Tesis sobre el tema "Maritime fishing"

Il costante incremento delle attività di pesca e del traffico marittimo in generale hanno reso il monitoraggio e la classificazione delle attività delle navi una sfida aperta nello scenario marino. Il continuo sfruttamento delle risorse ittiche ha ridotto drasticamente l’abbondanza di queste risorse con conseguenze negative sullo stesso settore della pesca. Nel corso degli anni sono stati introdotti degli strumenti che inizialmente però erano impiegati solamente per migliorare la sicurezza del traffico marittimo. La necessità di risolvere il problema del monitoraggio e della classificazione delle attività delle navi nella nuova era dell’Intelligenza Artificiale (IA) ha portato allo sviluppo e all’applicazione di nuovi metodi nel campo del Machine Learning (ML). In particolare, l’applicazione della IA in questo contesto definisce un nuovo concetto che prende il nome di Precision Fishing. Il lavoro svolto in questa tesi è stato sviluppato in collaborazione con l’Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine del CNR (CNR-IRBIM). L’obiettivo della tesi è incrementare il controllo delle attività di pesca analizzando dati provenienti dal Sistema di Identificazione Automatica (AIS) ed integrandoli ad esempio con le immagini satellitari “Synthetic Aperture RADAR” (SAR). Gli obiettivi della presente tesi hanno riguardato (i) l’identificazione e (ii) la classificazione delle attività di pesca e (iii) l’individuazione delle attività illegali, non dichiarate e non regolamentate (INN), mediante approcci di Intelligenza Artificiale. Nel primo tema di ricerca si presenta un algoritmo in grado di individuare ogni singola sessione di pesca, ossia tutto ciò che accade da quando la nave lascia il porto di partenza fino al porto di destinazione. Per ottenere questo risultato, la prima operazione svolta è quella del filtraggio degli outliers (dati AIS anomali o errati), che è stato ottenuto grazie ad un processo di interpolazione. L’algoritmo sviluppato utilizza un insieme di regole per identificare ciascuna sessione di pesca. Un altro aspetto innovativo dell’algoritmo rispetto allo stato dell’arte è quello di ricostruire sessioni di pesca incomplete, ossia quando quest’ultime non hanno una distribuzione temporalmente uniforme dei dati AIS. L’affidabilità del metodo proposto è stata valutata su un dataset validato da esperti nel settore, ed i risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato che l’efficacia del metodo è superiore rispetto allo stato dell’arte. Nella seconda tematica si propone una serie di algoritmi basati sulle tecnologie dell’IA al fine di classificare le attività di pesca. In dettaglio vengono realizzati diversi algoritmi di classificazione utilizzando diverse tecniche di Machine Learning e di Deep Learning. L’innovazione apportata allo stato dell’arte rispetto agli obiettivi sopra riportati è nello sviluppo di algoritmi basati su IA che automatizzano processi di analisi dati per supportare decision maker nell’ambito della Precision Fishing. L’affidabilità dei metodi proposti è stata indagata utilizzando dataset validati da esperti nel settore e dallo studio dei comportamenti delle navi su diversi anni. I risultati ottenuti sono superiori allo stato dell’arte e questo fa si che alcuni algoritmi proposti si candidano ad essere considerati come gold standard. Nel terzo tema di ricerca si presenta un algoritmo per l’identificazione delle attività di pesca INN. In questo caso l’utilizzo del solo sistema AIS è insufficiente perché nella maggior parte dei casi, quando la nave è impegnata in questo tipo di attività, i sistemi di bordo vengono spenti in modo da non poter essere rintracciati. La soluzione proposta è quella di integrare i dati AIS con le immagini satellitari SAR in modo da ricostruire l’informazione mancante, e grazie all’algoritmo di classificazione delle attività di pesca, vengono rilevate tutte quelle che sono ritenute sospette. Il metodo proposto è stato validato da esperti nel settore e dall’analisi dei registri di bordo integrando la conoscenza dei sistemi di pesca.<br>The constant increasing of fishing activities and marine traffic have made the monitoring and the classification of the ships activities an open challenge in marine scenario. Continued exploitation of fish resources has drastically reduced the abundance of these resources, with negative consequences on the fisheries sector itself. Over the years, some tools have been introduced, but initially they were only used to improve the safety of maritime traffic. The necessity of solving the problem of the monitoring and the classification of the ships activities in the new era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) leads to the development and to the implementation of new methods in Machine Learning (ML). In particular, the application of AI in this context defines a new concept called Precision Fishing. The work of this thesis has been developed in collaboration with “Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine” of the CNR (CNR-IRBIM). The aim of this research is to increase fisheries control by analysing Automatic Identification System (AIS) data and integrating them with additional data such as “Synthetic Aperture RADAR” (SAR) images. The objectives of this thesis regarded (i) the identification and (ii) the classification of fishing activities; (iii) the identification of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities through AI approaches. In the first topic, it is described an algorithm able to identify every single fishing session, meaning everything that happens from when the ship leaves the port of departure to the port of destination. In order to obtain this result, the first operation carried out is the filtering of outliers (on-land or erroneous AIS data), which has been achieved through a process of interpolation. The algorithm developed uses a rule set to identify each fishing session. Another innovative aspect of the algorithm compared to the state of the art is that it reconstructs incomplete fishing sessions, meaning those that do not have a temporally uniform distribution of AIS data. The reliability of the proposed method was evaluated on a dataset validated by experts in the field, and the results obtained showed that the effectiveness of the method outperformed the state of the art. In the second research topic, it is proposed a set of algorithms based on AI technologies in order to classify fishing activities. In detail, several classification algorithms are implemented using different Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques. The innovation of this thesis over the state of the art is the design and the development of AI algorithms to support decision makers in the Precision Fishing field using AIS and satellite data. The reliability of the proposed methods was investigated using datasets validated by experts in the field and by studying the behaviour of ships over the years. The results obtained are better than the state of the art and this makes some of the proposed algorithms candidates to be considered as gold standard. In the third topic, it is presented an algorithm for the identification of IUU fishing activities. In this case the use of the AIS system alone is insufficient because in most cases, when the ship is engaged in this type of activity, the on-board systems are switched off so that the vessel cannot be located. The solution proposed is to integrate AIS data with SAR satellite images in order to recover the missing information, and thanks to the classification of fishing activities algorithm all those that are considered suspicious are detected. The proposed method has been validated by experts in the field and by the analysis of logbooks integrating knowledge of fishing systems.

