Bibliografías temáticas / Mail order catalogues

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Mail order catalogues"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Mail order catalogues"

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Culbertson, Margaret. "MAIL-ORDER HOUSE AND PLAN CATALOGUES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1876–1930". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America 11, n.º 1 (abril de 1992): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/adx.11.1.27948411.

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Clumpner, Krista Ellis, Robert Schweitzer y Michael W. R. Davis. "America's Favorite Homes: Mail-Order Catalogues as a Guide to Popular Early 20th Century Houses". Michigan Historical Review 16, n.º 2 (1990): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20173243.

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Brewer, Rosemary y Alan Cocker. "The ‘New Way’ of Shopping: Farmers Trading Company Catalogues 1909 – 1938." Back Story Journal of New Zealand Art, Media & Design History, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/backstory.vi3.30.

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In August this year Australasian retailers were informed of an approaching “Death Star”1. The American online retail giant Amazon announced plans to open its first major Australian warehouse, what it called a ‘fulfillment centre’, in suburban Melbourne. In New Zealand retailers were reported as being “spooked by the ‘Amazon Effect’” according to researchers at Massey University2 who found that business confidence had fallen since 2016 and the global online retailer was being cited as the main reason for uncertainty. With the opening of the Australian warehouse it was estimated that Amazon could build a business with annual sales of $915 million in this country in just five years.3 Over a century ago the New Zealand retail industry was shaken by another 'retail revolution', the mail order catalogue.
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Möckel, Benjamin. "Consuming Anti-Consumerism: The German Fairtrade Movement and the Ambivalent Legacy of ‘1968’". Contemporary European History 28, n.º 4 (31 de octubre de 2019): 550–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777319000262.

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AbstractThe article explores the influence of ‘1968’ on the West German fair trade movement. It argues that 1968 constituted an ambivalent legacy for the perception of mass consumerism: while the 1960s student movement radically criticised modern consumer society, it also put new emphasis on consumer products as markers of individual identity. The article analyses this relationship by focusing on the design, representation and advertising of fair trade products by the German fair trade organation GEPA. The first two case studies examine the politicisation of fair trade products in its early campaigns in the 1970s and the subsequent attempts to use everyday products like coffee, tea and honey to educate consumers about their individual lifestyles. The third case study looks at the GEPA's first mail-order catalogues and asks how the GEPA tried to transform an icon of modern mass consumerism into a tool to communicate its fair trade approach.
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Nalepa, C. A., K. A. Kidd y D. I. Hopkins. "The Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Orientation to Aggregation Sites". Journal of Entomological Science 35, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2000): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.2.150.

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Several studies were conducted to determine the cues used by the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) when orienting to aggregation sites in autumn: (1) artificial shelters modeled after those commercially available in mail order catalogues were baited with live adults and hung on the outside of buildings known from past years to be aggregation sites, (2) differential arrival of the two sexes at overwintering sites was examined by collecting and sexing the beetles alighting on buildings at two points in time during the aggregation period, and (3) the distribution of overwintering H. axyridis among beehives was determined in ten apiaries. Results indicate no preference for the artificial shelters and no orientation to the conspecifics within them. Sex ratios of beetles arriving at aggregation sites were consistent over time in two of the three sites examined. During winter, adult H. axyridis were non-randomly distributed among physically similar beehives. We conclude that there is little evidence for volatile aggregation pheromones and suggest that the chemical cues that mediate the final stages of aggregation behavior in H. axyridis may be based on contact chemoreception with conspecifics or the feces and residues that persist in aggregation sites from previous years.
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Olsen, J. L. "Chestnut Production in the Northwestern United States". HortTechnology 10, n.º 2 (enero de 2000): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.2.296.

