Artículos de revistas:

1

Vermeulen, Niki. "From Darwin to the Census of Marine Life: Marine Biology as Big Science". PLoS ONE 8, n.º 1 (14 de enero de 2013): e54284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054284.

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2

熊野, 岳. "Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University". NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 88, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.wa2902.

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3

Wiener, Carlie S. y Marc O. Lammers. "Sound & Observation: Listening for Clues Using Real-Life Acoustic Recorders". American Biology Teacher 72, n.º 6 (1 de agosto de 2010): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2010.72.6.10.

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This article presents a classroom activity for grades 4 to 6 based on real research from the Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Research Partnership. Students learn how scientists use sound to observe and monitor marine environments. The ecological acoustic monitoring tool is used to help students practice observation skills and understand biological concepts such as sound, coral reef ecosystems, scientific method, field research, and environmental monitoring, as well as marine species' behavior. Instructions, background information, materials, and activity discussion are provided.

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4

Esposito, Maurizio. "More than the Parts". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 45, n.º 2 (2014): 273–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2015.45.2.273.

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In 1903, the Scripps Marine Association was founded in La Jolla, San Diego. It was rechristened the Scripps Institution of Oceanography two decades later. Today it is one of the largest marine research institutions in the world. The present study aims to reconstruct the history of this institution during the first years of its existence, the life of its first director, W. E. Ritter, and the cultural and scientific background of both. In particular, through the use of archival sources and unpublished materials, the essay reports on Ritter’s dream to import a form of holistic biology from Europe to southern California. This biology, which Ritter termed “organismal,” had to challenge reductionist and mechanist approaches to life sciences, including Weismann’s and Mendelian’s theories of heredity, both considered ideologically biased, politically dangerous, and scientifically flawed. Ritter believed that his new biology had to be grounded in a pluralist approach where laboratory and field investigations went hand in hand. In addition, the new biology had to support a progressivist political agenda whereby biological studies were linked with the political progress and the democratization of California and the United States. Despite its ambitions, Ritter’s research program was rapidly forgotten after the 1930s. In the conclusion, the article explores a few possible hypotheses explaining why this happened.

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5

Pai-Lu Wu, Chia-Mei Lu1 ,. Su-Mei Wu ,. Mei-Shih Tsa Ming-Cheng Wang,. "Teaching Scheme Research on Issues of Marine Environment Education: Taking the Interdisciplinary Integration of Biology, Chinese, and Information into Marine Biology as an Example". International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 5, n.º 8 (22 de agosto de 2017): 6874–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v5i8.39.

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In order to meet the spirit of interdisciplinary teaching, this study combined the existing teaching materials with students' life experience using the existing resources in the community to train their ability to achieve mastery in any area of their life. Focusing on the ecological teaching in the Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, teachers in the subjects of biology, Chinese, and information discussed the teaching direction and designed a series of teaching programs in a comprehensive way. The course ran for one year with a total of 72 classes and two classes a week. The teachers in the three subjects carried out collaborative teaching according to the contents they had prepared together. The objects of this study were 33 high school students who participated in the biology curriculum. It was hoped that they would be provided with a more comprehensive and integrated education and their interest in learning would be cultivated through integrating interdisciplinary teaching into marine education. The research conclusions are: 1) through the systematic and cross-curricular courses prepared together and curriculum activities, students were able to learn more fully and effectively integrate the content of those subjects; and 2) through the strategy of outdoor teaching at Ocean Fantasy Museum, the interest and learning attitude of high school students were effectively promoted and students' knowledge on marine organisms was enhanced. Therefore, the design and implementation of a cross-curriculum teaching plan in this course can contribute to the expansion of marine education.

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6

Long, Hongan y Xiao-Hua Zhang. "Marine life science and technology (MLST): a new journal highlighting all aspects of marine biology and biotechnology research". Marine Life Science & Technology 1, n.º 1 (noviembre de 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42995-019-00018-x.

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7

Boero, Ferdinando. "Marine Sciences: from natural history to ecology and back, on Darwin's shoulders". Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 1, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2010): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2010.5309.

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The naturalist Charles Darwin founded modern ecology, considering in a single conceptual framework the manifold aspects regarding the organization of life at various levels of complexity and its relationship with the physical world. The development of powerful analytical tools led to abandon Darwin's natural history and to transform naturalists, as Darwin labelled himself, into the practitioners of more focused disciplines, aimed at tackling specific problems that considered the various aspects of the organization of life in great detail but, also, in isolation from each other. Among the various disciplines that stemmed from the Darwinian method, ecology was further split into many branches, and marine ecology was no exception. The compartmentalization of the marine realm into several sub-domains (e.g., plankton, benthos, nekton) led to neglect of the connections linking the various parts that were separated for the ease of analyses that, in this way, prevented synthetic visions. The way marine sciences were studied also led to separate visions depending on the employed tools, so that ship-based biological oceanography developed almost separately from marine station-based marine biology. The necessity of putting together such concepts as biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is rapidly leading to synthetic approaches that re-discover the historical nature of ecology, leading to the dawn of a new natural history.

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8

Rawstrone, Annette. "We've explored…: Dissecting Fish". Nursery World 2022, n.º 4 (2 de abril de 2022): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2022.4.28.

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9

Cribb, TH. "Life-Cycle and Biology of Prototransversotrema-Steeri Angel, 1969 (Digenea, Transversotrematidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology 36, n.º 2 (1988): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880111.

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A population of Prototransversotrema steeri Angel, 1969 is recorded from the introduced fish Gambusia affinis and the native species Pseudomugil signifer and Mugil cephalus in fresh water in Queensland, Australia. Adults of P. steeri are considerably smaller than adults previously described from marine fish. This appears to be a host-related phenomenon, possibly reflecting the size of the subscale niche offered by the host. The intermediate host is Posticobia brazieri, a hydrobiid snail. It is suggested that different hydrobiid snails may act as intermediate hosts in other parts of Australia. The miracidium develops into a mother sporocyst which produces a single mother redia. Mother rediae produce daughter rediae which may produce further daughter rediae or cercariae. Cercariae emerge from the redia while still embryonic and develop independently in the tissues of the snail. Upon emergence the cercariae attach directly to the definitive host and commence egg-production within 6 days. Gambusia affinis, Xiphophorus rnaculatus, X. helleri, Craterocephalus marjoriae and Mugil cephalus were all infected experimentally. I discuss various theories concerning the phylogenetic position of the Transverso- trematidae within the Digenea and conclude that the family occupies an isolated position not closely allied with any other group.

