Artículos de revistas: "Malnutrition in pregnancy Complications"

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Devi R., Auxeelia Packia, and Basavaraj N. Naregal. "Wernicke’s encephalopathy in pregnancy." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20220920.

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Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a reversible neurological emergency which is a rare but known complication of hyperemesis gravidarum due to thiamine deficiency. Prolonged vomiting in pregnancy results in thiamine depletion. Most frequently Wernicke's encephalopathy is found among persons suffering from excessive drinking. Unusually it can also be seen in women presenting with hyperemesis gravidarum with pre-existing malnutrition, as avitaminosis can result from the acute malnutrition associated with prolonged pregnancy-related hyperemesis. The early recognition of its clinical signs and symptoms is essential to establish the suspected diagnosis and can be confirmed by MRI. Most patients present with the triad of ocular signs, ataxia, and confusion. It can be associated with life-threatening complication like central pontine myelinolysis. Here we stress upon the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment of WE. The aim of this report is to present cases of Wernicke's encephalopathy induced by hyperemesis gravidarum except one case which was acute in onset. The course of the disease, clinical signs, diagnostic tools, treatment and its results are presented.

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Dolgova, Yu S., D. R. Eremeeva, and M. S. Zainulina. "Risks of reproductive loss and placenta-mediated pregnancy complications in women with antiphospholipid antibodies." Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 14, no. 6 (January 11, 2021): 592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2020.181.

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Introduction. Antiphospholipid syndrome (AРS) is a multisystem disease characterized by elevated levels of antiphospholipid antibodies (AРA), arterial and/or venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and habitual miscarriage. Various AРA types have multifactorial and indirect effects on pregnancy course from the earliest stages, leading to termination of pregnancy and putting the prerequisites for further obstetric complications. Aim: determine rate and relative risk of pregnancy complications in AРA carriers. Materials and Methods. The retrospective study, conducted between 2017 and 2019, included 268 pregnant women. All women underwent a comprehensive study consisting of clinical examination and laboratory methods. AРA of IgM and IgG classes were measured by using ELISA, lupus anticoagulant (LA) was estimated by using a coagulometer. Results. APA were detected in 213 (79.48 %) women examined; 55 (20.52 %) patients (n = 55) lacked APA. Failed in vitro fertilization attempts were 2 times more common in women with AРA (10.33 vs. 5.45 %, respectively; p < 0.001). Also, significant differences were found in this group in antenatal fetal death (4.23 vs. 1.82 %, respectively; p < 0.001) and chronic placental insufficiency without fetal malnutrition (23.47 vs. 18.18 %, respectively; p < 0.05). Of 165 women with early pregnancy loss syndrome, AРA were found in 130 (78.79 %), late pregnancy loss – in 29 (76.32 %) and antenatal fetal death – in 9 (90.0 %) women carrying serum AРA. The relative risks of unfavorable pregnancy outcomes have been identified for various AРA subtypes. Conclusion. Identifying clear-cut relative risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes for various subtypes of antiphospholipid antibodies will allow to determine risk groups and develop a special treatment algorithm for preventing pregnancy complications and perinatal losses.

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Hechtman, Lily. "Teenage Mothers and Their Children: Risks and Problems: A Review." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 6 (August 1989): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400615.

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Adolescent mothers and their offspring are a high risk group broth physically and emotionally. Poverty, malnutrition, complications of pregnancy, emotional problems such as depression, drug and alcohol use, are all risks for the mother. Children are also at greater risk for physical, cognitive and emotional problems. It is therefore important to identify factors which influence outcome on adolescent mothers and their children in order to suggest interventions which will more positively affect the physical and psychological health of this increasing population.

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Mikhaylin, Yevgeniy Sergeyevich, Lada Anatolyevna Ivanova, and Aleksey Gennadyevich Savitskiy. "Comparative characteristic of pregnancy and delivery in adolescents and women of average reproductive age." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 63, no. 4 (September 15, 2014): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd63447-53.

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The article provides a comparative characteristic the main clinical parameters of pregnancy and delivery in adolescents and women of average reproductive age. The results of this study generally confirm the literature data on the greater frequency of complications of pregnancy and childbirth in juvenile women than in women of average reproductive age. Thus, significantly more frequently in pregnant adolescents dated anemia, preeclampsia, fetal malnutrition, during delivery more frequently dated premature rupture of membranes, perineotomy and newborn injury. At the same time, significant differences in the incidence of weakness of labor activity, hemorrhage, neonatal asphyxia and maternal injury was not observed according to our data, which is not consistent with the known literature data.

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Zhabchenko, I. A., and O. R. Sudmak. "Peculiarities of pregnancy and delivery course in women after the application of assisted reproductive technologies against obesity (Based on the retrospective analysis)." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 6(132) (July 30, 2018): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2018.132.122.

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The objective: to study the structure and frequency of complications of pregnancy, deliveries and perinatal outcomes in three groups of women: women with infertility and obesity, treated by application of in vitro fertilization (hereinafter IVF), pregnant women after IVF application with normal body weight, and pregnant women on the background of obesity which did not have an infertility in past history. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 221 case histories of pregnancies and labors in women who were treated and gave birth in the Pregnancy and delivery pathology Department of SI «Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after Acad. O. M. Lukyanova of NAMS of Ukraine» for 2012 – 2016 years was carried out. Results. The overwhelming majority of pregnant women after IVF on the background of obesity are primaparas, who have a complicated obstetric history, hormonal changes in the form of progesterone deficiency predominantly and chronic inflammatory processes. Pregnancy with a combination of infertility, treated by the means of IVF application, and obesity, in most cases is accompanied by a long-term threat of termination of pregnancy (48.8%), threatening preterm deliveries (56%), placental dysfunction (41.5%), premature rupture of the amniotic membranes (41.5%), other problems during pregnancy, at the same time, every second woman (58.5%) had a combination of several complications, and required a long-term and repeated inpatient treatment (53.7%). The specific gravity of surgical delivery was 90%, and 16.2% of such deliveries were complicated by pathological blood loss. The number of preterm deliveries was 17.1%, with perinatal losses up to 11.3‰. Among full-term newborns 21.3% of newborns had malnutrition of the I degree and 17% of them had hypoxic-ischemic lesion of CNS. Conclusion. The course of pregnancy, delivery and the postpartum period in the studied contingent of women has a significant frequency of complications, mainly the coinciding ones, which affects on the consequences of perinatal outcomes and requires further study of this problem and the development of differentiated algorithms for antenatal observation. Key words: pregnancy, obesity, in vitro fertilization, complications, delivery, newborn.

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Brohi, Sumera, Shazia Ahmed Jatoi, Saeed U. Nisa Sangi, Shaista Tabasum Abro, Rukhsana Shaikh, and Ayesha Jalbani. "Prevalence of Teenage Pregnancy & Its Outcome at Shaikh Zaid Women Hospital Larkana." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 1461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221651461.

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Background: Teenage adolescent pregnancy is an important community health issue globally. Research shows that mothers in teenage period are at a higher risk of maternal death and complications related with pregnancy in comparison to the mothers who are adult. Therefore, this research was directed to examine the sociodemographic profile and fetal and maternal outcomes related with teenage pregnancy and their comparison with mothers of 20-30 years of age. Study Design: A comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: In the obstetrics and Gynecology department of Sheikh Zaid Women Hospital Larkana for one-year duration from March 2021 to February 2022. Methods: A total of 60 teenage mothers ≤19 and 60 mothers who were 20-30 years of age respectively, were nominated as controls and cases. Data on the obstetric complications, fetal outcomes and sociodemographic profile were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested, pre-designed, partially structured questionnaire. The statistics were analyzed by entering data in the excel sheet of Microsoft. Results: In this study, 18.1 years was the mean age in teenage pregnant females and 24.3 years in the control group. 17.8 years was the mean age at which teenage mothers were married and for adults it was 20.1 years. 66.7% of teenage mothers and 61.7% of the control group are of high-low socioeconomic status. 80% of teenage pregnant females and 75% of control group were from rural areas. The mainstream of teenage mothers (70%) and control mothers (58.3%) are housewives by profession. The consanguineous marriages were observed in 33.3% of adolescent pregnant females and 41.7% in the control group. In this study, 38.3% and 46.7% of the mothers in adolescent and control group respectively had ante-natal checks during their pregnancy. Stillbirth / miscarriage were reported in 13.3% of adolescent mothers and 25% in the control group. 63.3% of teenage mothers had mild anemia and 53.3% in controls. The incidence of malnutrition (40% vs 15%, p <0.05), PPH (25% vs 6.7%, p <0.05), PROM (20% vs 3.3%, p <0.05) was significant in teenage mothers in comparison to mothers who were adults. The incidence of PIH was lower significantly in mothers during adolescence in comparison to adult mothers (13.3% vs. 31.7%, p <0.05). Conclusions: Complications such as PROM, maternal malnutrition, premature delivery, PPH and low birth weight occurred more frequently in adolescent mothers than in mothers who were adults. The adult mother’s higher proportion of PIH than in teenage mothers. Keywords: Adult pregnancy, teenage pregnancy, sociodemographic factors, adverse fetal and maternal outcomes.

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Brohi, Sumera, Shazia Ahmed Jatoi, Saeed U. Nisa Sangi, Shaista Tabasum Abro, Rukhsana Shaikh, and Ayesha Jalbani. "Prevalence of Teenage Pregnancy & Its Outcome at Shaikh Zaid Women Hospital Larkana." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 1461–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221651461.

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Background: Teenage adolescent pregnancy is an important community health issue globally. Research shows that mothers in teenage period are at a higher risk of maternal death and complications related with pregnancy in comparison to the mothers who are adult. Therefore, this research was directed to examine the sociodemographic profile and fetal and maternal outcomes related with teenage pregnancy and their comparison with mothers of 20-30 years of age. Study Design: A comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: In the obstetrics and Gynecology department of Sheikh Zaid Women Hospital Larkana for one-year duration from March 2021 to February 2022. Methods: A total of 60 teenage mothers ≤19 and 60 mothers who were 20-30 years of age respectively, were nominated as controls and cases. Data on the obstetric complications, fetal outcomes and sociodemographic profile were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested, pre-designed, partially structured questionnaire. The statistics were analyzed by entering data in the excel sheet of Microsoft. Results: In this study, 18.1 years was the mean age in teenage pregnant females and 24.3 years in the control group. 17.8 years was the mean age at which teenage mothers were married and for adults it was 20.1 years. 66.7% of teenage mothers and 61.7% of the control group are of high-low socioeconomic status. 80% of teenage pregnant females and 75% of control group were from rural areas. The mainstream of teenage mothers (70%) and control mothers (58.3%) are housewives by profession. The consanguineous marriages were observed in 33.3% of adolescent pregnant females and 41.7% in the control group. In this study, 38.3% and 46.7% of the mothers in adolescent and control group respectively had ante-natal checks during their pregnancy. Stillbirth / miscarriage were reported in 13.3% of adolescent mothers and 25% in the control group. 63.3% of teenage mothers had mild anemia and 53.3% in controls. The incidence of malnutrition (40% vs 15%, p <0.05), PPH (25% vs 6.7%, p <0.05), PROM (20% vs 3.3%, p <0.05) was significant in teenage mothers in comparison to mothers who were adults. The incidence of PIH was lower significantly in mothers during adolescence in comparison to adult mothers (13.3% vs. 31.7%, p <0.05). Conclusions: Complications such as PROM, maternal malnutrition, premature delivery, PPH and low birth weight occurred more frequently in adolescent mothers than in mothers who were adults. The adult mother’s higher proportion of PIH than in teenage mothers. Keywords: Adult pregnancy, teenage pregnancy, sociodemographic factors, adverse fetal and maternal outcomes.

