fatigue strength of a new Al-Li alloy, denominated as AA 2050 T84, considering both nucleation and propagation fatigue lives. In the first case were evaluated the effect of the variation of the stress concentrator (kt) and the effect of the stress ratio (R), while in the propagation life were considered the effect of the rolling direction and the stress ratio (R). From the initiation life results, it is possible to observe that as higher was R, lower is fatigue life and that the intensity of the stress concentrator reduces fatigue life significantly, independent of the R value. The results from the propagation life shows that in both LT e TL directions and for a constant ΔK, higher R induces larger fatigue crack propagation rates. Considering a constant R, the TL direction presents a larger exponent m of Paris equation, which is an indicative of higher larger crack propagation rate. Also, larger R causes larger m, independently of the rolling direction. The mathematical model used was able to take in account the R effect on the crack propagation rate. Considering the more traditional Al alloys from 2XXX and 7XXX families, and the Ali-Li alloys AA 2198 T8, the AA 2050 presented a quite similar fatigue behavior.

Une approche structurale des verres du systèmes B₂S₃-Li₂S-Lil a été effectuée à l'aide de techniques susceptibles d'atteindre l'ordre local. La RMN a permis de déterminer la proportion relative des atomes de bore en coordinence 3 et 4. Des hypothèses structurales ont été formulées. Elles sont basées sur les études antérieures, résultats de RMN et sur des faits expérimentaux. Les verres ont été caractérisés par spectroscopie Raman et RPE. La conduction ionique (Li+) a été étudiée en fonction de leur composition. Dans tous les cas les résultats ont pu être interprétés sur la base de la structure proposée. Ces matériaux sont parmi les meilleurs conducteurs par ions lithium actuellement connus.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
漢學資料整理研究所碩士班
97
Li Bai (701-762 A.D.) is the glorious age of Tang poetry renowned writer, descendant''s person most since commended he in the poetry aspect performance, he simultaneously also has opened the Tang Song the romantic literature style. Therefore, does the comprehensive research to Li Bai''s work, has the necessity. Li Bai''s important achievement mainly displays in the poetry aspect, ancient literature style and so on tax, ancient poetry, musical conservatory, modern style poetry articles, all have the magnificent achievement, but because also his life drifts about, creates the prose scatters in each place, although at that time had when spread Li Yangbing is reorganized, formed ten volumes, but all previous dynasties all had the subjunction regarding Li Bai''s prose work, also initiated many really false arguments. This present paper named "Li Bai Word Research", planned from Li Bai''s family background and the life story, the fable, the poetry anthology edition, as well as Li Bai is an official the experience, the situation which holds an office in Chang An, explained the Li Bai work the time background, and the old view appraisal which origins by the word body “the word” this literary style developing process, continues research which origins regarding Tang Shengshi, further discusses Li Bai later period namely to have the filling in word in the glorious age of Tang poetry to make the possibility, again form of skill and the connotation thought from the Li Bai word, analyzes the Li Bai 15 words, to characteristic of and the influence, the appraisal the Li Bai word, does gives a written guarantee.

博士
國立中山大學
中國語文學系研究所
92
Li Yu’s Theory of Chinese Opera Abstract Li Yu (1611-1680) is a renowned Chinese opera writer in the early Qing dynasty. His work “Ten Operas” features surprising plots and easy-to-understand scripts, criticized as “intended to make common” and “simple to comprehend”, reflecting his writing attitude and style in developing popular and entertainment culture. This deviates himself from the literary direction of drama (chuanqi) writing since the mid-Ming dynasty. In addition, Li Yu is also a Chinese opera critic. The “script” and “play act” sections in his “Xian Qing Ou Ji ”(Journal of Leisure Time) discussed mainly the writing and performing of Chinese operas. The journal was written after the publication of the “Ten Operas”, which can be regarded as a summary of Li Yu’s seasoned experience in writing Chinese operas. The journal is also a main research subject of this study. Literature on Chinese operas in Ming and Qing dynasties is rich. On the format, some focused their discussions in a specific book while some discussions were found scattered in anthologies and critics’ notes. On the content, some examined the stories from historical perspectives, some centered on the wording as well as on tones and singing skills; or some were precise investigations on the development of Chinese opera history. The literature is documented with quite a few unique perceptions on the presentations of Chinese operas. These critiques, even as specific works, only present checklist style discussions. Some greater volumes manage to categorize various works but yet to conclude a coherent theory on Chinese opera. The results are usually unsystematic. Li Yu’s theory is distinguished as having a subjective intension to establish a critique system on Chinese operas. In other words, he intended to construct the foundation and writing principles that “others can follow” and clearly control the essence and development of Chinese operas. His emphasis of “structure” in making critiques is the result of fully understanding the “dramatic characteristics” in Chinese operas. Li Yu presented his theory mainly in the “Xian Qing Ou Ji” with the “script” and “play act” sections, the “script” section stressed on the writing theory while the “play act” on the presentation. “Dramatic presentation” is related to the professionalism of actors, not judged by writers’ imagination, thus there are not many discussions on the performance. Li Yu doubled himself as writer and director and developed a system of perception and opinions of his own towards performing Chinese operas. Comparing his writing and presenting Chinese operas, the latter is weaker in depth than the former. Some of the discussions on presentation focus on how to handle scripts on stage and can be regarded as the extension of script writing. Therefore this study is led to focus on Li Yu’s writing. Although Li Yu intended to establish a theory and principle of Chinese opera writing in the “Script section of the Xian Qing Ou Ji”, he only managed to reinforce the importance of the “structure-first” principle and categorized rhetoric system, tonal pattern, rhyme scheme, conversation and humorous acts with the supplementary discussions of Chinese operas’ “forms”. His categorization seems yet to reach a literature theory defined by modern literary norms. Actually Li Yu produced versatile discussions on Chinese operas. Some of his discussions are related to the fundamental definition, characteristics and functions of Chinese operas. Some belong to the construct of literary principles of Chinese opera. Some are the exploration of the principles and practical skills of Chinese opera writing. Furthermore, there is some comment on some specific works, as well as the discussion of different presentation styles in terms of the development in literary history. Li Yu made a clear intension in constructing the theory of Chinese opera, yet there is quite some space for adjustment in certain areas. Thus this study tries to integrate and summarize Li Yu’s theory on Chinese opera, in a hope of re-constructing and re-translating from modern literary perspectives for eliciting more meaningful implications. During the process, the most important task is to analyze and formulate a theory structure on Li Yu’s perspectives as three major aspects: fundamental theory of Chinese opera, theory of writing Chinese opera and theory of presenting Chinese opera. Fundamental theory of Chinese opera discusses the basic features of Chinese opera as the fundamental basis to construct theories on writing and presentation. These theories also project that his emphasis on the special formulation of Chinese operas and stagecraft. These distinguish him from other theories on Chinese opera in his contemporary era. This study develops as the following structure: Chapter one “Introduction” states the research motives, scope, methodology and thesis summary in addition to the description of Li Yu’s life and his literary achievements. Chapter two “General Discussion” explores Li Yu’s fundamental theory of Chinese opera, including the discussions on the artistic characteristics, position of Chinese operas in literature, the essence of Chinese operas, core values in appreciating Chinese operas and functions of Chinese operas …etc. Chapters three to seven are on theory of Chinese opera writing. Principles and standards in writing Chinese operas are discussed in terms of specific elements that compose Chinese operas. Chapter three “Plot” redefines viewpoints on the structure in Li Yu’s theory of Chinese opera. Chapter four “Format” describes the regular formation of traditional Chinese opera presentation after the discussion on structure because set formation results in certain impact on the presentation. Chapter five “Characters” is on the roles in Chinese opera. Li Yu embedded character formation in the design of plot structure, without independent character theory. The chapter is limited to the relationship among the language of characters, character descriptions and roles. Chapter six “Language” discusses the common features of opera languages: rhymes and scripts, including the characteristics of representatives in Chinese operas and the standard the opera language should have. Chapter seven “Rules of Tones and Rhymes” is divided as rhyme scheme and tone patterns with rhyme scheme as the main theme for discussion. The chapter also establishes the common principles of “rule abiding” and proposed concrete suggestions on handling the rhymes and tones. Finally the thesis discusses Li Yu’s theory of Chinese operas presentation in terms of scripts processing before performance, actor training and guiding and stage presentation. These concluded chapter eight “Performance”. It is hoped, through this thesis, to establish a specific theory structure of Li Yu’s works on Chinese opera.