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10

Sutton, Alex O., Emily K. Studd, Timothy Fernandes, Amanda E. Bates, Andrew J. Bramburger, Steven J. Cooke, Brian Hayden et al. "Frozen out: unanswered questions about winter biology". Environmental Reviews 29, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2021): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2020-0127.

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Winter conditions impose dramatic constraints on temperate, boreal, and polar ecosystems, and shape the abiotic and biotic interactions underpinning these systems. At high latitudes, winter can last longer than the growing season and may have a disproportionately large impact on organisms and ecosystems. Even so, our understanding of the ecological implications of winter is often lacking. Indeed, even what exactly defines winter is currently unclear, and boundaries that delineate this season are blurred across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial realms and fields of biology. Here, we discuss the complexity of defining winter, and highlight the importance of maintaining the capacity to test hypotheses across seasons, realms, and domains of life. We then outline questions drawn from diverse fields of research that address current gaps in our understanding of winter ecology and how winter influences multiple levels of biological organization, from individuals to ecosystems. Finally, we highlight the potential consequences of changes to both the length and severity of winter due to climate change, and discuss the role winter may play in mediating ecosystem function in the future.

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11

Bogatov, V. V., A. A. Goncharov, L. A. Prozorova, L. Ya Borkin, Sh R. Abdullin, A. V. Bogacheva, E. A. Zharikova et al. "In memory of Alexei Nikolaevich Tyurin (1950-2022)". Biota and Environment of Natural Areas 10, n.º 3 (30 de agosto de 2022): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/2782-1978_2022_3_7.

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On September 6, 2022, Aleksey Nikolaevich Tuyrin, the founder and permanent executive secretary of the scientific peer-reviewed journal Biota and Environment of Natural Areas, passed away at the age of 72. During period 1976–2020 he worked at the National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, and then at the Federal Scientific Center of the Far East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Aleksey Nikolaevich devoted his whole life to conservation of the unique nature of Primorsky Krai. All of us, members of the journal’s editorial board, will remember him with gratitude and continue his life’s work.

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12

Jobling, Malcolm. "J. Morrissey and J. L. Sumich: Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life, 9th edn." Aquaculture International 18, n.º 4 (26 de junio de 2009): 709–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-009-9275-1.

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13

Morales-Serna, Francisco Neptalí, Juan Manuel Martínez-Brown, Rosa Maria Medina-Guerrero y Emma Josefina Fajer-Ávila. "Caligids-potential pathogens for marine finfish aquaculture in Mexico?" Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 44, n.º 3 (23 de febrero de 2017): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol44-issue3-fulltext-1.

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Parasitic copepods of the family Caligidae, the so-called sea lice, may be deleterious to marine or brackish finfish aquaculture. To date, biological and ecological studies of sea lice have been mostly restricted to species from cold or temperate regions. In Mexico there are some records of sea lice species on marine fishes; however, the research regarding their biology and ecology has been scarce. It is possible that a high biodiversity of sea lice is distributed in coastal waters of Mexico; therefore, their significance as pathogenic parasites should increase. The purpose of this review is to outline the current knowledge of the life cycle, host location, ecology, effect on fish health, and control strategies of sea lice in order to establish supportive basis for natural resource management and control of parasites and diseases of marine fish cultured in Mexico.

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14

da Silva, Charlene, Colin G. Attwood, Sabine P. Wintner, Chris G. Wilke, Henning Winker, Malcolm J. Smale y Sven E. Kerwath. "Life history of Mustelus mustelus in the Langebaan Lagoon marine protected area". Marine and Freshwater Research 72, n.º 8 (2021): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf20277.

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Mustelus mustelus from the Langebaan Marine Protected Area (LMPA) has been largely protected from fishing activities for the past 30 years; therefore, its biology represents those of an unfished stock. The reproductive biology, diet, growth and maturity of M. mustelus was studied in the Langebaan Lagoon region in the south-western Cape Coast of South Africa between 2007 and 2009. In total, 217 sharks (females: 381–1734mm total length (TL); males: 467–1267mm TL) were examined. Sharks in the Bay represented the largest specimens among six regions, globally. Female parturition, ovulating and mating occurred between November and December after a gestation period of 10–11 months. No ontogenetic shift in diet was evident, with the diet predominantly consisting of the following three species of crustaceans; Hymenosoma orbiculare, Upogebia africana and Callichirus kraussi. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for combined sexes were L∞=1594mm TL, k=0.15 year–1, t0=–2.01 year (n=95). Possible age over-estimation was investigated using micro-computed tomography, which highlighted the existence of false check marks. This study indicated that the LMPA represents a pupping, nursery and feeding ground as well as a refuge area for the largest and oldest recorded smoothhound sharks globally, emphasising its importance in spatial conservation of this species.

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15

A., Balagiu. "Elements of oceanographic terminology in english and romanian". Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXII, n.º 1 (15 de julio de 2019): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-19-i1-028.

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Oceanography is a vast domain dealing with various aspects of marine life, physical and chemical aspects of the seas and oceans of the world. Searching available oceanographic documents of the 19th, 20th and 21st century, the aim of the paper is to emphasize the specific terminology of at least one of the branches of oceanography. The branches of oceanography deal with marine biology, ocean chemistry, marine geology and marine physics. The differences between the Romanian and English terminology according to the etymology are brought into discussion and conclusions drawn according to the similarities and differences.

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16

Silva, Alfonso y Marcia Oliva. "Review of the biology and cultivation of Chilean flounder (Paralichthys adspersus)". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 38, n.º 3 (17 de noviembre de 2011): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol38-issue3-fulltext-3.

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Chilean flounder (Paralichthys adspersus) are endemic to the Chilean coast and have been the subject of several studies on the possible diversification of marine aquaculture. This paper reviews the diverse results obtained from studies of this species` biology and cultivation techniques. The biological and technical knowledge available is sufficient for developing the entire life cycle of this species, producing commercialsized individuals, in captivity. However, this knowledge is disperse and the results, as compared with those for other harvested species, still show moderately reproducible results, impliying the need to continue efforts to optimize some aspects of Chilean flounder cultivation, thereby promoting the species` development definitely.

