Literatura académica sobre el tema "Maximum hourly factor"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Maximum hourly factor"
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Plucinski, M. P., A. L. Sullivan y W. L. McCaw. "Comparing the performance of daily forest fire danger summary metrics for estimating fire activity in southern Australian forests". International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, n.º 10 (2020): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19185.
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Fire danger indices integrate weather and fuel variables to indicate the potential for wildland fires to ignite, spread, resist suppression and cause damage. McArthur’s Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) is applied across much of Australia, with the forecast daily maximum value used to inform fire management planning decisions and issuance of public warnings. Variations in daily maximum FFDI and the hourly changing of FFDI values during the day (including use of different soil moisture deficit indices) were compared against five binary fire activity statistics in six forested areas in southern Australia, with performance assessed using Theil–Sen regression lines fitted to rank percentile curves. Fire activity rates were similar on days with wide and narrow hourly FFDI distributions except in one study area where days with wide distributions experienced more fires. The maximum hourly FFDI metric performed the best of all the metrics tested, though there were no statistically significant differences among any of them. There was also little difference in the performance of metrics determined using alternative calculations and different drought indices. These results suggest that the current use of the forecast hourly maximum FFDI is appropriate and that using alternative methods to determine Drought Factor offers little benefit.
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Uchida, Daisuke, Kenji Otani y Kosuke Kurokawa. "Evaluation of effective shading factor by fitting a clear-day pattern obtained from hourly maximum irradiance data". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 67, n.º 1-4 (marzo de 2001): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(00)00321-4.
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Wang, Ling Ling, Shu Ju Hu, Yan Feng Meng y Rui Ma. "Analysis of the Influence of Environment Parameters on Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (febrero de 2014): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.13.
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The performance of grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV) power generation system operating in the field is inevitably affected by environmental parameters (solar irradiance, temperature, humidity, wind speed, spectrum, cloud cover, dust, etc.), of which the main factors are solar irradiance and temperature. Based on the data of 100kW PV system of ShangYi PV Plant captured form June 1, 2012 to May 31, 2013 (1 min resolution) and the data of Qinghai Delingha 20MW PV Plant in China captured in 2012., the influence of solar irradiance and temperature on PV system is analyzed. The results show hourly PV array DC power has highly significant positive correlation with hourly total solar radiation, also PV system AC power output and solar irradiance have good consistency. Both of them show irradiance is the main environment factor to the PV system. Then using the captured data, the relationship between maximum load and PV panels surface temperature is also analyzed, the surface temperature is higher, the maximum load is lower.
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Dec, Ewelina, Bożena Babiarz y Robert Sekret. "Analysis of temperature, air humidity and wind conditions for the needs of outdoor thermal comfort". E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400028.
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On the thermal comfort of a man staying outdoor during the summer affect mostly meteorological factors, physical activity and the type of clothing. The work analyzed external air parameters, such as: temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, occuring in years 1997‒2016. Meteorological data recorded at the RzeszÓw-Jasionka station allowed to determine, among others, the occurrence of maximum daily and hourly temperatures of outdoor, the daytime and hourly air relative humidity, the hourly wind speed, as well as the relationship between these parameters. In recent years, it has been observed the increase of the number of hot and very hot days which indicates a warming of the climate. The duration of series of days with maximum daily temperature above 30°C is also prolonged, which is not comfortable for a person staying outside. During summer, during hot and very hot days, the average relative humidity remained below 70%. The daily course of this factor was characterized by the opposite tendency with respect to temperature. The wind speed in the summer season varies from 0 to 6 m/s. On a daily basis, the increase in wind speed occurred in the afternoon hours which is consistent with the temperature characteristics. The occurrence of wind during the hottest hours causes a pleasant cooling of the organism.
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Wang, Wenting, Shuiqing Yin, Dennis C. Flanagan y Bofu Yu. "Comparing CLIGEN-Generated Storm Patterns with 1-Minute and Hourly Precipitation Data from China". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2018): 2005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0079.1.
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AbstractClimate Generator (CLIGEN) is a stochastic weather generator that has been widely used to generate daily precipitation and storm patterns for hydrological and erosion prediction models. Rainfall data with measurement intervals ≤ 30 min are required to compute two parameters for generating storm patterns, namely, the cumulative distribution of the time to peak rainfall intensity (TimePk) and the mean daily maximum 30-min rainfall intensity (MX.5P). High-resolution rainfall data, however, are not widely available around the world. One-minute precipitation data for 18 stations in eastern and central China were aggregated into hourly intervals to evaluate methods to optimally prepare TimePk and MX.5P for CLIGEN. Four sets of the two parameters were used to run CLIGEN for comparison: C0, using the original 1-min data; C1, replacing TimePk with those computed with hourly data; C2, replacing MX.5P with those computed with hourly data with an adjustment factor; and C3, replacing both parameters with those computed with hourly data, and the MX.5P was adjusted as for C2. Results showed that 1) MX.5P computed with hourly data was systematically lower than that computed with the 1-min data, and the bias could be corrected by multiplying by an adjustment factor of 1.40; 2) the difference in generated storm patterns between C0 and C1 was insignificant; and 3) results from C2 and C3 agreed well with those generated from C0. Hourly precipitation data can be used to prepare CLIGEN input parameter values for generating storm patterns for sites where only hourly data are available.
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Krecl, P., E. Hedberg Larsson, J. Ström y C. Johansson. "Contribution of residential wood combustion to hourly winter aerosol in Northern Sweden determined by positive matrix factorization". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, n.º 2 (19 de marzo de 2008): 5725–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-5725-2008.
