Artículos de revistas: "Lignocellulosic biomass"

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Wang, Cai, Zhang, Xu y Yu. "Laboratory Investigation of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Performance Improver for Bituminous Materials". Polymers 11, n.º 8 (29 de julio de 2019): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081253.

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Lignocellulosic biomass has gained increasing attention as a performance modifier for bituminous material due to the vast amount available, its low cost and its potential to improve the durability of pavement. However, a comprehensive study concerning both the binder and mixture performance of modified bituminous material with lignocellulose is still limited. This research aims to evaluate the feasibility of applying lignocellulose as bitumen modifier by rheological, chemical and mechanical tests. To this end, two lignocellulosic biomass modified bituminous binders and corresponding mixtures were prepared and tested. The chemical characterization revealed the interaction between lignocellulosic biomass and bitumen fractions. Rheological test results have shown that lignocellulosic modifiers improve the overall performance of bituminous binder at high, intermediate and low temperatures. The findings obtained by mixture mechanical tests were identical to the binder test results, proving the positive effect of lignocellulosic biomass on overall paving performance of bituminous materials. Although lignocellulosic modifier slightly deteriorates the bitumen workability, the modified bitumen still meets the viscosity requirements mentioned in Superpave specification. This paper suggests that lignocellulosic biomass is a promising modifier for bituminous materials with both engineering and economic merits. Future study will focus on field validation and life cycle assessment of bituminous pavement with lignocellulosic biomass.

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Deivy Andhika Permata, Anwar Kasim, Alfi Asben y Yusniwati. "Delignification of Lignocellulosic Biomass". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0618.

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Delignification is the process of breaking lignocellulose into lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The presence of lignin in lignocellulosic materials results in the limited utilization of cellulose. This article discusses lignin and the delignification process. There are various delignification methods from the literature study, namely physical, chemical, semi-chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic.

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Saini, Anita, Neeraj K. Aggarwal, Anuja Sharma y Anita Yadav. "Actinomycetes: A Source of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes". Enzyme Research 2015 (17 de diciembre de 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/279381.

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Lignocellulose is the most abundant biomass on earth. Agricultural, forest, and agroindustrial activities generate tons of lignocellulosic wastes annually, which present readily procurable, economically affordable, and renewable feedstock for various lignocelluloses based applications. Lignocelluloses are the focus of present decade researchers globally, in an attempt to develop technologies based on natural biomass for reducing dependence on expensive and exhaustible substrates. Lignocellulolytic enzymes, that is, cellulases, hemicellulases, and lignolytic enzymes, play very important role in the processing of lignocelluloses which is prerequisite for their utilization in various processes. These enzymes are obtained from microorganisms distributed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic domains including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are an attractive microbial group for production of lignocellulose degrading enzymes. Various studies have evaluated the lignocellulose degrading ability of actinomycetes, which can be potentially implemented in the production of different value added products. This paper is an overview of the diversity of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and lignolytic actinomycetes along with brief discussion of their hydrolytic enzyme systems involved in biomass modification.

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Chaves, Julie E., Gerald N. Presley y Joshua K. Michener. "Modular Engineering of Biomass Degradation Pathways". Processes 7, n.º 4 (23 de abril de 2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040230.

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Production of fuels and chemicals from renewable lignocellulosic feedstocks is a promising alternative to petroleum-derived compounds. Due to the complexity of lignocellulosic feedstocks, microbial conversion of all potential substrates will require substantial metabolic engineering. Non-model microbes offer desirable physiological traits, but also increase the difficulty of heterologous pathway engineering and optimization. The development of modular design principles that allow metabolic pathways to be used in a variety of novel microbes with minimal strain-specific optimization will enable the rapid construction of microbes for commercial production of biofuels and bioproducts. In this review, we discuss variability of lignocellulosic feedstocks, pathways for catabolism of lignocellulose-derived compounds, challenges to heterologous engineering of catabolic pathways, and opportunities to apply modular pathway design. Implementation of these approaches will simplify the process of modifying non-model microbes to convert diverse lignocellulosic feedstocks.

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5

Hasanov, Isa, Merlin Raud y Timo Kikas. "The Role of Ionic Liquids in the Lignin Separation from Lignocellulosic Biomass". Energies 13, n.º 18 (17 de septiembre de 2020): 4864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184864.

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Lignin is a natural polymer, one that has an abundant and renewable resource in biomass. Due to a tendency towards the use of biochemicals, the efficient utilization of lignin has gained wide attention. The delignification of lignocellulosic biomass makes its fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) susceptible to easier transformation to many different commodities like energy, chemicals, and materials that could be produced using the biorefinery concept. This review gives an overview of the field of lignin separation from lignocellulosic biomass and changes that occur in the biomass during this process, as well as taking a detailed look at the influence of parameters that lead the process of dissolution. According to recent studies, a number of ionic liquids (ILs) have shown a level of potential for industrial scale production in terms of the pretreatment of biomass. ILs are perspective green solvents for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. These properties in ILs enable one to disrupt the complex structure of lignocellulose. In addition, the physicochemical properties of aprotic and protic ionic liquids (PILs) are summarized, with those properties making them suitable solvents for lignocellulose pretreatment which, especially, target lignin. The aim of the paper is to focus on the separation of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass, by keeping all components susceptible for biorefinery processes. The discussion includes interaction mechanisms between lignocellulosic biomass subcomponents and ILs to increase the lignin yield. According to our research, certain PILs have potential for the cost reduction of LC biomass pretreatment on the feasible separation of lignin.

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Vintila, Teodor, Vasile Daniel Gherman, Nicolae Popa, Dumitru Popescu, Carmen Buzatu y Marilena Motoc. "Influence of Enzymatic Cocktails on Conversion of Agricultural Lignocellulose to Fermentable Sugars". Revista de Chimie 68, n.º 2 (15 de marzo de 2017): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.2.5456.