碩士
國立中央大學
中國文學研究所
96
This thesis intends to discuss the works of Li Rui, and through which, to observe how he expresses his own life experience and exposes the real condition of humans’ life. Based on Li Rui’s creation and his literary viewpoint, I will explicate how he transforms the traumatic memories of the Cultural Revolution into the content of fiction, and by doing so, how he takes cognizance of human distress. I will focus on the issue of the Cultural Revolution, living, sex, death, and history in his works and analyze the narrative style, structure, plot setting, language and characters to present the artistic elements in his works. As compared with other Chinese contemporary writers, Li Rui’s works are not ample. He is reckoned as an author who has clear literary consciousness and self-pursuit. Born in 1950, he has never denied that he has the experience of participating in the activities of “Red Guards.” However, he regards what he witnessed during the Cultural Revolution and the trauma of which he experienced as “the forever question in his lifetime.” Since many important locations in his fiction are situated in the bleak and distant Lu-liang Mountains, many critics pigeonhole Li Rui’s works in “Local Literature” or “Area Writing.” However, during the process of reading his works, what touches me most is his contemplation on humans’ living condition, history and the Cultural Revolution, as well as his great concern for humanity. Crossing over the difference in Taiwan and China in terms of historical background and cultural ideology, the heavy and desolate experience of reading Li Rui’s works becomes the cardinal motive for me to compose this thesis. After researching in his prose and his critical review, what I feel is his passion for literature and sincere concern for humans’ living condition under his callous camouflage.

The energy source shortage has become a severe issue, and solving the problem with renewable and sustainable energy is the primary trend. Among the new generation energy storage, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery stands out for its low cost, high theoretical capacity (1,675 mAh g-1), and environmentally friendly properties. Intensive researches have been focusing on this system and significant improvement has been achieved. However, several problems still need to be resolved for its practical application, especially for the “shuttle effect” issue coming from the dissolved intermediate polysulfides, which could cause rapid capacity decay and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). Several methods are proposed to eliminate this issue, including using interlayers, modifying separators, and protecting the lithium anode. A carbon interlayer is first introduced to compare the function of the graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), while the CNTs performs better with its higher conductivity and 3D network structure. The following study is conducted based on this finding. A more efficient method is to modify the separator with functional materials. 1) The dissolved polysulfide (Sn2-) could be repelled by electrostatic forces. With the Poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS), the separator could function as an anion barrier to the intermediate polysulfides. 2D ultra-thin zinc benzimidazolate coordination polymer has the OH- functional groups and works with the same mechanism. 2) A novel covalent organic framework (COF) has a relatively small pore size, which can block the polysulfide and restrain them at the cathode side. 3) Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have the adjustable pore size and structure, which can absorb and trap polysulfides within their cavities. Moreover, the dense stacking of the MOF particles creates a physical blocking for the polysulfides, which efficiently suppresses the diffusion process. Protection of the lithium surface directly with an artificial layer or a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) can inhibit the polysulfide deposition and suppress the lithium dendrite. A polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane is used as an artificial film on lithium anode, which could greatly enhance the battery cyclability and CE. Future work will be conducted based on this concept, especially building an artificial SEI.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學系碩士在職專班
96
This thesis contains eleven chapters, excepting the preface and chapter one describe Li Bai’s life roughly, the rest chapters divided into eight different styles. The orders are: the third chapter is about wife and daughter. The fourth chapter is about queens and concubines, such as Xishi, Wang ZhaoJun, Yang Guifei according to chronological style. Chapter five is about beautiful women, according to the number, such as quarry lotus woman, quarry mulberry woman, wash yarn woman, adjoin woman and fairy maiden in the east. Chapter six chants the remarkable women''s poems, in accordance with the woman''s morals value and bearing for the model, such as loyal, brave, firm and forthright. The seventh chapter is about Taoist women. Chapter eight is about elegy which divided into missing, blaming and anxiety. Chapter nine is about abandoned wife, such as queens, ladies, maids in an imperial palace and common wives. Chapter ten is about prostitutes. The finally chapter is the personal understanding and reflections. Woman takes care of her children and husband, making the whole family works smoothly and maintains family harmonious, even to the whole society, she also takes a very important position. So, the writing purpose of this thesis is to make use of people’s love to Li Bai and wish to remind people to pay close attention to women, pay attention to the family, and then reach the family and happy, the purpose of the social stability.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
台灣文學研究所
95
Li Rong-Chun was one of the first generation novelist after the war. Growing up and experiencing the life in a colonial world during the transitional period between the Japanese occupation and the KMT government, he acutely sensed the unfair discrimination against the Taiwanese since his childhood. He aspired to go to China in his youth age, trying to participate in underground organization against Japanese for saving Chinese and Taiwanese. Despite nothing successful, he still has his pen chosen to put down what he witnessed in war. During the writing process from the age 34 to 70 , most of his time was spent with a lamp at the desk from morning till night, all alone. Although there were several opportunities to present his creation on the world, but as the timing did not so suitable that made his creation buried in the difficult life and nobody understanding. By presenting himself as a subject of art, Li left behind him a literary manuscript of 3 million words to present his actual age and historical background. It was written in the form of an autobiography, from the view of a third person. With the backdrop of true history and times, it formed another history for the common Taiwanese people. Through the combination of his life with writing, Li 's style of long-river creation presented Taiwan experience as an epic. Meanwhile, he put forward the changes the motherland identity had brought to the islanders during the power transition, along with the ancient cults in the local beliefs in Toacheng. This was done and kept in rich lingua franca by a writer who was not afraid of the Mandarin policy. Looking at this specific writer, who is still ignored by Taiwan Literature even up to now, this essay aims to do him justice in where he should have belonged to.