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Abstract. The combined effect of residential wood combustion (RWC) emissions with stable atmospheric conditions, which is a frequent occurrence in Northern Sweden during wintertime, can deteriorate the air quality even in small towns. To estimate the contribution of RWC to the total atmospheric aerosol loading, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method was applied to hourly mean particle number size distributions measured in a residential area in Lycksele during winter 2005/2006. The sources were identified based on the particle number size distribution profiles of the PMF factors, the diurnal contributions patterns estimated by PMF for both weekends and weekdays, and correlation of the modeled particle number concentration per factor with measured aerosol mass concentrations (PM10, PM1, and light-absorbing carbon MLAC). Through these analyses, the factors were identified as local traffic (factor 1), local RWC (factor 2), and local RWC plus long-range transport (LRT) of aerosols (factor 3). In some occasions, it was difficult to detach the contributions of local RWC from background concentrations since their particle number size distributions partially overlapped and the model was not able to separate these two sources. As a consequence, we report the contribution of RWC as a range of values, being the minimum determined by factor 2 and the possible maximum as the contributions of both factors 2 and 3. A multiple linear regression (MLR) of observed PM10, PM1, total particle number, and MLAC concentrations is carried out to determine the source contribution to these aerosol variables. The results reveal RWC is an important source of atmospheric particles in the size range 25–606 nm (44–57%), PM10 (36–82%), PM1 (31–83%), and MLAC (40–76%) mass concentrations in the winter season. The contribution from RWC is especially large on weekends between 18:00 LT and midnight whereas local traffic emissions show similar contributions every day.
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Krecl, P., E. Hedberg Larsson, J. Ström y C. Johansson. "Contribution of residential wood combustion and other sources to hourly winter aerosol in Northern Sweden determined by positive matrix factorization". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, n.º 13 (10 de julio de 2008): 3639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3639-2008.
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Abstract. The combined effect of residential wood combustion (RWC) emissions with stable atmospheric conditions, which frequently occurs in Northern Sweden during wintertime, can deteriorate the air quality even in small towns. To estimate the contribution of RWC to the total atmospheric aerosol loading, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to hourly mean particle number size distributions measured in a residential area in Lycksele during winter 2005/2006. The sources were identified based on the particle number size distribution profiles of the PMF factors, the diurnal contributions patterns estimated by PMF for both weekends and weekdays, and correlation of the modeled particle number concentration per factor with measured aerosol mass concentrations (PM10, PM1, and light-absorbing carbon MLAC) Through these analyses, the factors were identified as local traffic (factor 1), local RWC (factor 2), and local RWC plus long-range transport (LRT) of aerosols (factor 3). In some occasions, the PMF model could not separate the contributions of local RWC from background concentrations since their particle number size distributions partially overlapped. As a consequence, we report the contribution of RWC as a range of values, being the minimum determined by factor 2 and the possible maximum as the contributions of both factors 2 and 3. A multiple linear regression (MLR) of observed PM10, PM1, total particle number, and MLAC concentrations is carried out to determine the source contribution to these aerosol variables. The results reveal RWC is an important source of atmospheric particles in the size range 25–606 nm (44–57%), PM10 (36–82%), PM1 (31–83%), and MLAC (40–76%) mass concentrations in the winter season. The contribution from RWC is especially large on weekends between 18:00 LT and midnight whereas local traffic emissions show similar contributions every day.
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Matthiessen, J. N. y M. J. Palmer. "Prediction of temperatures in cattle dung for estimating development times of coprophilous organisms". Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, n.º 2 (junio de 1988): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300013006.
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AbstractIn studies in Western Australia, temperatures in air and one- and two-litre pads of cattle dung set out weekly and ranging from one to 20 days old were measured hourly for 438 days over all seasons, producing 1437 day x dung-pad observations. Daily maximum temperatures (and hence thermal accumulation) in cattle dung pads could not be accurately predicted using meteorological data alone. An accurate predictor of daily maximum dung temperature, using multiple regression analysis, required measurement of the following factors: maximum air temperature, hours of sunshine, rainfall, a seasonal factor (the day number derived from a linear interpolation of day number from day 0 at the winter solstice to day 182 at the preceding and following summer solstices) and a dung-pad age-specific intercept term, giving an equation that explained a 91·4% of the variation in maximum dung temperature. Daily maximum temperature in two-litre dung pads was 0·6°C cooler than in one-litre pads. Daily minimum dung temperature equalled minimum air temperature, and daily minimum dung temperatures occurred at 05.00 h and maximum temperatures at 14.00 h for one-litre and 14.30 h for two-litre pads. Thus, thermal summation in a dung pad above any threshold temperature can be computed using a skewed sine curve fitted to daily minimum air temperature and the calculated maximum dung temperature.
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Lee, Jimin, Seoro Lee, Jiyeong Hong, Dongjun Lee, Joo Hyun Bae, Jae E. Yang, Jonggun Kim y Kyoung Jae Lim. "Evaluation of Rainfall Erosivity Factor Estimation Using Machine and Deep Learning Models". Water 13, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030382.