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The chestnut (Castanea Mill.) industry in the northwestern United States is in its relative infancy, with most orchards being less than 10 years of age. Currently there are an estimated 300 acres (121 ha) in Oregon and Washington. California has about 500 acres (202 ha) in chestnuts. Current worldwide production is over 500,000 tons (435,600 t). China is the leading producer with 40%, followed by Korea at 15%. Italy, Turkey and Japan grow 10% each, while France, Greece and Spain grow 4% each. The United States, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Australia each grow less than 1%. The value of chestnuts imported into the United States is estimated to be $10 to 15 million annually. Domestic producers hope to displace some of the imported chestnuts in the marketplace. The leading variety being grown in the western United States is `Colossal,' a hybrid between european chestnut (C. sativa Mill.) and japanese chestnut (C. crenata Gillet). `Dunstan' hybrids are chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica Murr.) resistant, and were bred in Florida using chinese chestnut (C. mollisima Blume) and american chestnut (C. dentata Marsh. Borkh.) parentage. Prices received by chestnut producers in the northwestern United States have ranged from $1.20 to $7.00/lb ($2.64 to $15.40/kg). The marketing of chestnuts has been through brokers into wholesale markets, farmers markets, mail order and direct sales through catalogues and World Wide Web sites.
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Taff, L. G., V. V. Tel’nyuk-Adamchuk y O. A. Molotaj. "NPC, A New Combined Position Catalogue of Stars in the Northern Pole Region". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 165 (1997): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100047011.

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AbstractThe main task of this work was to construct a new catalogue of positions and proper motions of stars in the north polar cap, and using the results obtained to study the systematic features of the source catalogues as well as the reference system in the polar region. To achieve the goal, thirteen source catalogues, both meridian and photographic, covering an epoch span near one and a half century, were collected. Most of them were not involved in the process of both the PPM and the ACRS constructions. The new combined catalogue of positions and proper motions, named North Polar Catalogue (NPC), lists 4272 stars on the FK5 system, J2000.0. The catalogue was constructed using the method of infinitely overlapping circles. It represents the second use of this procedure to construct a star catalogue. External rms accuracy of positions for the epoch of 2000 is equal to 015 and 025 for the centennial proper motions, respectively. The internal rms errors of positions at the mean catalogue epoch, near 1940, are equal to 018 and 015 for right ascension and declination correspondingly, while external rms position errors for that epoch are of the order of 005. Comparisons were made between the NPC and three modern catalogues, the FK5, PPM, and ACRS. The systematic differences between the new catalogue and PPM one for the epoch of 2000 are valuable, especially in the case of errors depending on right ascension. The authors consider as an essential part of the systematic differences that, which is caused by some shortcomings of the PPM in the polar zone. For the mean epoch of the new catalogue positions the systematic differences are smaller.
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Chambers, M. L. y R. W. Eglese. "Forecasting demand for mail order catalogue lines during the season". European Journal of Operational Research 34, n.º 2 (marzo de 1988): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(88)90347-5.

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Green, D. A. "The Galactic distribution of SNRs". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S296 (enero de 2013): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313009459.

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AbstractIt is not straightforward to determine the distribution of supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Galaxy. The two main difficulties are that there are observational selection effects that mean that catalogues of SNRs are incomplete, and distances are not available for most remnants. Here I discuss the selection effects that apply to the latest catalogue of Galactic SNRs. I then compare the observed distribution of ‘bright’ SNRs in Galactic longitude with that expected from models in order to constrain the Galactic distribution of SNRs.
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Pailoplee, Santi. "Earthquake Catalogue of the Thailand Meteorological Department — A Commentary". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 08, n.º 05 (diciembre de 2014): 1471001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431114710018.

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In this study, I investigated qualitatively the earthquake catalogue of the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), Thailand, with respect to the seismicity patterns of Thailand. The readymade relationships between the different magnitude scales were derived to allow their convenient interconversion. Earthquake declustering was performed in order to screen the main shocks from the foreshocks and aftershocks, reducing the 1998–2009 records from ~48,900 to 2,620 main events. Man-made changes in the seismicity rate were carefully checked for, but only some minor changes were found and these were not related to any network improvements. In order to assess the limit of the earthquake detection in the catalogue the criterion of the magnitude of completeness (Mc) was employed, revealing a high efficiency of earthquake detection at a low Mc (3.0–3.5 Mw), especially for the inland active fault zone that dominates in Southeast Asia. Thus, the TMD's catalogue is one of the alternative catalogues for seismicity investigation of inland earthquakes. Meanwhile for the area surrounding the Sumatra Island and Northern Myanmar, the TMD's network is sufficient only for earthquakes with a Mw > 5.4–6.0 Mw. Thus, some additional seismic recording stations are needed in the Southern and Northern parts of Thailand.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Mail order catalogues"

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Bates, Christina Jean. "Prescription and Practice: A Comparison of Child-Care Manuals, Fashion Journals and Mail-Order Catalogues on the Subject of Children's Dress 1875-1900". W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625490.