The Japanese colonial fisheries authorities of pre-war Taiwan played an important role in the diffusion of offshore and distant water fishing methods. Two of the main fisheries in post-war Taiwan, the longline and trawl fisheries, were introduced from Japan during the pre-war period. Although Taiwan’s fishing industry was devastated in the course of World War Two, with financial aid from the international community and the government’s policy guidance, it was revived in a comparatively brief period of time. Fishing vessels from Taiwan, especially Kaohsiung, soon became, once again, a common sight in the waters of Southeast Asia. The first part of thesis traces the pre-war historical background, the government’s post-war policy guidance and the birth of Taiwan’s offshore and distant water fishing industry in Southeast Asia after World War Two. After the Chinese communists came to power in 1949 Taiwan’s fishing communities were placed under the strict surveillance of the Kuomintang authorities out of consideration for national security. The Taiwanese Government and the military adopted a variety of measures to control and regulate the development of the fishing communities. Also, the people in the fishing industry did their best to cope with the Government intervention. To safeguard their onshore business interests, Kaohsiung’s fishing companies also put considerable energy and effort into dealing with local shipyards, ice-manufacturers, and other fishing ancillary industries. Vessel owners developed industry partnership with those who were cooperative, and either avoided or boycotted those who were viewed as a potential nemesis. With a view to analysing the interactions between the fishing industry, the Government, the military, and key ancillary industries, the second part of the thesis focuses upon the history of Taiwan’s post-war fishing industry from the perspective of the national-industrial level. The development of Kaohsiung’s fishing industry was also deeply affected by ethnic factors. Siao Liouciou fishers were solely dedicated to the longline fishing method; Shandong people preferred to be involved in pair-trawl fishing. The final part of the thesis further narrows down the scope of the history of Taiwan’s fishing industry to the local level context of the fishing communities. The histories of six fishing companies are used to compare the cultures and management styles of the trawling and longlining fisheries. Finally, the fishers’ daily lives in the waters of Southeast Asia, and the culture and routine practices of Kaohsiung’s fishing communities are explored in depth.

This dissertation examines the scope and limitations of port state jurisdiction with respect to the enforcement of international conservation and management measures established under international and national instruments. The current fisheries regulatory regimes rely primarily on flag states to enforce these measures against foreign vessels. The aim of this dissertation is to recommend an expansion of port state enforcement jurisdiction over foreign vessels when fishing in the high seas. The expansion of port state jurisdiction supplements the role of flag states in enforcing the provisions of international conventions and agreements applicable in the high seas and also fills in where flag of convenience fishing vessels have failed to do so. To support this view, the dissertation will compare the issue of illegal unreported unregulated fishing with the issue of marine pollution. The significance of this comparison is to show how provisions in regard to marine pollution, have legitimized the expansion of port state jurisdiction to the extent that port states have enforcement jurisdiction over foreign flagged vessels which violate the provisions of LOSC relating to marine pollution in the high seas.

La recherche a pour objet l’étude du statut juridique et social des marins-pêcheurs au Maroc, afin d’envisager des perspectives d’évolution concrètes. Cette catégorie de travailleurs est soumise à autant de risque.Face à ces éléments, les marins-pêcheurs marocains sont entrés dans une période de remise en question et de réflexions sur leur statut social. Cette recherche permet de dresser le constat de ce statut, dont il ressort de nombreuses problématiques qui impactent négativement l’exercice de ce métier.Il résulte de cette étude que le particularisme irréductible du travail dans le secteur de la pêche maritime et l’autonomie du droit du travail maritime ne suffisent plus, à établir une incompatibilité de principe de nature à faire obstacle à l’application de certaines règles du droit du travail terrestre.L’étude réanime un ancien débat législatif et doctrinal relatif à l’autonomie du droit du travail maritime. Elle propose alors plusieurs pistes de réflexion et des solutions concrètes en vue de faire évoluer le statut des marins-pêcheurs dans le cadre d’une autonomie modérée. Un rapprochement et une conciliation entre le droit du travail maritime et le droit du travail terrestre s’avèrent nécessaires, en adéquation avec les besoins recensés<br>The purpose of the research is to study the legal and social status of fishermen in Morocco in order to predict concrete prospects for evolution. This category of workers is subject to as much risk.Faced with these elements, Moroccan fishermen have entered a period of questioning and reflection on their social status. This research makes it possible to establish the observation of this status, from which many problems emerge which negatively affect the exercise of this profession.It follows from this study that the irreducible particularism of work in the maritime fishing sector and the autonomy of maritime labor law are no longer sufficient to establish an incompatibility of principle likely to hinder the application of certain rules of the land labor law.The study revives an old legislative and doctrinal debate on the autonomy of maritime labor law. It then proposes several avenues for reflection and concrete solutions to change the status of fishermen and sailors within the framework of a moderate autonomy. A rapprochement and a conciliation between the maritime labor law and the labor law are necessary, in adequacy with the identified needs

Située au coeur du golfe de Gascogne, La Rochelle fut dès sa naissance au début du XIIe siècle une communauté de pêcheurs. La ville s’affirme comme une cité marchande, devenant l’une des plus dynamiques de l’Ouest français. Son port de commerce se déplace sur un nouveau site en 1890, libérant le vieux port au centre-ville pour la pêche. De nombreux voiliers viennent déjà y vendre leur pêche sur un marché aux poissons attractif, que le chemin de fer relie à l’intérieur du pays en 1857. Une nouvelle page s’ouvre, celle du chalutage industriel qui fait une percée majeure en Grande-Bretagne. A La Rochelle, après l’échec d’une tentative de l’anglais Craggs d’y implanter le chalutage à vapeur en 1871, de grands armements à la pêche industrielle sont fondés de 1904 à 1920. Une première période d’essor de ces armements fait de la cité le deuxième port de pêche de France, le premier de l’Atlantique. Après le marasme des pêches françaises et la crise de la flottille de chalutiers à vapeur rochelais, un nouvel essor du port s’affirme après la Seconde guerre mondiale. La Rochelle redevient le quatrième port de pêche de France dans les années 1960. Mais l’année 1965 marque une rupture de la pêche industrielle rochelaise et un déclin s’ensuit qui conduit à la disparition des derniers grands chalutiers en 1994. De nombreux travaux menés jusqu’ici ont porté sur d’autres ports de pêche de France. Cette étude a l’ambition de contribuer à la connaissance de plus d’un siècle d’histoire de pêche industrielle du port de La Rochelle, de ses dimensions économiques, sociologiques, politiques et écologiques, dans le cadre d’une étude comparative, en analysant les caractéristiques et les raisons de cet essor et celles d’un déclin précoce et rapide<br>Situated in the heart of the bay of Biscay, La Rochelle, right from its foundation, at the beginning of the XIIth century, was a community of fishermen. It then became one of the most dynamic cities in western France. In 1890 the commercial port moved to a new site, liberating the old port in the city centre for fishing activities. Many sailing ships came to sell their fish on an attractive fish market boosted by the railway connection to the inland part of the country in 1857. A new era started with industrial trawling, a major innovation in Great Britain. In 1871, the English shipowner Craggs tried to introduce steam-powered trawling but suffered a setback . However from 1904 to 1920 important armaments in industrial trawling were created, making La Rochelle, in this early period of expansion, the second fishing port in France and the first one on the Atlantic coast. After the stagnation of French fisheries and a crisis of Rochelais steam-powered trawlers, a new expansion of the port occured after WWII. In the sixties, La Rochelle became the 4th fishing port in France, until in 1965 a break in industrial fishing activities resulted in the loss of the last big trawlers in 1994. There have been numerous documents about other fishing ports in France. This study aims to concentrate on the history of industrial fishing in the port of La Rochelle over a century, highlighting its economic, sociological, political and ecological dimensions. For this purpose a comparative study has been made, analysing the characteristics and the reasons of this expansion as well as the ones of a rapid and premature decline