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Martono, Ireneus Vanessa, M. Besari Adi Pramono, Herman Kristanto, and Albertus Ari Adrianto. "BREAST CANCER IN PREGNANCY AT DR. KARIADI GENERAL HOSPITAL: A SERIAL CASE." DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO) 10, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v10i2.29172.

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Background Each year 2.1 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer, being the most common type of cancer found and cancer-related cause of death in women worldwide. In Indonesia, especially in Middle Java, more than 80% women diagnosed were already in the late stage. Physiological changes in pregnancy contributes to the delay in diagnosis in pregnant women and pregnancy also resulted in a more complicated approach of therapy. Regarding only few studies were done involving pregnancy with breast cancer, the aim of the study is to provide further knowledge associated with it.Methods Medical records of pregnant women with breast cancer in year 2014-2018 at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital were studied.Results Based on the 3 cases be studied, patients were referred from class B and C hospitals outside of Semarang city showing stage III (33.33%) and IV (66.67%) breast cancers. Two-third of the patients underwent mastectomy previously and one of them also underwent chemotherapy program prior her pregnancy. Comorbidities varied between patients and therapies were adjusted individually and multidisciplinary. Two of the cases went through transperitoneal caesarean section for delivery and one patient with twin pregnancy died by complications and intrauterine foetal death was also determined.Conclusion Overall, all patients were > 35 years old and the breast cancers were diagnosed at late stage. Complications by comorbidities such as anaemia, severe malnutrition, and infection, were found. Two pregnancies which were already in third trimester was terminated and a case of maternal mortality was found.Keywords Breast cancer, pregnancy

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Jawzali, Jwan Ibrahim, Sahar Ismail Abdullah, and Nahidah Hassan Abdullah. "Nutritional status among pregnant adolescents at maternity teaching hospital." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 6, no. 14 (December 31, 2022): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.6.14.186-197.

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Background: Adolescent pregnancy increases nutritional requirements and the risk of pregnancy complications. There are few studies about anthropometric measurements as predictors of the nutritional status of pregnancy. Objective: The study consisted of an assessment of nutritional status by studying the association of anthropometric index and biochemical tests with adolescent pregnancy outcomes. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study included 116 convenient samples of pregnant adolescents. An interview questionnaire was used for collecting the following data: socio-demographic, body mass index (BMI), height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), hemoglobin levels, and proteinuria. Pregnancy complications included; anemia, urinary tract infection, mode of delivery, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's R test chi-square, and logistic regression were all used in statistical analysis. Results: The majority of study subjects were of late age of adolescence (≥ 17 years), housewives with primary education, and had normal obstetric history. Multigravida was only in late age of adolescence. Most 46.9% were overweight. Primigravida decrease in overweight subjects (odds ratio [OR] 0.2*; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03-0.88). The highest percentage had normal stature, 12.1% had short stature, 46.6 % had MUAC ˃28cm, and 3.4 % had undernutrition. Short stature increased at age 17 years and the risk of multipara increased in short stature (OR 4.2*; 95% CI 1.2-14.4). The majority had normal pregnancy outcomes. Anemia risk decreased in the normal height group (OR=0.08*: 95% CI 0.01-0.73), and in MUAC ≥ 28 cm (OR 0.77*; 95% CI 0.64-0,93). The risk of low birth weight increased not significantly in late age, among MUAC 24-28 cm, and significantly in anemia (OR=2.5*, 95% 1.1-5.5). Conclusion: This study concluded that the majority of the adolescents with primigravid/para status had normal nutritional status and pregnancy outcomes, as a result of growth in height, MUAC, and weight gain. malnutrition among overweight older adolescents with multigravida status affects growth, causes shorter stature, and anemia consequently increases the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, and cesarian section. Because its effects manifest as teenage age increases in multigravida, this study supports the prevention of adolescent pregnancy. MUAC can be used to assess adolescent pregnancy complications.

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Kaminskyi, V. V., O. I. Zhdanovich, T. V. Kolomiychenko, and A. D. Derkach. "Pregnancy after influenza in the first trimester." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 7(153) (September 29, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2020.153.14.

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The endpoint of the negative impact of adverse processes in the mother’s body with influenza is the formation of placental insufficiency, the basis of which is a violation of the uteroplacental blood flow. The objective: to study the features of the course of pregnancy, the state of the fetus and the newborn after the influenza in the first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and methods. 120 women who had the influenza in the first trimester of pregnancy were examined. In 68 (56.7%) pregnant women signs of feto-placental dysfunction were observed, 2 groups were distinguished: the main group - 68 patients with feto-placental dysfunction, the comparison group – 52 pregnant women without signs of feto-placental insufficiency. Results. 3 times more often than women without manifestations of placental insufficiency (42.6% versus 15.4%; p<0.05) a severe course of influenza was observed, it accompanied by a high frequency of clinical manifestations, including in almost all patients (95.6% versus 67.3%; p<0.05), body temperature rose to 38 °C and higher, and in 61.7% of women it stayed for 4–6 days (versus 11.5%; p<0.05). Among the complications of influenza: bronchitis (25.0% versus 9.3%; p<0.05), pneumonia (17.6% versus 5.7%; p<0.05), sinusitis (17.6% versus 7.7%; p<0.05). The threat of abortion was noted in 57.4% of cases, the threat of preterm birth was observed in 39.7% of women. Most often, placental dysfunction was associated with fetal distress (76.5% versus 13.5%; p<0.05) and growth retardation (54.4% versus 3.8%; p<0.05). 32.4% versus 13.5% of women had preeclampsia (p<0.05). The frequency of both polyhydramnios (17.6%) and low water (10.3%) is significantly higher. By cesarean section, 35.3% women were delivered (versus 15.4%, (p<0.05). Delivery was preterm in 17.6% of women versus 7.7% (p<0.05). Premature discharge of amniotic fluid (17.6%) and pathological blood loss during childbirth (16.2%), fetal distress during childbirth (48.5% versus 9.6%; p<0.05) were noted. Maternal placental dysfunction, fetal distress, prematurity (17.6%) and malnutrition (22.1%) led to a high incidence of birth asphyxia (46.5% versus 19.2%, p <0.05). Half (51.5%) of children had disadaptation syndromes, most often neurological disorders (32.4% versus 11.5%; p<0.05) and respiratory disorders (27.9% versus 7.7%; p<0.05). Conclusion. Influenza in early pregnancy with a severe course and a high frequency of complications is associated with a high frequency of feto-placental dysfunction and other obstetric and perinatal complications, which requires a more detailed study to determine risk factors and develop tactics for managing this category of pregnant women. Keywords: pregnancy, influenza, feto-placental dysfunction, obstetric and perinatal complications, newborn.

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Lassi, Zohra S., Sophie G. E. Kedzior, Wajeeha Tariq, Yamna Jadoon, Jai K. Das, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "Effects of Preconception Care and Periconception Interventions on Maternal Nutritional Status and Birth Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030606.

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Pregnancy in adolescence and malnutrition are common challenges in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and are associated with many complications and comorbidities. The preconception period is an ideal period for intervention as a preventative tactic for teenage pregnancy, and to increase micronutrient supplementation prior to conception. Over twenty databases and websites were searched and 45 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-experimental interventions with intent to delay the age at first pregnancy (n = 26), to optimize inter-pregnancy intervals (n = 4), and supplementation of folic acid (n = 5) or a combination of iron and folic acid (n = 10) during the periconception period were included. The review found that educational interventions to delay the age at first pregnancy and optimizing inter-pregnancy intervals significantly improved the uptake of contraception use (RR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.42–2.05; two studies, n = 911; I2 = 0%) and (RR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.29–3.93; one study, n = 338), respectively. For periconceptional folic acid supplementation, the incidence of neural tube defects were reduced (RR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.41–0.77; two studies, n = 248,056; I2 = 0%), and iron-folic acid supplementation improved the rates of anemia (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53–0.81; six studies; n = 3430, I2 = 88%), particularly when supplemented weekly and in a school setting. Notwithstanding the findings, more robust RCTs are required from LMICs to further support the evidence.

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Mirella Cristiane de Souza, Maria Gisele dos Santos, and Richard B Kreider. "The importance of Nutrology in pregnancy." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.10.3.0042.

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For many years, concern about nutrition during pregnancy was closely linked to the well-being of the fetus, mother and prevention of perinatal mortality. In 2010, the number of newborn deaths up to 4 weeks of life was four million worldwide, with an unequal distribution among developed and developing countries (GLASSMAN ET AL. 2010). Mortality in the neonatal period, which comprises the period between birth and 28 days of life of the newborn, is one of the best markers of the quality of care for pregnant women in the neonatal period. Congenital malformations, prematurity, low birth weight, cancer and maternal complications related to childbirth appear in the neonatal mortality list. Although these causes are multifactorial in nature, all have in their genesis some potentially modifiable risk factor associated with maternal nutrition. More recently, the concern with nutrition in pregnancy has gained an added chapter, which is the prevention of chronic diseases in the future of children (MATS, 2011). Between 2008 and 2013, epidemiologists met to compile the Lancet Series. The goal was to study the 178 million malnourished children under 5 years of age. Early in the studies, epidemiologists identified that 32 million malnourished children were born with intrauterine growth restriction. The number, besides being significant, brought concern about what the future of these children would look like in terms of growth, neuropsychomotor development, chronic diseases and the impact on human capital. Throughout the studies, it has been proven that the impact of malnutrition during pregnancy has an intimate correlation not only adverse events in the peripartum period, but with chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, obesity and even cancer ( The next stage of epidemiologists was to identify a possible intervention window, where risk factors could be identified and corrected, in order to reverse the chronic damage that malnutrition irreversibly establishes in the physical and cognitive health of the child (MARCINIAK, 2017) This intervention period, known as the golden period, was given the name 1000 days. The 1000 days, also known as the Golden Interval, is the period that runs from the first day of pregnancy to the two years of age. More recently, studies have spoken in 1100 days, extending this intervention window to 100 days before conception. The 1000 days not only include nutritional strategies, but these are certainly the ones with the greatest impact on long-term disease prevention. What the Lancet series advocate is that proper nutrition during pregnancy and during the first two years of life can not only impact the individual, but an entire society. GLASSMAN et al. (2010) published a projection that if nothing is done regarding the reduction of chronic degenerative diseases in Brazil, in 20 to 30 years public health spending will double. The Lancet series on malnutrition during pregnancy and childhood can prove that the improvement in the health of pregnant women and newborns brings social and economic benefits, which could change the course of society's rampant evolution to chronic degenerative disease. Therefore, it is a great opportunity for the individual and society and a great responsibility for health teams to establish adequate nutrition in the thousand days. Given the great importance that nutrition in pregnancy has in determining a healthy childhood and adult life, it is to be expected that this is a subject of fundamental importance in prenatal care. However, a study conducted in the state of Rio de Janeiro found failures in nutritional follow-up throughout prenatal care, reflecting the little importance given to nutrition during pregnancy. In this study, 90.7% of the pregnant women's portfolios had no record on the BMI graph per week of gestation. Pre-gestational weight and height measured were recorded in 65.9% and 57.7% of prenatal cards , respectively (NIQUINI, 2012). These are incompatible data with the objective of reversing causes of prenatal mortality as well as reversing chronic degenerative disease. It is of great importance to reverse the current situation in Brazil, which has an expressive number of maternal malnutrition, anemia, vitamin A and micronutrient deficiency, hypertensive syndromes and gestational diabetes. The first step to reverse the morbidity and mortality of mother and baby, as well as to decrease the illness of the population is to give adequate preconception care. This chapter aims to address these prenatal nutritional care, as well as each nutritional aspect associated with the prevention of chronic degenerative disease.

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Tomkins, Andrew. "Malnutrition, morbidity and mortality in children and their mothers." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, no. 1 (February 2000): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665100000161.