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17

Lieng, Lieng, Efriyeldi y Thamrin. "DENSITY ZOOXANTHELLA BASED ON THE LIFE FORM OF CORAL ON MARAK ISLAND WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE". Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 3, n.º 3 (3 de diciembre de 2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.3.3.209-216.

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This study aims to determine differences in zooxanthella density based on the life forms of coral Acropora Branching, Submassive Acropora, Branching, Foliose, Heliopora and comparing zooxanthella densities between the forms of coral form. This study was conducted in January-February 2020 on Marak Island, Nagari Sungai Pinang, West Sumatera Province. Zooxanthella density was calculated at the Marine Biology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Riau. The survey methode was used in this study, where the data collected was primary data. Coral Sampling was done by free collection using the SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus). The result of study in the waters of Marak Island, West Sumatera on Acropora Branching corals were in the range of 0.004-0.13×106 cells/cm2. Acropora Submassive range of 2.95- 3.56×106 cells/cm2. Branching range of 2.41-2.59×106 cells/cm2. Foliose range of 0.44-1.09×106 cell/cm2. Heliopora range of 1.30-1.59×106 cell/cm2. The highest zooxanthella density was in Submassive Acropora and the lowest in Acropora Branching corals due to different forms of growth and temperature influences. Different forms of coral growth affect the zooxanthella density on a coral and the success of coral growth depends on the zooxanthella density and the size of the corallite of each coral life form.

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18

Hunnam, Kimberley. "The biology and ecology of tropical marine sardines and herrings in Indo-West Pacific fisheries: a review". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 31, n.º 3 (10 de abril de 2021): 449–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09649-9.

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AbstractTropical sardines and herrings (Family Clupeidae) form important fisheries resources in the Indo-West Pacific region. However knowledge of their biology and ecology is largely scattered across diverse localised studies. In addition, their challenging taxonomy due to numerous, morphologically similar species, coupled with data collected from dispersed, often small-scale and mixed species fisheries, creates difficulties for comparing species-level research and fisheries statistics across the region. This review considers four main groups of tropical marine clupeid species important for Indo-West Pacific fisheries—Sardinella (subg. Sardinella) species (‘Round-bodied Sardinellas’), Sardinella (subg. Clupeonia) species (‘Flat-bodied Sardinellas’), Amblygaster species (‘Tropical Pilchards’), and Herklotsichthys and Escualosa species (‘Tropical Herrings’)—and collates and synthesises existing knowledge on early life history, reproduction, trophic biology, habitat associations and population dynamics. Most research on tropical clupeid biology and ecology in the Indo-West Pacific is concentrated on the Round-bodied Sardinellas (S. longiceps and S. lemuru) from a few major fishery locations; other species-groups have been studied sporadically across their distributions. Characteristics such as maximum size, life span, size at first maturity and some habitat associations are generally similar within species-groups and differ between groups. However differences within the same reported species highlight the importance of continued work to improve taxonomic identification. There remain substantial gaps in knowledge on all species-groups. Regular critical review of specific research topics, such as reproductive parameters and population dynamics, would assist to standardise methods and terminology used, enable consolidation and comparison of findings, identify local research agenda, and help build and improve research on these important tropical species.

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19

Yun, Hongyan, Jianliang Xu, Jing Xiong y Moji Wei. "A Knowledge Engineering Approach to Develop Domain Ontology". International Journal of Distance Education Technologies 9, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdet.2011010104.

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Ontologies are one of the most popular and widespread means of knowledge representation and reuse. A few research groups have proposed a series of methodologies for developing their own standard ontologies. However, because this ontological construction concerns special fields, there is no standard method to build domain ontology. In this paper, based on discussing and analyzing representative ontology building methodologies, the authors propose a knowledge engineering approach to build domain ontology by combining software development life cycle standard IEEE 1074-2006 with design ontology criteria proposed by T. R. Gruber. The authors use the ontology editor Hozo to develop a marine biology ontology for an e-learning course. They verify the validity and rationality of marine biology ontology by applying it to a practical system called OASIS. The authors then demonstrate the applicability of their proposed knowledge engineering approach.

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20

Cappello, Emiliano y Paola Nieri. "From Life in the Sea to the Clinic: The Marine Drugs Approved and under Clinical Trial". Life 11, n.º 12 (11 de diciembre de 2021): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121390.

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In the last decades Blue Growth policy in european and non-european countries produced a great impulse in applied marine sciences, comprehending the research of new bioactive molecules in marine organisms. These organisms are a great source of natural compounds with unique features resulting from the huge variability of marine habitats and species living in them. Most of the marine compounds in use and in clinical trials are drugs for cancer therapy and many of them are conjugated to antibody to form antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Severe pain, viral infections, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, Alzheimer’s and other CNS diseases are further target conditions for these pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art marine drugs focusing on the most successful results in the fast expanding field of marine pharmacology.

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21

Brischoux, François y Richard Shine. "Morphological adaptations to marine life in snakes". Journal of Morphology 272, n.º 5 (17 de febrero de 2011): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10933.

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22

Goodwin, Nicholas B., Alastair Grant, Allison L. Perry, Nicholas K. Dulvy y John D. Reynolds. "Life history correlates of density-dependent recruitment in marine fishes". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2006): 494–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-234.

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Understanding the relationships among life history traits, density dependence, and population dynamics is a central goal in ecology. It is also vital if we are to predict how populations respond to and recover from exploitation. We used data for 54 stocks of commercially exploited fish species to examine relationships between maximum annual recruitment at low stock size and the density dependence of recruitment at high stock size. We then related these recruitment measures to life history. At low stock sizes, stocks with high maximum recruitment (maximum spawners per spawner) showed the weakest density dependence of recruitment at high stock sizes. Spawning biomass per recruit in the absence of fishing (SPRF=0) showed a strong positive correlation with both maximum spawners per spawner and the strength of density dependence. Stocks with high SPRF=0 were typically large-bodied, slow-growing, late-maturing, and highly fecund with long generation times. These stocks produced low numbers of recruits each year, but survived to breed repeatedly and had strong density dependence of recruitment. In contrast, small-bodied, early-maturing fish had high annual recruitment and weak density dependence. These results place species on a continuum from "highly reproductive" to "survivors". But we also demonstrate that density dependence is an important feature of the population biology of survivors.