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Agricultural lignocellulosic biomass is regarded as an important source of biofuels, especially bioethanol and biohydrogen. The following aspects have been studied: the effect of type of substrate used in production of cellulolytic enzymes, the activity of several enzymatic cocktails used to hydrolyse three types of agricultural biomass and the influence of provenience of enzymatic cocktails on sugars yields in the hydrolysis process. Fungi investigated in this study (T. longibrachiatum DSM 769) release higher titter of enzymes when raw, unpretreated agriculture residual biomass is used as substrate and inducer for biosynthesis of cellulolytic enzymes. Cellulolytic enzymes produced in culture media containing a certain type of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass as substrate, can be used in hydrolysis of other types of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass with similar sugar yields. Cellulases produced in culture media containing purified crystalline cellulose as substrate does not contain all necessary types of enzymes to hydrolyze lignocellulosic complex from agricultural biomass to produce high yields of sugars. On-site production of cellulases can be an effective approach biorefinery of lignocellulose to produce biofuels or other biochemicals by fermentation.

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Taggar, Monica Sachdeva. "Insect cellulolytic enzymes: Novel sources for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.656.

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Alternative and renewable fuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer the potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate global climate change. Cellulose is one of the major structural components in all lignocellulosic wastes and enzymatic depolymerization of cellulose by cellulases is an essential step in bio-ethanol production. Wood-degrading insects are potential source of biochemical catalysts for converting wood lignocellulose into biofuels. Cellulose digestion has been demonstrated in more than 20 insect families representing ten distinct insect orders. Termite guts been have considered as the “world’s smallest bioreactors” since they digest a significant proportion of cellulose (74-99%) and hemicellulose (65-87%) components of lignocelluloses they ingest. The lower termites harbor protistan symbionts in hindgut whereas higher termites lack these in the hind gut. Studies on cellulose digestion in termites and other insects with reference to ligno-cellulose degrading enzymes have been well focused in this review. The studies on insect cellulolytic systems can lead to the discovery of a variety of novel biocatalysts and genes that encode them, as well as associated unique mechanisms for efficient biomass conversion into biofuels.

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8

Chen, Kun, Long Jun Xu y Jun Yi. "Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol: A Review of Production Process". Advanced Materials Research 280 (julio de 2011): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.246.

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Lignocellulose biomass is a kind of rich reserve in china, and it is a renewable bio-resource. Researches on the bioconversion of lignocellulose (lignocellulosic biomass) to ethanol have been hot spot in recent years. The key technologies of producing fuel alcohol by aspects of lignocellulosic raw materials, pretreatment technology, fermentation process, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of strains as well as the removal of fermentation inhibitors have been reviewed. It is pointed out that the improvement of fermentation strains, exploitation of double function saccharomyces cerevisiae (glucose and xylose fermenting) to ethanol, will be the direction and focus in future researches.

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9

Luo, Xingxing, Baiquan Zeng, Yanan Zhong y Jienan Chen. "Production and detoxification of inhibitors during the destruction of lignocellulose spatial structure". BioResources 17, n.º 1 (9 de diciembre de 2021): 1939–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.luo.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource that is widely abundant and can be used to produce biofuels such as methanol and ethanol. Because biofuels have the potential to alleviate shortages of energy in today’s world, they have attracted much research attention. The pretreatment of lignocellulose is an important step in the conversion of biomass products. The pretreatment can destroy the crosslinking effect of lignin and hemicellulose on cellulose, remove lignin, degrade hemicellulose, and change the crystal structure of cellulose. The reaction area between the enzyme and the substrate is enlarged, and the yield of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation products is significantly increased. Conventional pretreatment methods help convert lignocellulosic material to sugars, but the treatments also produce some inhibitors, which are mainly organic acids, aldehydes, phenols, and other substances. They may affect the subsequent saccharification and growth of fermentation microorganisms, thereby reducing the bioconversion of the lignocellulose. It is therefore necessary to take effective means of detoxification. This paper reviews lignocellulose pretreatment methods, with an emphasis on inhibitors and their management. A summary is provided of detoxification methods, and the future use of lignocellulosic biomass for fuels prospects.

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10

Zhang, Yu, Jinshui Yang, Lijin Luo, Entao Wang, Ruonan Wang, Liang Liu, Jiawen Liu y Hongli Yuan. "Low-Cost Cellulase-Hemicellulase Mixture Secreted by Trichoderma harzianum EM0925 with Complete Saccharification Efficacy of Lignocellulose". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2020): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020371.

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Fermentable sugars are important intermediate products in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and other value-added bio-products. The main bottlenecks limiting the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass are the high cost and the low saccharification efficiency of degradation enzymes. Herein, we report the secretome of Trichoderma harzianum EM0925 under induction of lignocellulose. Numerously and quantitatively balanced cellulases and hemicellulases, especially high levels of glycosidases, could be secreted by T. harzianum EM0925. Compared with the commercial enzyme preparations, the T. harzianum EM0925 enzyme cocktail presented significantly higher lignocellulolytic enzyme activities and hydrolysis efficiency against lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, 100% yields of glucose and xylose were obtained simultaneously from ultrafine grinding and alkali pretreated corn stover. These findings demonstrate a natural cellulases and hemicellulases mixture for complete conversion of biomass polysaccharide, suggesting T. harzianum EM0925 enzymes have great potential for industrial applications.

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11

Mou, Hong Yan, Shubin Wu y Pedro Fardim. "Applications of ToF-SIMS in surface chemistry analysis of lignocellulosic biomass: A review". BioResources 11, n.º 2 (18 de marzo de 2016): 5581–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.2.mou.