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While being underweight or stunted is recognized as an important risk factor for increased prevalence and severity of infection and high mortality rates, there is increasing evidence for an independent role for micronutrient deficiency. Improving vitamin A status reduces mortality among older infants and young children and reduces pregnancy-related mortality; it also reduces the prevalence of severe illness and clinic attendance among children. Improving Zn status reduces morbidity from diarrhoeal and respiratory infection. Treatment of established infection with vitamin A is effective in measles-associated complications, but is not as useful in the majority of diarrhoeal or respiratory syndromes. Zn supplements, however, have significant benefit on the clinical outcome of diarrhoeal and respiratory infections. Concerns that Fe supplements might increase morbidity if given in malarious populations appear to be decreasing, in the light of new studies on Fe supplements showing improved haemoglobin without an increase in morbidity. Breast-feeding, well known to protect against diarrhoea, is also important in protecting against respiratory infection, especially in the young infant. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in breast milk is recognized, but new data showing reduced transmission in infants who receive exclusive breast-feeding rather than mixed feeding reinforces the importance of promoting this practice in areas where environmental contamination precludes the safe use of other infant feeding regimens. The presence of subclinical mastitis, now recognized to occur in approximately 20 % of mothers in several developing countries, has been shown to increase the concentration of HIV in breast milk. Preliminary findings suggest that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis is reduced by dietary supplements containing antioxidants. Governments and international agencies now have a strong scientific basis to be much more active and innovative in the introduction of focused nutrition interventions especially micronutrients, for the control of infection.

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Ayensu, Jessica, Reginald Adjetey Annan, Anthony Edusei, and Eric Badu. "Impact of maternal weight on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review." Nutrition & Food Science 46, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 542–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-11-2015-0146.

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Purpose The nutritional status of a woman before and during pregnancy is important for a healthy pregnancy outcome. The increasing prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity worldwide has become a problem of concern among public health professionals. The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence regarding the impact of maternal weight on pregnancy outcomes to facilitate the provision of evidence-based information to pregnant women during antenatal clinics in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach A search was conducted in PubMed, PLOS ONE, Cochrane, Embase and bibliographies for all studies on maternal weight and pregnancy outcomes published from January 2000 to May 2013. The key words used for the search were: “pre-pregnancy BMI”, “gestational weight gain”, “maternal weight”, “pregnancy outcomes” and “birth outcomes”. Findings The search yielded 113 papers; out of these, 35 studies were included in the review after exclusion of duplicates and irrelevant papers. Excluded papers included animal studies and human studies that did not meet inclusion criteria. Research limitations/implications The review only considered papers published from 2000 to 2013 and might have left out other important papers published before 2000 and after 2013. Practical implications The origins of the studies included in the review suggest paucity of studies on maternal weight and pregnancy outcomes in developing countries where there is a double burden of malnutrition. There is the need for more studies to be initiated in this area. Social implications Results of this review have revealed that the extremes of maternal weight prior to and during pregnancy increase the risk of maternal and fetal complications. Originality/value This paper provides evidential information on the impact of maternal weight on pregnancy outcomes for counseling during antenatal clinics.

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Weckman, Andrea M., Chloe R. McDonald, Jo-Anna B. Baxter, Wafaie W. Fawzi, Andrea L. Conroy, and Kevin C. Kain. "Perspective: L-arginine and L-citrulline Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Potential Strategy to Improve Birth Outcomes in Low-Resource Settings." Advances in Nutrition 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2019): 765–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz015.

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ABSTRACT The available data support the hypothesis that L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation would be suitable for implementation in resource-constrained settings and will enhance placental vascular development and improve birth outcomes. In resource-constrained settings, the rates of adverse birth outcomes, including fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and low birth weight, are disproportionately high. Complications resulting from preterm birth are now the leading cause of mortality in children <5 y of age worldwide. Despite the global health burden of adverse birth outcomes, few effective interventions are currently available and new strategies are urgently needed, especially for low-resource settings. L-arginine is a nutritionally essential amino acid in pregnancy and an immediate precursor of nitric oxide. During pregnancy, placental and embryonic growth increases the demand for L-arginine, which can exceed endogenous synthesis of L-arginine from L-citrulline, necessitating increased dietary intake. In many low-resource settings, dietary intake of L-arginine in pregnancy is inadequate owing to widespread protein malnutrition and depletion of endogenous L-arginine due to maternal infections, in particular malaria. Here we examine the role of the L-arginine–nitric oxide biosynthetic pathway in pregnancy including placental vascular development and fetal growth. We review the evidence for the relations between altered L-arginine bioavailability and pregnancy outcomes, and strategies for arginine supplementation in pregnancy. Existing studies of L-arginine supplementation in pregnancy in high-resource settings have shown improved maternal and fetal hemodynamics, prevention of pre-eclampsia, and improved birth outcomes including higher birth weight and longer gestation. Arginine supplementation studies now need to be extended to pregnant women in low-resource settings, especially those at risk of malaria.

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Tliashinova, I. A., O. A. Volkova, and E. N. Mingazova. "Modern features of fertility in lowand middle-income countries, including in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic." Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine 30, s1 (December 15, 2022): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32687/0869-866x-2022-30-s1-1135-1143.

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The main issues in the problem of fertility in countries with low and middle incomes of the population are the high prevalence of complications and maternal deaths during childbirth, as well as the high incidence of such indicators of the birth of an infant with low growth and weight indicators for their gestational age, malnutrition of pregnant women and mothers, frequent abortions, short intervals between births due to the educational status of the mother and the financial wealth of households, high prevalence of teenage motherhood, low availability of cesarean section, high cost of educating children as a factor in fertility. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility in low- and middle-income countries has been most pronounced due to disruptions in the health care system, a surge in domestic violence, teenage pregnancy and female genital mutilation.

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Bucalo, Marijana, Anastasija Stojšić Milosavljević, and Bojana Babin. "High blood pressure in pregnancy // Hipertenzija u trudnoći." SESTRINSKI ŽURNAL 5, no. 1 (November 28, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/sez0118028b.

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High blood pressure in pregnancy is a significant problem and has long been causing the attention of perinatologists. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality of mothers and fetuses. About 8% of pregnancies complicate high blood pressure. It is estimated that 192 women die daily due to hypertensive complications during pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy is not a single entity but it includes: pre-existing hypertension; gestational hypertension; pre-pregnancy existing hypertension complicated by gestational hypertension with proteinuria; prenatally unclassified hypertension. The aim of this paper is to point to the problem of hypertension in pregnancy and the importance of its early detection.It’s a literature review. The literature review period is from 2003-2013. The literature review was carried out in the Hinari, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases.A total of 50 scientific and professional papers in English and Serbian have been examined, of which work is included. 17. By reviewing the summary of each paper, all articles that did not report hypertension in pregnancy were excluded. Through research that was conducted, it was concluded that pregnancy is a significant problem in pregnancy and is therefore the leading cause of morbidity and mortality of both mothers and fetuses. However, the decision to introduce antihypertensive therapy and the choice of an adequate drug during pregnancy should be based on the assessment of the benefits and risks for each pregnant woman individually. Thus, the role of the health care nurse in gynecology and obstetrics has the primary goal and task to preserve and improve the health of women through a series of preventive-promotional activities, all of which are covered through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.A literature review lists the risk factors that can cause hypertension in pregnancy, including: age of the patient - under 20 and over 35 years, vascular and renal pathology, gestational diabetes, obesity or malnutrition, pheochromocytoma, systemic lupus, poor living conditions, there is and increased risk in first-born patients. Women who have been hypertensive during their first pregnancy have a higher risk of subsequent pregnancy.

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Mariko, Seydou, Mamadou Haidara, Pierre Coulibaly, Mahamoud Coulibaly, Kalilou Samaké, Soumana Oumar Traoré, and Alou Samaké. "Severe Anemia during Pregnancy in the Maternity Ward of the Kalabancoro Reference Health Center." Scholars International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 4 (April 23, 2022): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijog.2022.v05i04.010.

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Introduction: The main objective was to determine the maternal and fetal consequences of severe anemia in pregnancy at the maternity ward of the Kalabancoro Reference Health Center. Methods: Our descriptive cross-sectional study with prospective data collection was conducted from January 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 at the maternity ward of the Kalabancoro Health Center. Eligible patients were all consenting pregnant women presenting for prenatal consultation or in the delivery room in which the diagnosis of severe anemia was retained. The anemia was considered severe when the hemoglobin level was less than 7 g/dl and/or with clinical manifestations of decompensation of the anemia. Data were processed and analyzed by SPSS 12 software. Results: A total of 161 cases out of 2010 pregnant women were recruited and treated at the Kalabancoro Health Center, which represents a prevalence of 8% of severe anemia in pregnancy. The 14-19 year age group was the most representative, i.e. 52.2% of pregnant women, with extremes of 14 to 35 years and over. Malaria was the most predominant etiology with 31.05% followed by blood spoliation 25.47% and malaria plus malnutrition 14.29%. Prematurity represented 5% of cases. Maternal death was 1.9%. Low birth weight was 16.7% and stillbirths represented 3.7%. Conclusion: Severe anemia in pregnancy remains, through its complications, one of the most dreaded pathologies. Thus, a prospective analytical study is necessary to better study the causes of severe anemia in pregnancy.

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Zhelezov, D. N., and O. M. Platonova. "Perinatal pregnancy outcomes with uterine scar." Ukrainian journal of Perinatology and Pediatrics, no. 1(85) (March 29, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/pp.2021.85.11.

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The increase in the frequency of surgical interventions on the uterus in women of fertile age caused increasing occurrence of pregnancies with one or more scars on the uterus. Purpose — to evaluate perinatal outcomes in women with a uterine scar. Materials and methods. The study involved 120 pregnant women who had a history of reconstructive surgery. The total sample was divided into the following clinical groups: I (n=70) — women who underwent conservative myomectomy, including 6 12 months before conception (group IA, n=30) and more than 1 year before conception (IB group, n=40); Group II (n=50) — women who underwent a cesarean section. All patients were examined in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 676 dated December 31, 2004 «On the approval of clinical protocols for obstetric and gynecological care» (as amended by the order of the Ministry of Health No. 782 (v0782282-05) dated December 29, 2005, No. 624 (v0624282-08) from 03.11.2008, No. 205 (v0205282-14) from 24.03.2014). Statistical processing was performed using the ANOVA method using post-hoc correction with Bonferoni. The null hypothesis was accepted at p<0.05 Results. When analyzing the results of measuring the main fetometric indicators, it was found that in most cases there were no deviations from the population standard values. Only 7 (5.8%) pregnant women were expecting the birth of children with low birth weight, they had a fetal weight that did not correspond to gestational age (so-called SGA — small for gestational age). There were no cases of perinatal mortality. There were 8 (6.5%) cases of children born with malnutrition. There were 2 children born with asphyxiation (1.6%). There were 5 (4.0%) with respiratory disorders syndrome, 6 (4.8%) with manifestations of conjugational jaundice. 4 (3.2%) cases of morphofunctional immaturity were registered. Perinatal lesion of the central nervous system of hypoxic-ischemic origin was detected in 3 (2.4%) newborns. Conclusions. With the correct choice of tactics for the management of pregnancy and childbirth in women who have undergone surgery on the uterus, the number of perinatal complications does not exceed the general population levels. The incidence of unfavorable perinatal outcomes does not exceed 19.4%. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: uterine scar, pregnancy, childbirth, complications, perinatal outcomes.

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Moreno-Fernandez, Jorge, Julio J. Ochoa, Magdalena Lopez-Frias, and Javier Diaz-Castro. "Impact of Early Nutrition, Physical Activity and Sleep on the Fetal Programming of Disease in the Pregnancy: A Narrative Review." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123900.