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Rollwagen, Katharine E. ""The Market That Just Grew Up": How Eaton's Fashioned the Teenaged Consumer in Mid-twentieth-century Canada". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23314.

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This thesis focuses on the emergence of the teenaged consumer as a market segment in Canada during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. It challenges the notion that teenagers were of little interest to retailers until economics and demographics shaped the more numerous and prosperous post-war teenagers of the Baby Boom generation. Using evidence from corporate records and analysis of mail order catalogues, the study examines how department store retailer, the T. Eaton Company, Limited, began to cultivate a distinct and lucrative teenaged consumer in the 1930s, and thereby began shaping the teenaged consumer. The thesis contextualizes the case study of Eaton’s by exploring the varied expectations that adults had of young people at the time, using census records and magazines (Chatelaine, Canadian Home Journal and Mayfair) to explore concerns about young people’s transition to adulthood. It then focuses on how Eaton’s made a concerted and sustained effort to attract teenager customers to its catalogue and stores. Analysis of its semi-annual catalogue highlights the emergence of specialized clothing size ranges and styles, revealing that Eaton’s increasingly viewed the teenaged years as an important in-between life stage. Eaton’s also instituted teenage advisory councils to both glean market trends and provide a venue for what it considered education for novice consumers. Eaton’s presented consumption as a way to prepare young people for adult roles, legitimizing teenaged participation in the consumer marketplace and contributing to wider debates about when and how teenaged Canadians should reach maturity.
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Johnson, S. A. "The consumption of middle class American women's clothing through mail order catalogs, 1850 to 1900". Thesis, University of Brighton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399046.

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Alcorn-Oppedahl, Allison A. (Allison Ann). "Mail Order Music: the Hinners Organ Company in the Dakotas, 1879-1936". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278307/.

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Founded in 1879 by John L. Hinners, the Hinners Organ Company developed a number of stock models of small mechanical-action instruments that were advertised throughout the Midwest. Operating without outside salesmen, the company was one of the first to conduct all of its affairs by mail, including the financial arrangements, selection of the basic design, and custom alterations where required. Buyers first met a company representative when he arrived by train to set up the crated instrument that had been shipped ahead of him. Tracker organs with hand-operated bellows were easily repaired by local craftsmen, and were suited to an area that, for the most part, lacked electricity. In all, the company constructed nearly three thousand pipe organs during its sixty years of operation. Rapid decline of the firm began in the decade prior to 1936 during which the company sold fewer than one hundred instruments, and closed in that year when John's son Arthur found himself without sufficient financial resources to weather the lengthy depression. The studies of the original-condition Hinners organs in the Dakotas include extensive photographs and measurements, and provide an excellent cross section of the smaller instruments produced by the company. They are loud, excellently crafted, functionally attractive, tonally typical of the early twentieth-century American Romantic organ, and utilize designs and materials typical of this era. Only recently has it been acknowledged that these Hinners organs represent a "meat and potatoes" class of instrument, as it were, an honest meal without the pretense of delicate appetizers, vintage wine, and gourmet dessert. In this way the company offered churches a serviceable and respectable musical alternative to grandeur, and was able to fulfill the needs and meet the budget of a small congregation without the expense of a custom instrument.
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Granlund, Kajsa y Ylva Julihn. "Katalog vs Nätbutik : en studie om produktpresentation av modevaror inom distanshandeln". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19616.