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Rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor) is one of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) input parameters that account for impacts of rainfall intensity in estimating soil loss. Although many studies have calculated the R-factor using various empirical methods or the USLE method, these methods are time-consuming and require specialized knowledge for the user. The purpose of this study is to develop machine learning models to predict the R-factor faster and more accurately than the previous methods. For this, this study calculated R-factor using 1-min interval rainfall data for improved accuracy of the target value. First, the monthly R-factors were calculated using the USLE calculation method to identify the characteristics of monthly rainfall-runoff induced erosion. In turn, machine learning models were developed to predict the R-factor using the monthly R-factors calculated at 50 sites in Korea as target values. The machine learning algorithms used for this study were Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors, Multilayer Perceptron, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, eXtreme Gradient Boost, and Deep Neural Network. As a result of the validation with 20% randomly selected data, the Deep Neural Network (DNN), among seven models, showed the greatest prediction accuracy results. The DNN developed in this study was tested for six sites in Korea to demonstrate trained model performance with Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.87. This means that our findings show that DNN can be efficiently used to estimate monthly R-factor at the desired site with much less effort and time with total monthly precipitation, maximum daily precipitation, and maximum hourly precipitation data. It will be used not only to calculate soil erosion risk but also to establish soil conservation plans and identify areas at risk of soil disasters by calculating rainfall erosivity factors.
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Wu, Shiang-Jen, Keh-Chia Yeh, Chih-Hung Ho y Sheng-Hsueh Yang. "Modeling probabilistic lag time equation in a watershed based on uncertainties in rainfall, hydraulic and geographical factors". Hydrology Research 47, n.º 6 (29 de enero de 2016): 1116–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.134.
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This study proposes a framework for developing a probabilistic lag time (PLT) equation by taking into account uncertainty factors, including the rainfall factor (i.e., the maximum rainfall intensity), the hydraulic factor (i.e., the roughness coefficient in the river), and the geometrical factors (the catchment area, the length, and the basin slope). The proposed PLT equation is established based on the lag time equation by means of the uncertainty and risk analysis, i.e., the advanced first-order and second-moment approach. Hourly rainfall data in the Bazhang River watershed are used in the model development and application. The results indicate that compared with observed lag times extracted from historical events, the observed ones are mostly located within the 95% confidence interval of the simulated lag times. In addition, the resulting underestimated risk from the PLT equation can reasonably represent the degree of the difference between the estimated lag time and observed lag time. Consequently, the proposed PLT equation not only estimates the lag time at specific locations along the river, but also provides a corresponding reliability.
Tesis sobre el tema "Maximum hourly factor"
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Holm, Emelie. "Vattenanvändning hos samhällsbrukare : En studie om flöden och maxfaktorer för en förbättrad dimensionering". Thesis, Institutionen för energi och teknik, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324612.
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För att vatten ska kunna levereras enligt de krav som ställs från användarna i samhället behövs ett väl anpassat ledningsnät. Det innebär bland annat att vatten ska finnas tillgängligt i den mängd som behövs och vid den tidpunkt som vatten krävs. För att vattenreningsverken ska kunna leverera rätt mängd vatten måste ledningsnätet vara dimensionerat för att kunna transportera allt vatten som skall pumpas ut till användarna. Detta kräver en god uppskattning om de vattenflöden som behövs. Det förväntade vattenflödet till olika samhällsanvändare uppskattas utifrån befintliga användningsmönster samt publikation P83, framtagen av Svenskt Vatten. Allt eftersom samhället utvecklas behöver publikationen uppdateras för att denna ska stämma så väl överens med verkligheten som möjligt. Vattenanvändningsmönster i skolor, kontor, handelsområden och industrier undersöktes som en del av ett pågående projekt för att undersöka om P83 bör uppdateras. För dessa har år- och dygnsvariationer, flöden och maxfaktorer analyserats från årslånga mätserier. Utifrån uppmätta värden kunde alternativa fördelningsnycklar som potentiellt skulle bidra till förbättring också analyseras. Resultaten tyder på att det finns förbättringsmöjligheter för flödesberäkningar för brukartyperna skolor, handel och industri jämfört med dagens metoder. För skolor och handel skulle inomhusarea vara en relevant fördelningsnyckel att använda vid beräkningar medan takyta vore en mer lämplig parameter att använda för industrier. De maxfaktorer som finns angivna i P83 stämde inte särskilt väl överens med de uppmätta i studien och skulle behöva uppdateras. Studien visar också på ett behov av att dela upp de brukarkategorier som finns i dagsläget till fler kategorier då de tre som finns i dagsläget är mycket generella. Dessutom undersöktes möjligheten att kombinera olika brukartyper för att utjämna vattenflöden under dygnet. Villor eller radhus bör lämpligen kombineras med skolor, kontor eller industrier för att få ett jämnare vattenflöde under dagtid.For water to be delivered according to the requirements of the users in the society there is a need for the water pipelines to be well dimensioned. This means that the amount of water that is needed has to be available at the time when it is required. For the water treatment plants to be able to deliver the right amount of water the pipelines must be sized to carry the water that should be delivered to the users. This requires a good estimate of the amount of water needed. The expected water flow to different users is estimated based on existing water usage patterns as well as the P83 publication, developed by Swedish Water. As society develops the publication may need to be updated to correspond well with reality. Water use patterns in schools, offices, retail stores and industries were examined as a part of an ongoing project to investigate whether P83 should be updated. For these annual and diurnal variations, water flows and max factors were analyzed from yearlong series of measurements. Based on the measured values alternate allocation keys that could potentially contribute to improvement were analyzed. The results suggest that there are possible improvements for flow calculations for schools, retail stores and industry compared to current methods. For schools and retail stores the indoor area would be a relevant variable to use for calculations, while the roof area would be a more appropriate variable to use for industries. The max factors listed in P83 did not agree with those measured in the study and would need to be updated. The study shows that the three categories used in P83 are very general and ought to be divided into more specific categories. Furthermore, the possibility to combine different types of water users to equalize the water flow to an area during the day was analyzed. Villas or semi-attached houses should preferably be combined with schools, offices or industries for evening out the flow during day time.