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23

Maximova, O. V. "IN MEMORY OF VERA BORISOVNA VOZZHINSKAYA". Journal of Oceanological Research 49, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 162–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2021.49(4).8.

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On July 29, 2021, just 90 years have passed since the day of birth of Vera Borisovna Vozzhinskaya, doctor of biological sciences, head of the Laboratory of biological foundation of mariculture IO RAS. She was connected with our Institute during all her life, 43 years – from young post-graduate up to well-known algologist, specialist in benthic marine algae. She was a bright personality, outstanding organizer, skilled expedition worker. Under her leadership 37 coastal expeditions of IO were carried out – to the White, Barents, Black and Far East Seas. She tragically perished in happy and long-awaited moment: just after the authorization of her degree (doctor of biology) by All-Russian Attestation Commission. Publications by V.B. Vozzhinskaya are in demand up to now, especially her unique monograph on the White Sea macrophytobenthos and investigations on productivity of bottom seaweeds.

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Beaugrand, Grégory, Christophe Luczak, Eric Goberville y Richard R. Kirby. "Marine biodiversity and the chessboard of life". PLOS ONE 13, n.º 3 (22 de marzo de 2018): e0194006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194006.

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25

Hyndes, G. A., F. J. Neira y I. C. Potter. "Reproductive biology and early life history of the marine teleost Platycephalus speculator Klunzinger (Platycephalidae) in a temperate Australian estuary". Journal of Fish Biology 40, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb02632.x.

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26

Goldstein, Josephine y Peter Funch. "A Review on Genus Halichondria (Demospongiae, Porifera)". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, n.º 9 (16 de septiembre de 2022): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091312.

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Demosponges of the genus Halichondria Fleming (1828) are common in coastal marine ecosystems worldwide and have been well-studied over the last decades. As ecologically important filter feeders, Halichondria species represent potentially suitable model organisms to link and fill in existing knowledge gaps in sponge biology, providing important novel insights into the physiology and evolution of the sponge holobiont. Here we review studies on the morphology, taxonomy, geographic distribution, associated fauna, life history, hydrodynamic characteristics, and coordinated behavior of Halichondria species.

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Esposito, Roberta, Serena Federico, Francesca Glaviano, Emanuele Somma, Valerio Zupo y Maria Costantini. "Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges and Algae: Effects on Cancer Cell Metabolome and Chemical Structures". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 18 (14 de septiembre de 2022): 10680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810680.

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Metabolomics represent the set of small organic molecules generally called metabolites, which are located within cells, tissues or organisms. This new “omic” technology, together with other similar technologies (genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics) is becoming a widely used tool in cancer research, aiming at the understanding of global biology systems in their physiologic or altered conditions. Cancer is among the most alarming human diseases and it causes a considerable number of deaths each year. Cancer research is one of the most important fields in life sciences. In fact, several scientific advances have been made in recent years, aiming to illuminate the metabolism of cancer cells, which is different from that of healthy cells, as suggested by Otto Warburg in the 1950s. Studies on sponges and algae revealed that these organisms are the main sources of the marine bioactive compounds involved in drug discovery for cancer treatment and prevention. In this review, we analyzed these two promising groups of marine organisms to focus on new metabolomics approaches for the study of metabolic changes in cancer cell lines treated with chemical extracts from sponges and algae, and for the classification of the chemical structures of bioactive compounds that may potentially prove useful for specific biotechnological applications.

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28

Schrader, Astrid. "Microbial Suicide". Body & Society 23, n.º 3 (31 de julio de 2017): 48–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x17716523.

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While unicellular microbes such as phytoplankton (marine algae) have long been considered immortal unless eaten by predators, recent research suggests that under specific conditions entire populations of phytoplankton actively kill themselves; their assumed atemporality is being revised as marine ecologists recognize phytoplankton’s important role in the global carbon cycle. Drawing on empirical research into programmed cell death in marine microbes, this article explores how, in their study of microbial death, scientists change not only our understanding of microbial temporality, but also reconstruct the relationship between life and death, biological individuality and assumptions about a natural teleology associated with bounded biological systems and genetic programmes. Reading this research together with a Derridean deconstruction of the limit between human and other animals with respect to death, this article explores how the deconstruction of individuality from within biology may suggest alternatives to our anthropocentric notion of time and embodiment.

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martin, r. aidan. "conservation of freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs: a review". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, n.º 5 (octubre de 2005): 1049–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405012105.

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published data on the diversity, life history, ecology, and status of freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs was reviewed in the context of anthropogenic threats and principles of conservation biology. at least 171 species of elasmobranch, representing 68 genera and 34 families, are recorded from fresh or estuarine waters. of these, over half are marginal in estuaries, less than one-tenth are euryhaline, and one-fifth are obligate in fresh water. obligate freshwater elasmobranchs are dominated by myliobatoid stingrays, of which two-thirds are potamotrygonids endemic to atlantic drainages of south america. freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs adhere to strongly k-selected life histories and feed at high trophic levels, similar to those of their marine relatives. however, freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs are also subject to habitat constraints, notably more limited volume and physicochemical variability than the ocean, that may render them more vulnerable than marine elasmobranchs to the effects of human activities. the greatest diversity and abundance of freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs occur in tropical countries with enormous and rapidly increasing human populations, notably south america, west africa, and south-east asia. knowledge of the biology, distribution, ecology, and status of freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs is frustrated by unresolved taxonomic problems, which are briefly summarized. to clarify selected issues in the conservation of freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs, special attention is given to sharks of the genus glyphis, pristids, and potamotrygonids. to foster live release when possible as well as prevent discard of specimens and loss of data, an illustrated key to differentiate carcharhinus from glyphis sharks is provided. obligate freshwater elasmobranchs with limited geographic ranges are deemed most vulnerable to extinction, but euryhaline elasmobranchs that require access to the sea to breed are also at significant risk. based on the foregoing data and principles of conservation biology, suggested action plans for the conservation of freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs and the conservation of freshwater habitats are provided.