碩士
東海大學
中國文學系
84
1. 研究題目 從現代語義學看李賀詩歌之語義研究 2. 研究動 機 以本論文的題目來看有三個研究範圍，就是「現代語義學」、「李 賀的詩歌語言」和「語義問題」。本文運用現代語義學中的，有關「詞彙 類聚」和「語義內涵」的理論來探討漢語詩歌的詞彙特色。有關「詞彙類 聚」部份是運用場理論，「語義內涵」的部份是運用語義成分分析法。 　3. 研究動機　 「現代語義學」理論興起於西方，而「漢語語義學 」研究還未臻成熟，研究漢語語義學時，幾乎都得參考西方語義學的理論 。但是漢語與西方語言、文字相異，而西方的理論不見得都適用於漢語語 義研究。所以本人希望以現代語義學的角度分析漢語語義。而且在分析過 程中，以古代類書為基本資料，發掘漢民族對語義範疇之語感和原創性， 並以此探討適合漢語詩歌語義的研究方法。 4 研究方法和過程 本論 文以「語義場理論」和「語義成分分析法」為研究方法。而分析時，須要 一個標準的或合理的「分類項目」。美國語言學者Eugene A.Nida(1975) 在<>裡也對語義的分類項目作過詳 盡的探討。他把希臘語詞典裡的「實體的語義」都歸類而找出分類項目， 此項目相當完備，值得參考。但是本論文研究對象是漢語語義，而且是中 國詩人之詩歌的語義，所以在分析過程中，除了參考Nida外，不得不發掘 漢民族對漢語語義的分類語感。所以基本上參考了中國「類書」的分類方 式，其意圖從「類書」的分類方式中探討出漢民族傳統的語義分類的原創 性。本文所使用的類書是<<藝文類聚>>。在<<藝文類聚>>裡有兩類資料。 其一、章句的研究，其二、類書的分類法。本文在<<藝文類聚>>想要參考 的部份是該書的「分類法」。 4.1 Nida和<<藝文類聚>>分類情況之比較 本文先比較Nida(1975)和<<藝文類聚>>的分類模式，意圖構擬一個適合漢 語詩歌語義分析的「語義場架構」。 4.1.1 大類的比較 Nida(1975) 以詞彙的「記號論的語義」來歸類，即依據語言之「記號論的語義」歸類 其同類之語義。他把詞彙分為「實體」、「事件」、「抽象概念」和「關 係性」語義。所以一目了然地看出語義總場和語義子場的層次。 <<藝 文類聚>>先排列47個部類，此部類指某一特定語義範疇，等NIDA分類模式 的小類。依據此部類的意象排列了各子目，子目指某種語義範疇所舉的詞 項。 4.1.2 兩者所舉的詞彙比較 以上的比較來看，可得出幾個結果 ，如下： 1) Nida和<<藝文類聚>>雖然採取了不同分類模式，但由其 所舉的詞彙來看 ，除了有關「實體的語義」的有些子目和「關係 性」的子目以外，幾乎 相同。其差別只在於客觀事物的分類之後 ，各子目的歸納方式之不同而 已。　　2) Nida的子目裡沒有<<藝 文類聚>>的有關雜文部、帝王部、后妃部、儲宮 部的子目。也就 是說，在Nida的分類裡沒有專門探討歷代帝王、后妃、 太子妃、 公主的名字和文學分類、文體。此差別應該是賈彥德(1992)在 <<漢語語義學>>裡所說的「語義場的民族性」的差異。「類書」是中國 皇帝和文人所參考的工具書，所以其分類注重有關政治人物和文學部份 。因而「雜文部」、「帝王部」、「后妃部」、「儲宮部」、「職官部 」和「封爵部」的子目比較仔細。　　3) 外部世界的兩大基本要素是物 質和意識。以此兩大要素為綱，Nida的４ 大類方式就比較適合純 粹的記號論的語義分析情況。但若考慮各子目的 情況，也有不同 意的地方。比如說，Nida把天國、理想國、地獄或者聖 靈、保安 宮、宇宙神、神、女神、魔鬼、天使、鬼等詞彙放在「實際的 語 義」範疇裡，本人則認為有待商榷。 4.1.3 運用NIDA之4大類的分類法 ，歸類了<<藝文類聚>>各子目。 4.1.2 本文「分類義場」的分類模式 如上的模式，是依據<<藝文類聚>>所提的類別歸納出來的。此是本文的基 本模式。但是此模式裡沒有Nida所謂的「關係性」的語義範疇，均加上 Nida所定的模式中的「關係性」大類，即成為本研究「分類義場」的分類 項目的基本模式。此基本模式如下： Ⅰ。[實體] A。[無生物] a 。[自然的] 1。[天部] 2。[地部] 3。[山部] 4。[水部] 5。[火部] 6。[寶玉部] b。[製造或者構造 的實存物] 1。[人造物(非構造物)] 1'' [布帛部] 2'' [衣冠部] 3'' [服飾部] 4'' [舟車部] 5'' [雜器物部] 6'' [軍器部] 7'' [產業部 ] 8'' [儀節部] 2。[加工物質] 1'' [食物部] 3。[構造 物] 1'' [居處部] 4。[文藝事物] 1'' [樂部] 2'' [雜文部] 3'' [巧藝部] B。[生物] a。[動物] 1。[鳥部] 2。[獸部] 3。[鱗介部] 4。[蟲豸部] b。[植物] 1。[草部、藥香 草部] 2。[百榖部] 3。[果部] 4。[木部] c。[ 人類] 1。[人部] 2。[帝王部] 3。[后妃部] 4。[儲宮部] Ⅱ。[事件] A。[有關政治的] B。[有關文藝的] C。[ 有關民間信仰和宗教] D。[感情表現] E。[傳達行為] F。[包含一系列的 活動或者行為之複雜的行動範圍] Ⅲ。[抽象概念] A。[歲時部] B。 [靈異部] C。[祥瑞部] D。[災異部] E。[文藝部] F。[地位] G。[年紀] H。[溫度] Ⅳ。[關係性]　 A。[空間的] 　 B。[時間的] 　 C 。[指示的] 　D。[邏輯的]筆者所定的分類項目有如何的特色：　 　1) [實體]語義 (1) [實體]所指的是「物質對象」 (2) [ 地部]裡包含<<藝文類聚>>的[州部]和[郡部] (3) 為了表現中國<< 類書>>之分類的特色，本文特意把[樂部]、[ 雜文部]和[巧藝部]合併 而稱為[文藝事物]。而且[人類]部裡則依<< 類書>>把[帝王部]、[后 妃部]和[儲宮部]與[人部]平行並例。 (4) [植物]部裡的[草部]和 [藥香草部]合併為一類。 (5) [寶玉部]裡包含礦物。 2) [事 件]語義 (1) [事件]所指的是動作(Actoin)和狀態(Process)的詞 彙。比如說　　 ，表示狀態的詞彙：(The wood) is dry；表示動作 的詞彙： (The boy) ran。(伍謙光 1988:61) 3) [抽象概念]語義 (1) [抽象概念]所指的是抽象概念詞彙 (2) 為了表現中國<<類 書>>之分類的特色，筆者特意設定[文藝]小類。 此小類所指的是文學 分類、文體。 4) [關係性]語義 (1) [關係性]所指的是表示一 定關係的詞彙，即等於語法的「關係語」。 例如，聯接詞、助詞和虛 詞等。 5) 此模式據<<藝文類聚>>子目和Nida分類模式而建立，如實 際運用時有出 入。根據此模式可作彈性處理。 4.2 李賀詩歌之 「記號論的語義」特色　　藉著此分類方式分析李賀之「記號論的語義」 之後，發現李賀詩歌裡有４９４４個詞彙，其中重複過的詞彙供１０５５ 個，而知道了他詩作的辛勞，即「嘔出心之」的詩語。以及他的詩語與其 它唐人的詩語一樣使用了很多描寫「實體」的語言，即在４９４４個詞彙 中描寫「實體」的語言佔５５％。其他特色，如下：　　1) 有關[實體] 的語義：　　　(1) [服飾部]中，有關於「寢室用品」和「女人用品」的 詞彙比較多； (2) 有關[身體、身體部份、身體生成物]和[個人人 名]部中，有關於女人 的詞彙比較多，而且此詞彙帶著「異常」或者「 悽慘」色彩的意義。 2) 有關[事件]的語義：　　　(1) [感情表現] 部的詞彙使用得多，此詞彙中，悲觀的詞彙比樂觀的多。 3) 有關[抽 象概念]語義：　　　(1) 李賀詩義裡，屬於奇詭的詞彙所佔的比率並不 多，所佔的比率是只有 ３.２％而已。 (2) 李賀對時間很敏感， 而在他的詩歌裡用了１３７個時間詞。 (3) 他用很多[彩色]的詞彙 ，即他常用「色彩」達意。 　(4) 在[聲音]之語義中，擬聲字的詞彙 最多。 4) 有關[關係性]語義：　 (1) 他常用「如」、「似」來 「明喻」。 4.3 李賀詩歌之「意義論的語義」特色 1)「淚」的「 意義論的語義」： 他加上「傷悲之心」、「懷念之心」、「後悔之 心」、「哀悼之心」和「 社會批判」的語義成分，並且再加上「視 覺」、「質感」、「觸覺」和「 聽覺」的效果，讓讀者引起更深刻 的意象。 2)「彩虹」的「意義論的語義」： 他加上「戀情」、 「社會批判」、「名譽」和「驕氣」的「意語論的語義 成分」，而 且再加上「視覺效果」、「觸覺效果」。 3)「芙蓉」、「香蘭」和「 蕙」的「意義論的語義」： 他給它們賦予了「感情」，即把植物變 為人性化，以植物喻美人，再加上 「聽覺效果」、「嗅覺效果」和 「視覺效果」。 4)「神」、「鬼」、「魂」、「魄」和「魅」的「意 義論的語義」：　　　他加上「感情」、「有人的本能」、「言語行為」 、「肉身」和「特別高 超的技術」的語義成分。　　從以上「記號 論的語義」和「意義論的語義」的分析結果來看，李賀詩，的確存在著「 感傷」、「艷情」、「鬼氣」之意象，而且由於因其語義的「記號論的語 義」很容易引起一種不正常的病態。但是此語義不能代表他詩歌的全貌， 因為他的的詩歌裡處處存在著有關社會或國家的意象，比如說，「社會批 判」、「抱負」、羨慕當時文壇之「高雅的名譽」、厭惡在當時權位者的 「傲氣」等。以及他喜觀用「擬人化」的手法，賦予人的「感情」或人的 「本能」於物體，比如說，「芙蓉」有幽怨的感情；「香蘭」和「蕙」有 適暢的感情；「彩虹」有時候表示高雅的「名譽」，有時候表示「驕氣」 等等。王禮錫在<<李長吉評傳>>說道：「長吉詩經過客觀方法的融解，很 容易了解它的真相是：感傷的質素構成詩意境，披上一件怪麗的外衣。 」(陳治國 1983:110) 他所說的一件怪麗的外衣應該指「意義論的語義」 ，即他的「記號論的語義」構成詩意境，但是在「記號論的語義」的上面 ，披上了另一件不易解釋或者不易探索的「意義論的語義」。　　歷來， 對李賀的評估，常常引起了正反兩面的爭議，即「鬼才」和「神才」。筆 者照分析結果，稱為「鬼才」來自於詞彙之基本義，該意由「記號論的語 義」可探；稱為「神才」來自於詞彙之內涵語義和活用，該意由「意義論 的語義」可探，即兩個都是由於語言中的兩種語義特色而來的。所以筆者 認為此兩種解釋都可接受，只是不能舉某一個語義的特色來覆蓋他詩的全 面目。因為語義有兩種成分，而且此成分是同時存在的，而且混為一體的 。所以由於此兩者所引起的意象也是不可分的。　　最後，本研究主要以 詞彙的「記號論的語義」和「意義論的語義」來探討李賀詩語言之語義世 界，以個別詞彙為對象探討李賀詩的特色。這些個別詞彙是總語義場中的 重要種子，這些種子所組成的語義場又形成一個整體意象群，這個整體意 象群的互相作用也是不能忽略的。本論文幾乎沒有談整體意象部份，以後 有機會希望從「語義」「句子」和「語用」三層次綜合探討李賀詩的語義 總場及其整體意象。