L’objectif de notre étude sur les changements qui ont marqué l’évolution de la pêche artisanale au Gabon à partir du cadre de la province de l’Estuaire avait pour vocation d’une part, sur l’appui d’archives révélant l’organisation du secteur pêche durant la période coloniale et d’autre part sur la base d’enquêtes menées dans plusieurs villages, d’appréhender les changements encourus dans cette activité, qui est en cours de passage d’un cadre traditionnel et artisanal à un autre cadre plus hétéroclite.Ce nouveau cadre hétéroclite de la pêche artisanale se révèle aujourd’hui tout d’abord à travers la présence des communautés de pêcheurs issues d’origines ethniques diverses, dans lesquelles nous avons pu observer des interactions riches de partage de savoirs et de savoir-faire ; ensuite, à travers des interactions entre ces communautés de pêcheurs et l’environnement des territoires dans lesquels elles sont ancrées. Nous avons ainsi mis à jour une croissance démographique des acteurs de ce secteur d’activité.Au de-là donc de l’analyse de la dynamique des changements, nous voulions démontrer une évolution des rapports entre les pêcheurs et leur environnement sociopolitique, économique d’une part, et de répondre d’autre part à la problématique de l’articulation entre la dynamique des changements sociaux dans ces sociétés pluriethniques et la dynamique de l’espace littoral qu’elles se partagent<br>The aim of our study on the changes that have marked the development of artisanal fisheries in Gabon from the part of the province of the estuary was intended on the one hand, the support of record showing the organization of the fisheries sector during the colonial period and partly on the basis of surveys conducted in several villages, to understand the changes involved in this activity, which is currently moving from a traditional craft and another part more heterogeneous.This new framework assorted artisanal fisheries now appears first through the presence of fishing communities from various ethnic backgrounds, in which we observed rich interactions of sharing knowledge and know-how; Then, through interactions between fishing communities and the environment of the territories in which they are embedded. We have updated a population growth of players in this industry.Beyond the analysis of the dynamics of changes, we wanted to show a changing relationship between fishermen and their socio-political environment, economic on the one hand, and answer the other hand the problem of the joint between the dynamics of social change in these companies enjoyed riethniques and dynamics of the coastal area they share

La pêche est une activité à risque principalement étudiée en ergonomie afin d’optimiser la sécurité à bord. L’enjeu écologique actuel pousse à s’y intéresser d’une manière nouvelle pour concevoir des engins de pêche plus respectueux de l’environnement. Le projet INdIGO vise à concevoir un filet de pêche biodégradable (FPB) qui répond à cet enjeu. Dans ce cadre, la thèse cherche à comprendre les conditions facilitant la transition des pratiques de pêche actuelles à des pratiques “plus durables” par l’implémentation d’un FPB. Pour répondre à cette problématique, deux champs théoriques ont été mobilisés : l’acceptabilité (Bobillier Chaumon &amp; Dubois, 2009) et la théorie de l’activité (Engeström, 1987 ; Rabardel, 1995). Quatre études ont été menées. La mesure de l’acceptabilité a servi à identifier des freins et leviers à l’utilisation d’un FPB à partir d’un questionnaire sur les représentations des pêcheurs. L’analyse de l’activité de pêche in situ a permis de comprendre finement l’utilisation du filet de pêche, les habitudes des opérateurs et les contraintes auxquelles ils font face. L'analyse du système d’activité de pêche (SAP) a mis en évidence la multiplicité des acteurs qui participent à l’activité, et a révélé des opportunités de développement du système. Enfin, l’analyse de l’évolution passée du SAP a dévoilé les conditions favorables et défavorables à un changement dans l’activité de pêche. Ce travail questionne la transition des pratiques de pêche à différents niveaux (représentations, activité réelle, système). Il contribue à la définition de pistes visant à développer le pouvoir d’agir des pêcheurs dans le cadre de l’implémentation d’un FPB<br>Fishing is a high-risk activity that is mainly studied in ergonomics in order to optimise safety on board. The current ecological issue pushes to be interested in it in a new way to conceive fishing gears more respectful of the environment. The INdIGO project aims to design a biodegradable fishing net (FPB) that meets this challenge. In this context, the thesis seeks to understand the conditions facilitating the transition from current fishing practices to "more sustainable" practices through the implementation of a FPB. To answer this question, two theoretical fields were mobilised: acceptability (Bobillier Chaumon &amp; Dubois, 2009) and activity theory (Engeström, 1987; Rabardel, 1995). Four studies were conducted. The measurement of acceptability was used to identify the obstacles and levers to the use of an FPB based on a questionnaire on fishermen's representations. The analysis of the fishing activity in situ enabled a detailed understanding of the use of the fishing net, the habits of the operators and the constraints they face. The analysis of the fishing activity system (SAP) highlighted the multiplicity of actors involved in the activity, and revealed opportunities for developing the system. Finally, the analysis of the past evolution of the SAP revealed the favourable and unfavourable conditions for a change in the fishing activity. This work questions the transition of fishing practices at different levels (representations, real activity, system). It contributes to the definition of avenues aimed at developing the fishermen's power to act within the framework of the implementation of a FPB

Cette étude archéologique et archéo-ichtyologique a pour but d’aborder une activité rarement décrite par les historiens : la pêche sur le littoral de l’Aquitaine romaine (Ier - IIIe siècle). Le renouvellement des informations, peu nombreuses sur ce sujet, nécessitait une approche archéo-ichtyologique, menée sur quatre sites archéologiques : Barzan (Charente-Maritime), Bordeaux et Biganos (Gironde), et un site de production de sauces et salaisons de poisson à Guéthary (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Pour la première fois dans cette région, le matériel archéo-ichtyofaunique a été récolté selon des stratégies d’échantillonnage adaptées aux caractéristiques de chaque gisement, afin de disposer de données représentatives des espèces consommées. Ces données ont été confrontées aux sources écrites et figurées antiques et aux travaux plus récents d’époques moderne et contemporaine portant sur la pêche et l’écologie des écosystèmes concernés. Cette méthode comparative a permis d’éclairer des textes antiques quelquefois obscurs et d’émettre des hypothèses sur les techniques de pêche utilisées en fonction des espèces de poisson présentes sur les sites, de leur taille et de leur saison de capture. En fonction de la finalité économique (consommation de poisson frais ou transformation en sauces et salaisons), les spécificités de la pêche et les relations entre les milieux exploités et les techniques utilisées ont été étudiées. L’activité de pêche répondait à une adaptation aux milieux et aux espèces ciblées mais également à des critères économiques et culturels, propres à l’époque romaine. Les échanges entre les agglomérations étudiées ont été abordés afin de réfléchir sur l’approvisionnement de Bordeaux en poissons marins. Dans ce cadre, la portée économique de l’unique établissement à salaisons d’Aquitaine romaine, situé à Guéthary, a été discutée. La part de l’influence romaine dans le développement de cette production a été démontrée par la convergence de multiples données archéologiques et historiques<br>The goal of this archaeological and archaeo-ichthyological study is to address an activity rarely described by historians: the fishing on the coast of Aquitaine during the Roman period (1st – 3rd century AD). The renewal of the information, few concerning this subject, required an archaeo-ichthyological study conducted on four archaeological sites: Barzan (Charente-Maritime), Bordeaux and Biganos (Gironde), and the salting installation of Guéthary (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). For the first time in this region, the fish bones remains were collected according to sampling strategies adapted to the characteristics of each archaeological site, in order to obtain representative data of the consumed fish species. These data were compared with ancient written and iconographic sources and with modern and contemporary works concerning the fishing and the ecology of the studied ecosystems. This comparative method allowed to clarify ancient texts, and to suggest hypothesis about the fishing techniques used thanks to the fish species discovered on the sites, their size and their season of capture. According to the economic purpose (fresh fish consumption or fish processing), the fishing specificities but also the connections between the exploited environments and the used techniques were studied. The fishing activity involved an adaptation to ecosystems targeted but also to economic and cultural criteria, specific to the Roman period. The exchanges between the studied sites were discussed in order to think about the supply of marine fishes to Bordeaux. In this context, the economic significance of the unique salting installation of Roman Aquitaine, situated in Guéthary, was discussed. The part of the Roman influence in the development of this production was demonstrated by the convergence of several archaeological and historical data