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30

Ghiglione, Jean-François y Vincent Laudet. "Marine Life Cycle: A Polluted Terra Incognita Is Unveiled". Current Biology 30, n.º 3 (febrero de 2020): R130—R133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.083.

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31

Ibáñez, Christian M., Roger D. Sepúlveda, Patricio Ulloa, Friedemann Keyl y M. Cecilia Pardo-Gandarillas. "The biology and ecology of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda) in Chilean waters: a review". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 43, n.º 3 (25 de mayo de 2016): 402–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol43-issue3-fulltext-2.

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The jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas is the most abundant cephalopod species in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, which supports the biggest cephalopod fishery in the world. Due to its growing economic importance, the population growth and distributional expansion of this squid is being increasingly studied. Nevertheless, some basic features of the biology of D. gigas are still unknown or have been poorly investigated. In this review we summarize the known information regarding the biology and ecology of this species in the southeastern Pacific Ocean; we focus on the Chilean region in order to propose hypotheses and research lines for a better understanding the life history of this organism. Available data on the size structure, reproduction and genetics of D. gigas allows us to propose hypotheses related to the squid’s life history traits. Based on the current literature and publications of colleagues, we propose two hypotheses regarding the effect of spatial variation on the life history of D. gigas. Hypothesis 1: Squids mature at large sizes and spawn in oceanic waters with warm temperatures where paralarvae and juveniles develop. Immature squids migrate near shore to feed, grow and mature, and then return to the offshore sites to spawn. Hypothesis 2: Alternatively, juvenile D. gigas in the oceanic zone do not migrate to coastal waters and mature at small sizes compared to individuals living near the coast that mature at larger size and migrate to oceanic waters to spawn. We provide background information about the feeding behavior and parasitism of this species, suggesting that D. gigas is an important trophic link in the southeastern Pacific marine ecosystem. However, more studies on the feeding habits, reproduction and parasite load are needed not only to test hypotheses proposed in this study, but also to advance the overall knowledge of this species.

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32

van Oppen, Madeleine J. H. y Melinda A. Coleman. "Advancing the protection of marine life through genomics". PLOS Biology 20, n.º 10 (17 de octubre de 2022): e3001801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001801.

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The rapid growth in genomic techniques provides the potential to transform how we protect, manage, and conserve marine life. Further, solutions to boost the resilience of marine species to climate change and other disturbances that characterize the Anthropocene require transformative approaches, made more effective if guided by genomic data. Although genetic techniques have been employed in marine conservation for decades and the availability of genomic data is rapidly expanding, widespread application still lags behind other data types. This Essay reviews how genetics and genomics have been utilized in management initiatives for ocean conservation and restoration, highlights success stories, and presents a pathway forward to enhance the uptake of genomic data for protecting our oceans.

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33

Godø, Olav R., Annette Samuelsen, Gavin J. Macaulay, Ruben Patel, Solfrid Sætre Hjøllo, John Horne, Stein Kaartvedt y Johnny A. Johannessen. "Mesoscale Eddies Are Oases for Higher Trophic Marine Life". PLoS ONE 7, n.º 1 (17 de enero de 2012): e30161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030161.

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34

Hutchings, Jeffrey A. y Julia K. Baum. "Measuring marine fish biodiversity: temporal changes in abundance, life history and demography". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, n.º 1454 (28 de febrero de 2005): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1586.

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Patterns in marine fish biodiversity can be assessed by quantifying temporal variation in rate of population change, abundance, life history and demography concomitant with long-term reductions in abundance. Based on data for 177 populations (62 species) from four north-temperate oceanic regions (Northeast Atlantic and Pacific, Northwest Atlantic, North mid-Atlantic), 81% of the populations in decline prior to 1992 experienced reductions in their rate of loss thereafter; species whose rate of population decline accelerated after 1992 were predominantly top predators such as Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ), sole ( Solea solea ) and pelagic sharks. Combining population data across regions and species, marine fish have declined 35% since 1978 and are currently less than 70% of recorded maxima; demersal species are generally at historic lows, pelagic species are generally stable or increasing in abundance. Declines by demersal species have been associated with substantive increases in pelagic species, a pattern consistent with the hypothesis that increases in the latter may be attributable to reduced predation mortality. There is a need to determine the consequences to population growth effected by the reductions in age (21%) and size (13%) at maturity and in mean age (5%) and size (18%) of spawners, concomitant with population decline. We conclude that reductions in the rate of population decline, in the absence of targets for population increase, will be insufficient to effect a recovery of marine fish biodiversity, and that great care must be exercised when interpreting multi-species patterns in abundance. Of fundamental importance is the need to explain the geographical, species-specific and habitat biases that pervade patterns of marine fish recovery and biodiversity.

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35

Ackerman, Josef Daniel, Blair Sim, S. Jerrine Nichols y Renata Claudi. "A review of the early life history of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): comparisons with marine bivalves". Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1994): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-157.

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The ecological and economic impacts of the introduced zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)) have been due in part to a life history that is conserved with marine bivalves but unique among the indigenous freshwater fauna. There are a number of life history events in D. polymorpha that follow external fertilization and embryology. The first is a brief trochophore stage. The development of a velum and secretion of a larval shell lead to a D-shaped veliger, which is the first recognizable planktonic larva. Later a second larval shell is secreted and this veliconcha is the last obligate free-swimming veliger. Conversely, the last larval stage, the pediveliger, can either swim using its velum or crawl using its foot. Pediveligers select substrates on which they "settle" by secreting byssal threads and undergo metamorphosis to become plantigrade mussels. The secretion of the adult shell and change in growth axis lead to the convergent heteromyarian shape. Zebra mussels produce byssal threads as adults, but these attachments may be broken, enabling the mussels to translocate to new areas. The recognition of these life history features will lead to a better understanding of zebra mussel biology. In summary, life history stages of zebra mussels are similar to those of marine bivalves and should be identified morphologically rather than on the basis of size.

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36

Gomes-Pereira, J. N., R. Prieto, V. Neves, J. Xavier, C. Pham, J. Gonçalves, F. Porteiro, R. Santos y H. Martins. "The role of Malcolm Clarke (1930–2013) in the Azores as a scientist and educationist". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, n.º 4 (8 de julio de 2014): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414000794.