碩士
國立中央大學
中國文學研究所
97
Commentary (pingdian) is one of the way of ancient Chinese literary criticism. Ever since Tang and Song dynasties, commentary applies to more than poetry, the text area. Along with the rise of the novel, drama and the comment criticized methods become more sophisticated, the Ming and Qing dynasties have a large number of the commentaries of novel and drama. Subscript of heresy thinker Li Zhi of the Ming dynasty, is among those who led the drama comment. 　　Li Zhi''s the commentaries of novel and drama have very big influence, until the early Qing critics Jin Shengtan, Zhang Zhu Po, Mao Shengshan and his son, Mao Zonggang, who appeared only after its place, so the importance of which is worth exploring. In this study, an attempt to resolve several questions: First, Li Zhi with a thinker''s identity, how to treat the popular culture, such as novel and drama? Secondly, does Li Zhi''s drama commentary, whether don''t criticize a way at the traditional verse and prose, point out drama characteristic? Finally, Li Zhi’s commentary of the availability of "critical consciousness"? Or simply to explain the story text to describe it? And, the critics thought the point of view with the times, cultural mentality that they have anything to do with relevance? 　　This study discusses commentaries on the play: Xixiang ji, Yougui ji, Pipa ji (The Lute), Hongfu Ji, Yuhe ji are published by Rongyutang book shop in Hulin (Hangzhou), during the Wanli years of the late Ming. From personnel image shaped, arias, dialogues, and comic interludes and plots arrangements, to discuss the contents of commentary. Through analysis and research, get some conclusions: Li Zhi thinks that the novel, drama, poem and text are together outstanding literary, which regardless of the time before and after, so he opposes to "times" in terms of evaluation of the literary style. 　　Li Zhi''s the values of drama commentary, he takes the "heart" as the nature of literary and artistic creation, and lays claim to"emphasize nature", "sincerity is beautiful" etc. literature thought. His drama criticizes that the ability first step gropes for the drama distinguishing feature as "play", namely drama is a stage performance of art. He also advocates the concept of "qi" (marvelous), pay attention to new themes and characters surprisingly. "Marvelous" concept reflects not only the legendary aesthetic qualities of novel and drama, those are different from gentle and soft esthetics that the traditional poem doctrine, but also competing with gorgeous social trend during the mid-Ming.