The thesis aims at appraising the role of port state in international law by analyzing the whole of rights, duties and obligations ascribed to it by relevant legal instruments adopted in various fields of the law of the sea. After considering some preliminary questions, namely the notion of “port state” in opposition to coastal and flag states, the first chapter deals with the legal regime of port state extra-territorial jurisdiction under Article 218 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other relevant provisions of this Convention. In the second chapter, the focus is on Port State Control as provided by a number of international legal conventions and soft law instruments relating to the prevention of marine pollution, safety and security matters as a complementary tool to the flag state principle. The next two chapters further address the responsibility assumed by port states to ensure compliance and implementation of international rules and standards concerning living and working conditions of seafarers on board merchant and fishing ships as well as port state measures adopted at the international and regional level in order to curb the phenomenon of illegal, unregulated and unauthorized fishing on the high sea. Subsequent chapters explore the various regional memoranda of understanding on Port State Control and the rights and obligations of EU members acting as port states under the relevant EU legislation. Finally, the research undertaken shows that the role of port state under international law has gone through significant changes both from a quantitative and qualitative perspective. Thus, it may be argued that port state is being more and more considered as acting for the protection of common values and goods.

Parmi les nombreuses activités exercées sur les systèmes socio-écologiques littoraux, la pêche récréative a connu un essor important devenant ainsi un enjeu de développement durable. En France, les défauts de gouvernance de l'État dans la gestion du DPM invitent à s'interroger sur la pertinence et la faisabilité d'une co-gestion de ces pratiques de loisir. Ce paradigme, se voulant une alternative à une gestion top-down, prône la participation accrue des populations locales dans la gestion de l'environnement pour améliorer ses résultats. L'île d'Oléron ne déroge pas à ces constats qui sont renforcés par les modifications sociétales spécifiques aux territoires insulaires. Dans le cadre de recherches dont l'objet d'étude est une problématique sociétale, il est approprié de faire appel à une approche interdisciplinaire pour améliorer la pertinence des réponses apportées. Concernant la pêche à pied récréative à l'étrille, les résultats obtenus en biologie et en écologie mettent en évidence des caractéristiques qui semblent indiquer un faible impact potentiel à court comme à long termes de ces perturbations ponctuelles sur les populations locales. D'un point de vue sociétal, la pertinence d'une co-gestion de la pêche récréative est clairement établie par les nombreux conflits d'usages impliquant les pêcheurs récréatifs, le manque de moyens pour gérer la pratique et acquérir des données scientifiques, le manque de concertation, etc. La dynamique de développement du territoire oléronais et les initiatives locales à l'instar des conflits d'usages soutiennent l'idée de l'existence d'une « fenêtre politique » pouvant permettre la mise en place d'une co-gestion de la pratique dans les prochaines années, sous réserve d'une communication suffisante et d'une réelle volonté des acteurs concernés par la gestion de la pratique<br>Among several other activities practice on coastal socio-ecological system, recreational fishing ones have significantly increased over the past few years, becoming an issue for sustainable development. In France, the weakness of states governance concerning DPM management, questions the relevancy and feasibility of a co-management policy for these leisure activities. This paradigm, constituting a good substitute for top-down management, recommends an increased participation of local populations for managing environments and improving their outcomes. Oléron Island is thus affected by these observations, which are intensified by societal changes distinguishing island territories. In the current research context, aiming at solving societal problematic, it is relevant to consider an interdisciplinary approach to provide relevant answers. Concerning recreational shellfish gathering targeting the velvet swimming crab, results in biology and ecology highlight some characteristics which should indicate a weak short and long terms potential impact of the disturbances affecting local populations. As regards to societal aspects, the relevancy of co-management is clearly demonstrated by several land-use conflicts, a lack of means to manage the practice and scientific data, the lack of consultation, etc. The territorial dynamic and local initiatives, as well as land-use conflicts, underline the existence of a “political window” which should allow the implementation of a co-management process for recreational fishing in the following years, subject to further efficient communication and a real desire from stakeholders concerned by the management of this practice

Le changement climatique et les bouleversements qu’il implique en Arctique ont véritablement renouvelé l’intérêt pour cet espace. Celui-ci soulève des enjeux de différentes échelles (aussi bien régionale que globale), mais aussi de différentes natures (économiques, politiques, sociales, environnementales), qui constituent autant de problématiques juridiques et interrogent la pertinence du droit applicable. Cependant, et c’est là l’enjeu juridique principal de ce sujet : le cadre juridique existant fait preuve d’une grande complexité, dont la cohérence et la pertinence vis-à-vis de la région ont été largement remises en cause. Mais à ce mal unique – la complexité – les auteurs ne semblent pas s’accorder sur les solutions à adopter. Ces divergences soulignent l’intérêt de déterminer si le cadre juridique applicable à l’océan Arctique peut être consi-déré comme « adéquat » dans le sens où il permettrait une gestion répondant aux critères d’un système juridique satisfaisant. Du point de vue de la méthode, l’étude demandait de mettre de l’ordre dans le désordre apparent. A cette fin, la systématisation, à travers la réalisation d’un tableau synoptique analysant l’ensemble des normes de droit international applicables à la région, a été nécessaire. En conclusion, en dépit de sa diversité, le cadre juridique peut néanmoins être considéré comme satisfai-sant du point de vue substantiel (complétude) et formel (cohérence). Au-delà de la simple cohérence, la construc-tion actuelle d’un droit de l’Arctique amène à identifier un processus d’ordonnancement au niveau régional, appa-rentant de plus en plus cet encadrement à un véritable « système juridique ». Cette régionalisation est juridiquement indispensable, mais il faut néanmoins admettre qu’elle ne permet pas d’assurer l’action mondiale qui demeure indispensable face au problème global du changement climatique. Si elle constitue une étape probablement néces-saire, elle représente surtout une étape supplémentaire à cette mise en oeuvre généralisée et renforce dès lors la fragmentation du droit international, et donc sa complexité<br>Climate change and the disruption it implies in the Arctic have really renewed the interest in this space. This raises issues of different scales (both regional and global), but also of different natures (economic, political, social, environmental), which constitute as many legal issues and question the relevance of the applicable law. However, and this is the main legal issue here: the existing legal framework is extremely complex, whose consistency and relevance concerning the region have been widely questioned. But to this unique problem - com-plexity - the authors do not seem to agree on the solutions to adopt. These differences underline the interest to determine whether the legal framework for the Arctic Ocean can be considered as "adequate" in the sense that it would enable a management that meets the criteria of a satisfying legal system. Regarding the method, the study demanded to put the apparent disorder in order. To this end, systematization was necessary; it was done through the creation of a synoptic table analyzing all the standards of international law applicable to the region,. In conclusion, despite its diversity, the legal framework can nevertheless be considered satisfactory from a substantive (completeness) and formal (coherence) point of view. Beyond simple coherence, the current cons-truction of an Arctic law leads to the identification of an scheduling process at the regional level, this framework resembling more and more a real "legal system". This regionalisation is legally essential. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that it does not ensure the worldwide action which remains essential in the face of the global problem that is climate change. If it constitutes a probably necessary step, it represents above all an additional step in this generalized implementation and therefore reinforces the fragmentation of international law, and its complexity