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Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is an advanced surface-sensitive technique that can provide both spectral and imaging information about materials. Recently, ToF-SIMS has been used for advanced studies of lignocellulosic biomass. In the current article, the application of ToF-SIMS to the characterization of the surface chemical composition and distribution of biomass components in lignocelluloses is reviewed. Moreover, extended applications of ToF-SIMS in the study of pretreatments, modification of biomaterials, and enzyme activity of lignocellulosic materials are presented and discussed. Sample preparation prior to ToF-SIMS analysis and subsequent interpretation of results is a critical factor in ensuring reliable results. The focus of this review is to give a comprehensive understanding of and offer new hints about the effects of processing conditions on the surface chemistry of lignocellulosic biomass.

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12

Mustafa, A. H., S. S. Rashid, M. H. A. Rahim, R. Roslan, W. A. M. Musa, B. H. Sikder y A. A. Sasi. "Enzymatic Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Overview". Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology 8, n.º 1 (12 de agosto de 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v8i1.7030.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is nature's most abundant alternative source of biofuels replacing traditional fossil fuels. Globally, more than 70% of renewable energy depends on biomass and contributes 14% of the total energy supply. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is to remove lignin, modify the lignin structure, reduce the cellulose crystallinity and increase the porosity and surface area of lignocellulosic material. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most expensive steps for biomass conversion and consumes about 40% of total costs. Traditionally physical and chemical methods have been used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. However, these methods are unsustainable and have a huge negative impact on the environment. Pretreatment by the lignocellulosic laccase enzyme can overcome these problems. So the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass has been studied, presenting special attention to the enzymatic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

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13

Miki, Kentaro, Hiroshi Kamitakahara, Arata Yoshinaga, Yuki Tobimatsu y Toshiyuki Takano. "Methylation-triggered fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to afford cellulose-, hemicellulose-, and lignin-based functional polymers via click chemistry". Green Chemistry 22, n.º 9 (2020): 2909–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc00451k.

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14

Afanasjeva, Natalia, Luis C. Castillo y Juan C. Sinisterra. "Lignocellulosic biomass. Part I: Biomass transformation." Journal of Science with Technological Applications 3 (noviembre de 2017): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34294/j.jsta.17.3.22.

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15

Madadi, Meysam, Yuanyuan Tu y Aqleem Abbas. "Pretreatment of Lignocelollusic Biomass Based on Improving Enzymatic Hydrolysis". International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5, n.º 1 (25 de marzo de 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v5i1.17018.

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Lignocellulosic materials among the alternative energy resources are the most desirable resources that can be employed to produce cellulosic ethanol, but this materials due to physical and chemical structure arranges strong native recalcitrance and results in low yield of ethanol. Then, a proper pre-treatment method is required to overcome this challenge. Until now, different pre-treatment technologies have been established to enhance lignocellulosic digestibility. This paper widely describes the structure of lignocellulosic biomass and effective parameters in pre-treatment of lignocelluloses, such as cellulose crystallinity, accessible surface area, and protection by lignin and hemicellulose. In addition, an overview about the most important pre-treatment processes include physical, chemical, and biological are provided. Finally, we described about the inhibitors enzymes which produced from sugar degradation during pre-treatment process and the ways to control this inhibitors.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(1): 1-11

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Malgas, Samkelo y Brett I. Pletschke. "Combination of CTec2 and GH5 or GH26 Endo-Mannanases for Effective Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation". Catalysts 10, n.º 10 (16 de octubre de 2020): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101193.

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Among endo-mannanases, glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 26 enzymes have been shown to be more catalytically active than GH5 enzymes on mannans. However, only GH5 endo-mannanases have been used for the formulation of enzyme cocktails. In this study, Bacillus sp.-derived GH5 and GH26 endo-mannanases were comparatively analysed biochemically for their synergistic action with a commercial cellulase blend, CTec2, during pre-treated lignocellulose degradation. Substrate specificity and thermo-stability studies on mannan substrates showed that GH26 endo-mannanase was more catalytically active and stable than GH5. GH26 also exhibited higher binding affinity for mannan than GH5, while GH5 showed more affinity for lignocellulosic substrates than GH26. Applying the endo-mannanases in combination with CTec2 for lignocellulose degradation led to synergism with a 1.3-fold increase in reducing sugar release compared to when CTec2 was used alone. This study showed that using the activity of endo-mannanases displayed with model substrates is a poor predictor of their activity and synergism on complex lignocelluloses.

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Ilić, Nevena, Marija Milić, Sunčica Beluhan y Suzana Dimitrijević-Branković. "Cellulases: From Lignocellulosic Biomass to Improved Production". Energies 16, n.º 8 (21 de abril de 2023): 3598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083598.

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Cellulases are enzymes that are attracting worldwide attention because of their ability to degrade cellulose in the lignocellulosic biomass and transform it into highly demanded bioethanol. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulases into fermentable sugars is a crucial step in biofuel production, given the complex structure of lignocellulose. Due to cellulases’ unique ability to hydrolyze the very recaltricant nature of lignocellulosic biomass, the cellulase market demand is rapidly growing. Although cellulases have been used in industrial applications for decades, constant effort is being made in the field of enzyme innovation to develop cellulase mixtures/cocktails with improved performance. Given that the main producers of cellulases are of microbial origin, there is a constant need to isolate new microorganisms as potential producers of enzymes important for biofuel production. This review provides insight into current research on improving microbial cellulase production as well as the outlook for the cellulase market with commercial cellulase preparation involved in industrial bioethanol production.

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Zhang, Kehong, Hui Xiao, Yuhang Su, Yanrong Wu, Ying Cui y Ming Li. "Mechanical and physical properties of regenerated biomass composite films from lignocellulosic materials in ionic liquid". BioResources 14, n.º 2 (8 de febrero de 2019): 2584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.2584-2595.