This work has investigated the use of MoS2 nanosheets acting as an interlayer to effectively block polysulfide shuttling (movement from cathode to the anode) in Li-S batteries. In the first part of the work we exfoliated bulk MoS2 into a few layered MoS2 flakes, resulting in increased surface area and improved electric properties, to achieve a better interlayer performance by effectively trapping polysulfide (PS) in the cathode. This was done through solvothermal lithium intercalation followed by water sonication, creating a reaction between water and intercalated lithium to promote exfoliation. In the second part was explored the electrochemical characterization of distinct Li-S test cells (each with different interlayers), and compared to a standardized Li-S test cell. The afore mentioned interlayers were spread either on to the cathode or the separator. Furthermore, carbon black, bulk and exfoliated MoS2, were compared as active materials of the interlayers. Bulk MoS2 exfoliation into thinner flake, resulted in a size reduction up to 56 times and a decrease in the number of layers. The results of optical spectroscopy suggest effects of quantum confinement. Furthermore, with XRD, was analytically demonstrated successful intercalation and exfoliation. Then, through Raman and SEM analysis demonstrated evidence of thinner MoS2 structures. On another hand, exfoliated MoS2 was spread on a sulfur cathode creating the interlayer that successfully trapped polysulfides. This was showed through a 4 percentage points increase in sulfur utilization for the first cycle, and an improvement of sulfur loss by cycle of 0.02% retaining a good 99.4% coulombic efficiency. In addition a ΔE decreased of 45%, a result of improved battery kinetics. Nonetheless a simple carbon black DL interlayer was also made using a different solvent. However was observed a increase of sulfur utilization by 9% in the first cycle and the same degradation of sulfur per cycle as the standard battery with an impressive CE of 99.7%.

碩士
雲林科技大學
漢學資料整理研究所碩士班
98
As the first teacher of the western music in the Chinese modern times, Li Shutong composed a series of songs in campus, which have been viewed as the origin of Chinese School Songs. Li Shutong was living in the Modern Age of China after the Qing Dynasty inevitably came to an end. That was a violently changing moment at which the Chinese society was facing a state of chaos. Although surrounded by the social and political uncertainty, Li’s composition undoubtedly displayed remarkable achievement. Li Shutong had enjoyed great reputation by composing songs no matter having being a monk or not. With pure music style and graceful lyrics, Li’s music became very popular among the public. Consequently, his music has become the symbolic of the Contemporary Chinese Modern Western Music. Nowadays, some masterpieces of Li’s works are even being selected as the major teaching songs in the textbooks. Motivated by investigating whether Li’s compositions possessed unique characteristics which exactly reflected his whole living experiences and did not exist in Li’s art works, this paper mainly aimed at discussing the various features of Li’s masterpieces. By analyzing and probing Li’s living experiences, characters and art performance, this study will discuss Li’s music composing style which displays various musical facets and art essence. Hopefully this paper will provide the later research with different perspectives on Li’s compositions.

碩士
國立東華大學
中國語文學系
99
This research starts with retrospect awareness of the poet Li-Po as to explore what and how it is shown in the poetry of Li Po’s. Poems of such can be into four different types. They are about roaming and travelling, friendship, personal fulfillment in officialdom and living a hermit life to look for immortal leisure. When the poet recalled incidents happened in the past, most of the details were missing. Because of that, what popped to the mind are pictures after pictures with lots of flexibility. Even in the semi-real retrospect there existed subjective affections and ideology of the author. Retrospect awareness, when embedded in poetry, has the traits of “transformation” “reflection” and “choice” and the functions of “leaving the reality”, “looking to the future” and “establishing new value.” Through retrospect awareness, not only had it lighted up the darkest and deepest of the Poet Li-Po’s heart, it also had provided an even profound and comprehensive contemplation towards the work as well as the author. When the poet recalled roaming in different countries, including Woo and Yuei, words of pleasure were accompanied with description of scenery in details. And in the same time, he used an overall reflection to define his wandering experience. To present interaction with friends, the poet had shown different emotions in his poems, yet, within them, one could see that the poet had fostered his future and redefined his own value. When it comes to remember his association with friends, it is not hard to perceive the selective memory that was shown in the poems. They serve both as remembering friends and as reflecting his value. When recollecting his career’s ups and downs, which could be divided into life in Chang-An and life in exile. By choosing what to remember and reflect, the poet turned his hopes to the future. Implicit memory of immortal life, often combined with elements of imagination and transformation, of which, the revelation of transformation was strongly presented. The poet used remembrance of illusion to seek temporary escape from the real life and at the same time sought for the experience of living a hermit life to show vivid personal value and spiritual sustenance. Through analysis of the poetry, and comparisons of similar works, we can see the poetic memories of "selective" type are found in a variety of events, and the length of poems with features of are generally not long, and many had appeared in a form of overview. After reflection, the poet wrote down the meaning and its significance so as to rebuild his own self-value. There are undeniable values in exploring the various events that mattered to the life of the poet ; discussing how the retrospect had influenced the heroic poet of elegance as well as strengthening sense of deepened loneliness, and revelation of strong sense of self-awareness.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學系
87
Li, Dao-Chun, living from the end of Song dynasty through the beginning of Yuan dynasty, declared himself to be the successor of Quanzhen Taoism after the Northern Lineage of Taoism had been transmitted to the south China. He was originally instructed by Wang, Jin-Chan, the disciple of Bai, Yu-Chan, who had been respected as the fifth founder of the Southern Lineage of Taoism. Li, Dao-Chun mastered Daodejin, Jouyih, Confucianism and Buddhism. The structure of this thesis is briefed as following: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Li, Dao-Chun''s Position in Taoism History Chapter 3: The Ideological Constitution of Li, Dao-Chun''s "Merging the Three Religions into One" Chapter 4: Li, Dao-Chun''s Mind Theory, Initiated from Confucianism and Buddhism Chapter 5: Li, Dao-Chun''s Inner Alchemy of Cultivating both the Nature and Body Chapter 6: Conclusion In short, this thesis initiates readers into Li, Dao-Chun''s general biographical account during lifetime, writing analysis, Taoism sects, and gradually leads to his ideological constitution of "Merging the Three Religions into One". From which, "Human Nature and Mind" theme is refined as the focal discussion. The core theory of Taoism-"Cultivating both the Nature and Body" is therefore revealed. The readers can explore the system and scope of Li, Dao-Chun''s Taoism Ideology step by step.