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Mahmoudi, Nazanin. "Hushållens vattenanvändning i Göteborg : Statistisk studie utifrån utomhustemperatur, byggår och socioekonomisk påverkan". Thesis, Institutionen för energi och teknik, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-332889.
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Enligt Världshälsoorganisationen, WHO, behöver människan använda minst 20 liter vatten per dag (Reed & Reed, 2013). I Sverige är vattenanvändningen ca 160 liter per person och dygn i hushållet (Svenskt vatten, 2016) och ungefär 87 % av Sveriges befolkning är anslutna till det kommunala vatten- och avloppsledningsnätet (SCB, 2016a). Dricksvattnet i Sveriges används bl.a. till mat, tvätt och toalettspolning. Svenskt Vattens riktlinjer för den dimensionerande vattenanvändningen baseras på bl.a. publikationen P83:s dimensionering av svenska vatten- och spillvattensystem. Dimensioneringen ger specifik vattenanvändning samt maxdygn- och maxtimfaktorer för sambanden mellan medelvattenanvändningen per dygn och vattenanvändningen maximalt under ett dygn respektive en timme vid dimensioneringen. I denna studie har påverkan av utomhustemperatur, byggår och socioekonomiska aspekter på vattenanvändningen undersökts. Områden i Göteborg som har undersökts är Hisingen, Centrum samt Östra delen av Göteborg. Dessa grupper och områden har även bl.a. statistiskt undersökts med hjälp av korrelations- och signifikansanalys. På grund av personuppgiftslagen har främst personer över 15 år inkluderats i studien, men även vissa underåriga. Med hjälp av data från Göteborgs Energi AB har dimensioneringsparametrar för områden och grupper kunnat beräknas. Bl.a. visades att medelinkomst oftast var den variabel med signifikant korrelation med dimensioneringsparametrarna. Ett annat resultat var att låginkomsttagare var gruppen med störst specifik vattenanvändning och maxdygnsfaktor. Centrum och Östras vattenanvändning visade signifikant korrelation med utomhustemperaturen år 2013 och 2014. Maxdygnsfaktor och maxtimfaktor (dygn) och maxtimfaktor (år) förefaller vara lämpliga parametrar som kan användas i framtida dimensioneringsberäkningar.According to the World Health Organization, a human being has to use at least 1-3 liters of water a day (Reed & Reed, 2013). In Sweden, water use in households is about 160 liters per person and day in the household (Svenskt vatten, 2016) and around 87 % of the Swedish population are connected to the municipal water and sewage networks (SCB, 2016a). The drinking water in Sweden is used for many purposes, for example cooking, laundry and toilet flushing. Swedish guidelines for the dimensioning of the water networks is based on the publication P83 dimensions of Swedish water- and wastewater systems. The dimensioning guidelines give maximum day factor and maximum hour factor in relation to mean water usage per day and also one day and one day hour usage maximums. The effects of outdoor temperature, building year and socio-economic characteristics on water usage were investigated in this study. Areas of Gothenburg such as Hisingen, Centrum and Östra were studied. These areas and also specific groups in these areas have also been statistically studied through correlation, significance tests and confidence interval investigation. Due to the Swedish personal record law, children under the age of 16 were included in the study but with a modification. The water use for addresses were obtained from Göteborgs Energi AB. Data quality was ensured before statistical analysis thorough data review and analysis. The study’s result showed that the mean income was usually the only variable with significant correlation with the dimensioning parameters. The low-income group was shown to have the highest specific water usage and maximum day factor. Centrum and Östra’s had significant correlation between water use outdoor temperature during 2013 and 2014. Maximum day factor and maximum hour factor (day) and maximum hour factor (year) were suitable parameter to be used for future water usage calculations.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Maximum hourly factor"
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Raja Kumari Kallam, Naga y Veerasamy Sejian. "Gut Health and Immunity in Improving Poultry Production". En Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95989.
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A healthy gastro intestinal system is important for poultry to achieve its maximumproduction potential. This paper aims gut health and immunity to improve production in the poultry sector. Genetics, Nutrition and Bio security ate the factors influences the production. Gut consisting of various pH and micro biota throughout is an advantageous feature to prevent infections. Various components like Goblet cells, paneth cells, endocrine cells and absorptive enterocytes, tight junctions, GALT and Mucus play a major role in gut health. Balanced diet with optimum carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, organic acids and good management practices are important for improving production. Alteration in supplementation essential amino acids, Zn, Vit E, Se … viz. are needed according to changes in environment and production state of the bird to develop good immunity. Stress free environment with fine hormonal balance are imperative for maximum output. Exploration of genes involved in resistant to food borne pathogens and research towards bio markers for gut health is the need of the hour. In can be concluded that good gut health and immunity play a key role in production. These can be achieved y maintaining birds with optimum nutrients and stress free environment.
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Parfentievich Maletskyy, Anatoliy, Yuriy Markovich Samchenko y Natalia Mikhailivna Bigun. "Improving the Antitumor Effect of Doxorubicin in the Treatment of Eyeball and Orbital Tumors". En Advances in Precision Medicine Oncology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95080.