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The survey Distanshandeln idag 2005, made by the Swedish postal service, tells us that web shops started to pop up in the 1990´s and began competing with the catalogue sells in the end of the decade. Ten years ago, it was said that the web shops would take over the distance trade market. Today we know that did not happen. Internet shopping accounted for 4, 2 % of all distance shopping in Sweden last year. Our inquiry is guided by the observation that the catalogue is still in use and moreover, it seems to have changed very little from when we were kids. It might be that the catalogue has potentials that the Internet lacks. Hence, this study aims to identify and describe differences between mail-order catalogues and web shops in the presentation of fashion products. The theoretical frame of reference for this study consists of literature on marketing, brands, and fashion marketing by catalogue and Internet. This is primary an empirical study and the literature's function is that of inspiration and support for us in our analysis and our conclusions. The empirical material consists of a survey on the mail-order company Ellos’s spring and summer catalogue of 2009, and their web shop for the same time period. First we constructed a set of mutually exclusive criteria to apply in our analysis (e.g., colour, perspective and information). A number of standard garments were then chosen, and for each of these garments, we applied our model and performed a comparative analysis. To give the reader a better understanding of the survey's result, we included images to show specific phenomena along with our findings. The main differences between catalogues and web shops could be summarized as follows: Web shops provides immediate information about stock status and campaign prices, this cannot be done in the catalogue. The catalogues on their hand provides the customer with a lot of ideas on how to wear, and how to combine the different garments. This could easily be achieved in the web shop too, and we find it a bit surprising that it is not.
Program: Textilekonomutbildningen
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Ivanova, Yulia. "The entry strategy to Belarussian book market". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74039.

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The thesis demonstrates the entry strategy of a fundamentally new product - the magazine-catalogue of business books through the publishing house - to the B2B Belarusian book market. This product will help companies to make a better choice in the market of business literature. Customers will enjoy an overview and easy access to the titles, will have a quick reference about the content and prices, and will be able to place purchase orders online. The central issue is the optimization of courier service in the capital city Minsk and the surrounding area based on the customer demand. Therefore there is a need to introduce a new product, which will help to order books through catalogue and having them delivered by post, saving both, time and energy. The thesis is based on actual experience and its conclusions can be used in business practice.
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Hancock, Jr Jerry R. "Dixie Progress: Sears, Roebuck & Co. and How it became an Icon in Southern Culture". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_theses/32.

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This study will investigate Sears, Roebuck & Co. and the special relationship it established with the South during the first half of the twentieth-century. The study will examine oral interviews with former employees, southern literature and customer letters from the region in an effort to better understand how Sears became more than just a friend to the poor dirt farmers of the South; it became a uniquely southern institution.
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Martin, Laurel A. "Attitudes of employed persons toward mail-order catalogue use particularly for the purchase of clothing". 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18288.

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Libros sobre el tema "Mail order catalogues"

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Storey, Linda. Using mail order catalogues. Leeds: PRU Publications, 1985.

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Albala, Leila. Catalogue of Canadian catalogues. Chambly, Québec: Alpel Pub., 1987.

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PLC, Littlewoods Organisation. Littlewoods mail order catalogues 1932-80 on colour microfiche. London: Ormonde Publishing Ltd., 1986.

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plc, Littlewoods Organisation. Littlewoods mail order catalogues 1932 - 1980 on colour microfiche. London: Ormonde Publishing, 1986.

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Palder, Edward L. The catalogof catalogs V: The complete mail-order directory. 5a ed. Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House, 1997.

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Davis, Michael W. R., 1931-, ed. America's favorite homes: Mail-order catalogues as a guide to popular early 20th-century houses. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990.

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Emporium, Dolls House. Mail order catalogue. Ripley: Dolls House Emporium, 1999.

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Nature Conservancy Council (Great Britain). Mail order catalogue. Peterborough: The Council, 1987.

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Organisation, Littlewoods. Littlewoods [mail order catalogue]. Liverpool: Littlewoods, 1989.

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Worcester, Kays of. Kays [mail order catalogue]. Worcester: Kays, 1991.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Mail order catalogues"

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Cole, Maureen. "Buying from a Mail Order Catalogue". En Keyboarding Assignments, 134–40. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11392-7_20.