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As an important sustainable source of biomass, lignocellulosic materials are highly recalcitrant to biotransformation, which limits their use and prevents economically viable conversion into value-added products. Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as attractive solvents for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment in the production of biochemical feedstocks. In this work, a mixture of wood powder and waste paper was dissolved in the ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl). Composite films were made from the regenerated lignocellulosic materials in [AMIM]Cl by adjusting the ratio of the raw materials. The physical and mechanical properties of biomass composite films were determined by optical microscopy (OM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and tensile strength tests. The results indicated that lignocellulosic materials were dissolved in [AMIM]Cl by destroying inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds between lignocelluloses. With increasing waste paper cellulose content, the dissolution of the fir powder in [AMIM]Cl was accelerated, and the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite films increased. The rate of dissolution initially rose rapidly with increasing content of waste paper cellulose content, but the rate leveled off when the content was above 40%. This research highlights new opportunities for biodegradable composite films made from waste biomass.

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Kumar Srivastava, Ajeet, Lingayya Hiremath, S. Narendra Kumar y A. V. Narayan. "BIOCONVERSION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS TO ETHANOL USING DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS". International Journal of Advanced Research 10, n.º 7 (31 de julio de 2022): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15109.

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Lignocellulosic material that includes hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin (lignocellulosic complex) is present in the plant cells. The hydrolysis process of the lignocellulose biomass into glucose in the presence of lignocellulytic enzymes is an area of concern in the production process of cellulosic biofuel. Microorganisms like fungi have the ability for degrading the plant cell wall by an enzyme set which acts in coordination. This moves in a direction to release glucose freely. Another challenge is the modification in the plant cell architecture. Along with this, the capacity of microorganisms in degradation by the modification of the genomes is also one of the challenges. The advantage of the biological process of pre-treatment for degradation of the lignocellulosic materials is because of its effective enzymatic system. There are two types of enzymatic systems which is of extracellular nature in fungi. These are hydrolytic and ligninolytic systems. Hydrolases are produced by hydrolytic system which degrades the polysaccharide and produces sugar. The exclusive oxidative advantage and the extracellular ligninolytic system degrades the components of lignin and also opens the rings of phenyl. The reducing sugars are then converted in ethanol production with the use of various fermentative microorganisms. In this paper, the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol using different microorganisms is discussed along with other relevant aspects.

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Rodríguez, Alejandro y Eduardo Espinosa. "Special Issue “Lignocellulosic Biomass”". Molecules 26, n.º 5 (9 de marzo de 2021): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051483.

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The use of lignocellulosic biomass as potential raw material for fractionation and transformation into high value-added products or energy is gathering the attention of scientists worldwide in seeking to achieve a green transition in our production systems [...]

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Schell, Daniel J. y Chuck Harwood. "Milling of lignocellulosic biomass". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 45-46, n.º 1 (marzo de 1994): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02941795.

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Luque, Rafael y Kostas Triantafyllidis. "Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass". ChemCatChem 8, n.º 8 (20 de abril de 2016): 1422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600226.

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Amusa, Abiodun Abdulhameed, Abdul Latif Ahmad y Jimoh Kayode Adewole. "Mechanism and Compatibility of Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass and Polymeric Mixed Matrix Membranes: A Review". Membranes 10, n.º 12 (26 de noviembre de 2020): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10120370.

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In this paper, a review of the compatibility of polymeric membranes with lignocellulosic biomass is presented. The structure and composition of lignocellulosic biomass which could enhance membrane fabrications are considered. However, strong cell walls and interchain hindrances have limited the commercial-scale applications of raw lignocellulosic biomasses. These shortcomings can be surpassed to improve lignocellulosic biomass applications by using the proposed pretreatment methods, including physical and chemical methods, before incorporation into a single-polymer or copolymer matrix. It is imperative to understand the characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass and polymeric membranes, as well as to investigate membrane materials and how the separation performance of polymeric membranes containing lignocellulosic biomass can be influenced. Hence, lignocellulosic biomass and polymer modification and interfacial morphology improvement become necessary in producing mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). In general, the present study has shown that future membrane generations could attain high performance, e.g., CO2 separation using MMMs containing pretreated lignocellulosic biomasses with reachable hydroxyl group radicals.

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Fadeyi, Adewale Elijah, Saheed Olatunbosun Akiode, Stella A. Emmanuel y Olajide Ebenezer Falayi. "Compositional analysis and characterization of lignocellulosic biomass from selected agricultural wastes". Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters 8, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2020): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/jsml.vol8.1.6.2020.

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Agricultural wastes have been identified as a potential lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. An accurate biomass characterization is needed to evaluate the new potential lignocelluloses biosource for biofuel production. This study evaluates the compositional analysis and characterization of three agricultural wastes (melon husk, moringa pod and mango endocarp). The samples were collected locally in Sheda Village, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. The lignocellulose biomass composition of the samples was determined by using a proven economically viable gravimetric method and the samples were further characterized using the FTIR. The results showed that a significant amount of hemicelluloses content was found, from 19.38% to 27.74% and the highest amount was present in melon musk. The amount of cellulose ranging from 22.49% to 45.84% was found where the highest amount was found in mango endocarp. Lignin content was in the range of 22.62% to 29.87% and melon husk was shown to have the highest amount. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis showed a broad band at 3422.99 cm-1, 3422.66 cm-1, 3422.85 cm-1 (for mango endocarp, melon husk and moringa pod respectively) representing bonded –OH groups. The peak around 1637 cm-1 corresponds to C=C stretching of conjugated carboxylic acids. The aliphatic chains, -CH2- and –CH3, which form the basic structure of cellulose material, were seen at 1205.72, 1204.50 and 1206.24 cm-1. The signals at 1056.15, 1035.80 and 1055.86 cm-1 correspond to C-O-R (alcohols or esters) vibration. The results show that the samples contain significant quantity of lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, the agricultural wastes could be of valuable use in biofuel production.