La Lyonnaise est la province gauloise la plus maritime, avec un trait de côte s’étendant sur plus de 3000 km de long. Ce travail de recherche concerne l’habitat dispersé (villae, fermes, ateliers) sur son littoral, du Ier au Vème siècle. Son objectif est de comprendre comment cette forme d’occupation et de gestion de l’espace rural a été adaptée au milieu géographique particulier qu’est le littoral. La question de la diffusion sur la façade Atlantique du phénomène des villae maritimes se pose également. Tout d’abord, les questions de typologie, de configuration et d’architecture des ensembles bâtis sont abordées. Ensuite, l’économie de ces établissements et en particulier l’exploitation des ressources maritimes est analysée. Bien que la documentation disponible soit ancienne et peu détaillée, des opérations archéologiques récentes ont contribué à renouveler les connaissances scientifiques sur le sujet, notamment sur les ateliers de salaisons et de sauces de poissons en Gaule et leurs productions<br>With a coastline of at least 3000 kilometers, the Roman province of Lugdunensis is the most maritime area of the Gallic territories. This thesis deals with the occupation of the coastal countryside, dotted with villae, farms and craft workshops, between the 1st and 5th centuries AD. The main objective is to understand how the rural areas were managed and how roman society adapted to and transformed this landscape. This study also addresses the question of the dissemination of “villae maritimae” along the Atlantic coast. Themes covered included the organisation of Roman coastal settlements and their architectural influences, the role of farms in the management and exploitation of marine resources, and lastly, the types of products produced. The archaeological information available for use is extensive although dated, difficult to exploit, and as a such the analysis suffers. However, several recent surveys and excavations have allowed for the collection of new data about Roman salting and fish sauce workshops in western Gaul. Atlantic Coast and English Channel

Le droit des pêches maritimes puise ses fondements dans le droit de la mer. La Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982 pense les questions de pêche à travers les espaces maritimes qu’elle établit. La lutte contre la pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée (INN), s’est insinuée à l’intérieur du droit des pêches en transformation, sur lequel on s’interroge ici, et notamment sur la capacité de ce dernier à éradiquer ces activités INN. La pêche INN renvoie à différentes formes d’activités, de méthodes de pêche, ou de conditions d’exercice de la pêche, qu’il importe de clarifier. Les causes de la pêche INN et le traitement à y appliquer intéressent le droit public au moment où celui-ci recherche des parades. Le contenu et la portée des principes du droit international en matière de lutte contre la pêche INN, n'ont pas été pleinement efficaces puisque ce type de pêche persiste. La principale responsabilité de lutter contre la pêche INN incombe aux États, responsables au minimum d’éviter la pêche INN dans leurs mer territoriale et zones sous juridiction (État côtier) et en haute mer par des navires battant leur pavillon (État du pavillon). L’implication des organisations régionales de gestion des pêches (ORGP) ou d’autres États ou le focus sur certains rôles de l’État comme celui de l’"État du port" et l’"État du marché", qui facilitent ou contrent le commerce des produits halieutiques provenant d’activités INN, ont fait émerger des mesures juridiques internationales ou internes plus contraignantes. Dans ce mouvement, la politique commune européenne des pêches et son droit autant dans son volet interne qu’externe ont joué un rôle déterminant<br>Fisheries Law is taking its foundation within the Law of the sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea addresses fisheries issues through the maritime spaces it establishes. The fight against "illegal, unreported and unregulated" IUU fishing has crept into the Fisheries Law in transformation, which we are considering here, and in particular the latter's ability to eradicate these IUU activities. IUU fishing refers to different forms of fishing activities or methods, or fishing conditions, that need to be clarified. The causes of IUU fishing and the treatment to be applied to it are of full interest to public Law, particularly when it is looking for loopholes. The content and scope of the principles of international Law to combat IUU fishing have not been fully effective since this type of fishing persists. The main responsibility for combating IUU fishing lies with States, which are responsible at a minimum for avoiding IUU fishing in their territorial sea and areas under their jurisdiction (coastal State) and on the high seas by vessels flying their flag (flag State). The involvement of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) or other States or the focus on certain State roles such as the "port State" and the "market State", which facilitate or counter trade in fishery products from IUU activities. This has nevertheless led to the emergence of more restrictive international or national legal measures. In this movement, the European common fisheries policy and its law, both internally and externally, have played a decisive role

碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>社會科學院兩岸關係與安全管理碩士在職專班<br>99<br>The maritime area of Jinmen had been subject to strict governmental control for decades after the 1958 Jinmen Bombardment. This control fostered the abundant fishing resources in this area, which causes the trespassed fishing committed by mainland Chinese fishing boats. The number of population in mainland China is huge, and people inhabiting along the coastline depend on agriculture and fishery. Due to the poor farming conditions, most people earn their livings by fishing and aquaculture. However, because of the over-fishing along mainland Chinese coastline, the fishing resources has almost depleted. Mainland Chinese fishers has trespassed to the maritime area of Jinmen for illegal fishing and damaged the fishing conditions and productivity of this area. Mainland Chinese fishing boats can reach the area within an hour, which renders the current approach of protection and prohibition ineffective and in null. In practice, mainland Chinese fishing boats cast their nets and deploy their fishing instruments in the maritime area of Jinmen. The cruising police boats cannot reach the area immediately, and the cruising police is unable to preserve the fishing resources in this area. Therefore, the way to prevent mainland Chinese fishing boats from trespassing should emphasize the strategy of blocking the Chinese boats from entering the maritime area of Jinmen. Having implementing the policy of implementation for years by the Coast Guards, mainland Chinese fishing boats has understood the approach of investigation thoroughly, and the distance between Jinmen and Xiamen is only a few thousand meters, it is easy to escape. On the contrary, we can employ the newly acquired data to analyze the fishing patterns of the trespassed mainland Chinese fishing boats. We can use the variables of month, time, and the scale of waves to conduct research. We can also use Google Earth to produce the spot map of crime to identify the area, time date (Chinese calendar) and so on. For these purposes, one can analyze the patterns of mainland Chinese trespassed fishing and use the results of analysis as a reference for policy-making of trespassed fishing prevention. The policy should adopt an active approach to actively prevent the trespassing, not simply try to arrest the trespassed boats.