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Early programming is the adaptation process by which nutrition and environmental factors alter development pathways during prenatal growth, inducing changes in postnatal metabolism and diseases. The aim of this narrative review, is evaluating the current knowledge in the scientific literature on the effects of nutrition, environmental factors, physical activity and sleep on development pathways. If in utero adaptations were incorrect, this would cause a mismatch between prenatal programming and adulthood. Adequate caloric intake, protein, mineral, vitamin, and long-chain fatty acids, have been noted for their relevance in the offspring brain functions and behavior. Fetus undernutrition/malnutrition causes a delay in growth and have detrimental effects on the development and subsequent functioning of the organs. Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the development of food preferences and for modifications in the emotional response. Maternal obesity increases the risk of developing perinatal complications and delivery by cesarean section and has long-term implications in the development of metabolic diseases. Physical exercise during pregnancy contributes to overall improved health post-partum. It is also interesting to highlight the relevance of sleep problems during pregnancy, which influence adequate growth and fetal development. Taking into account these considerations, we conclude that nutrition and metabolic factors during early life play a key role of health promotion and public health nutrition programs worldwide to improve the health of the offspring and the health costs of hospitalization.

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Pushpa, K. S., and D. Rani. "Nutritional Profile Of Children (0-5years) In The Service Villages Of Gandhigram Rural Institute." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 3, no. 1 (April 15, 2015): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.3.1.09.

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India is home to largest child population in the world with around 157.86 million children, constituting 15.42 percent of India’s population, who are below the age of 6 years. More than 60 percent of children living in South Asia are malnourished. In this study, socio economic background of children, age at marriage of parents, pregnancy related complications and health and nutritional status of children are focused. Door to door survey was conducted in13 service villages of GRI. The sample frame consists of 538 children .A self structured interview schedule was used to collect the data. Interview method was chosen for collecting data from the mothers of children. The general objective of the study has to prepare nutritional profile of children in the age group of (0-5 years) in the service villages of Gandhi gram Rural Institute Tamil Nadu. Out of 538 children 50.2 percent boys than girls population constituted 49.8 percent. Over weight was found among 8.6 percent of children. As per mid upper circumference, 87.2 percent of children were normal, 10.4 percent of children were in the stage of underweight and risk of malnutrition, 2.4 percent of children had severe malnutrition. It is also seen that the nutrient intake of calcium and minerals by the selected children were below the RDA. Intake of calcium and iron among 0-1 year children was slightly excess of RDA by 0.04 and 0.02 percent. The nutritional status of children below two years in rural areas is yet to be improved as one out of ten children are malnutrition. This condition needs to be changed by the better implementation of maternal and child health programmes.

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Kachkovskii, M. A., O. V. Kosheleva, and G. M. Mingulova. "Liver diseases at new coronavirus infection in pregnant women of Samara region." Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH) 11, no. 5 (October 27, 2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2021.5.covid.1.

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The new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is a life-threatening condition. The features of the treatment of COVID-19 in pregnant women are not sufficiently studied and contradictory, therefore, research in this area is relevant.Objective. Assess the presence of liver disease in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and after childbirth, taking into account the treatment.Methods. A retrospective analysis of medical records of 43 pregnant women aged 19 to 39 years (mean age 29.1 ± 5.4 years) who were hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection was performed. The selection was carried out by the method of continuous sampling.Results. 17 women (39.5%) had an acute respiratory viral disease, 26 people (60.5%) were diagnosed with bilateral polysegmental pneumonia with pulmonary tissue damage from 5 to 25%. In the structure of extragenital pathology, 46.5% of women had anemia and 23.3% of diseases of the hepatobiliary system, including chronic non-calculous cholecystitis (4.7%), biliary dysfunction (7%), chronic viral hepatitis B (2.3%) and chronic viral hepatitis C (9.3%). 6.9% were diagnosed with cholestatic hepatosis of pregnant women before admission to the hospital. An increase in the level of transaminases above the upper normal values was noted in 69.8% of cases, alkaline phosphatase – in 76.7%. In the structure of pregnancy complications in women with COVID-19 infection, fetal hypoxia prevailed in 15 women (34.9%). In second place is premature rupture of amniotic fluid (16.3%) and fetal malnutrition (16.3%).Conclusions. Pregnant women with diseases of the hepatobiliary system and anemia are most susceptible to new coronavirus infection. They have an increase in the level of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, which can be caused by liver damage due to the increased tropism of the virus to cholangiocytes and hepatocytes, as well as hepatotoxic drugs. The most common complications of pregnancy in women with a new infection are premature birth, fetal hypoxia, and antenatal death.

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Zhuk, S. I., and O. D. Shchurevska. "Fetal macrosomia: obstetrical, psychological and social aspects." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 7(153) (September 29, 2020): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2020.153.36.

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One of the main markers of socially unfavorable pregnancy is anthropometric indicators of newborns. They reflect not only the narrow medical problems of complicated gestation but also social problems in general, the quality and access to the medical care. The objective: to determine the risk factors for fetal macrosomia in pregnancy with high levels of psychosocial stress. Materials and methods. The course of pregnancy and childbirth, demographic and medical risk factors for a fetal macrosomia were analyzed in 140 pregnant women with different levels of psychosocial stress. They were divided into 2 groups: 1 group (main) – 56 women-forced migrants from Luhansk and Donetsk regions, 2 group – 84 women with low and moderate level stress according to the questionnaires and psychological tests (L. Reeder, Spielberg–Khanin scale). Results. Gestational diabetes was the main reason for the birth of heavy children in both groups. Women–forced migrants had late manifestation of impaired tolerance to carbohydrates and a higher frequency of pathological weight gain. Male neonates are at risk for macrosomia. Childbirth in women with macrosomia is accompanied by a high frequency of complications and abnormal births. Conclusions. The frequency of births of macrosomic children in women - forced migrants is higher than in women at low risk of psychosocial stress. Risk factors in this group of pregnants include: the level of stress and behavioral responses to stress, impaired carbohydrate tolerance due to gestational diabetes, abnormal weight gain due to malnutrition and male sex of the fetus. Keywords: macrosomia, pregnancy, childbirth, women–forced migrants psychosocial stress, gestational diabetes, weight gain.

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Grishchenko, O. V., and T. I. Goman. "DOSE-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF DRUG CORRECTION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN PREGNANT WOMEN." Reproductive Medicine, no. 4(45) (December 20, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37800/rm2020-1-38.

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Pregnancy is a period accompanied by significant functional changes in a woman’s body, which are necessary both to satisfy her own needs and to ensure intensive growth and development of the fetus. Adequate consumption of macro- and micronutrients is currently extremely important, since malnutrition or excessive nutrition increases the risk of obstetric and perinatal complications. The article discusses the problem and causes of vitamin D deficiency and deficiency in pregnant women living in a big city. The mechanisms of its action and the classical and “non-classical” effects of the regulation of the most important body functions are shown. As a marker of the level of vitamin D in blood plasma, the content of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25 (OH) D) is used. This indicator reflects both the formation of vitamin D in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, and its entry into the body with food of animal and vegetable origin. As a result of the study, it was found that the vast majority of modern pregnant women living in the city, even with an uncomplicated pregnancy, have a deficiency of vitamin D. The frequency of the diagnosed deficiency in pre-pregnant and re-pregnant women is shown. It should be noted that the frequency of diagnosing vitamin D deficiency was higher in pregnant women with a history of breastfeeding. This suggests that re-pregnant women who have been breastfeeding for a long time are at high risk of deficiency and vitamin D deficiency compared with pregnant women, will give birth for the first time. Showing the results of level 25 (OH) D before and after correction, while taking various doses of cholecalciferol. The obtained vitamin D levels indicate that the nutritional behavior of the examined pregnant women and the qualitative characteristics of the products do not fully support a sufficient level of cholecalciferol. For the field of reproductive medicine today the problem of prevention and reduction of complications of the perinatal period remains relevant. Given the importance of vitamin D for the normal course of pregnancy and the development of the fetus, one of the promising directions in the prevention of complications of the gestational period is the development and implementation of methods for eliminating and preventing vitamin D deficiency in the health care system, both at the stage of pregravid preparation and during pregnancy.

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Chowdhury, Nazura Kabir, and Md Abu Bakkar Siddik. "A Review of the Association of Cardiovascular Diseases and Maternal & Offspring Health Risk Factors." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_034.

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Abstract Objectives Since cardiovascular disease (CVD) is considered to be one of the most expanding collections of health disorders in terms of severity and progression, the relationship of maternal and offspring health risk factors with CVD needs study. The objective of this review was to identify how developmental origin and maternal health are related to disease progression in both mothers and their offspring, apart from general risk factors such as lifestyle, eating behavior and genetic factors. Methods A computer based literature search through PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar and Google Search was carried out. The keywords for searching included maternal health, cardiovascular diseases, maternal and offspring cardiovascular health and developmental origin. Results Increasing evidence demonstrates that women with pregnancy-related complications, such as preeclampsia, preterm birth and maternal hypertension, are at risk for CVD in any phase of their life. Further, maternal malnutrition plays an influential role in the progression of CVD in the adulthood of their offspring. Also, in-utero exposure to high cholesterol or maternal hypercholesterolemia can demonstrate early lesion of atherosclerosis in children. Conclusions A clearer perception on how different domains of maternal health complications independently or synergistically lead to CVD or vice-versa, as well as their impact on offspring's wellbeing, is required. This will assist in developing new preventive techniques and therapeutic treatments for CVD. Funding Sources Texas Tech University.

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Muratova, Nigora J., and Nargiza G. Shokirova. "TREATMENT OF PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME AND VARICOSE VEINS." Oriental Journal of Medicine and Pharmacology 02, no. 02 (April 1, 2022): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojmp-02-02-06.

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In recent years, there has been an increase in the frequency of placental insufficiency (PI) in pregnant women with obstetric and somatic pathology, including in patients with varicose veins, especially in the presence of autoimmune antibodies of various etiologies. The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) attracts more and more attention of scientists, which significantly increases both maternal and perinatal mortality [8, 9]. Most of the adverse outcomes in APS are associated with PI. One of the reasons for the development of PI are disorders of the hemostasis system in pregnant women with the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (APA). AFAs circulating in the blood plasma contribute to the activation of the platelet link of hemostasis, disruption of the hemostatic potential, and potentiation of endothelial damage. Such changes lead to local ischemia of the villous chorion, impaired placental blood flow. The consequences of pathological changes in PI in the fetoplacental system lead to hypoxia, fetal malnutrition, increase perinatal mortality, and also have adverse consequences for the development of the child [2,8,9]. Risk factors for the development of fetal malnutrition are numerous. These include various somatic diseases, disorders in the reproductive system, pregnancy complications, social factors and much more. According to the literature, in women with an autoimmune cause of miscarriage without treatment, up to 90% of pregnancies are interrupted, and the effectiveness of treatment with the most modern approaches reaches 80% or more [5, 10]. Pregnancy is a favorable condition for the implementation of the pathogenic action of AFA. The manifestation of pathological processes can occur at different times, starting from the moment of conception: the process of implantation and early embryogenesis are disrupted. According to the literature, AFAs are capable of disrupting several aspects in the process of trophoblast differentiation, which is expressed in a change in the adhesiveness of the embryo, impaired fusion of syncytium, and a decrease in the depth of trophoblast invasion; a decrease in the production of hCG, an increase in thrombotic tendencies. As a result, these changes lead to a decrease in the protein-synthesizing and hormonal functions of the placenta. In the absence of adequate therapy, thrombosis occurs in the microcirculatory bed, which causes PI, chronic hypoxia, and often fetal death due to acute circulatory disorders in the vessels of the placenta [5, 6, 10]. Among patients with PN, 16-25% of women have manifestations of varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins of the pelvis. Some authors attach significant importance in the occurrence of varicose veins in pregnant women to immunological mechanisms that lead not only to functional, but also to structural changes in the vessels. As a result, a cascade of pathological changes occurs, initiated by venous stasis and hemocoagulation abnormalities, which lead to PI. Treatment of this category of patients presents significant difficulties, as it can lead to the most severe complications in obstetrics, thrombosis and pulmonary embolism [1, 3].