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Malcolm Roy Clarke (1930–2013) was a British teuthologist who made an important contribution to marine science in the Azores archipelago (Portugal). Malcolm started doing research in the Azores from 1980s onward, settling for residency in 2000 after retirement (in 1987). He kept publishing on Azorean cephalopods collaborating in 20% of the peer reviewed works focusing on two main areas: dietary studies; and the ecology of cephalopods on seamounts. Since his first visit in 1981, he was involved in the description of the dietary ecology of several cetaceans, seabirds, and large pelagic and deep-water fish. Using his own data, Malcolm revised the association of cephalopods with seamounts, updating and enlarging the different cephalopod groups according to species behaviour and ecology. Malcolm taught several students working in the Azores on cephalopods and beak identification, lecturing the Third International Workshop in Faial (2007). He empowered the recently established research community, by providing important contacts with foreign institutes and informal advice. He collaborated in the regional cetacean stranding network (RACA) and was an active member of the advisory board of the journal Arquipelago—Life and Marine Sciences. But the scientific role of Malcolm Clarke in the Azores went beyond his academic activities. In the last 10 years Malcolm and Dot Clarke dedicated themselves to building and running a museum on Pico Island, showing the biology of the sperm whale and its interaction with squid; a cultural and touristic legacy for future generations to enjoy.

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37

Burgess, P. J. y R. A. Matthews. "Cryptocaryon irrttans (Ciliophora): photoperiod and transmission in marine fish". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 74, n.º 3 (agosto de 1994): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400047652.

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The ciliate Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 is a parasite of tropical marine fishes, being recorded chiefly from coral reef species (Laird, 1956; Burgess, 1978; Colorni, 1985). The disease, cryptocaryosis, accounts for fish mortalities in aquaria (De Graaf, 1973) and mariculture systems (Huff & Burns, 1981; Colorni, 1985; Kaige & Miyazaki, 1985; Rasheed, 1989); however, relatively few studies have been undertaken on the biology of C. irritans, as highlighted by Lorn & Dykova (1992). Sikama (1937) described the major features of the life cycle, infection of the fish epidermis alternating with a free-living phase of reproduction within a protective cyst. Most other investigations of C. irritans have been concerned with morphology (Sikama, 1937, 1938; Brown, 1951, 1963; Nigrelli & Ruggieri, 1966; Cheung et al., 1981; Colorni, 1988) with a recent work on the ultrastructure of the pellicle (Matthews et al., 1993). Little is known regarding the behaviour of free-living stages and the possible influence of environmental factors on transmission. Nigrelli & Ruggieri (1966) noted photopositive responses in theronts. The establishment and maintenance of C. irritans in mullet under controlled conditions (Burgess & Matthews, 1994) provided an opportunity further to investigate light in the survival strategy of this fish pathogen.

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38

Chen, Junyu, Chaoshu Zeng y Jennifer M. Cobcroft. "Year-Round Spawning, Filial Cannibalism, and Embryonic and Larval Development of the Coral Reef Fish Orchid Dottyback, Pseudochromis fridmani". Fishes 8, n.º 9 (8 de septiembre de 2023): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090451.

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Aquaculture of marine ornamental fish could potentially reduce the fishing pressure on wild stocks by the global aquarium trade, but its expansion is often constrained by the limited understanding on the biology and early life history of candidate species. The orchid dottyback Pseudochromis fridmani is a valuable and popular marine ornamental fish, but scientific reports on its baseline biology, especially the egg filial cannibalistic behaviour, are scarce. The present study documented key aspects of reproductive biology and early ontogeny of P. fridmani in captivity, including reproductive behaviour, patterns of spawning and filial cannibalism throughout a 12-month period by seven pairs of brood fish, as well as the embryonic and larval development. The results showed that the captive spawning of the broodstock pairs generally occurred every 5–11 days, most commonly every 6–8 days, throughout a year. Despite feeding the brood fish to satiation throughout the data collection period, the average monthly rate of egg filial cannibalism reached 55 ± 37%, but the cannibalism frequency appeared to be pair-specific. The egg incubation duration was approximately 96 h at 27 ± 1 °C, and the development of embryos from cleavage, blastula, gastrula, and segmentation to the pharyngula stage is herein described in detail. The newly hatched P. fridmani larvae possessed important structures and organs for first feeding, including pigmented eyes, developed jaws, and a straight-tube gut. The 0 to 14 days post-hatching (DPH) period appeared to be an important larval stage, as P. fridmani larvae were observed to complete major changes in morphology, gut development, and phototactic behaviour by 14 DPH. Under the culture conditions of this study, the earliest transition to the juvenile stage was observed on 31 DPH, and the majority of fish became juveniles by 56 DPH. The results of this study inform baseline aquaculture production protocols and direct future research, particularly to reduce filial cannibalism through broodstock management and to improve larval culture through supporting the early ontogenetic development of P. fridmani. Additionally, these findings form a foundation for further studying the biology and ecology of P. fridmani in the wild.

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39

Flores-Aravena, Alexa y Mónica Tapia-Ladino. "What do STEM+ Students from Two Chilean Universities do with their Teachers’ Written Feedback Comments Recorded in their Drafts and how is this Related to their Final Grades?" Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos 54, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2024): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.48102/rlee.2024.54.1.609.

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Feedback is crucial for assessing and learning; thus, teachers usually provide written feedback comments (WCF) to students. The purpose of this study is to identify what students do with the written feedback in tasks from the STEM+ discipline area and how it is related to the result of their grades, identifying the type of genre in each discipline. Participants were 5 university teachers and 57 students studying marine biology, phono audiology, and nutrition who performed 671 actions in authentic materials previously given by teachers from an intact class categorized in a corpus analysis. For this reason, this research follows a correlational longitudinal non-experimental approach. To achieve the objectives, the study uses Gardner and Nesi’s genre theory (2012) for text classification and a modified version of Faigley and Witte’s taxonomy (1981) to compare the decisions made by students concerning feedback comments made by teachers. Thus, the study compares the initial and final versions of each text based on teacher comments and correlates these findings with students’ grades. Results of this study indicate a significant correlation between students’ adoption of feedback and their grades. Furthermore, the two main life sciences genres from Gardner and Nesi’s study (2012) were found in the corpus.