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Darojati, Harum Azizah, Sebastianus Dani Ganesha y Dhita Ariyanti. "Pengaruh Variasi Dosis Iradiasi Gamma pada Pemisahan Komponen Penyusun Biomassa Lignoselulosa Sabut Kelapa". JURNAL SELULOSA 12, n.º 01 (30 de junio de 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v12i01.359.

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The Effect of Gamma Iradiation Dosage Variation on The Separation of Coconut Coir Lignocellulose Biomass ComponentsAbstractIndonesia has the potential for lignocellulosic biomass in the form of coconut coir, which is very abundant. The components of coconut coir are lignocellulosic biomass, which consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and can be separated from one another. This study was conducted to determine the effect of variations in the dose of gamma-ray irradiation on the structure of each component so that it was expected that the utilization of coconut coir lignocellulosic biomass could be more comprehensive. The separation was carried out using wet irradiation with a 5% H2O2 solution as the initiator, where 15 grams of coco coir sample was dissolved in 60 ml of 5% H2O2 solution. Gamma irradiation dose variations were 0 kGy, 50 kGy, 100 kGy, 150 kGy, and 200 kGy. Based on the research, the optimal dose to obtain glucose was obtained at an irradiated dose of 100 kGy with a glucose level of 5.09 mg. The optimal gamma irradiation dose for lignin separation is 50 kGy with a lignin separation percentage of 34.95%. Based on the FTIR analysis, it can be seen that as a result of the chemical bond resulting from the separation, there is a decrease in the effect of the gamma IR radiation. This study showed that the separation of lignocellulosic coconut coir biomass using gamma irradiation could produce higher levels of glucose and lignin separation and affect the chemical structure of cellulosic biomass

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Saini, Anita, Neeraj K. Aggarwal, Anuja Sharma y Anita Yadav. "Prospects for Irradiation in Cellulosic Ethanol Production". Biotechnology Research International 2015 (29 de diciembre de 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/157139.

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Second generation bioethanol production technology relies on lignocellulosic biomass composed of hemicelluloses, celluloses, and lignin components. Cellulose and hemicellulose are sources of fermentable sugars. But the structural characteristics of lignocelluloses pose hindrance to the conversion of these sugar polysaccharides into ethanol. The process of ethanol production, therefore, involves an expensive and energy intensive step of pretreatment, which reduces the recalcitrance of lignocellulose and makes feedstock more susceptible to saccharification. Various physical, chemical, biological, or combined methods are employed to pretreat lignocelluloses. Irradiation is one of the common and promising physical methods of pretreatment, which involves ultrasonic waves, microwaves, γ-rays, and electron beam. Irradiation is also known to enhance the effect of saccharification. This review explains the role of different radiations in the production of cellulosic ethanol.

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Pérez-Merchán, Antonio Manuel, Gabriela Rodríguez-Carballo, Benjamín Torres-Olea, Cristina García-Sancho, Pedro Jesús Maireles-Torres, Josefa Mérida-Robles y Ramón Moreno-Tost. "Recent Advances in Mechanochemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass". Energies 15, n.º 16 (17 de agosto de 2022): 5948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165948.

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Biorefineries are industrial facilities where biomass is converted into chemicals, fuels and energy. The use of lignocellulose as raw material implies the development of pretreatments to reduce its recalcitrant character prior to the processes that lead to the synthesis of the products of interest. These treatments are based on physico-chemical processes where it is necessary to use acids, bases, oxidants, and high pressure and temperature conditions that lead to the depolymerization of lignocellulose at the expense of generating a series of streams that must be treated later or to the production of by-products. In recent years, mechanochemistry is becoming relevant in the design of processes that help in the depolymerization of lignocellulose. These mechanochemical processes are being used in combination with chemicals and/or enzymes, allowing the use of minor loads of reagents or enzymes. In this review, the advances achieved in the use of mechanochemistry for treating lignocellulosic biomass or cellulose will be presented, with special emphasis on how these mechanochemical processes modify the structure of lignocellulose and help subsequent treatments. It will focus on using ball milling or extrusion, ending with a section dedicated to future work needed to implement these technologies at the industrial level.

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Chukwuma, Ogechukwu Bose, Mohd Rafatullah, Husnul Azan Tajarudin y Norli Ismail. "Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in Biotechnological and Industrial Processes: A Review". Sustainability 12, n.º 18 (4 de septiembre de 2020): 7282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187282.

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Tons of anthropological activities contribute daily to the massive amount of lignocellulosic wastes produced annually. Unfortunately, their full potential usually is underutilized, and most of the biomass ends up in landfills. Lignocellulolytic enzymes are vital and central to developing an economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable biological method for pre-treatment and degradation of lignocellulosic biomass which can lead to the release of essential end products such as enzymes, organic acids, chemicals, feed, and biofuel. Sustainable degradation of lignocellulosic biomass via hydrolysis is achievable by lignocellulolytic enzymes, which can be used in various applications, including but not limited to biofuel production, the textile industry, waste treatment, the food and drink industry, personal care industry, health and pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, for this to materialize, feasible steps to overcome the high cost of pre-treatment and lower operational costs such as handling, storage, and transportation of lignocellulose waste need to be deployed. Insight on lignocellulolytic enzymes and how they can be exploited industrially will help develop novel processes that will reduce cost and improve the adoption of biomass, which is more advantageous. This review focuses on lignocellulases, their use in the sustainable conversion of waste biomass to produce valued-end products, and challenges impeding their adoption.

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Suzuki, Shiori, Yoshiki Shibata, Daisuke Hirose, Takatsugu Endo, Kazuaki Ninomiya, Ryohei Kakuchi y Kenji Takahashi. "Cellulose triacetate synthesis via one-pot organocatalytic transesterification and delignification of pretreated bagasse". RSC Advances 8, n.º 39 (2018): 21768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03859g.