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Pires, Isadora Garcia, Iluskhanney Gomes de Medeiros Nóbrega Miranda, Ingrid Rafaella Mauricio Silva Reis, and Juscelino Kubitschek Bevenuto Da Silva. "Doença falciforme, estado nutricional e sua relação com intercorrências obstétricas." STUDIES IN HEALTH SCIENCES 2, no. 2 (September 17, 2021): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54018/shsv2n2-001.

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A anemia falciforme (AF) é uma doença autossômica recessiva, que leva à produção de hemoglobina anormal, denominada hemoglobina S (HbS). Seus portadores sofrem com o crescimento deficiente, desde a infância, além de disfunções endócrinas, baixo consumo alimentar, alto requerimento energético, deficiência de minerais, que podem resultar em desnutrição. Durante a gestação, está associada ao aumento de complicações relacionadas à própria doença, morbimortalidade materna e perinatal mais elevada, nascimento de crianças com baixo peso e maiores taxas de complicações infecciosas puerperais. O objetivo do estudo foi buscar, através de uma revisão integrativa, esclarecer sobre o estado nutricional e as complicações clínicas de gestantes com anemia falciforme. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo exploratório, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. Sendo a seleção e a localização das referências retiradas das bases de dados PubMed/LILACS, Plos One e da biblioteca eletrônica SciELO, utilizando também a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), a fim de identificar artigos científicos publicados no período entre 2008 e 2020, utilizando os seguintes descritores: anemia falciforme e intercorrências obstétricas; anemia falciforme e gestante; hemoglobina S e gestante e versões em inglês. Verificou-se que gestantes portadoras de anemia falciforme possuem maior propensão a complicações, como aborto espontâneo, crescimento intra-uterino restrito, aumento da mortalidade fetal intra-útero, recém-nascido de baixo peso, trabalho de parto pré-termo, somados à deficiência de macro e micronutrientes durante o período gestacional, podendo chegar à desnutrição materna e à morbimortalidade materna e neonatal. Em suma, a suscetibilidade à desnutrição materna, infecções, complicações hemolíticas e vaso-oclusivas de gestantes com anemia falciforme mostrou-se um prognóstico desfavorável, trazendo consigo complicações para a mãe e o neonato. Reforçando a importância do acompanhamento nutricional como estratégia de prevenção e orientação relativas às alterações nutricionais das gestantes portadoras da doença, como alternativa para a minimização dos resultados adversos e garantir melhoria da saúde materna e fetal.  Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an autosomal recessive disease that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS). Their carriers suffer from deficient growth, since childhood, in addition to endocrine dysfunction, low food consumption, high energy requirement, mineral deficiency, which can result in malnutrition. During pregnancy, it is associated with an increase in complications related to the disease itself, higher maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, birth of low birth weight children and higher rates of puerperal infectious complications. The aim of the study was to seek, through an integrative review, to clarify the nutritional status and clinical complications of pregnant women with sickle cell anemia. For that, an exploratory study was carried out, through bibliographical research. With the selection and location of references taken from the PubMed/LILACS, Plos One and SciELO electronic library databases, also using the Virtual Health Library (VHL), in order to identify scientific articles published in the period between 2008 and 2020, using the following descriptors: sickle cell anemia and obstetric complications; sickle cell anemia and pregnant women; hemoglobin S and pregnant women and English versions. It was found that pregnant women with sickle cell anemia are more prone to complications, such as miscarriage, restricted intrauterine growth, increased intrauterine fetal mortality, low birth weight newborn, preterm labor, in addition to disability of macro and micronutrients during the gestational period, which can lead to maternal malnutrition and maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. In short, the susceptibility to maternal malnutrition, infections, hemolytic and vaso-occlusive complications of pregnant women with sickle cell anemia proved to be an unfavorable prognosis, bringing with it complications for the mother and the newborn. Reinforcing the importance of nutritional monitoring as a prevention and guidance strategy regarding nutritional changes in pregnant women with the disease, as an alternative to minimizing adverse outcomes and ensuring improved maternal and fetal health.

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Sivapragasam, Vanithamani, Anitha A. Manjappa, Aruna B. Patil, and Monicka Kalaimani. "Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression at a tertiary care institute." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193041.

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Background: Up to 85% of the women experience some type of mood disturbance in the postnatal period. Postpartum depression affects bonding with infant which may lead to malnutrition and other complications in the infant. This article focuses on the prevalence of depression among postnatal women attending a tertiary care institute in Chennai and to identify the risk factors that affect postpartum depression.Methods: This study was a cross sectional study, performed over a period of three months from January 2019 to March 2019. 200 postnatal mothers were recruited for the study, who were in postpartum period from 1 to 6 weeks after delivery. Specially designed proforma was used to record various determinants to assess the risk factors which could contribute to postpartum depression. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to detect the depressive symptoms in postnatal mother.Results: A total of 200 cases were studied. Prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 25%. Primi gravida, history of miscarriage and unplanned pregnancy were associated with increased risk of developing depression in the postnatal period. Fear regarding gender of the child and failure of lactation were not contributing risk factors to postpartum depression. Spacious house and partner support were found to be protective factors to combat depression in postnatal women.Conclusions: Prevalence of postpartum depression was 25%. Significant association was found between primi gravida, history of miscarriage, unplanned pregnancy and postpartum depression. Early screening of the women will reduce the adverse outcomes among both mother and the child.

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Bhattacharya, Saptarshi, Lakshmi Nagendra, Aishwarya Krishnamurthy, Om J. Lakhani, Nitin Kapoor, Bharti Kalra, and Sanjay Kalra. "Early Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Strategies and Clinical Implications." Medical Sciences 9, no. 4 (September 23, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medsci9040059.

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Preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) should be ruled out early in pregnancy in those at risk. During screening, a significant proportion of women do not reach the threshold for overt DM but fulfill the criteria used for diagnosing conventional gestational DM (cGDM). There is no consensus on the management of pregnancies with intermediate levels of hyperglycemia thus diagnosed. We have used the term early gestational DM (eGDM) for this condition and reviewed the currently available literature. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) are the commonly employed screening tools in early pregnancy. Observational studies suggest that early pregnancy FPG and Hba1c correlate with the risk of cGDM and adverse perinatal outcomes. However, specific cut-offs, including those proposed by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group, do not reliably predict the development of cGDM. Emerging data, though indicate that FPG ≥ 92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L), even in the absence of cGDM, signals the risk for perinatal complication. Elevated HbA1c, especially a level ≥ 5.9%, also correlates with the risk of cGDM and worsened outcome. HbA1c as a diagnostic test is however besieged with the usual caveats that occur in pregnancy. The studies that explored the effects of intervention present conflicting results, including a possibility of fetal malnutrition and small-for-date baby in the early treatment group. Diagnostic thresholds and glycemic targets in eGDM may differ, and large multicenter randomized controlled trials are necessary to define the appropriate strategy.

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Lassi, Zohra S., Zahra A. Padhani, Amna Rabbani, Fahad Rind, Rehana A. Salam, Jai K. Das, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "Impact of Dietary Interventions during Pregnancy on Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020531.

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Optimal nutrition plays a crucial role in pregnancy. Maternal malnutrition is a risk factor for maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications and is more prevalent in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review aims to study the effectiveness of antenatal macronutrient nutritional interventions on maternal, neonatal, and child outcomes. We searched the CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, and other databases for randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs on healthy pregnant women in LMICs. We also searched grey literature and reports from Google Scholar, Web of Science, and websites of different organizations. Title/abstract screening, full-text screening, and data extraction filtered 15 studies for inclusion. Balanced energy protein (BEP) supplementation (n = 8) studies showed a reduced incidence of perinatal mortality, stillbirths, low birth weight (LBW) infants, small for gestational age (SGA) babies and increased birth weight. Food distribution programs (FDPs) (n =5) witnessed reduced rates of SGA, stunting, wasting, and increased birth weight and birth length. Studies on intervention for obesity prevention (n = 2) showed reductions in birth weight. Other findings were statistically insignificant. Subgroup analyses were conducted to study the effectiveness of supplementation between regions, location, the timing of supplementation and nutritional status; however, there were a limited number of studies in each subgroup. Data from our review supports the antenatal supplementation of BEP and FDP for the prevention of adverse maternal, neonatal, and child outcomes that can be utilized for future policymaking. However, more research is required before recommending obesity prevention programs.

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a, Sutarto, Ratna Dewi Puspita Sari, Rasmi Zakiah Oktarlina, and Reni Indriyani. "QUALITATIVE STUDY OF LOCAL CULTURAL WISDOM AND HEALTH SERVICES ON STUNTING EVENTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 02 (February 28, 2022): 1109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14318.

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Introduction: Stunting is a condition of chronic malnutrition accompanied by complications of the disease. The prevalence of stunting in children under five in Indonesia and the province of Lampung is still high and the highest is in rural areas. Stunting occurs from the initial nutritional status of the mother before pregnancy, during pregnancy and this condition is thought to be influenced by local habits in attitudes and behavior in the care of pregnant women with their babies. Cipadang village is one of the villages formed from immigration from Java to Sumatra, which makes this village inhabited by the majority of the population of Javanese ethnicity with their cultural style. Socio-cultural conditions in general affect the health of mothers during pregnancy and the pattern of child rearing when they are under 2 years old. The purpose of this study is to explain the state of local culture and health services on the incidence of stunting. Method: This study uses a qualitative approach, to explore in depth the socio-cultural and health services related to the incidence of stunting. Sources of information came from informants, 17 people through focus group discussions. Results and Discussion: The research location village is inhabited by the majority of the population of Javanese ethnicity with its cultural style, with an agricultural livelihood. The characteristics consist of 14 mothers of toddlers and 2 posyandu cadres in Cipadang village, 1 community leader with an age range of informants between 21 to 45 years with the most education level being Elementary School. The community pays special attention to the period of pregnancy, and there are habits in the care of babies, pregnant women and postpartum mothers with ancestral traditions. However, this habit has begun to shift to health care services. Knowledge of general informants is good but behavior is not in accordance with health standards. Conclusion: Some cultures still have an influence, there are habits in caring for babies, pregnant women and postpartum mothers. Good knowledge has not been able to describe the desired behavior.

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Sutarto. "QUALITATIVE STUDY OF LOCAL CULTURAL WISDOM AND HEALTH SERVICES ON STUNTING EVENTS." Indonesian Journal of Medical Anthropology 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijma.v3i1.7569.

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Preliminary. Stunting is a condition of chronic malnutrition accompanied by complications of the disease. The prevalence of stunting in children under five in Indonesia and the province of Lampung is still high and the highest is in rural areas. Stunting occurs from the initial nutritional status of the mother before pregnancy, during pregnancy and this condition is thought to be influenced by local habits in attitudes and behavior in the care of pregnant women with their babies. Cipadang village is one of the villages formed from immigration from Java to Sumatra, which makes this village inhabited by the majority of the population of Javanese ethnicity with their cultural style. Socio-cultural conditions in general affect the health of mothers during pregnancy and the pattern of child rearing when they are under 2 years old. The purpose of this study is to explain the state of local culture and health services on the incidence of stunting. Method. This study uses a qualitative approach, to explore in depth the socio-cultural and health services related to the incidence of stunting. Sources of information came from informants, 17 people through focus group discussions. Results and Discussion. The research location village is inhabited by the majority of the population of Javanese ethnicity with its cultural style, with an agricultural livelihood. The characteristics consist of 14 mothers of toddlers and 2 posyandu cadres in Cipadang village, 1 community leader with an age range of informants between 21 to 45 years with the most education level being Elementary School. The community pays special attention to the period of pregnancy, and there are habits in the care of babies, pregnant women and postpartum mothers with ancestral traditions. However, this habit has begun to shift to health care services. Knowledge of general informants is good but behavior is not in accordance with health standards. Conclusion. Some cultures still have an influence, there are habits in caring for babies, pregnant women and postpartum mothers. Good knowledge has not been able to describe the desired behavior

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Workneh, Firehiwot, Michelle Eglovitch, Tigest Shiferaw, Fisseha Shiferie, Hanna Amanuel, Amare Worku Tadesse, Alemayehu Worku, Sheila Isanaka, Anne CC Lee, and Yemane Berhane. "Dietary Practices Among Pregnant Women in Rural Amhara, Ethiopia." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_080.