Tese de mestrado integrado, Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
As one of the prospective energy storage systems, rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries offer possibilities of low-cost and high energy density since sulfur offers a high theoretical capacity of 1675 mAh g-1 and a high specific energy of 2600 Wh kg-1. However, commercialization of the current liquid type Li-S batteries is still hindered by insufficient cycle life with rapid capacity fades and low practical energy densities. Much work has been reported to address the aforementioned obstacles, but to gear the Li-S battery research towards practical applications, new approaches should be adopted. In this dissertation, binder-free ultra-thin carbon films were deposited on a standard separator, exploiting a variant of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique (LB), termed as Langmuir-Blodgett Scooping (LBS). The developed methodology was obtained through adjustment of the parameters that compromised the stability and homogeneity of the film upon the formation at the air-water interface and further transfer to the substrate. Subsequently, the functionalized separators comprised of 1, 5 and 10 layers of Ketjenblack (KB), Super C (SC) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), were systematically studied for their ability to improve cycling behavior, polysulfide retention and reduction potential in Li-S cells. As result, cells based on carbon coated separators yield superior capacity and retention rates, compared with pristine separator. Nevertheless, carbon-coatings of MWCNT, followed by SC, evidenced higher active material utilizations, while cells employing separators coated with KB showed no improvements. Further galvanostatic studies were conducted on cells employing carbon-coated separators of MWCNT, but in the absence of the additive lithium nitrate (LiNO3), in order to investigate the trapping of soluble polysulfides. From the results, it was demonstrated that even with the best-performing carbon coating, the polysulfide shuttling was not inhibited. However, a retention of capacity was observed on following cycles, evidencing that lithium polysulfides could be trapped on the carbon film and remained electrochemically accessible. To prove this statement, additional SEM investigations were performed on cycled anodes retrieved from cells employing carbon-coated separators of MWCNT. The SEM examinations showed pronounced surface deterioration. However, unaffected areas were also detected, demonstrating that certain zones of the carbon film efficiently blocked the polysulfides. Additionally, solvent-free lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathodes were produced through a heat-press technique. The cathodes formulations comprised pristine and core-shelled Li2S, KB, and as binders polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Regarding the manufacturing method, and the cathode compositions adopted, it was found that the core-shell structure greatly enhanced the mechanical integrity of the cathodes, serving as an interparticle binding agent. Moreover, enhancements on the rate capabilities and cycling performances of cathodes employing core-shelled Li2S particles was observed. On the other hand, cathodes containing pristine Li2S particles demonstrated poor structural integrity, which resulted in major losses of material. Furthermore, lower discharge capacities were reported from cells employing cathodes with pristine Li2S particles.
Como um dos potenciais sistemas de armazenamento de energia, as baterias de lítio-enxofre (Li-S) apresentam baixo custo e elevada densidade energética, dado que o enxofre possui uma elevada capacidade e densidade energética teóricas, 1675 mAh g-1 e 2600 Wh kg-1, respetivamente. No entanto, a comercialização de baterias de Li-S, que utilizam eletrólitos líquidos, encontra-se paralisada devido ao curto tempo de vida das baterias, perda rápida de capacidade e baixas densidades energéticas praticáveis. Esforços têm sido realizados por parte da comunidade científica para resolver os obstáculos anteriormente mencionados, no entanto para alcançar níveis de utilização praticáveis, novas abordagens devem ser adotadas. Nesta dissertação foi utilizada uma variante da técnica de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB), denominada como Langmuir-Blodgett Scooping (LBS), para revestir separadores com filmes de carbono ultrafinos. A metodologia desenvolvida foi obtida através do ajuste dos parâmetros que comprometeram a estabilidade e homogeneidade do filme durante o processo de formação na interface ar-água, e posterior transferência para o substrato. Posteriormente, os separadores revestidos com 1, 5 e 10 camadas de Ketjenblack (KB), Super C (SC) e nanotubos de carbono com paredes múltiplas, foram analisados pela sua habilidade em melhorar a ciclicidade, a retenção de polisulfetos de lítio e no potencial de redução em células de Li-S. Como resultado, células com separadores revestidos com carbono apresentaram capacidades e taxas de retenção de capacidade superiores, em comparação com células sem estes componentes. No entanto, células que apresentaram separadores revestidos com MWCNT, seguidos por SC, evidenciaram maior utilização de material ativo, enquanto que células com separadores revestidos com KB não demonstraram quaisquer melhorias. Estudos adicionais foram realizados a células com separadores revestidos com MWCNT, mas na ausência do aditivo nitrato de lítio (LiNO3), a fim de investigar o efeito de retenção de polisulfetos de lítio. A partir dos resultados observou-se que o revestimento que apresentou o melhor desempenho não permitiu a inibição do fluxo de polisulfetos de lítio entre os elétrodos. No entanto, foi observada uma retenção de capacidade, demonstrando que uma parte dos polisulfetos de lítio ficaram retidos no revestimento de carbono e encontravam-se electroquimicamente acessíveis. Para provar esta afirmação, investigações adicionais foram realizadas em ânodos de lítio provenientes de células com separadores revestidos com MWCNT, através de microscopia eletrónica de varrimento (MEV), anteriormente submetidos a ciclos de descarregamento e carregamento. As imagens mostraram uma certa degradação na superfície do ânodo de lítio, no entanto certas zonas não apresentaram qualquer deterioração, demonstrando que partes do revestimento de carbono bloquearam eficientemente os polisulfetos de lítio. Cátodos de sulfeto de lítio (Li2S) foram produzidos na ausência de solvente, utilizando prensagem térmica. Os cátodos apresentavam na sua constituição partículas de Li2S e partículas de Li2S em estrutura núcleo-concha, KB, e como aglutinantes polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) e óxido de polietileno (PEO). Quanto ao método de produção, e às composições adotadas para os cátodos, verificou-se que a estrutura núcleo-concha promoveu uma maior integridade mecânica do cátodo, desempenhando o papel de agente ligante entre os vários componentes. Além disso, observou-se melhoria no desempenho de células com cátodos de Li2S em estrutura núcleo-concha na sua composição. Por outro lado, cátodos com partículas de Li2S demonstraram pouca integridade estrutural, o que resultou em grandes perdas de material. Adicionalmente, foram obtidas capacidades de descarregamento inferiores em células que utilizaram estes cátodos.