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Cellulose triacetate was synthesised by the transesterification reaction of mild acid-pretreated lignocellulosic biomass with a stable acetylating reagent in an ionic liquid, EmimOAc, which enabled the dissolution of lignocellulose as well as the organocatalytic reaction.

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Steinbach, David, Andrea Kruse, Jörg Sauer y Jonas Storz. "Is Steam Explosion a Promising Pretreatment for Acid Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass?" Processes 8, n.º 12 (10 de diciembre de 2020): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121626.

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For the production of sugars and biobased platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass, the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses to water-soluble sugars is a crucial step. As the complex structure of lignocellulosic biomass hinders an efficient hydrolysis via acid hydrolysis, a suitable pretreatment strategy is of special importance. The pretreatment steam explosion was intended to increase the accessibility of the cellulose fibers so that the subsequent acid hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose would take place in a shorter time. Steam explosion pretreatment was performed with beech wood chips at varying severities with different reaction times (25–34 min) and maximum temperatures (186–223 °C). However, the subsequent acid hydrolysis step of steam-exploded residue was performed at constant settings at 180 °C with diluted sulfuric acid. The concentration profiles of the main water-soluble hydrolysis products were recorded. We showed in this study that the defibration of the macrofibrils in the lignocellulose structure during steam explosion does not lead to an increased rate of cellulose hydrolysis. So, steam explosion is not a suitable pretreatment for acid hydrolysis of hardwood lignocellulosic biomass.

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31

Sette, Lara D., Valéria M. de Oliveira y Maria Filomena A. Rodrigues. "Microbial lignocellulolytic enzymes: industrial applications and future perspectives". Microbiology Australia 29, n.º 1 (2008): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma08018.

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The demand for microbial industrial enzymes is ever increasing due to their use in a wide variety of processes. Lignocellulolytic enzymes have potential applications in a large number of fields, including the chemical, fuel, food, agricultural, paper, textile and cosmetic industrial sectors. Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource composed of cellulose (a polymer of glucose that represents the major fraction of lignocellulose), hemicellulose (also a sugar polymer) and lignin (a complex phenylpropane polymer). Lignocellulosic material can be broken down by microorganisms into its sugar components, thereby providing a readily fermentable substrate. One of the most significant potential applications of lignocellulolytic enzymes is fuel production from agricultural and forest wastes as an alternative renewable energy resource. The need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions provides an additional incentive for the development of processes for production of fuels from lignocellulosic biomass and has attracted the interest of biotechnologists and microbiologists in recent decades.

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Zhang, Libo, Xintong Dou, Zhilin Yang, Xiao Yang y Xuqiang Guo. "Advance in Hydrothermal Bio-Oil Preparation from Lignocellulose: Effect of Raw Materials and Their Tissue Structures". Biomass 1, n.º 2 (26 de octubre de 2021): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomass1020006.

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The conversion of abundant forest- and agricultural-residue-based lignocellulosic materials into high-quality bio-oil by the mild hydrothermal method has great potential in the field of biomass utilization. Some excellent research on biomass hydrothermal process has been completed, including temperature, time, catalyst addition, etc. Meanwhile, some research related to the biomass raw material tissue structure has been illustrated by adopting mode components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, lipid, etc.) or their mixtures. The interesting fact is that although some real lignocellulose has approximate composition, their hydrothermal products and distributions show individual differences, which means the interaction within biomass raw material components tremendously affected the reaction pathway. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there is no review article with a specific focus on the effects of raw materials and their tissue structure on the lignocellulose hydrothermal process. In this review, research progress on the effects of model and mixed cellulose/hemicellulose/lignin effects on hydrothermal products is initially summarized. Additionally, the real lignocellulosic raw materials structure effects during the thermal process are summed up. This article will inspire researchers to focus more attention on wood fiber biomass conversion into liquid fuels or high-value-added chemicals, as well as promote the development of world energy change.

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Hazuchová, Miroslava, Daniela Chmelová y Miroslav Ondrejovič. "The optimization of propagation medium for the increase of laccase production by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus". Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 16, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nbec-2017-0016.

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Abstract The lignocellulolytic enzymes are routinely produced by submerged fermentation using lignocellulosic material, but for more effective production, it would be suitable to precede the production phase on the lignocellulose by propagation phase in the nutrition medium suitable for growth of the fungi. Therefore, the aim of this study was to increase the laccase production by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus by two-step cultivation strategy. In the first step, propagation medium was optimized for the maximal biomass growth, the second step included the laccase production by produced fungal biomass in media with the selected lignocellulosic material (pine sawdust, alfalfa steam and corn straw). From our experiments, parameters such as glucose concentration, yeast extract concentration and pH of propagation medium were selected as key factors affecting growth of P. ostreatus. The optimal conditions of propagation medium for maximal fungal growth determined by response surface methodology were: glucose concentration 102.68 g/L, yeast extract concentration 43.65 g/L and pH of propagation medium 7.24. These values were experimentally verified and used statistical model of biomass production prediction was appropriate adjusted. Thus prepared fungal biomass produced in the media with lignocellulose approximately 9-16 times higher concentrations of the laccase in 3 times shorter time than the fungal biomass without propagation phase in optimized propagation medium.

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34

Honarmandrad, Zhila, Karolina Kucharska y Jacek Gębicki. "Processing of Biomass Prior to Hydrogen Fermentation and Post-Fermentative Broth Management". Molecules 27, n.º 21 (7 de noviembre de 2022): 7658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217658.