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Abstract Objectives Malnutrition affects 25% of women in Ethiopia. We are conducting a study to determine the impact of a prenatal nutrition intervention on maternal and infant health in Ethiopia. The objective of this formative study was to better describe dietary practices among pregnant women and community members in rural Ethiopia prior to initiation the parent study. Methods This formative study was conducted from October-November 2018 among pregnant women and community members in the rural Amhara region of Ethiopia, prior to the “Enhancing Nutrition and Antenatal Infection Treatment (ENAT)” study [ISRCTN15116516]. 28 in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted among 16 pregnant women and 12 community members. IDIs were recorded, transcribed, and translated. We used a grounded theory approach and inductive reasoning for content analysis of interview transcripts. Results Fasting norms in the Ethiopian Orthodox religion had a significant impact on dietary behaviors which occurs for more than 200 days annually. Community members indicated that fasting during pregnancy is common and is also supported and encouraged by religious leaders and community members. Accordingly, women adhered to fasting restrictions during pregnancy, and many women maintained a vegan diet under direction of local religious leaders. Furthermore, many women reported restricting dietary intake in pregnancy to prevent growth of the fetus because of the concern for obstructed labor. A women's diet depended on her husbands’/family earnings and household food preferences. Sharing of meals is a cultural norm; the husband is served first, with the remaining portions to the pregnant women/children. Pregnant women in the area also reported regular consumption of a locally brewed alcohol (“tella”), as it is believed to have lower alcohol levels. These findings demonstrate the impact of traditional and cultural beliefs on dietary decisions amongst pregnant women in this population. Conclusions Reduced food intake in pregnancy is common in this population, due to fasting, reduced appetite, and food restriction to avoid pregnancy complications. Context-specific interventions are needed, and this formative work will inform the future delivery and education regarding nutrition interventions in rural Ethiopia. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1184363).

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Mahmudian, Arie Alfina, Dian Aby Restanty, and Sugijati Sugijati. "Hubungan KEK dengan Anemia Gravidarum pada Ibu Riwayat BBLR." ARTERI : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 2, no. 3 (June 16, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37148/arteri.v2i3.165.

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KEK (Chronic Energy Deficiency) is a condition of the mother suffering from lack of calories and protein (malnutrition) that lasts chronic (chronic) at risk of causing complications in the mother one of which is anemia gravidarum. Anemia in pregnancy is a decrease in Hb levels, so that the carrying capacity of oxygen for the needs of vital organs in the mother and fetus is reduced. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of KEK with anemia gravidarum in mothers with low birth weigth history. The correlation analytic research design is a case control study approach, the population is 68 mothers with low birth weight history, using simple random sampling technique, the sample is calculated using Slovin formula, the number of 58 low birth weight history mothers fulfills the inclusion criteria. The research instrument used observation sheets to look at secondary data on cohorts of pregnant women, data analysis using the chi square test obtained a p value of 0, 001 means that p <0.05 indicates the relationship of KEK with anemia gravidarum in women with low birth weight history with a close relationship is sufficient. The value of the Contingency Coefficient in the Chronic Energy Deficiency variable is 0.39, which means that the relationship between KEK and anemia gravidarum is sufficient. The Odds Ratio (OR) value in the Chronic Energy Deficiency variable is 6.9, which means that pregnant women with nutritional status of Chronic Energy Deficiency have a 6.9 times greater risk of anemia during pregnancy than those who are not. Inadequate nutritional needs have a greater risk of anemia during pregnancy and the risk of giving birth to Low Birth Weight Babies. Researchers suggest providing counseling to women of adolescence, women of childbearing age and especially pregnant women so that they can add more information about the importance of nutritional status in pregnant women, the dangers of anemia during pregnancy and also the importance of consuming blood booster tablets during pregnancy. So that it is expected to reduce the incidence of anemia pregnant women case and low birth weight history.

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Ginting, Riska Mayang Saputri, Nila Reswari Haryani, and Sri Sumarmi. "FOOD-BASED AND NON-FOOD-BASED INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE DIETARY DIVERSITY: A LITERATURE REVIEW." Media Gizi Indonesia 17, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v17i1.95-105.

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Dietary diversity is one of the diet quality. Poor dietary diversity is associated with malnutrition, stunting, poor gut health, pregnancy complications, and cognitive impairment. Overcoming the underlying and basic causes of poor dietary diversity is imperative through policymaking. This current literature review discussed about intervention policies to improve dietary diversity at the individual and population levels. Literature search was carried out in some databases, i.e., Pubmed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Google with key word search such as dietary diversity, improvement, programs, interventions, and policies. The synthesized articles included observational studies, experimental studies, and grey literature on Dietary diversity programs and interventions. Articles on biodiversity and microbial diversity were not included. Dietary diversity can outgrow by knowing the policy on food-based interventions which are closely related to the food system and non-food-based interventions to improve socio-economic aspect and knowledge. Food-based interventions include food production, food prices, agricultural diversification, market development, and food-based dietary guidelines. Meanwhile, non-food-based interventions involve a country's development and economic growth, social behavior change, communication strategy, cash transfer, and mass media campaigns. Interventions to improve dietary diversity must be carried out in multi-sectors, for example, by improving family welfare, knowledge and behavior change, and stable food access.

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Karsa, Nevi sulvita, Nasrudin Andi Mappaware, Shofiyah Latief, Andi Alamanda Irwan, and Utomo Andi Pangnguriseng. "Analysis of Medicosocial Determinant Factors in Mothers with Stunted Children." Green Medical Journal 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/gmj.v3i2.75.

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Introduction: Stunting is a linear growth disorder caused by malnutrition in chronic nutrient intake and chronic recurrent infectious diseases as indicated by height z-score according to age. Infancy is a period that is very sensitive to the environment so more attention is needed especially the adequacy of nutrition. Obstetric complications are very influential on several determinant factors, one of these factors is a medical society or social risk. Family socioeconomic status such as family income, parental education, mother's knowledge about nutrition, and the number of family members can indirectly relate to stunting. Methods: A cross-sectional analytic with a retrospective approach. Processing data using regression tests. Result: The results of this Stunting study were obtained from nutritional status data on children under five in the province of West Sulawesi in January-June 2020 by taking samples using simple random sampling. The total number of samples in this study were 88 people taken from mothers who have Stunting children aged 2-5 years. Social risk is the condition of the mother during pregnancy including age, level of education, ethnicity, occupation, income, referral decision, cost considerations, distance traveled, referral mobilization, consideration of health insurance that is expected to be related to stunting. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the most influential medicosocial determinants were referral mobilization and employment.

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Febriana, Lutfiah, and Nina Zuhana. "Asuhan Kebidanan pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III dengan Anemia." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kesehatan 1 (December 20, 2021): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48144/prosiding.v1i.910.

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AbstractAnemia is a condition where the level of hemoglobin in the blood is less than the normal limit (<12 g%) caused by a lack of iron in the body due to malnutrition. While anemia in pregnancy is a condition where the hemoglobin level in pregnant women is <11gr% or <10.5gr% in third trimester pregnant women which generally occurs due to the hemodilution process. The purpose of this case to find out the cause of anemia in late pregnancy and the treatment that can be done to prevent complications that occur with care to routinely consume blood-added tablets (Fe) and recommend foods high in iron. This care design used a comprehensive care method for pregnant women in the third trimester who experience mild anemia (haemoglobin <10,5gr%) in Kalimade Village, Kesesi District, Pekalongan Regency. The results of this care showed an increase in hemoglobin levels in the mother. The conclusion of this case study shows that regularly consuming Fe tablets can increase hemoglobin levels in the blood so that it can prevent and treat anemia. For this reason, pregnant women are expected to routinely consume Fe tablets during pregnancy and midwives are expected to provide education about the benefits of Fe tablets to pregnant women to prevent anemia.Keywords: Haemoglobin; Anemia; Pregnancy AbstrakAnemia merupakan suatu kondisi dimana kadar haemoglobin dalam darah kurang dari batas normal (<12 gr%) yang disebabkan karena kurangnya zat besi didalam tubuh akibat kurang gizi. Sedangkan anemia pada kehamilan adalah kondisi dimana kadar haemoglobin pada ibu hamil <11gr% atau <10,5gr% pada ibu hamil trimester III yang umumnya terjadi karena adanya proses hemodilusi. Tujuan dari kasus ini yaitu untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya anemia pada kehamilan lanjut serta penanganan yang dapat dilakukan guna mencegah terjadinya komplikasi yang mungki terjadi dengan asuhan untuk rutin mengkonsumsi tablet tambah darah (Fe) serta anjuran mengkonsumsi makanan tinggi zat besi. Rancangan Asuhan ini menggunakan metode asuhan komprehensif pada ibu hamil trimester III yang mengalami anemia ringan (Haemoglobin <10,5gr%) di Desa Kalimade Kecamatan Kesesi Kabupaten Pekalongan. Hasil asuhan ini menunjukan adanya peningkatan kadar haemoglobin pada ibu. Simpulan studi kasus ini menunjukan bahwa dengan rutin mengkonsumsi tablet Fe dapat meningkatkan kadar Haemoglobin dalam darah sehingga dapat mencegah serta mengobati anemia. Untuk itu ibu hamil diharapkan agar rutin mengkonsumsi tablet Fe selama kehamilan. Bidan diharapkan agar bisa memberikan edukasi tentang manfaat tablet Fe pada ibu hamil guna mencegah terjadinya anemia.Kata kunci: Haemoglobin; Anemia; Kehamilan

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Kuldeep Gurudayal Saini, Vaishakhi Sahoo, Omkar Bhale, Neha Gupta, Pooja Sharda Janardan, and Madhur Kulkarni. "Assessment of nutritional status, use of nutritional supplements and their adherence during pregnancy." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1151.

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Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the nutritional status during pregnancy, survey the prescribed nutritional supplements, and monitor the adherence to prescribed nutritional supplements & to assess the attitude/experience of subjects towards supplement use. Methods: This was a prospective study. A data collection form was used to collect demographic data, Biochemical, clinical, obstetrics, nutritional supplements and dietary data. The adherence to the supplements by using 24-h recall method was noted, and the attitude towards supplement use was assessed. Results: The study was conducted over a period of six months in a tertiary care hospital in Pimpri- Chinchwad which comprised of 193 subjects. There was not much difference in the mean age of the pregnant women attending antenatal care at the hospital, which figured up to 29.93 years. The nutritional status of the study population was assessed and was classified on the basis of BMI and MUAC. BMI measurements revealed that out of 193 subjects studied, 5(2.5%) were underweight, 78(40%) had normal nutritional status, 75(38.8%) were overweight, and 35(18%) were obese. MUAC measurements show 19(9.8%) had moderate malnutrition (MUAC190-230mm), and 174(90.1%) had normal nutritional status (MUAC>230mm). FIGO analysis showed that an average of 47.33 out of 193 required assessment of nutritional status in detail. Out of the 193 subjects studied, combination therapy with Calcium & Vitamin D3 193(100%) was the most commonly prescribed nutritional supplement, followed by combination of Folic acid & iron 151(78.23%), and monotherapy with iron & folic acid respectively 42(21.7%) Adherence to the oral nutritional supplements was measured by a 24-h recall method, 11(6%) of the population reported skipping the prescribed supplements on the previous day. Out of 193 participants surveyed, 67(34.7%) reported they tend to skip the nutritional supplements sometimes. Reported barriers to adherence were forgetfulness (55%), followed by metallic taste (26%), fear of ADRs (9%), gastric ADRs (5%), and inconvenience in taking them along with other medications (5%). Conclusion: The findings of our study reveal that many pregnant women continue to have compromised nutritional status, despite the fact that there exist recommendations and ways for treating under nutrition, lack of sufficient dietary intake of the nutrients, weight management during pregnancy for avoiding post-pregnancy complications.