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Marshall, P. David y Joanne Morreale. "Building Consumer Culture: The Department Store and Mail Order Catalogue". En Advertising and Promotional Culture, 31–44. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-02625-5_3.

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O'Connell, Sean. "Retail capitalism in the parlour: mail order catalogues". En Credit and Community, 88–130. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263318.003.0004.

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"A Catalogue of Women". En Dreaming of a Mail-Order Husband, 7–21. Duke University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822389750-002.

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"A Catalogue of Hope". En Dreaming of a Mail-Order Husband, 146–62. Duke University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822389750-009.

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"A Catalogue of Hope". En Dreaming of a Mail-Order Husband, 146–62. Duke University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv125jp07.12.

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"A Catalogue of Women". En Dreaming of a Mail-Order Husband, 7–21. Duke University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv125jp07.5.

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"1. A Catalogue of Women". En Dreaming of a Mail-Order Husband, 7–21. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822389750-003.

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"8. A Catalogue of Hope". En Dreaming of a Mail-Order Husband, 146–62. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822389750-010.

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"3. Vera: A Catalogue of Men". En Dreaming of a Mail-Order Husband, 49–65. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822389750-005.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Mail order catalogues"

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Wettstein, Hans E. "Quality Key Numbers of Gas Turbine Combined Cycles". En ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14508.

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Abstract The most relevant quality key numbers for the largest and most efficient Gas Turbine Combined Cycles (GTCC) are not (only) the data published by the original engine manufacturers OEM’s. Additional numbers are here evaluated with educated guesses based on published data of the latest announcements of the “big four OEM’s” [8]. Such data are of interest for potential customers but also for nailing down the current state-of-the-art for all kind of further cycle studies using turbomachinery components and also as a contemporary history record. Making educated guesses means thermodynamic 1D simulation based on additional assumptions for pressure losses and other cycle data, which have a limited influence on the (unpublished) target quality numbers, such as: • Mixed turbine inlet temperature Tmix. This is a key value describing the technology level. It can be derived independently of the (unpublished) TCLA value. It is a quality number for the general cooling design and for the secondary air systems. • Polytropic efficiency of the compressor blading. This number describes the aerodynamic quality of the compressor blading. • Polytropic efficiency of the turbine blading. It describes the quality level of both the blading aerodynamics and of the open air cooling design. • Distribution of the exergy losses within the GT and in the bottoming cycle. The exergy losses describe the remaining opportunities for further improvements in the thermodynamic cycle design. But they also indicate its limits. However already the determination of the Tmix is tricky. It depends on the analysis method and on the fluid data applied. The polytropic efficiency of the turbine blading and the exergy losses will depend both on the used methods and on the Tmix found. Achieving a trustable result therefore requires a transparent and reproducible method. In case of application of the found results for performance prediction of similar cycles the same method has to be applied in order to avoid mistakes. In this paper real gas data with consideration of dissociation in equilibrium are used, while the polytropic efficiencies are determined with an incremental method based directly on the classic definitions of Stodola [3] and Dzung [4]. Therefore the still most used method using semi-perfect gas properties and corresponding formulas is bypassed. In order to keep it as simple as possible the evaluation is limited to base load at ISO ambient condition (15°C, 60% relative humidity, sea level). The fuel is limited to pure methane according to the practice in current catalogue data. The main focus is on the gas turbine with its components. The steam bottoming cycle is captured with its effect on the overall exergy and energy balance of the GTCC, which identifies exhaust and condensation losses.
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Messer, Matthias, Jitesh H. Panchal, Janet K. Allen, David L. McDowell y Farrokh Mistree. "A Function-Based Approach for Integrated Design of Material and Product Concepts". En ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35743.