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Using bioconversion and simultaneous value-added product generation requires purification of the gaseous and the liquid streams before, during, and after the bioconversion process. The effect of diversified process parameters on the efficiency of biohydrogen generation via biological processes is a broad object of research. Biomass-based raw materials are often applied in investigations regarding biohydrogen generation using dark fermentation and photo fermentation microorganisms. The literature lacks information regarding model mixtures of lignocellulose and starch-based biomass, while the research is carried out based on a single type of raw material. The utilization of lignocellulosic and starch biomasses as the substrates for bioconversion processes requires the decomposition of lignocellulosic polymers into hexoses and pentoses. Among the components of lignocelluloses, mainly lignin is responsible for biomass recalcitrance. The natural carbohydrate-lignin shields must be disrupted to enable lignin removal before biomass hydrolysis and fermentation. The matrix of chemical compounds resulting from this kind of pretreatment may significantly affect the efficiency of biotransformation processes. Therefore, the actual state of knowledge on the factors affecting the culture of dark fermentation and photo fermentation microorganisms and their adaptation to fermentation of hydrolysates obtained from biomass requires to be monitored and a state of the art regarding this topic shall become a contribution to the field of bioconversion processes and the management of liquid streams after fermentation. The future research direction should be recognized as striving to simplification of the procedure, applying the assumptions of the circular economy and the responsible generation of liquid and gas streams that can be used and purified without large energy expenditure. The optimization of pre-treatment steps is crucial for the latter stages of the procedure.

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Wanga, Qijun y Shengdong Zhu. "Genetically modified lignocellulosic biomass for improvement of ethanol production". BioResources 5, n.º 1 (2010): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.1.3-4.

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Production of ethanol from lignocellulosic feed-stocks is of growing interest worldwide in recent years. However, we are currently still facing significant technical challenges to make it economically feasible on an industrial scale. Genetically modified lignocellulosic biomass has provided a potential alternative to address such challenges. Some studies have shown that genetically modified lignocellulosic biomass can increase its yield, decreasing its enzymatic hydrolysis cost and altering its composition and structure for ethanol production. Moreover, the modified lignocellulosic biomass also makes it possible to simplify the ethanol production procedures from lignocellulosic feed-stocks.

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Sharma, Neha, Lekha Charan Meher, Krishna Chandra, Mitesh Mittal, Sanjai Kumar Dwivedi y Madhu Bala. "Synthesis of 2, 5 Dimethyl Furan from Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass". Defence Life Science Journal 4, n.º 2 (11 de abril de 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.12641.

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Renewable biomass resources could reduce the dependency on the fossil fuels by conversion of its lignocellulose into bio-fuels and other valuable chemicals. Depolymerisation of lignocellulose, hydrolysis of cellulose to monomer glucose and its subsequent dehydration results 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). HMF is an important platform chemical for fuels and various other applications. The hydrogenation of HMF results 2, 5-dimethylfuran (DMF), which may be a biofuel with 40 per cent greater energy density than that of ethanol. The homogeneous catalytic method is preferred for lignocellulosic biomass conversion to cellulose, its hydrolysis and further dehydration to HMF. The Cu-Ru/C and related catalysts are preferred for hydrogenation of HMD to 2, 5-dimethylfuran. This review is an attempt to summarise the current research and developments in the field of lignocellulose derived HMF and further conversion to DMF as a potential biofuel.

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37

Szadkowska, Dominika y Jan Szadkowski. "The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS". Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 111 (30 de septiembre de 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6571.

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The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS. The aim of the study was to develop the method of analysis by gas chromatography of the liquid obtained after extraction with cyclohexane of wood of different poplar varieties (Populus sp.). After applying an appropriate method, the application of gas chromatography with mass detector facilitates the analysis of the chemical composition of extracts from different types of lignocellulosic biomass. It is also possible to verify included compounds as well as to compare the content of individual compounds contained in the analysed sample. Moreover, this sample will make it possible to determine the significance of the influence of given substances on biofuel production processes based on lignocellulosic materials. One of the key chemical substances influencing the process of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are extraction substances contained in lignocellulose materials used in 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. These compounds can inhibit the whole process of producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass.

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Bian, Huiyang, Xinxing Wu, Jing Luo, Yongzhen Qiao, Guigan Fang y Hongqi Dai. "Valorization of Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulp by Metal Chloride-Assisted Hydrotropic Pretreatment for Enzymatic Saccharification and Cellulose Nanofibrillation". Polymers 11, n.º 2 (14 de febrero de 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020331.

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Developing economical and sustainable fractionation technology of lignocellulose cell walls is the key to reaping the full benefits of lignocellulosic biomass. This study evaluated the potential of metal chloride-assisted p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) hydrolysis at low temperatures and under acid concentration for the co-production of sugars and lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNF). The results indicated that three metal chlorides obviously facilitated lignin solubilization, thereby enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and subsequent cellulose nanofibrillation. The CuCl2-assisted hydrotropic pretreatment was most suitable for delignification, resulting in a relatively higher enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of 53.2%. It was observed that the higher residual lignin absorbed on the fiber surface, which exerted inhibitory effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis, while the lower lignin content substrates resulted in less entangled LCNF with thinner diameters. The metal chloride-assisted rapid and low-temperature fractionation process has a significant potential in achieving the energy-efficient and cost-effective valorization of lignocellulosic biomass.

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Pielhop, Thomas. "Suppression of Lignin Repolymerisation to Enhance Cellulose Bioconversion and Lignin Valorisation – A Review". CHIMIA 77, n.º 6 (28 de junio de 2023): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2023.403.

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The recent discovery that the prevention of lignin repolymerisation/condensation in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment can both enhance the bioconversion of cellulose and the quality of the obtained lignin, has brought a lignocellulose biorefinery closer to reality. In this work, the development of this approach and the last advancements are reviewed. The review reveals the successful implementation for a wide range of lignocellulosic substrates including softwood, hardwood, and agricultural residues. As well, it is shown that the approach can enhance various pretreatment technologies, including steam, acid and organosolv processes. Recent developments involve the discovery of new and greener additives which prevent lignin repolymerisation, the implementation of cellulose saccharification at industrially realistic conditions and high-yield fermentation. In addition, first applications of the lignin obtained in these processes are reviewed, showcasing its enhanced quality for functionalisation and use in polymers, as well as for its depolymerisation to aromatic monomers. The recent progresses bring closer the prospect of a biorefinery that can valorise all fractions of lignocellulosic biomass.