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Kaminsky, Viacheslav, Tetiana Anoshina, and Tetiana Kolomiychenko. "Social and Medical Aspects of the Association HIV and Herpes Virus Infection in Pregnant Women." Family Medicine, no. 6 (December 30, 2016): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5112.6.2016.249003.

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The objective: to evaluate the social and health aspects of the association of HIV and herpes infections (GVI) in pregnant women. Patients and methods. Clinical and statistical analysis of 1177 individual cards of pregnant women with HIV for 5 years. The control group consisted of 200 pregnant women with physiological pregnancy. Results. Analysis of individual cards of pregnant women with HIV found insufficient to TORCH-infection survey (74,7%). The frequency of herpes infections in HIV-infected patients was 42,3%. The most common laboratory revealed HSV1/2 – 41,9%, CMV – 22,4% and mixed infection (both HSV1/2 and CMV) – 28,1%, other types of AIT is quite rare. At 8,5% of pregnant women stated primary infection herpes viruses, 27,2% – the reactivation of infection. HIV infection is often associated with other infections: hepatitis, fungal infections, toxoplasmosis, papillomavirus infections, respiratory infections, infections of the genitourinary system. Fixed low social status of HIV-infected women with AIT, the presence of harmful habits, a high frequency of co-infections and low compliance to treatment, are additional factors of perinatal risk. History data indicate a high rate of abortions and missed abortion in women with HIV infection and GVI. Going the way of HIV infection with parenteral on sex strengthens the role of herpes virus infection as a cofactor transition from HIV to AIDS, and the development of perinatal complications. The current pregnancy burdened with 84,3% of women: high incidence of placental insufficiency (41,3%), the threat of miscarriage and preterm labor, fetal distress. Maternal mortality in 5 years was noted in 2 cases (0,1‰), both women were GVI, perinatal – in 12 cases, 8 (21,5‰) of them women with AIT. 12,1% of children were born in a state of severe asphyxia, malnutrition with 31,3%, from 3,8% of the children at the end of 1st day intrauterine diagnosed pneumonia. Conclusions. The high frequency of co-infection of HIV and herpes viruses, joining other infections and comorbidity in these women, their low social adaptation, and susceptibility to treatment, the negative impact of herpes infection in the course of HIV infection, the condition of women during pregnancy, the fetus and the newborn, which requires individual approach to the management of women based on established medical and social aspects of the problem.

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Souza, Luana Lopes, Egberto Gaspar de Moura, and Patricia Cristina Lisboa. "Does early weaning shape future endocrine and metabolic disorders? Lessons from animal models." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 11, no. 5 (June 3, 2020): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174420000410.

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AbstractObesity and its complications occur at alarming rates worldwide. Epidemiological data have associated perinatal conditions, such as malnutrition, with the development of some disorders, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, in childhood and adulthood. Exclusive breastfeeding has been associated with protection against long-term chronic diseases. However, in humans, the interruption of breastfeeding before the recommended period of 6 months is a common practice and can increase the risk of several metabolic disturbances. Nutritional and environmental changes within a critical window of development, such as pregnancy and breastfeeding, can induce permanent changes in metabolism through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to diseases later in life via a phenomenon known as programming or developmental plasticity. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms by which precocious weaning can result in adipose tissue dysfunction and endocrine profile alterations. Here, the authors give a comprehensive report of the different animal models of early weaning and programming that can result in the development of metabolic syndrome. In rats, for example, pharmacological and nonpharmacological early weaning models are associated with the development of overweight and visceral fat accumulation, leptin and insulin resistance, and neuroendocrine and hepatic changes in adult progeny. Sex-related differences seem to influence this phenotype. Therefore, precocious weaning seems to be obesogenic for offspring. A better understanding of this condition seems essential to reducing the risk for diseases. Additionally, this knowledge can generate new insights into therapeutic strategies for obesity management, improving health outcomes.

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Denkl, Barbara, Nada Cordasic, Hanna Huebner, Carlos Menendez-Castro, Marius Schmidt, Alexander Mocker, Joachim Woelfle, Andrea Hartner, and Fabian B. Fahlbusch. "No evidence of the unfolded protein response in the placenta of two rodent models of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction." Biology of Reproduction 105, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioab087.

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Abstract In humans, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PE) are associated with induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and increased placental endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Especially in PE, oxidative stress occurs relative to the severity of maternal vascular underperfusion (MVU) of the placental bed. On the premise that understanding the mechanisms of placental dysfunction could lead to targeted therapeutic options for human IUGR and PE, we investigated the roles of the placental UPR and oxidative stress in two rodent models of these human gestational pathologies. We employed a rat IUGR model of gestational maternal protein restriction, as well as an endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mouse model (eNOS−/−) of PE/IUGR. Placental expression of UPR members was analyzed via qRT-PCR (Grp78, Calnexin, Perk, Chop, Atf6, and Ern1), immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting (Calnexin, ATF6, GRP78, CHOP, phospho-eIF2α, and phospho-IRE1). Oxidative stress was determined via Western blotting (3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal). Both animal models showed a significant reduction of fetal and placental weight. These effects did not induce placental UPR. In contrast to human data, results from our rodent models suggest retention of placental plasticity in the setting of ER stress under an adverse gestational environment. Oxidative stress was significantly increased only in female IUGR rat placentas, suggesting a sexually dimorphic response to maternal malnutrition. Our study advances understanding of the involvement of the placental UPR in IUGR and PE. Moreover, it emphasizes the appropriate choice of animal models researching various aspects of these pregnancy complications.

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Alka and Kavita Dudhrejia. "An observational study of feto-maternal outcome in cases of abruptio placentae." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 8 (July 26, 2017): 3264. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173173.

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Background: Abruptio placentae defined as the preterm partial or complete separation of normally situated placenta from the uterine wall, complicating 1 in every 200 pregnancies (0.5-1%) in western nations, with rates as high as 4% in developing nations.Methods: This was a descriptive observational hospital-based study design with a follow-up component conducted over a period of 16 months, from January 2015 to April 2016 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at RZH, PDU Medical College and hospital, Rajkot comprising of 83 cases.Results: A total of 83 cases of abruption placentae were present out of 9102 deliveries at RZH, PDU Medical College, Rajkot between January 2015 to April 2016. The incidence of abruption placentae in our study is 0.9%. Overall global incidence of abruptio placentae ranges between 0.5 to 2 % with more in developing countries as compared to the developed nations. (1a,6a,17a). Fetal adverse outcomes of abruptio placentae observed during study period were perinatal mortality 75.9%, prematurity 71%, low birth weight 69.8% and asphyxia 3.6%. Out of 83 cases, 59 deaths occurred in utero while 4 died in the first week of life.Conclusions: Abruptio placentae is one of the gravest hemorrhagic complications of pregnancy. Incidence in alarmingly high in resource poor set ups of developing countries like ours.The predictors of maternal adverse outcomes were found to be malnutrition, anemia, , PPH, DIC and maternal shock. Predictors for perinatal death were low birth weight, birth asphyxia, low APGAR score, retroplacental clot volume more than 500 ML.

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Rashid, Muhammad Harun Ar, Liton Kumer Shaha, Sanjana Sharmin Shashi, and Imtiaz Faruk. "Risk Factors of Burst Abdomen in Emergency Laparotomy." Bangladesh Medical Journal 46, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v46i2.40217.

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Burst Abdomen is a preventable condition in which many risk factors play their role and lead to life threatening complications. This study was carried out to find out various risk factors of burst abdomen following emergency laparotomy, to find out the high risk group of patients for burst abdomen, to determine the predictors of burst abdomen, to prevent the rate of burst abdomen & find out morbidity and mortality of burst abdomen. This cross sectional study was done among 100 cases of burst abdomen occurring in Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka and Dhaka Medical college,Dhaka during the period of July,2011 to December,2011. The patients were admitted for various surgical problems and underwent emergency laparotomy. Burst abdomen was taken into account. Another group of 100 patients who undergone emergency laparotomy but did not develop burst abdomen were also taken into account to make a comparison with the burst group. Patients who undergone elective laparotomy,paediatric age group,patients undergone exploration through mini laparotomy or transverse incision,patients with pregnancy were excluded from the study populations.Patients were assessed by history taking, examination and appropriate investigation before surgery and observed post operatively for any complication. The results were prepared on 100 patients underwent emergency laparotomy in SSMCMH & DMCH. Burst abdomen following emergency laparotomy results from multifactorial causes. The main outcome measure found significant as the risk factors of burst abdomen in this study were peritonitis (95%),anaemia (26%),malnutrition (18%), in the preoperative period; inadequate peritoneal toileting and faulty surgical techniques in the per operative period; and wound infection (62%), postoperative cough (28%), abdominal distension (22%). The result also shows that the rate of burst abdomen is still very high in SSMCMH & DMCH and most of them occur in operations done by trainee surgeons (86%) and in those patients who has 3 or more of the risk factors (44%). We hope this study will arouse awareness and concern about this problem, so that more active steps will be taken for its prevention by identifying the high risk groups. This will certainly reduce the incidence of burst abdomen. Bangladesh Med J. 2017 May; 46 (2): 38-42

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Mohiuddin, Zebunnesa, Md Mahmudul Haque, and Sk Akhtar Ahmad. "Parenting Stress of Mothers Having Children with Thalassemia." Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 38, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jopsom.v38i2.47861.

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Background: Parents of children with thalassemia faces numerous challenges while coping various problems arises from the disease. Objective: The study was conductedto assess parenting stress of the mothers having children with thalassemia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted amongmothers having children with thalassemia. A total of 253 mothers were included in this study conveniently.Data were collected by face to face interview by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysiswere done by SPSS software. Level of stress was measured by using a modified parenting stress scale. The study was carried out during January to December 2016. Place and period of study: This study was conducted in International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka Shishu Hospital thalassemia center, Thalassemia foundation hospital and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Results: The study revealed that 25-34 years age group was more (83.4%). Majorityofthemothers was Muslim (97%), married (95%), educated up to SSC (64%), house wife (87%). Average monthly family income of the mothers was 26257 BDT and most of them were living in nuclear family (68%). Majority of the mothers had 2 children (82.2%), maximum was within 1-10 years age group (65.2%) and bearingchild within 15-24 years (64%). Most of the mothers had male children (63%), received antenatal checkup (84%) and normal delivery (70%) at hospital (58%). Complication during pregnancy was found in few mothers (15%) and included malnutrition with anemia. Majority of the children were diagnosed thalassemia within 2 years of age (79.8%) and physical complications included reduced hemoglobin level and physical activity. Few thalassemic children had splenectomy (13%), majority of the children’s condition was not improved (72%). Most of the respondents visited hospital once in a month (46%). Among all mothers, few had social support (28%) and greater part received financial support (84%). Majority of the mothers faced moderate level stress (52.2%). Mean of parenting stress was 40.16(±8.07). Minimum and maximum score of parenting stress was 22 and 59 respectively. Conclusion: The parents having children with Thalassemia are burdened and under stress because of the chronic nature of the illness. All the findings suggests that time decisions with proper psychological supports and appropriate managements system can overcome the long term sufferings of the patients and thus reduce the stress of parents. JOPSOM 2019; 38(2): 22-29

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Vyalkova, A. A., B. A. Frolov, E. V. Savelyeva, and S. A. Chesnokova. "Prenatal stress and its role in children's pathology: historical aspects and the current status of the question (review of literature)." Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg) 24, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36485/1561-6274-2020-24-3-28-41.