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Malignant tumors of the orbit are the main cause for 41–45.9% of orbital tumor, and they will threaten both the organ of vision and the life of the patient. In our opinion, improving the effectiveness of treatment of malignant tumors can be implemented in the following areas: a) immobilization of doxorubicin in synthetic polymeric materials, which will fill the tissue structures that were resected and reduce the percentage of tumor recurrence. b) the use of nanomaterials for the delivery of doxorubicin to tumor cells. To develop a hydrogel implant and nanoparticles, to study the diffusion kinetics of doxorubicin in a hydrogel implant and the ability of nanoparticles to transport doxorubicin. The developed gels based on acrylic acid (AAc) were obtained by radical polymerization of an aqueous solution of monomers (AAc and N, N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA)) at a temperature of 70°C. Matrices based on polyvinyl formal (PVF) were obtained by treatment of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with formaldehyde in the presence of a strong acid. Experimental studies were performed on rabbits of the Chinchilla breed, weighing 2–3 kg, aged 5–6 months, which during the study were in the same conditions. We implanted the hybrid gel in the scleral sac; orbital tissue and in the ear tissue of rabbits: Evaluation of the response of soft tissues and bone structures to implant materials was carried out on the basis of analysis of changes in clinical and pathomorphological parameters was performed after 10, 30 and 60 days. Diffusion of doxorubicin was examined by using UV spectroscopy [spectrophotometer-fluorimeter DS-11 FX + (DeNovix, USA)], analyzing samples at regular intervals during the day at a temperature of 25° C. The concentration of active substances was determined by the normalized peak absorption of doxorubicin at 480 nm. The release kinetics of the antitumor drug doxorubicin were investigated by using a UV spectrometer “Specord M 40” (maximum absorption 480 nm). The developed hydrogel implant has good biocompatibility and germination of surrounding tissues in the structure of the implant, as well as the formation of a massive fibrous capsule around it. An important advantage of the implant is also the lack of its tendency to resorption. Moreover, the results showed that the diffusion kinetics of doxorubicin from a liquid-crosslinked hydrogel reaches a minimum therapeutic level within a few minutes, while in the case of a tightly crosslinked - after a few hours. It was also found that the liquid-crosslinked hydrogel adsorbs twice as much as the cytostatic - doxorubicin. The analysis of the research results approved that the size of the nanoparticles is the main factor for improving drug delevary and penetration. Thus, nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 200 nm can penetrate into cells and are not removed from the circulatory system by macrophages, thereby prolonging their circulation in the body. About 10 nm. The developed hybrid hydrogel compositions have high mechanical strength, porosity, which provides 100% penetration of doxorubicin into experimental animal tissues. It was found that the kinetics of diffusion of drugs from liquid-crosslinked hydrogel reaches a minimum therapeutic level within a few minutes, whereas in the case of densely crosslinked hydrogel diffusion begins with a delay of several hours and the amount of drug released at equilibrium reaches much lower values (20–25%). The obtained preliminary experimental results allow us to conclude that our developed pathways for the delivery of drugs, in particular, doxorubicin to tumor cells will increase the effectiveness of antitumor therapy.
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"Some of these could also be operated in the energy range above lOMeV for experiments designed to determine at which energy level radioactivity can be induced in the irradiated medium. A linac with a maximum energy of 25 MeV was commissioned for the U.S. Army Natick Research and Development Labora tories in 1963. Its beam power was 6.5 kW at an electron energy of 10 MeV, 18 kW at 24 MeV. Assuming 100% efficiency, a 1-kW beam can irradiate 360 kg of product with a dose of 10 kGy/h. The efficiency of electron accelerators is higher than that of gamma sources because the electron beam can be directed at the product, whereas the gamma sources emit radiation in all directions. An efficiency of 50% is a realistic assumption for accelerator facilities. With that and 6.5 kW beam power an accelerator of the type built for the Natick laboratories can process about 1.2t/h at 10 kGy. In Odessa in the former Soviet Union, now in the Ukraine, two 20-kW accelerators with an energy of 1.4 MeV installed next to a grain elevator went into operation in 1983. Each accelerator has the capacity to irradiate 200 t of wheat per hour with a dose of 200 Gy for insect disinfestation. This corresponds to a beam utilization of 56% (9). In France, a facility for electron irradiation of frozen deboned chicken meat commenced operation at Berric near Vannes (Brittany) in late 1986. The purpose of irradiation is to improve the hygienic quality of the meat by destroying salmonella and other disease-causing (pathogenic) microorganisms. The electron beam accelerator is a 7 MeV/10 kW Cassitron built by CGR-MeV (10). An irradiation facility of this type is shown in Figure . Because of their relatively low depth of penetration electron beams cannot be used for the irradiation of animal carcasses, large packages, or other thick materials. However, this difficulty can be overcome by converting the electrons to x-rays. As indicated in Figure 9, this can be done by fitting a water-cooled metal plate to the scanner. Whereas in conventional x-ray tubes the conversion of electron energy to x-ray energy occurs only with an efficiency of about %, much higher efficiencies can be achieved in electron accelerators. The conversion efficiency depends on the material of the converter plate (target) and on the electron energy. Copper converts 5-MeV electrons with about 7% efficiency, 10-MeV electrons with 12% efficiency. A tungsten target can convert 5-MeV electrons with about 20%, 10-MeV electrons with 30% efficiency. (Exact values depend on target thickness.) In contrast to the distinct gamma radiation energy emitted from radionuclides and to the monoenergetic electrons produced by accelerators, the energy spectrum of x-rays is continuous from the value equivalent to the energy of the bombarding electrons to zero. The intensity of this spectrum peaks at about one-tenth of the maximum energy value. The exact location of the intensity peak depends on the thickness of the converter plate and on some other factors. As indicated in Figure". En Safety of Irradiated Foods, 40. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-31.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Maximum hourly factor"
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Martini, Michele, Raúl Guanche, José A. Armesto y Iñigo J. Losada. "Met-Ocean Conditions Influence Over Floating Wind Turbine Energy Production". En ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41078.