碩士
華梵大學
東方人文思想研究所
93
English summary Li Shang ying (A.D. 813-858 ), the mountain of meaning of word, grow in number Yuxi, cherish the people in the state river, late Tang poetry people, enjoy equal fame with Du Mu; The poem is long in the seven-syllable, it is depressed that there is Du Fu; Adopt China gaudily on this in the word , is close to warm front yard Jun , is had another name called ' warm Li ' in later age. Make orphan to be clear to appreciate by party for ox for the first time, form in order to patrol the officer. Open into two years, because the son making the orphan clear makes the orphan give a recommendation, pass the highest imperial examinations, adjust and enlarge agriculturally and luxuriantly. Make fox after the clear death , luxuriant yuans of town river male genital , king of party , Li , love just their, the form is a palm secretary. And then marry daughter Wang on the justice mountain. This behavior is regarded as by ox's party ' carry the main fact , forget kindness '. He was in the swirl that ox's the Li 's fought for in all one's life from then on, unable to get rid of, it is not successful to be strongly fragrant and strongly fragrant. Compile its three poems in " the whole Tang poetry ", as shown in 203 of Vol. of " new Tang Shu " in one's life, there are " growing the collection of poems in Yuxi " and " Fan Nan's collected works ". His political poem, for instance: , , , , , , ,etc., or direct is it chant since time immemorial criticizing current events to take advantage ofing, is it mean extremely thick and strong to satirize; , display aspiration , mind , retort vilain suspicious and resentful , slanders to a one's own one; It is it accuse persecution when it is for departed friend vilain,it display he that kind ' native it ' of justice mountain the poem, ' manage messy by Xian looks ' view, reminding the contemporary king constantly , would rather care about the reality coming in hardships of the people than pray to gods for blessing in the way. Put Li justice mountain under ox party or party Li appropriate , have political aspiration mean he whether one participate in politician of politics directly, and most scholar think justice Li mountain whether one strive poet that involve ox party Li, but not the politician , so should offer appraisal to his personality and moral standing objectively.

West Lafayette; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are commonly and widely applied in current numerous devices such as smart phones, laptops, electric vehicles and medical devices. The LIBs are considered as a mature technology in todays commercial market bene ted from their uncomplicated lithium intercalation and de-intercalation reactions, stable cycling performance and good working life as energy storage devices and power resources. However, the conventional LIBs with technical limits such as high weight, low lithium utilization and low speci c energy density hit the bottlenecks of further improvements and optimizations for meeting the growing power supply requirements. It is urgent to develop the second generations of rechargeable lithium batteries, which have the bene ts of low cost, high speci c capacity and high energy density with light weight. In this context, lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) and lithium-selenium (Li-Se) batteries attract much attention due to the high possibility to meet the requirements of high speci c capacity and high energy density. However, the technical challenges they are facing put some barriers before they can be successfully commercialized. By a brief summary, the challenges to be solved are current low energy density because of requiring large amount of liquid electrolyte, the highly ammability and unsafety of lithium metal, low active material content due to the necessary requirement of carbon and binder, and severe so-called shuttle effect resulting in low Coulombic effciency. Before solving these challenges, Li-S batteries or Li-Se batteries are unlikely to be successfully commercialized in our market. Therefore, numerous research is aimed at solving the challenges and further developing more advanced Li-S and Li-Se battery systems. In the present dissertation, the contributions are mainly focused on sulfur-based and selenium-based materials, which aim to solve the current existing challenges and improve the battery performance, herein obtain a higher potential for application. Four chapters are included in this dissertation, which aim to present the four studied projects. The rst research conducted in this dissertation is developing organo S/Se hybrid materials which require low E/S ratios of liquid electrolyte and show light shuttle effect, therefore indicate promising high energy density and cycling life. Secondly, the tin foil is used as lithium sources instead of metallic lithium anode, then incorporated with sulfur cathode as a full cell. The full cell design provides the potential using a metallic anode other than pure lithium and increase the safety factor of a battery system. In addition, nano-scale selenium/carbon nanotubes composite electrode is synthesized via a chemical reduction method. With the optimization on thickness of the composite electrodes, the Se cathode has an active material content of ~60% and shows stable long cycling life with maximizing the utilization of selenium. The nal research conducted in this dissertation is applying a macro molecule named cyanostar, which has the ability to chemically bind with polysul de species, thereupon to alleviate the shuttle effect in Li-S batteries. With the evidence from chemistry analysis and electrochemical comparison results presented in this dissertation, cyanostar is proven to have the potential for further applications in Li-S batteries.

碩士
華梵大學
哲學系碩士班
106
With the advancement of science and technology, there is no shortage of material, which leads to people's spiritual emptiness, social chaos, unknown to life and the future. There are too many unpredictable variables in life. The people who can not stand it bring the pain borne by the people around him; Those people who want their life better often can not find the right direction and go through too many unnecessary mistakes. When the author has found and is moving towards the goal, a chance opportunity entered the master's degree program of Hua Fan Philosophy Department, which prompted me to study in this field and hoped that the interested person could get the correct knowledge and technology. In 2004, when Bernard Li first opened the Philosophical Counseling School of Philosophy in Fu Jen Catholic University, he hoped that the Philosophical Counseling College of Students could be developed in the face of social criticism of philosophical uselessness and made the application of philosophy more practical and more effective to help others. Philosophical consultative and auditing are all dealing with the problem of human beings. When a person lives in the MEST(M: Mass, E: Energy, S: Space, T: Time, we used to say material universe), he or she confronts the distress, noise, and so many choices. Keep them away from the direction of the target; Life's suffering, barriers, but also affect the development of human potential and attitude toward life.Since ancient times, people have been seeking the way to relief.Witch doctors, mysticism, psychic, exorcism mage, have been used to seek the key data needed to solve the problem. In the first place, on the level of conception, from the viewpoints of all kinds of immortality of the soul, the conception of the cycle of Buddhism and the continuous function of mathematics as the basis of the theoretical thinking, and then on the level of practical methods, dealing with individuals in the way of past life backtracking. And the narrative to auditing to the expansion of the eight dynamics. When people seek the help of philosophical counseling or auditing, perhaps he or she has been stumbled for a long time, accumulated experience so that he has enough judgment to find the correct knowledge-based way to help their liberation, access to spiritual freedom. From Philosophical Consultation of Li Jian-Qiu and Hubbard's Auditing Technology on academic theory, the field of application, psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, the application of age and the solved life problem cases, with some of the same above factors to explore. This article concludes:Philosophical consultative and Auditing are all helpful and supportive positions that should be vigorously recommended and used by the world. However, the global expansion and penetration rates are different. Therefore, we will analyze and compare the differences between organizational structure, training courses, soul views, mode of operation and life issues solution to. Keywords: Philosophical Counseling、Past Life Regression、Immortality Soul、 Auditing、Eight Dynamic 、Hypnotic(Hypnosis)