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Designing advanced multifunctional materials and products in an integrated fashion starting from the conceptual stage provides designers with increased flexibility to achieve system performance goals that were not previously achievable. Today however, product designers commonly select more or less advanced materials from selection charts or catalogs, rather than designing them along with the product from the conceptual stage on. In order to increase a designer’s flexibility in the conceptual stage and render conceptual materials design more systematic, hence less ad-hoc and intuitive, the main contribution is the development of a systematic approach to the integrated design of material and product concepts from a systems perspective. This systematic approach is focused on developing multilevel function structures, including the material levels. Based on functional analysis, abstraction and synthesis, multiscale phenomena and associated governing solution principles are mapped to functional relationships. Hence, multilevel function structures are embodied into principal solution alternatives based on comprehensive identification and integration of phenomena and associated governing solution principles occurring at multiples levels and time and length scales. In this paper, the function-based approach to integrated design of material and product concepts is illustrated through the systematic design of reactive material containment system concepts. Having developed an overall reactive material containment system function structure, a more detailed function structure on the materials level is created. For dominating functional relationships at the materials level, governing solution principles are identified on multiple scales. The most promising solution principles are then classified in morphological charts. Combining solution principles in a systematic fashion including the materials level, product and material system concepts are identified. The most promising system concepts, in other words the principal solution alternatives that narrow the gap to desired system performance goals, are selected and illustrated in concept selection charts. A selected material and product system concept is then characterized in terms of its specific properties, which are to be tailored to the functional requirements and performance goals in subsequent embodiment design processes. By developing concepts of the product and material as an integrated system, materials design becomes more systematic and hence less ad-hoc and intuitive. At the same time, designers are enabled to realize new functionality and achieve system performance goals that were not previously achievable.
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Barthel, R., W. Goldammer y M. Helming. "Exemption Levels for the Recycling and Disposal of Residues With Enhanced Levels of Natural Radioactivity (TENORM) in Germany". En ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1267.

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Abstract The new German Radiation Protection Ordinance contains for the first time a systematic framework of regulations protecting workers and the public against radiation exposures from residues of industrial and mining processes containing enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (TENORM). These regulations will satisfy the requirements of the European Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM and serve as a common basis for the radiation protection activities of the German states in this field. The consideration of exposures from materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides gains on this basis an increased level of significance within the German radiation protection efforts. The overall goal of the new regulations is to keep the additional effective dose for the population from the recycling and disposal of TENORM below 1 mSv/a. In order to achieve this objective, companies in which such residues arise have to carry out representative measurements of activity concentrations in these materials. If exemption levels defined in the new regulations are exceeded, restrictions on the recycling and disposal come into effect. These exemption levels are nuclide specific and distinguish between material types and different recycling and disposal options. This specific definition of exemption criteria serves the goal to minimise the number of companies and the amount of residues affected by the new regulations to the extent possible, focussing the efforts of operators and regulators to those materials having the potential to actually cause radiation exposure problems. The specific exemption criteria were derived on the basis of an analysis of typical amounts and activity concentrations of industrial and mining residues with enhanced radioactivity contents in Germany. In a second step, practically applied options for the recycling and disposal of these materials were investigated. On this basis, generic scenarios for the radiation exposure of the workforce and the public were defined and doses were estimated. All relevant pathways including possible long term effects (ground water) were considered in these analyses. Based on the 1 mSv/a criterion, a catalogue of relevant materials, potentially requiring radiation protection measures, was developed. For these materials the practically applied recycling or disposal options were grouped into categories, for which specific exemption levels were derived. The derivation of these criteria was based on realistic estimates of radiation exposure, for example taking into account the dilution of the residues with other materials in technological processes or during the disposal in landfills. The residues subject to the new regulations mostly arise in large quantities over extended periods of time. This leads to significant variations of radionuclide concentrations depending on feed materials and process parameters. To carry out representative measurements without the necessity of taking a too large number of samples, therefore, requires an adequate measurement strategy. Particular aspects to be considered are uncertainties of the measurements themselves and the heterogeneity of the residues. In addition, the measurement strategy has to be compatible with diverse situations in the different industries affected. The framework developed for designing individual strategies for the various industries and types of residues satisfies these requirements and can also provide guidance for measurement campaigns in other areas. The paper outlines the general situation with regard to TENORM in Germany. The main streams of residues and options for their recycling or disposal are described. On this basis, scenarios used for the radiological evaluation are defined and examples for resulting radiation exposures are given. The exemption levels derived from this analysis are discussed. Finally, the framework for the design and implementation of an adequate measurement strategy is outlined.
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