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The operation of a floating wind turbine may be severely affected by met-ocean conditions. In harsh climates, platform motions might exceed their safety limits and thus force the machine shutdown. It is here proposed a methodology for evaluating the effect of met-ocean conditions on the long-term energy production and dynamic response of such machines. Given a sample wind turbine, located off the coast of Santander, Spain, met-ocean data are extracted from reanalysis databases for a twenty years lifespan. The behavior of the wind turbine is simulated in the time domain for a subset of 500 hourly conditions, selected using a maximum dissimilarity algorithm (MDA), to reduce the computational effort. Results regarding floating platform motions are then interpolated for the whole set of data using radial basis functions (RBF). Tower inclination and hub acceleration are selected as relevant operating parameters. When one of them exceeds its safety threshold, the machine is supposed to be stopped. If no stops are considered, the capacity factor is 39%, while imposing more restrictive tolerances results in a non-linear decrease of the energy yield. This approach can be helpful in determining a good tradeoff between energy production and reliable operation, bridging the design and operational phases of the project.
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Al-Hadhrami, Luai M. y Shafiqur Rehman. "Wind Power Output Performance Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines for Isolated Small Applications in Saudi Arabia". En ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26592.
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The study evaluated the energy output and plant capacity factor of small wind turbines in the category of 3–10 kW rated power. The effects of hub height on energy output and the PCF have been studied. To achieve the set objectives, hourly average wind speed data measured at 10, 20, 30, and 40 meter and wind direction at 30 and 40 meter above ground level during July 01, 2006 to July 10, 2008 has been utilized. The highest percentage change in annual energy yield (AEY) was obtained for an increase in hub height from 20 to 30 m for both horizontal and vertical wind turbines used in this study. Horizontal axis wind turbines HAWT-1, HAWT-2, and HAWT-6; and vertical axis wind turbines VAWT-1, VAWT-2, and VAWT-4 are recommended for various ranges of loads. Horizontal axis wind turbines were found generally more efficient than the vertical axis wind turbine in the present case. In general, all the turbines showed a maximum increase in energy yield for an increase of 10 m in hub height from 20 to 30m and the annual mean energy yield usually followed the load pattern in the study area. Lastly, the mean turbulence intensity was always less than the value recommended in IEC64100-1 standard.
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Zhanyang, Liu, Tao Naigui, Chen Yang y Tao Yunliang. "Radiation Dose of Airborne Radioactive Material in Nuclear Power Plant Conventional Operating Conditions". En 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67007.
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In this paper, air-immersion, ground deposition, ingestion and inhalation of airborne radioactive effluent released from nuclear power plant under normal operating conditions is studied according to the atmospheric diffusion and ground deposition patterns and parameters that are suitable for the environmental characteristics of the nuclear power plant site, and the public living habits and food chain parameters around the site. Based on the Gaussian plume model, with a radius of 80 kilometers we divide 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40,50,60,70,80 km concentric circles around the nuclear power plant site. The 16 compass azimuth axial are the sector center-line, forming a total of 192 sub-regions, atmospheric diffusion of radionuclides is simulated in the assessment area of the region. The annual average atmospheric dispersion factor is calculate by using hourly observation data of wind direction, rainfall and atmospheric stability of the meteorological tower and the ground station, taking into account the ground reflection during transmission, the the decay of the radionuclide, and the loss brought by the wet and dry settling that caused by gravity and rain washing. The airborne radioactive effluent is deposited on the ground or plant surface by dry settling and wet settling in the process of atmospheric environment changing and diffusion. Radioactivity of per unit area brought about by dry settling and rain fall settling is described by the deposition coefficient and deposition speed. The long-term ground deposition factor and ground annual concentration in the evaluation area were calculated under the situation of airborne radioactive effluents in the nuclear power station mixing emission, and the calculated result of radionuclide concentration in the air and soil was compared with the natural background value and the actual monitoring value. Based on the radionuclide deposited on the ground and air through the terrestrial food radioactive transfer mode, together with a large number of environmental surveys data on the population distribution, agriculture, farming, animal husbandry and people’s living and eating habits in the 80km around nuclear station, combing with the actual situation of nuclear power station, the calculation model is amended accordingly. Using reasonable dose mode to calculate the maximum individual and entire public effective dose of the residents in the assessment area, and the results will be compared with other human activities. By comparing the calculated results of radionuclide concentration and radiation dose, it provide quantitative reference information for us understanding the influence of nuclear power station on the surrounding radiation environment, and to meet the requirements of nuclear power plant influence on surrounding environment and people under normal operating conditions.
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Tsujimori, Atsushi, Masashi Kato y Maiko Uchida. "Dynamic Characteristics of the Capillary Pumped Loop for Cooling the Tower-Type Computer". En ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33161.