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學系
84
Li-heh''s poetry is characteristic of luxuriance and weirdness. He lovesusing the words such as "ghosts", "cry", "weeping", "death" and "blood";moreover, he is fond of employing "red", "purple", "blue", "yellow", "green" and "white" which dye the poetry sith luxuriance. Thesecharacteristics not only unniquely form an artistic style of his own butalso make his poems be unequlled among the late-Tang poetry. What is more isthat his styie even unconvers the poetic style of "beauty only " inlate-Tang. This thesis tries to apply the research method of linguisticstylistics to the study of Li-heh''s poetry in order to see how he exerts andemploys "the poetic language" of his own, so that his linguistic style ofpoetry can be trully presented. That is what the research motive of thethesis is. This thesis is divided into seven chapters. The firstchapter, Inntrodution,illustrates the research field, research target,andresearch structure. Secondly,owing that Li-heh''s poetry is best known as"luxuriance and weirdness ",it is his lexical choice in colour andpreference of choosing vocabulary are examined in the second chapter,so thathis personal habits in selecting colour words can be divulged.Moreover,thepoet pursues the beauty of rhythm as well as the creation of visualbeauty;he improves the harmonious beauty of rhythm by not only paying greatattention to the Ping-Tze rhyme but also exerting lexical repetition.In thethird chapter, therefore, the lexical repetition is studied in itsmorphological form as well as its grammatical function in his poetry.In Li-heh''s poetry,the poet creates various rhythmic effects and assorted aspectsof rhetoric by the repetition of the same "words" or" phrases".Accordingly,in the fourth chapter the research is made to disclosethe rhetorical phenomena and lexical patterns through the process of whatthe poet repeatedly employs the same words and phrases.The poetic languageis different form the norm of natural language.For that reason,it isdiscussed in the fifth and sixth chapter of how Li-heh trespasses the normof natural language in order to display "elliptical cohesion"(" Lian GuanJiu"in Chinese) and "incomplete sentence"("Ling Jiu"in Chinese) which arethe sentence pattern features in Li- heh''s poetry.Finally,the conclusion ismade in the last chapter regarding the liguistic style of Li-heh''s poetryand the teseatch meaning of the thesis.

碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士在職專班
103
Tong Li was a local literature writer, and his work was excellent in both quality and quantity. Among all his miscellaneous work, the adolescent novels were being the most highly regarded. Li’s adolescent novels cared about many issues, such as ethnic groups, history, culture, and social phenomenon. Readers can always have an introspection on issues of family, school, and society. The plots of Li’s novels help the young reader solve problems and grow up. This thesis focuses on three of Li’s adolescent novels. First, the researcher analyses Li’s work and his ideas of writing by objectively describing Li’s life experience and writing background. Secondly, the researcher talks about Li’s outstanding writing techniques by summarizing his theme setting, characterization, plot arrangement and viewpoint setting. Li’s literature used contract setting to make distinction and used time-space flipping to raise readers’ interest. Li was also good at using symbols and metaphors to reinforce readers’ expression and using landscape writing to enhance the sense of reality. Except the dimension of literature, this thesis also discusses the aesthetics of Li’s adolescent novels according to Guangqian Zhu’s aesthetics discourse. By analyzing how Li embodied his idea of aesthetics in his work, the researcher echoes Li’s rich emotions and feelings. At the end, the researcher sums up the achievement and the uniqueness of Li’s adolescent novels as well as offering her reflection and knowledge to the upcoming writers.

碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士在職專班
99
Tung Li is a great writer, his writings include proses, novels, picture stories, fairy tales, picture books, literature discourses, lyrics, etc, above all, adolescent novels. Tung Li’s inspirations of continuous creations come from growth environments of childhood and accumulations of life experience, and Tung Li obtains honor of first award of Chien-Chuan Hong’s adolescent novels, that let him plan to manage the field of adolescent novels. Therefore, the author uses Tung Li’s thirty-five adolescent novels as the texts of the thesis, and to induce characters and models about character classification, thematic content, structure analysis, expression technique, so let readers can grasp the core and idea of Tung Li’s writings. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. First, to use induction, analysis, and then to explore writing tactics in order to understand general and different principles on Tung Li’s adolescent novels. The focus of every chapter are as follows: Chapter One is about “introduction”, that interprets motives and purposes of the thesis, analyzes correlated results of previous studies, research procedures and methods, and to define the scope of the thesis. Chapter Two is about “Tung Li’s lives and his writings about adolescent novels”. The author interprets Tung Li’s family background, the stage of attending school, the phase as a writer, and then explains the cause and course that Tung Li is engaged in the creation of adolescent novels in order to explore Tung Li’s adolescent novels completely. Chapter Three is about “character classification of Tung Li’s adolescent novels”. First, characters are separated into three classifications, that include “adolescent character”, “adult character” and “fictitious character”. Second, character classifications are separated into different classifications on the basis of different characters in order to analyze common characteristic and writing model. Chapter Four is about “subject matter of Tung Li’s adolescent novels. The basis of classification is from individual, interpersonal relationship to history, and to induce “self-reflection and self-introspection”, “interpersonal interaction”, “harmony of ethnicity”,“ attention local culture”, “to purse historical roots” in order to explore subject matter of Tung Li’s adolescent novels. Chapter Five is about “structure analyses of Tung Li’s adolescent novels”. The author explores the ingenuity of the structure about Tung Li’s adolescent novels by way of the dimensions of narrative perspective, plot arrangement and environmental scene. Chapter Six is about expression technique of Tung Li’s adolescent novels. To manifest Tung Li’s creative thinking in writing, the author uses symbol, language technique, and contrast device. Chapter Seven is about “a conclusion”. The author induces whole characteristics in writing of Tung Li’s adolescent novels, and to expect that the thesis can provide some suggestions for the writers of adolescent novels.

碩士
元智大學
資訊社會學研究所
96
Reconstruction of military dependent’s villages is a benevolent policy in Taiwan in order to look after the veterans from the Mainland China. The backgrounds, reasons and processes make the culture of the mainland veteran villages become a special style in Taiwan. Along with the improvement of society, the “reconstruction of military dependent’s villages” comes with the tide of the times. The research is to deal with the veterans’ life adaption problems after the reconstruction of military dependent’s villages from four dimensions: the economic life, the mental adaption, the relationship and the community participation. The results are as following. The additional burden increases the veterans’ economic pressure. The veterans satisfied the conversion of living environment, but they felt quite impotent to contact with their friends remotely. As a result, they have to rebuild the relationship. After the reconstruction of military dependent’s villages, the original villages become a large modern community. The participation of veterans and people are prompted by the Mainland Veteran Villages Festival. And it reinforces veterans’ affirmations for their own culture. Finally, the research advances the suggestions about the problems of the life adaption. Hopefully, the families, the communities and the local governments can assist the veterans in solving the living problems.