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40

Gago, Federico. "Computational Approaches to Enzyme Inhibition by Marine Natural Products in the Search for New Drugs". Marine Drugs 21, n.º 2 (30 de enero de 2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21020100.

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The exploration of biologically relevant chemical space for the discovery of small bioactive molecules present in marine organisms has led not only to important advances in certain therapeutic areas, but also to a better understanding of many life processes. The still largely untapped reservoir of countless metabolites that play biological roles in marine invertebrates and microorganisms opens new avenues and poses new challenges for research. Computational technologies provide the means to (i) organize chemical and biological information in easily searchable and hyperlinked databases and knowledgebases; (ii) carry out cheminformatic analyses on natural products; (iii) mine microbial genomes for known and cryptic biosynthetic pathways; (iv) explore global networks that connect active compounds to their targets (often including enzymes); (v) solve structures of ligands, targets, and their respective complexes using X-ray crystallography and NMR techniques, thus enabling virtual screening and structure-based drug design; and (vi) build molecular models to simulate ligand binding and understand mechanisms of action in atomic detail. Marine natural products are viewed today not only as potential drugs, but also as an invaluable source of chemical inspiration for the development of novel chemotypes to be used in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research.

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41

Danya Al-Maita, Wissam Hayek, Tariq Al-Najjar y Mohammad Wahsha. "Seagrass as a Bioindicator for Heavy Metal Pollution in Semi-Enclosed Marine Ecosystems". Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S6 (2 de diciembre de 2023): 1295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is6.2434.

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This study delves into utilizing Seagrass as a bioindicator for heavy metal detection in semi-enclosed marine ecosystems, with a specific focus on the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. The research evaluates the relationship between human activities and the responses of marine organisms, employing the seagrass species Halophila stipulacea as a key subject. This research examines the ability of seagrass to sense and respond to environmental changes, particularly in terms of trace metal accumulation. These accumulations serve as indicators of the marine environment's health and the extent of human impact. Observations revealed differences in trace metal concentrations across three distinct habitats. Notably, varying levels of Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) were found in seagrass leaves, while Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) were more prevalent in roots. Increased concentrations of Malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of environmental stress as indicated by lipid peroxidation (LPO), point to a potential link between human activities, such as boating, and the health of seagrass. These findings underscore the complex interactions between marine biology, environmental management, and the innate abilities of organisms to perceive and adapt to changes in their environment. The study bridges the gap in understanding organismal responses to environmental changes and emphasizes the need for ongoing research. Such research is crucial to comprehend the broader effects of environmental shifts on marine life. By continuously monitoring trace metal levels and understanding the responses of seagrass over time, this study lays the groundwork for innovative conservation and management strategies. These strategies are aimed at protecting vital marine environments from the growing impacts of human disturbances.

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42

Laakmann, Silke, Leocadio Blanco-Bercial y Astrid Cornils. "The crossover from microscopy to genes in marine diversity: from species to assemblages in marine pelagic copepods". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n.º 1814 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 20190446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0446.

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An accurate identification of species and communities is a prerequisite for analysing and recording biodiversity and community shifts. In the context of marine biodiversity conservation and management, this review outlines past, present and forward-looking perspectives on identifying and recording planktonic diversity by illustrating the transition from traditional species identification based on morphological diagnostic characters to full molecular genetic identification of marine assemblages. In this process, the article presents the methodological advancements by discussing progress and critical aspects of the crossover from traditional to novel and future molecular genetic identifications and it outlines the advantages of integrative approaches using the strengths of both morphological and molecular techniques to identify species and assemblages. We demonstrate this process of identifying and recording marine biodiversity on pelagic copepods as model taxon. Copepods are known for their high taxonomic and ecological diversity and comprise a huge variety of behaviours, forms and life histories, making them a highly interesting and well-studied group in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, their short life cycles and rapid responses to changing environments make them good indicators and core research components for ecosystem health and status in the light of environmental change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.

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43

Niehoff, Barbara. "Life history strategies in zooplankton communities: The significance of female gonad morphology and maturation types for the reproductive biology of marine calanoid copepods". Progress in Oceanography 74, n.º 1 (julio de 2007): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.05.005.

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44

Williams, Meryl J., Jesse Ausubel, Ian Poiner, Serge M. Garcia, D. James Baker, Malcolm R. Clark, Heather Mannix, Kristen Yarincik y Patrick N. Halpin. "Making Marine Life Count: A New Baseline for Policy". PLoS Biology 8, n.º 10 (26 de octubre de 2010): e1000531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000531.

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45

Power, M. "Decision-making for the restoration of Atlantic salmon populations damaged by acid precipitation: the interplay of biology and economics". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1998): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-226.

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Acidification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers represents a major threat to salmon production in much of Nova Scotia, Canada. Efforts at understanding the efficacy of proposed remedial strategies have concentrated on estimating the biological parameters of the acidification issue. However, the dominance of societal values in the allocation of resources to fisheries management problems demands alternative strategies for the remediation of acidity in salmon rivers be developed that account for both the biological and cost constraints on remedial strategy selection. A theoretical framework incorporating biological and cost detail is developed that demonstrates the dependence of optimal remedial strategy selection on the biological, physical, and cost parameters of acidification and responses to it in the juvenile portion of the life history. Marine smolt survival is also shown to have an influence on the selection of the optimal remedial strategy. Only when all relevant biological and cost parameters are appropriately estimated, validated and included in decision-making can useful strategies promising to optimize the restoration of Atlantic salmon stocks in acidified waters be developed.

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46

Koehl, M. A. "Ecological biomechanics of benthic organisms: life history, mechanical design and temporal patterns of mechanical stress". Journal of Experimental Biology 202, n.º 23 (1 de diciembre de 1999): 3469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.23.3469.

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We can gain biomechanical insights if we couple knowledge of the environments, ecological roles and life history strategies of organisms with our laboratory analyses of their mechanical function or fluid dynamics, as illustrated by studies of the mechanical design of bottom-dwelling marine organisms. Obviously, measurements of the spatial and temporal distribution of loads on an organism in nature reveal the magnitudes and rates at which biomechanical tests should be performed in the laboratory. Furthermore, knowledge of the population biology and ecological interactions of the organisms being studied is crucial to determine when during the life of an individual particular aspects of mechanical performance should be measured; not only can the size, shape and material properties of an individual change during ontogeny, but so can its habitat, activities and ecological role. Such ecological information is also necessary to determine whether the aspects of mechanical performance being studied are biologically important, i.e. whether they affect the survivorship or fitness of the organisms. My point in raising these examples is to illustrate how ecological studies can enhance or change our understanding of biomechanical function.