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Capillary pumped loop has been widely investigated for space thermal control devices. This cooling device with high reliability and thermal controllability is also considered to be suited to cool electronic devices like personal computers. Because the capillary pumped loop is good at absorbing heat from high heat flux region like micro-processors, transporting it and releasing it from the large surface for packaging. In this research, the experimental equipment of the capillary pumped loop was manufactured. The experimental apparatus consists of the evaporator, the condenser, the liquid line, the vapor line and the reservoir. In the experiments heat load is applied to the evaporator by a resistance heater. And heat is released from the condenser to the cooling water which is set to be a constant temperature by the refrigerator. The length and the diameter of the evaporator are 150mm and 27mm respectively and the capillary wick with equivalent diameter of 5μm is embedded in the evaporator. These specifications were designed to give 2500mm heat transport distance and to adapt the natural convection heat transfer to the ambient without a cooling fan. As is proposed in the recent study, the inside of the capillary wick was used as the reservoir to simplify the loop. In our previous study, the heat transport characteristics in steady states were investigated when the heat flux, the cooling water temperature and the evaporator height above the condenser changed, and then the effects of enclosed rate of the working fluid in the reservoir and the inclination angles of the evaporator on heat transport rate were investigated. The computer code was also developed to simulate the heat transport characteristics and evaluate the maximum heat transport rate of the tested capillary pump. In the next step, we focus on the dynamic characteristics. The heat loads of the micro-processors in the computers usually change according to the working conditions of the application software and vary hourly. Thus the active thermal regulation accompanied with the change of heat loads is the important factor for cooling devices in the computers. So in this study the heat transport characteristics in the dynamic conditions of the capillary pumped loop were investigated. In the experiment, the start-up and shut-down mode at a given heat load were tested at first. Then heat load were changed in incremental or decremental steps from 30 to 70W. All results show the good thermal controllability.
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Liu, Cheng, Douglas Scarth, Douglas P. Munson y Ryan Wolfe. "Analysis of HDPE Failure Data in Support of Development of Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Butt Fusion Joints". En ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21783.
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Abstract There is a need for ASME B&PV Code procedures and acceptance criteria for evaluation of flaws detected by inspection of high density polyethylene (HDPE) piping items in safety Class 3 systems. To support the development of flaw acceptance criteria for butt fusion joints in HDPE pipes, a series of coupon tests have been completed for specimens cut from butt fused HDPE pipes with surface or subsurface flaws placed in the joints prior to fusion process. Specimens containing known flaw sizes were tested under axial load at accelerated stresses and temperatures until failure; or until a prescribed number of test hours was reached. The failure time from the tests has been correlated to the net section stress and the stress intensity factor, and the results showed that the failure time can be better represented by the stress intensity factor. The test results were then used to fit the Brown and Lu formula that predicts the time to failure due to the slow crack growth of flaws as a function of stress intensity factor and temperature. With the developed Brown and Lu equation, the allowable stress intensity factors for a piping lifetime of 50 years at the maximum code allowable temperature of 60°C have been proposed for both surface and subsurface flaws in HDPE butt fusion joints. Examples of what might be corresponding allowable flaw sizes in the butt fusion joints of piping are also provided.
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Bryckaert, M. C., A. Wasteson, M. Lindroth y G. C. Tobelem. "PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR (PDGF) BINDS TO HUMAN BONE MARROW FIBROBLASTS AND STIMULATES THEIR PROLIFERATION." En XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643494.
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A role for the Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) has been suggested in the abnormal proliferation of bone marrow fibroblasts occuring during myelofibrosis. To investigate this hypothesis, human bone marrow fibroblasts were isolated, and the cultures were characterized by immunofluorescent staining and electron microscopy. Electron microscopy eliminated the presence of endothelial cells by the absence of Weibel-Palade-Bodies. A positive intra and extra cellular antifibro-nectin staining was observed by immunofluorescent staining. The cultured cells didn’t show any labeling with specific antibodies for factor VIII von Willebrand factor, desmin or macrophage. Following the characterization of the bone marrow fibroblasts, using human pure 125I-PDGF, a specific binding of 125I-PDGF was demonstrated. The binding reached a plateau after 3 hours at 20°C, and after 4 hours at 4°C. Addition of unlabeled PDGF decreased this binding until 25 %.Saturation curve and scatchard analysis indicated two classes of sites with respectively 21,000 sites/aall and 37.000 sites/cell with an apparent Kd of 0.3 X 10-10 M and 0.5 X 10-9 M. Normal human serum at a concentration of 20 % induced a maximal DNA synthesis measured by-3H thymidine incorporation. When PDGF was added alone to the cultured fibroblasts at a concentration of 15 ng/ml, it induced a maximal DNA synthesis of 400 %.In the presence of 5 % of Platelet Poor Plasma (PPP), the same concentration of PDGF (15ng/ml) increased the incorporation of 3H thymidine up to 900%.In conclusion i) PDGF binds to human bone marrow fibroblasts, ii) PDGF stimulates their proliferation. These results are in favour of a role of PDGF in the proliferation of bone marrow fibroblasts associated with the development of myelofibrosis.
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Baumgartner, C., B. A. Perret, E. Meili, M. Furlan, H. Friedli y J. J. Morgen-thaler. "NORMAL IN VIVO KINETICS OF FACTOR VIII (F VIII) AND FACTOR IX (F IX) TREATED WITH TRI (N-BUIYL) PHOSPHATE (TNBP) AND TWEEN 80 FOR INACTIVATION OF VIRUSES". En XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644068.