碩士<br>元智大學<br>資訊社會學研究所<br>96<br>Taiwan is a typical maritime country. Maritime issue fish in not only public security and economic issue, but also related entirely national security and development issue. To come up against complicated situation around maritime space, the coast Guard Apparatus must give new thought, taking positive way effectively, then we can maintain our maritime sovereign rights and benefits, improve our nation security and unity development. President Chen Shui-Bien had announced “The maritime is neither the end of our trace, nor restricts our boundaries, it is a sight that extend unlimited and the way toward future “Taiwan is an island of maritime, everyone is aster of maritime. We should more intently tie up with maritime, go along toward maritime actively. Expanding maritime and fishery resources eternally, will make sure national security and interests of the fishing population. Recently, a large numbers of the Mainland fishing vessels enter our maritime space catching fish, its illegal behavior becoming one of the issues in internal politics, social security and economy. How to frighten effectively? One is through negotiation, demanding the main land take this issue seriously and respects our position to deal this kind of events. Another is the institution enforces the law to the Mainland fishing vessels which enter our marine space , the way that we should take , need positively change and crisis identification . Conserving nation security, caring fishery environment, keeping the order of maritime and protecting.

碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>環境生物與漁業科學學系<br>99<br>Abstract Taiwan is surrounded by sea, and is abundant in fishing resources. However, maritime casualty which caused casualties or loss of properties occurred occasionally. Therefore, in order to it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the reason of maritime casualty be conducted to reduce the damages that fishers might suffer. The data of the cases happened in 2007 to 2009 were collected from the local fishermen associations. And, relative books and data concerning maritime casualty and navigation safety were also compiled. In this study, the study methods of "literature review" and "current information collection and analysis" were adopted. The study starts from the clarification of the maritime casualty, then introduce its definition and categorization in Taiwan and countries around the world. This report intended to determine the definition of maritime casualty and its categories from cases of Taiwanese fishing boats through the definition and categories regulated in the international conventions. Moreover, this study also tried to come out with a solution to the cause of maritime casualty , based on the statistic data of causes of maritime casualty. The result of the study indicates that "malfunction of the machine" prevailed in the causes of maritime casualty according to the Fisheries Agency and the Coast Guard Administration. In detail, the four main types in that cause were " clutch breakdown of main engine", " propeller twisting net", " cylinder breakdown of main engine", and " propeller broken". To prevent the accident of maritime casualty from happening, repair system must be developed with the understanding of our main powered fishing boats. In addition, promoting the fishermen's repair abilities as well as the function of the fishing boats were also the solution to reduce the maritime casualty accidents.

碩士<br>國立東華大學<br>環境政策研究所<br>97<br>Abstract Hualien Yan-liau fishing port was built in 1990. It is one of the forty fishing ports in Taiwan, which has been confronted with the deposit of silt. The fishermen’s operations were seriously affected by the silt and result in the inconvenience. Also the resources of fishery have declined for the past 20 years and many kinds of factors have made the port in an adversity situation. However, the scenic spot around the port not only has beautiful seashore but also has the potential strengths such as the convenience of traffic and numbers of home stays. This case study is going to put the recreational activities related to maritime space into the deserted port and it’s nearby area in the point of view of sustainable development. We look forward to developing local recreational space by this strategy and providing a safe and convenient area for residents and tousists playing with water, also promoting the economy of fishing village. In this case, we find policies, plans, guiding principles, proposals, acts and draws related to seashore have been changed from strictly management to diversity attitude little by little. Besides this, the liberation of this port would be the best choice in the future. Once we combine the port with recreational development, the balance between environment, society and economy aspect is expected. Key words: deserted fishing port, sustainable development, recreation

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>海洋事務研究所<br>101<br>Located within the East Asian monsoon system, Taiwan’s ocean flows are under the influence of monsoons,seafloor topography of Taiwan Sfrait, China coastal currents, the Kuroshio Current entering the Luzon Strait and the northern flow of South China. The complexity of the changes in the sea condition in space and time has increased the likelihood for fishing boat sea casualties occurring in the waters off Taiwan. For instance, in 2010, the number of fishing boat rescues (including plastic rafts and sampans) topped 239, accounting for 87.5% of the total boat rescues, numbers far beyond those of merchant ships and other types of vessels. Among the fishing boats suffering from sea casualties, the number of boats rescued in Taiwan’s southwest waters (Tainan, Kaohsiung and Penghu) ranked the highest, accounting for 40.9%. When sea casualties occur, in addition to the government rescue units’ mobilization of a huge rescue effort, there is also the added social cost as the casualties pose a great threat to the lives and property of fishermen. The purpose of the study is to explore the main causes of past sea casualties through data analysis, in order to provide recommendations for relevant government agencies, to prevent or decrease the number of sea casualties and further improve the safety of the work environment for fishermen and fishing boats. By collecting and analyzing data from past literature, the present study first examines important discussions from previous related studies in an attempt to better understand the study methodology adopted in those studies. Next, the study employs the current information collection and analysis method, covering the processing data of reported sea disaster cases received by the duty command centers of Tainan, Kaohsiung and Pingtung Flotillas of the Maritime Patrol Directorate General for the 3 year period from 2008 to 2010. Data on the number of the fishing boat sea casualties occurring in each year, the raft types involved, as well as the times, locations and consequences of the incidents have been analyzed, forming the basis for cause investigation of sea casualties. In addition, a questionnaire survey on 138 fishermen who frequently fish in the southwest waters (including those who have experienced sea casualties) has also been conducted, in order to obtain a better understanding of the actual conditions and causes of sea casualties, put forward recommendations for boat inspection and crew training currently being implemented by the government and, in the end, reduce the frequency of sea casualties. In the study, types of sea casualties are defined according to the following nine types of incidents: collision, grounding, fire, leakage, overturning, mechanical breakdowns, extraordinary incidents, net twisting and others, while types of fishing boats are divided into power fishing boats, plastic rafts and sampans. Based on the analysis of current data, the study has found that plastic rafts are more likely to experience sea casualties, accounting for 29.87% (89 boats) of the total boat rescues, whereas power fishing boats have the lowest chances at 6.33% (18.8 boats). On the contrary, by taking total boat rescues at the southwest waters into account, the ratio of sea casualties encountered by power fishing boats is higher at 1.84% (56.6boats), while sampans have the lowest rate at 0.81% (13 boats). In terms of sea casualties hotspot, there are seven areas in total, covering: 3 nautical miles offshore from Xishu, Tainan City; 3 nautical miles offshore from the Erren River bordering Tainan and Kaohsiung; 3 nautical miles outward from the Port of Kaohsiung; 3 nautical miles offshore from the Zhongyun port of Linyuan District, Kaohsiung; 6 nautical miles offshore from Zhongzhou of Qijin District, Kaohsiung; 3 nautical miles offshore from Jialu Village of Fangshan Township, Pingtung County; and 3 nautical miles offshore from Maobitou, Hengchun Township, Pingtung County. As far as sea casualties seasons are concerned, it is evident that sea casualties are more likely to occur in summer and winter, i.e., in the three months of May, November and December, with the majority of sea casualties being caused by mechanical breakdowns, accounting for over 60% of the total sea casualties. By analyzing major fishing methods and fishing gear, it is recommended that, for power fishing boats mainly using trawls, the prevention and management of mainframe breakdowns, oil inlet system and cooling system, which are more likely to cause sea casualties, should be reinforced. The same recommendation also applies to plastic rafts mainly using drift gillnets. As for sampans mainly using drift gillnets, the three major causes that result in sea casualties: mainframe breakdowns, propeller blade damage or falling off, as well as steering engine’s incapability of changing directions, shall be especially prevented and managed. Finally, recommendations concerning the aspects of technology, system and society, have been put forward in the hope of reducing the frequency of sea casualties for the fishing boats in the southwest waters. Keywords: southwest waters, fishing boat sea casualties, causes of sea casualties, sea casualties hotspot, sea casualties season