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The article presents an analysis of fundamental data on the problem of stress and its role in the development of stressful diseases. Scientific evidence on the role of stress in childhood pathology indicates the extreme pathogenetic significance of stress. It is proved that stress has three interconnected faces: stress as a link in the adaptation mechanism, stress as a link in the pathogenesis of diseases and adaptation to stressful situations as a natural prevention of stressful diseases. The scientific substantiation of the main evolutionarily determined role of stress as an adaptation link indicates the possibility of acquiring some degree of resistance to stressful situations. Prevention of reducing the excess of stress reactions and reducing the possibility of its transformation into a link in the pathogenesis of diseases limits the complex of mechanisms designated as a stress-limiting system. Important information is the development and coordination of the stress response, which is provided by a complex set of mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation, united by the concept of “stress-implementing system”. The most common forms of stress are fetal hypoxia, metabolic disturbances, and toxic effects leading to uncontrolled oxidative stress at the cellular and tissue levels with the development of pregnancy complications, intrauterine growth retardation syndrome (IUGR), persistent changes and pathological conditions. As the fetus grows, the flow of oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta increases, which is accompanied by an increased risk of the formation of pathologies of the brain, heart, liver and kidneys with the development of a multi-organ pathology in the subsequent life. It has been proven that oxidative stress combined with stress of malnutrition in the prenatal period increases the risk of endocrinopathies, kidney diseases, and a number of other chronic diseases in the adult state. In practical terms, the negative effects of stress are of particular interest. Early detection of psychosocial and sympathomimetic factors causing stress is the basis for the prevention of childhood pathology.

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Bailey, Regan L., Keith P. West Jr., and Robert E. Black. "The Epidemiology of Global Micronutrient Deficiencies." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, Suppl. 2 (2015): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371618.

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Micronutrients are essential to sustain life and for optimal physiological function. Widespread global micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) exist, with pregnant women and their children under 5 years at the highest risk. Iron, iodine, folate, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies are the most widespread MNDs, and all these MNDs are common contributors to poor growth, intellectual impairments, perinatal complications, and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency is the most common MND worldwide and leads to microcytic anemia, decreased capacity for work, as well as impaired immune and endocrine function. Iodine deficiency disorder is also widespread and results in goiter, mental retardation, or reduced cognitive function. Adequate zinc is necessary for optimal immune function, and deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections, major causes of death in those <5 years of age. Folic acid taken in early pregnancy can prevent neural tube defects. Folate is essential for DNA synthesis and repair, and deficiency results in macrocytic anemia. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and also impairs immune function and cell differentiation. Single MNDs rarely occur alone; often, multiple MNDs coexist. The long-term consequences of MNDs are not only seen at the individual level but also have deleterious impacts on the economic development and human capital at the country level. Perhaps of greatest concern is the cycle of MNDs that persists over generations and the intergenerational consequences of MNDs that we are only beginning to understand. Prevention of MNDs is critical and traditionally has been accomplished through supplementation, fortification, and food-based approaches including diversification. It is widely accepted that intervention in the first 1,000 days is critical to break the cycle of malnutrition; however, a coordinated, sustainable commitment to scaling up nutrition at the global level is still needed. Understanding the epidemiology of MNDs is critical to understand what intervention strategies will work best under different conditions.

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Ningrum, Widya Maya, and Erni Puspitasari. "PERSALINAN PADA IBU DENGAN RIWAYAT KEKURANGAN ENERGI KRONIS." Journal of Midwifery and Public Health 3, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/jmph.v3i2.6827.

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Ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK akan mengalami kekurangan gizi, tubuh mudah lelah, pucat, lemas, dan mengalami kesulitan salah satunya dalam proses persalinan. Pengaruh KEK terhadap proses persalinan dapat mengakibatkan persalinan sulit dan lama, persalinan sebelum waktunya (prematur), pendarahan setelah persalinan, serta persalinan dengan operasi. Puskesmas Sadananya data ibu hamil yang mengalami KEK sebanyak 70 orang (9,49%) dan berlanjut ke penyulit lainnya yaitu mengalami Abortus 5 0rang (3,5%), BBLR 9 bayi (6,3%). Jenis Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu bersalin dengan riwayat KEK pada masa kehamilan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sadananya Kabupaten Ciamis Tahun 2019 sebanyak 70, Teknik pengambilan sempel mengunakan Simple Random Sampling. Analisa dalam penelitian ini adalah Univariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukan sebanyak 3 oang mengalami persalinan sebelum waktunya (4,3%), 1 orang mengalami perdarahan paska salin disebebkan atonia uteri (1,4%), dan 8 orang proses persalinan dengan Operasi (SC) (11,4%). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Ibu hamil dengan riwayat KEK mengalami penyulit persalinan, meskipun secara jumlah tidak terlalu signifikan, namun hal ini tentunya tetap harus menjadi perhatian khususnya bagaimana bisa mencegah ibu hamil untuk tidak mengalami anemia, dan apabila sudah terjadi sebagai seorang bidan tentunya harus dapat mendeteksi penyulit yang akan terjadi denganmelakukan penapisan awal persalinanPregnant women who experience KEK will experience malnutrition, body easily tired, pale, weak, and experience difficulties, one of which is in the delivery process. The effect of KEK on the labor process can result in difficult and prolonged labor, preterm labor, bleeding after delivery, and delivery by surgery. Puskesmas Sadananya data on pregnant women who experience KEK as many as 70 people (9.49%) and continue to other complications, namely experiencing 5 0rang abortion (3.5%), LBW 9 babies (6.3%). This type of research is a descriptive study. The population in this study were all 70 women who gave birth with a history of KEK during pregnancy in the Work Area of the Sadananya Health Center, Ciamis Regency in 2019, the sampling technique used was Simple Random Sampling. The analysis in this research is Univariate.. The results showed as many as 3 people experienced premature labor (4.3%), 1 person experienced post-saline bleeding due to uterine atony (1.4%), and 8 people went into labor by surgery (11.4%). The conclusion of this study is that pregnant women with a history of KEK experience difficulty in childbirth, although the numbers are not too significant, this of course still has to be a concern, especially how to prevent pregnant women from experiencing anemia, and if it has occurred as a midwife, of course they must be able to detecting impending complications by performing an early screening of labor.

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Lesage, J., D. Hahn, M. Leonhardt, B. Blondeau, B. Breant, and JP Dupouy. "Maternal undernutrition during late gestation-induced intrauterine growth restriction in the rat is associated with impaired placental GLUT3 expression, but does not correlate with endogenous corticosterone levels." Journal of Endocrinology 174, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1740037.

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Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a frequently occurring and serious complication of pregnancy. Infants exposed to IUGR are at risk for numerous perinatal morbidities, including hypoglycemia in the neonatal period, as well as increased risk of later physical and/or mental impairments, cardiovascular disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Fetal growth restriction most often results from uteroplacental dysfunction during the later stage of pregnancy. As glucose, which is the most abundant nutrient crossing the placenta, fulfills a large portion of the fetal energy requirements during gestational development, and since impaired placental glucose transport is thought to result in growth restriction, we investigated the effects of maternal 50% food restriction (FR50) during the last week of gestation on rat placental expression of glucose transporters, GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4, and on plasma glucose content in both maternal and fetal compartments. Moreover, as maternal FR50 induces fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and since these hormones are potent regulators of placental glucose transporter expression, we investigated whether putative alterations in placental GLUT expression correlate with changes in maternal and/or fetal corticosterone levels. At term (day 21 of pregnancy), plasma glucose content was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in mothers subjected to FR50, but was not affected in fetuses. Food restriction reduced maternal body weight (P<0.001) but did not affect placental weight. Plasma corticosterone concentration, at term, was increased (P<0.05) in FR50 mothers. Fetuses from FR50 mothers showed reduced body weight (P<0.001) but higher plasma corticosterone levels (P<0.05). Adrenalectomy (ADX) followed by corticosterone supplementation of the mother prevented the FR50-induced rise in maternal plasma corticosterone at term. Food restriction performed on either sham-ADX or ADX mothers induced a similar reduction in the body weight of the pups at term (P<0.01). Moreover, plasma corticosterone levels were increased in pups from sham-ADX FR50 mothers (P<0.01) and in pups from ADX control mothers (P<0.01). Western blot analysis of placental GLUT proteins showed that maternal FR50 decreased placental GLUT3 protein levels in all experimental groups at term (P<0.05 and P<0.01), but did not affect either GLUT1 or GLUT4 protein levels. Northern blot analysis of placental GLUT expression showed that both GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNA were not affected by the maternal feeding regimen or surgery. We concluded that prolonged maternal malnutrition during late gestation decreases maternal plasma glucose content and placental GLUT3 glucose transporter expression, but does not obviously affect fetal plasma glucose concentration. Moreover, the present results are not compatible with a role of maternal corticosterone in the development of growth-restricted rat fetuses.

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Bhimwal, Raj Kumar, Mohan Makwana, Harish Kumar Chouhan, Mukesh Gupta, Kanwar Lal, and Rakesh Jora. "A study of various determinates and incidence of low birth weight babies born in Umaid hospital, Jodhpur (Western Rajasthan)." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20172604.

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Background: Low birth weight is one of the most serious challenges for maternal and child health in both developed and developing countries. It is the single most important factor that determines the changes of child survival. Nearly 50% of neonatal deaths occur among LBW babies. The survivors among them are at a higher risk of developing malnutrition, recurrent infections and neurodevelopment backwardness.Methods:The present study was conducted at Department of Pediatrics, Dr. S. N. Medical. College, Jodhpur. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Sample size: 8266 consecutive live birth babies were enrolled. Inclusion Criteria: A total number of 8266 consecutive live birth babies were enrolled a total number of 2542 Low birth weight babies were delivered with birth weight 2.5 Kg. or less. Exclusion Criteria: (i) IUD babies, (ii) Still born babies, (iii) Lodger babies.Results: Incidence of LBW babies were 30.725%, VLBW babies 2.71% and that of ELBW babies were 0.89%, Male, Female ratio was 1:1.09, 80% LBW babies were more than 1.8Kg, 73.05% babies were between 37-40 weeks of gestational age and 5.0% were extreme premature (<32 weeks) Teen aged mother and elderly mothers, Primi para and multiparty (4th and above) had increased incidence of LBW babies, 84.97% of LBW babies born normally, maximum number of mothers were from lower socioeconomic status (54.41%) were illiterate (41.8%). Tobacco addiction had adverse effects on birth weight. PIH was the most frequent complication (17.93%). Followed by APH (2.95%) and P.P.H. 1.41% Anemia was the most common (23.73%) medical illness followed by Chronic UTI 2.59%, TB 1.61% and RHD 1.18%.Conclusions:Interventions to improve intrauterine growth and gestational duration by providing adequate caloric supplementation before and during pregnancy, febrile illnesses prophylaxis, or treatment, reduce tobacco chewing in mothers, avoid child bearing in young adolescents and in late reproductive age, improving maternal education, general improvement in nutrition and socio-economic condition and Improving sanitation and water supply.

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Quigley, Eamonn, and Rowen Zetterman. "Hepatobiliary Complications of Malabsorption and Malnutrition." Seminars in Liver Disease 8, no. 03 (August 1988): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1040543.

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