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40

Liu, Xiaofang, Dayong Yu, Hangyu Luo, Can Li y Hu Li. "Efficient Reaction Systems for Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion to Furan Derivatives: A Minireview". Polymers 14, n.º 17 (4 de septiembre de 2022): 3671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173671.

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Lignocellulosic biomass as abundant, renewable, and sustainable carbon feedstock is an alternative to relieve the dependence on fossil fuels and satisfy the demands of chemicals and materials. Conversions of lignocellulosic biomass to high-value-added chemicals have drawn much attention recently due to the high availability of sustainable ways. This minireview surveys the recent trends in lignocellulosic biomass conversion into furan derivatives based on the following systems: (1) ionic liquids, (2) deep eutectic solvents, and (3) biphasic systems. Moreover, the current challenges and future perspectives in the development of efficient routes for lignocellulosic biomass conversion are provided.

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41

Lee, H. V., S. B. A. Hamid y S. K. Zain. "Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Nanocellulose: Structure and Chemical Process". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/631013.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex biopolymer that is primary composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The presence of cellulose in biomass is able to depolymerise into nanodimension biomaterial, with exceptional mechanical properties for biocomposites, pharmaceutical carriers, and electronic substrate’s application. However, the entangled biomass ultrastructure consists of inherent properties, such as strong lignin layers, low cellulose accessibility to chemicals, and high cellulose crystallinity, which inhibit the digestibility of the biomass for cellulose extraction. This situation offers both challenges and promises for the biomass biorefinery development to utilize the cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, multistep biorefinery processes are necessary to ensure the deconstruction of noncellulosic content in lignocellulosic biomass, while maintaining cellulose product for further hydrolysis into nanocellulose material. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure basis for biomass recalcitrance, reengineering process of lignocellulosic biomass into nanocellulose via chemical, and novel catalytic approaches. Furthermore, review on catalyst design to overcome key barriers regarding the natural resistance of biomass will be presented herein.

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42

Haq, Ikram, Kinza Qaisar, Ali Nawaz, Fatima Akram, Hamid Mukhtar, Xin Zohu, Yong Xu et al. "Advances in Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass towards Energy Generation". Catalysts 11, n.º 3 (26 de febrero de 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030309.

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The booming demand for energy across the world, especially for petroleum-based fuels, has led to the search for a long-term solution as a perfect source of sustainable energy. Lignocellulosic biomass resolves this obstacle as it is a readily available, inexpensive, and renewable fuel source that fulfills the criteria of sustainability. Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and its components into value-added products maximizes the energy output and promotes the approach of lignocellulosic biorefinery. However, disruption of the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) via pretreatment technologies is costly and power-/heat-consuming. Therefore, devising an effective pretreatment method is a challenge. Likewise, the thermochemical and biological lignocellulosic conversion poses problems of efficiency, operational costs, and energy consumption. The advent of integrated technologies would probably resolve this problem. However, it is yet to be explored how to make it applicable at a commercial scale. This article will concisely review basic concepts of lignocellulosic composition and the routes opted by them to produce bioenergy. Moreover, it will also discuss the pros and cons of the pretreatment and conversion methods of lignocellulosic biomass. This critical analysis will bring to light the solutions for efficient and cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass that would pave the way for the development of sustainable energy systems.

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43

Sun, Liguang, Congguang Yao, Aofei Guo y Zhenyun Yu. "A Review on the Application of Lignocellulosic Biomass Ash in Cement-Based Composites". Materials 16, n.º 17 (31 de agosto de 2023): 5997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175997.

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With the development of society, the demand for cement-based composites is increasing day by day. Cement production significantly increases CO2 emissions. These emissions are reduced when high volumes of cement are replaced. The consideration of sustainable development has prompted people to search for new cement substitutes. The lignocellulosic biomass ash obtained from burning lignocellulosic biomass contains a large number of active oxides. If lignocellulosic biomass ash is used as a partial cement substitute, it can effectively solve the high emissions problem of cement-based composites. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of lignocellulosic biomass ashes and discusses their effects on the workability, mechanical properties, and durability (water absorption, acid resistance, etc.) of cement-based composites. It is found that appropriate treatments on lignocellulosic biomass ashes are beneficial to their application in cement-based composites. Meanwhile, the issues with their application are also pointed out.

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44

Inoue, Seiichi. "Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass". TANSO 2015, n.º 270 (2015): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2015.225.

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BURTON, A., D. DE ZUTTER, G. PONCELET, P. GRANGE y B. DELMON. "Catalytic Hydroliquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass". International Journal of Solar Energy 4, n.º 2 (enero de 1986): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01425918608909840.

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Lin, Xuejiao, Zhengmei Wu, Chenyuan Zhang, Shijie Liu y Shuangxi Nie. "Enzymatic pulping of lignocellulosic biomass". Industrial Crops and Products 120 (septiembre de 2018): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.033.

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Wan, Caixia y Yebo Li. "Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass". Biotechnology Advances 30, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2012): 1447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.003.

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Santek, Mirela Ivancic, Anita Slavica, Suncica Beluhan y Bozidar Santek. "Biodiesel production from lignocellulosic biomass". Journal of Biotechnology 256 (agosto de 2017): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.056.

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49

Lo, Shang-Lien, Yu-Fong Huang, Pei-Te Chiueh y Wen-Hui Kuan. "Microwave Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass". Energy Procedia 105 (mayo de 2017): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.277.

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50

Inoue, Seiichi. "Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass". Carbon 104 (agosto de 2016): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.017.

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