碩士<br>國防大學<br>戰略研究所<br>104<br>Since the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) stipulates the 200 nautical-mile exclusive economic zone in 1982, countries have claimed their sovereignty and jurisdiction in order to pursue the maritime economic resources. Therefore, the ocean has become a field for international conflicts. 　　Taiwan is surrounded by maritime threats in which the territorial dispute with Japan over the Diaoyu Islands in the north, and deadlock with the Philippines in terms of the overlapping maritime delimitation negotiations in the south. It is deteriorated by the escalating situation in the South China Sea as claimants continuously expanding islands and rocks. Thus, there is a dramatic change in the maritime strategic environment which has tremendously compromised Taiwan’s maritime security. From the decision-making perspective, this study attempts to explore the "structural factors" of the international maritime conflicts, as well as the "dynamics - concept" factor demonstrated by the government when facing the maritime conflicts. In the context of international relations, "conflict decision" belongs to the sub-domain of "foreign policy decisions". This paper takes the "2008 Lienhe Fishing Boat and 2013 Guang Da Xing No. 28 incident " as examples, and adopts Graham T. Allison’s foreign policy decision-making model as an analytical approach, to investigate the decision-making process among the head of state, the executive and bureaucratic branches, and generalize the influential factors. It has found: 1. The "structural factors" of conflicting environment are caused by countries’ unique maritime policy and claims and poor communication mechanisms. 2. Due to influence of pluralistic democratic society, Taiwan’s decision-making towards conflicts has shown the issue-oriented "dynamic factors" in order to satisfy the general public’s expectation. 3. The "conceptual factors" not only influence decision-makers to respond to the pressure and awareness of the environment, but also play a key intermediate role in the process of change of decision making. Since the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) stipulates the 200 nautical-mile exclusive economic zone in 1982, countries have claimed their sovereignty and jurisdiction in order to pursue the maritime economic resources. Therefore, the ocean has become a field for international conflicts. 　　Taiwan is surrounded by maritime threats in which the territorial dispute with Japan over the Diaoyu Islands in the north, and deadlock with the Philippines in terms of the overlapping maritime delimitation negotiations in the south. It is deteriorated by the escalating situation in the South China Sea as claimants continuously expanding islands and rocks. Thus, there is a dramatic change in the maritime strategic environment which has tremendously compromised Taiwan’s maritime security. From the decision-making perspective, this study attempts to explore the "structural factors" of the international maritime conflicts, as well as the "dynamics - concept" factor demonstrated by the government when facing the maritime conflicts. In the context of international relations, "conflict decision" belongs to the sub-domain of "foreign policy decisions". This paper takes the "2008 Lienhe Fishing Boat and 2013 Guang Da Xing No. 28 incident " as examples, and adopts Graham T. Allison’s foreign policy decision-making model as an analytical approach, to investigate the decision-making process among the head of state, the executive and bureaucratic branches, and generalize the influential factors. It has found: 1. The "structural factors" of conflicting environment are caused by countries’ unique maritime policy and claims and poor communication mechanisms. 2. Due to influence of pluralistic democratic society, Taiwan’s decision-making towards conflicts has shown the issue-oriented "dynamic factors" in order to satisfy the general public’s expectation. 3. The "conceptual factors" not only influence decision-makers to respond to the pressure and awareness of the environment, but also play a key intermediate role in the process of change of decision making.

Partindo da máxima defendida por McGoodwin de que pesca é um “fenómeno humano”, este trabalho analisa a forma como o presente da pesca é vivido e percecionado pelos seus atores. A atividade piscatória em Portugal tem atravessado um processo de transformação, principalmente após a entrada na União Europeia, que tem sido impulsionado por mudanças legislativas, socioinstitucionais e administrativas e, concomitantemente, no decorrer desse processo o setor entrou em declínio. Através de uma etnografia da comunidade piscatória setubalense a dissertação irá trilhar o caminho para a compreensão das perceções sobre o estado atual da atividade piscatória na cidade de Setúbal – local em que histórica, económica e socialmente a pesca e atividades adjacentes foram se constituindo como pilares chave no seu desenvolvimento – e das práticas quotidianas que decorrem dessas perceções. A aleatoriedade e a incerteza marcam o compasso dos quotidianos piscatórios. Mas também o sistema económico-financeiro é caracterizado pela sua liquidez e instabilidade. Por isso, há uma linha que traça a ponte entre a incerteza permanente associada às pescas e a fluidez do sistema económico mundial, é sobre essa ponte que pretendo refletir. Pretendo dar voz aos pescadores mas enquadrando essas vozes num conjunto complexo de relações que resultam da interação humano/ambiente, do global/local. Pensar a pesca como um fenómeno que vai além da economia e que não se separa de processos de identidade, marginalização e estigma, aos quais as comunidades se habituaram, mas que parecem agudizados no mundo capitalista e num quadro de inserção do país num projeto europeu.<br>Starting from the idea that fisheries are a human phenomenon, as McGoodwin points, this paper analyses how the today’s fishing is lived and perceived by its actors. The fishing industry in Portugal has undergone in recent decades a process of transformation, especially after the country joined European Union, that has been driven by legislative, socio-institutional and administrative changes and, concomitantly, in the course of this process the sector has undergone some socio-economic difficulties. Through an ethnography of Setubal fishing community the dissertation will pave the way for understanding the perceptions of the current state of the fishing activity in Setúbal and understanding the daily practices that comes up from these perceptions. The chance and uncertainty mark the everyday life. But also the economic and financial system is characterized by its fluidity and instability. Therefore, there is a line that traces the link between the ongoing uncertainty about fisheries and the fluidity of the global economic system and is on that link I want to reflect. I want to give voice to the fishermen but framing these voices/ discourses in a complex set of relationships that result from several interactions: human/environment, global/local. Think about fishing as a phenomenon that goes beyond the economy and that does not separate identity processes, marginalization and stigma to which communities have come but that seem to worsen dramatically in the capitalist world and in the country insert frame in a European project.

碩士<br>中央警察大學<br>水上警察研究所<br>107<br>According to Fisheries Act, the Fishery Competent Authority is responsible for the maritime safety of fishing vessels. In 2000, Coast Guard Agency is established and enforces port security inspections in accordance with Coast Guard Act. First On November 28th 2012, Article 11-1 of Fisheries Act has been amended and published where any fishing vessel leaving port in violation of the provisions, the Fishery Competent Authority may commission the Coast Guard Agency to take appropriate measures to prevent the vessel from leaving port, and may take compulsory measures, it’s “commission-enforce”. And on July 20th 2016, Article 49 of Fisheries Act has been amended and published that the Coast Guard Agency may pursuant to its mandate, designate officer(s) to the fishing vessel of the fishery operator for inspection and question any relevant party. The relevant party shall not evade, obstruct or deny any of the inspections, it’s “enforce by law”. The difference of them is “Coast Guard Administration, Executive Yuan” be established, it not only confirmed the legal enforcement system about combination of coast and sea, but also protected the Nation’s right of the sea and people’s life property, focus on the appropriateness of law enforcement in two aspects. In the process of law enforcement, shall take into account the principles of fairness, appropriateness, and thoroughness, actively develop towards the ocean and create a new era of maritime and coastal patrols in Taiwan. The Legislative Yuan’s reason for the revision of the law in 2016, updated “The Coast Guard Agency may designate officer(s) to the fishing vessel for inspection and question to meet practical needs.” To see the importance of the Coast Guard Agency for fisheries law enforcement. However, Fisheries Act’s central competent authority is Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan; in fact, the purpose of the business is the organization of its three levels of institutions: Fishery Agency that has jurisdiction with Coast Guard Agency for each one. There’re two or more ways to enforce in interrelated systems, it’s controversial to enforce law of fishing vessels. This study reference related legal system of Japan especially, trying to explore the duties and divisions between the Fisheries Agency and the Coast Guard Agency, and review whether the enforcement methods of the Coast Guard Agency are safe in practice, suggest amendments and what the Coast Guard Agency should do.