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47

Saunders, T., S. Mayfield y A. Hogg. "Using a simple morphometric marker to identify spatial units for abalone fishery management". ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, n.º 2 (12 de enero de 2009): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn212.

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Abstract Saunders, T., Mayfield, S., and Hogg, A. 2009. Using a simple morphometric marker to identify spatial units for abalone fishery management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 305–314. Managing stocks of sedentary marine invertebrates is complicated by the highly structured populations they form. Blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra) form isolated populations with variable life-history characteristics. Many of the populations are “stunted”, attaining a lower maximum size than those in adjacent areas. To reduce the risks of overfishing and localized depletion, management units (MUs) that encompass individual populations need to be determined, then managed according to their life-history characteristics. Here, potential MUs in a South Australian abalone fishery were identified from the broad-scale, spatial distribution of stunted and “non-stunted” populations of blacklip abalone, by applying a morphometric marker to commercial shell samples. Key life-history parameters of the populations within the potential MUs were estimated using relationships between the morphometric marker and blacklip abalone biology. Data from fine-scale systematic sampling by commercial fishers were used to validate spatial patterns observed from the more broadly distributed commercial catch samples. The location, distribution, and size of potential MUs were largely inconsistent with those of current management. The locations of two MUs (in Gerloffs Bay) were consistent across the broad- and fine-scale datasets, with the fine-scale samples more informative for identifying a potential boundary between them. The disparity between these data and current management arrangements are highlighted, and approaches for modifying them are discussed. This approach is among the first to provide a practical means of more closely aligning the scales of assessment and management with biological reality for sedentary marine invertebrates.

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48

Herring, Peter J. y Julian C. Partridge. "Light and life on RRS ‘Discovery’". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, n.º 1 (febrero de 1992): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400048748.

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Research ships are much more numerous on the high seas in the 1990s than they were in the 1950s. At that time the United Kingdom was fortunate in that it had a purpose-built research vessel, RRS 'Discovery II' (see inside back cover), the successor to Scott's 'Discovery' (which was itself granted the title Royal Research Ship in 1923, see inside front cover). 'Discovery II's prime objectives had originally been oceanographic research in the Antarctic relevant to the whaling industry, to which end she had completed six two-year Antarctic commissions. In the 1950s she was being operated by the National Institute of Oceanography and was working extensively in the North Atlantic, covering the gamut of marine physics, chemistry, biology and geology, including participation in the research programme of the International Geophysical Year. However, by 1959 she was 30 years old, and both scientific space and stability had become limiting. Increasingly stringent Ministry of Trade requirements were also making successive refits less and less cost-effective. In April of that year the first brief outline for a replacement vessel was prepared, and six months later discussions between naval architects and the National Oceanographic Council (represented by Dr H.F.P. Herdman) produced an outline draft specification for the new ship. Further discussions with the Admiralty finally resulted, in June 1961, in an order being placed for a new vessel, at an estimated cost of £800K (Deacon, 1967).The new ship, the RRS 'Discovery', was launched in July 1962 and commissioned on 17 December, 10 m shorter than her originally conceived length but at a contained final cost of £802K.

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49

Wicks, Laura C., Gemma S. Cairns, Jacob Melnyk, Scott Bryce, Rory R. Duncan y Paul A. Dalgarno. "EnLightenment: High resolution smartphone microscopy as an educational and public engagement platform". Wellcome Open Research 2 (6 de noviembre de 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12841.1.

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We developed a simple, cost-effective smartphone microscopy platform for use in educational and public engagement programs. We demonstrated its effectiveness, and potential for citizen science through a national imaging initiative, EnLightenment. The cost effectiveness of the instrument allowed for the program to deliver over 500 microscopes to more than 100 secondary schools throughout Scotland, targeting 1000’s of 12-14 year olds. Through careful, quantified, selection of a high power, low-cost objective lens, our smartphone microscope has an imaging resolution of microns, with a working distance of 3 mm. It is therefore capable of imaging single cells and sub-cellular features, and retains usability for young children. The microscopes were designed in kit form and provided an interdisciplinary educational tool. By providing full lesson plans and support material, we developed a framework to explore optical design, microscope performance, engineering challenges on construction and real-world applications in life sciences, biological imaging, marine biology, art, and technology. A national online imaging competition framed EnLightenment; with over 500 high quality images submitted of diverse content, spanning multiple disciplines. With examples of cellular and sub-cellular features clearly identifiable in some submissions, we show how young public can use these instruments for research-level imaging applications, and the potential of the instrument for citizen science programs.

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50

Wicks, Laura C., Gemma S. Cairns, Jacob Melnyk, Scott Bryce, Rory R. Duncan y Paul A. Dalgarno. "EnLightenment: High resolution smartphone microscopy as an educational and public engagement platform". Wellcome Open Research 2 (3 de mayo de 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12841.2.

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We developed a simple, cost-effective smartphone microscopy platform for use in educational and public engagement programs. We demonstrated its effectiveness, and potential for citizen science through a national imaging initiative, EnLightenment. The cost effectiveness of the instrument allowed for the program to deliver over 500 microscopes to more than 100 secondary schools throughout Scotland, targeting 1000’s of 12-14 year olds. Through careful, quantified, selection of a high power, low-cost objective lens, our smartphone microscope has an imaging resolution of microns, with a working distance of 3 mm. It is therefore capable of imaging single cells and sub-cellular features, and retains usability for young children. The microscopes were designed in kit form and provided an interdisciplinary educational tool. By providing full lesson plans and support material, we developed a framework to explore optical design, microscope performance, engineering challenges on construction and real-world applications in life sciences, biological imaging, marine biology, art, and technology. A national online imaging competition framed EnLightenment; with over 500 high quality images submitted of diverse content, spanning multiple disciplines. With examples of cellular and sub-cellular features clearly identifiable in some submissions, we show how young public can use these instruments for research-level imaging applications, and the potential of the instrument for citizen science programs.

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