A poluição marítima por plásticos tem sido considerada um dos mais graves problemas ambientais do Antropoceno. Apesar da escala global do problema, e das muito diversas origens dos plásticos que se encontram no mar, uma atenção particular tem sido dada ao lixo naval. Os plásticos de origem, não só naval, mas especificamente piscatória, alcançaram uma percepção maior, na opinião pública e nas preocupações dos ambientalistas, pela sua visibilidade em locais muito frequentados, como praias e zonas ribeirinhas, mais do que pelo seu contributo para a enorme massa de plásticos nos oceanos. As pressões exercidas sobre os pescadores da pesca artesanal, responsabilizados por esta poluição, ganharam, assim, expressão, e constituem hoje uma fonte de tensões sociais, e de equívocos, que muito dificultam a condição social de vida desta classe profissional, que se encontra em situação crítica, tanto do ponto de vista económico como social. A pesquisa apresentada nesta dissertação desenvolveu-se com a comunidade piscatória de Setúbal, cidade fortemente marcada pela sua tradição piscatória, hoje declinante como atividade, embora crescente como recurso de identidade local. Através de uma etnografia das práticas e representações da poluição marítima por plásticos, realizada junto dos pescadores artesanais de Setúbal, identificaram-se equívocos e tensões que estão na base do problema e das suas opostas conceções. Foi também possível detetar e compreender a realidade social complexa da comunidade piscatória, e daí o significado social do equívoco gerado entre pescadores e ambientalistas em torno da poluição por plásticos.<br>Maritime plastic pollution has been considered one of the worst environmental problems of the Anthropocene. Despite the global scale of the problem, and the many sources of plastic found in the sea, special attention had been given to naval garbage. Plastics which origins are from, not only naval, but fisheries based, have reached more proeminent perception in the public opinion and in the concerns of environmentalists, because of its visibility in highly frequented spaces, like beaches and riverside areas, more than its contribution to the high-volume mass of plastic found in the ocean. Exerted pressure on artesanal fishermen, held accountable for this pollution, have gain expression and constitute a source of social tensions, and misunderstandings, that hinder the social condition of fishermen’s life, today facing a critical situation, both from an economic and a social point of view. The research presented in this dissertation was developed within the fishing community of Setúbal, a city strongly defined by its fishing tradition, today declining as an activity, althought it has been increasingly used as a resource of local identity. Through an ethnography of the practices and representations of maritime plastic pollution, accomplished with the artesanal fishermen of Setúbal, were identified tensions and misunderstandings that are the base of the problem and its opposing conceptions. It was possible to detect and understand the complex social reality, hence the social meaning of the misunderstanding generated between fishermen and environmentalists around plastic pollution.

A contínua exploração dos recursos piscícolas e a sobre-exploração de algumas áreas e espécies, originaram um desequilíbrio nos stocks de pescado disponíveis, pondo em causa a sustentabilidade do ecossistema marinho. Com o intuito de desenvolver condutas de pesca sustentável surgiu a necessidade de melhorar a capacidade de monitorização da atividade pesqueira. Contudo, dado o seu dinamismo, afigura-se difícil coligir informação sobre as espécies, bem como os fatores bióticos e abióticos que as influenciam. Assim, para a eficácia e eficiência das ações de proteção, é necessária a união de esforços e partilha de informação entre as várias entidades envolvidas. A atividade de fiscalização marítima, na qual se engloba a fiscalização da pesca, é, desde há longa data, uma das missões da Marinha Portuguesa. Como resultado dessas ações é compilada informação sobre a pesca nas águas sob jurisdição nacional. Parte dessa informação é integrada em sistemas de apoio à decisão que a Marinha utiliza para planear a atribuição operacional dos navios nas ações de fiscalização. No entanto, a informação relacionada com o tipo e quantidade de pescado observado durante as ações de vistoria das embarcações de pesca, não é, atualmente, objeto de processamento. Pretendeu-se com a presente dissertação, potenciar a utilização da informação recolhida pela Marinha, designadamente no apoio à tomada de decisão relacionada com a proteção do ecossistema marinho. Para o efeito, procedeu-se à depuração, integração e consolidação de dados de múltiplas origens, de forma a obter um repositório de informação consistente, relativa a um período de estudo selecionado. Efetuou-se de seguida a exploração dos dados recolhidos, através da análise descritiva e espacial dos mesmos. Da exploração efetuada aos dados, foi possível extrair tendências/padrões de práticas de pesca e distribuição de espécies, suscetíveis de serem usados na tomada de decisão, de forma a assegurar exploração sustentável dos recursos marinhos vivos. O repositório de informação reunido, constitui também uma infraestrutura a ser usada em investigação futura, designadamente pela aplicação de técnicas avançadas de análise de dados baseada em métodos estatísticos inferenciais e de aprendizagem automática.<br>The continuous depletion and abuse of the fish resources and the exhaustion of some of the areas and species, caused an unbalance of the fish stocks available, compromising the sustainability of the maritime ecosystem. With the intent of developing sustainable fishing conducts, it originated the need to improve the monitoring of fishing activities. However, due to its dynamic and complex nature, it has been shown challenging to combine information regarding the species, as well as biological and inorganic influencing factors. Therefore to develop effective and efficient protection measures, it is necessary the combined efforts and the sharing of information amongst the different entities involved. The maritime inspection, including fishing inspection has been for a long time, one of the main goals of the Portuguese Navy. As a result, information about fishing in national waters is collected and compiled. Part of this data is integrated in decision support systems that the Navy uses to plan the operational distribution of the ships for inspection duties. Nonetheless, the data related to the kind and quantity of fish existing in the fishing boats during the inspection activities, is not currently being measured or recorded. Our aim with this dissertation, is to leverage the use of the data collected by the Navy, specifically when associated with the decision-making processes for the protection of the maritime ecosystem. Therefore, we have gone through stages of selection, integration and consolidation of data from various sources, in order to obtain a consistent database, concerning a certain period of time studied. On a next phase, we studied the collected data, through descriptive analysis, as well geographical location of this information. Out of this study, it was possible to understand tendencies and patterns of the current fishing practices, as well as the species distribution, that can be used as basis of future decision support, in order to assure the sustainable use of the living maritime resources. The database obtained out of this research, can be used as a solid base for future researches, specifically with the application of advanced data analytics based in statistic methods and automated learning.