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Heat treatment has been cxxnmonly used for the sterilisation of coagulation factor concentrates. This causes, however, considerable loss of coagulation factor activity? therefore alternative methods have been developed. Two new virus-inactivated coagulation factor preparations were recently introduced by our institution. Their manufacturing procedure includes a lipid solvent extraction step: The cryoprecipitate (F VIII preparation) or the first DEAE eluate (F IX preparation) is incubated with 0.3 % TNBP and 1 % Tveen 80 at 24°C for at least 12 hours. (Horowitz, Transfusion 25 : 516-522, 1985). Single doses of these preparations (F VIII: median 20.5, range 6-33 U/kg, F IX: median 25, range 9-46 U/kg body weight) were given intravenously to 28 hemophilic patients with minor or no bleeding. F VIII or F IX levels in plasma were determined before and at intervals up to 48 h after injection. The recovery was calculated from the maximum increase of activity and an plasma volume of 41 ml/kg body weight. The plasma half life was calculated according to the procedures described by Morfini (Thrcmb. Res. 42: I-III, 1986). Results are shown in the table below.No side effects were recorded. Hemostasis was satisfactory in all patients with bleedings (n = 13). These results are within the range expected for conventional and heat treated F VIII and F IX preparations. We conclude that the lipid solvent extraction procedure as used here does not influence the in vivo kinetics and the function of F VIII and F IX and does not induce any acute toxicity.
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Hardeman, M. R. y J. Vreeken. "TRANSIENT AGGREGATION RESISTANCE OF HUMAN PLATELET-RICH PLASMA; A NEGLECTED IN VITRO PHENOMENON WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT". En XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643405.
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Due to instability in the first in vitro period, platelet-aggregometry is usually deliberately postponed until ca. 1 hour after venepuncture (VP) . At that time aggregability is fairly constant for 1 hour or more. Investigation of the period immediately followed VP, hcwever, revealed a high aggregation resistance - measured as the threshold ADP-concentration which the platelets just could resist before they aggregate maximally and irreversibly - which subsequently decreased exponentially with time. This “Transient Aggregation Resistance” (TAR) appeared to be superimposed on a stable, so called Baseline Aggregation Resistance (BAR) .The latter, measurable 60 min or more after VP, yields the “classical” threshold ADP-concentration.Parallel aggregation-studies started 6 min after VP, subsequent studies were performed every 4 min. pH was controlled during storage of PRP at rocmtenperature. Extrapolation of the TAR-curve to t=0 (i.e. time of VP) yields the maximal value:TARmax Coefficients of variation for TARmax-method: 9.4% (n=6) ; intraindividial 15% (n=15, over 3 yrs); interindividual: 51% (n=16,wide range).This TAR-phencmenon which is proven to be caused by a plasma-factor, can be influenced by dietary n-3 fattty acids and can be also inhibited by ASA,suggesting a prostanoid nature. The physiological significance of TAIfoax can be illustrated by the following findings:1. Patients with myocardial infarction, hyperlipoproteinemia, sickle cell anemia (i.e. diseases with a high risk for thrombotic complications) have low TARmax-values. 2.Individuals with “spontaneous platelet aggregation” in vitro,but asymptomatic, have positive TARmax-values. 3.There is a clear,reciproke age-dependency of TARmax It is concluded that a technique is available measuring the effect of circulating,labile platelet-aggregation influencing plasma factor(s). Furthermore, using this technique,it was found that normal fresh plasma contains a labile aggregation-inhibiting factor which is several orders of magnitude more potent than other stabile factors either present in plasma or associated with platelets. This factor is probably of prostanoid nature and might have significance as a reflection of the antithrcmbotic potential of the endothelium.
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Bernstein, Henry L., R. Craig McClung, T. R. Sharron y James M. Allen. "Analysis of General Electric Model 7001 First Stage Nozzle Cracking". En ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-311.
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Analyses of first stage nozzle cracking in General Electric Model 7001B and 7001E industrial gas turbines are presented. Empirical algorithms are developed to predict the maximum extent of cracking that is visible on these nozzles as a function of engine cyclic history and the number of fired hours. It is shown that the algorithms predict this cracking to within a factor of two. Metallurgical analyses of nozzles show that crack growth follows the carbide-matrix interface, environmental attack occurs at the crack tip, and that the microstructure changes by increasing the amount of carbide precipitation which increases the hardness. These metallurgical results, along with mechanical test data and stress analyses from the literature, are used to understand the nature of nozzle cracking. The maximum extent of cracking coincides with locations of maximum thermal stresses as determined by finite element analyses of similar nozzle designs. This location is at the airfoil-shroud junction on the middle vanes of multi-vane castings. The use of these algorithms as a predictive maintenance tool and the ability to visually inspect nozzles in the engine also are discussed.
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Minas, Constantinos y Sejalben Patel. "Probabilistic Life Prediction of Hydrogen Steel Pressure Vessels in Industrial Electric Trucks". En ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38532.
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Fuel cell powered industrial electric trucks are widely used in industry where more than 4000 systems are currently installed, achieving more than 20 million operating hours. The electric trucks are equipped with fuel cell power systems instead of an array of lead-acid batteries, which incorporate a permanently mounted pressure vessel containing compressed hydrogen gas and enabling onboard fueling. Fueling can be performed several times a day subjecting the pressure vessel to a large number of pressure cycles. It is critical to design the pressure vessel to withstand the required number of cycles which is in the thousands, over the life of the fuel cell power system estimated at 20000 hours. Steel pressure vessels which are subjected to hydrogen embrittlement are widely used in this application. In order to ensure the safety of the design, a linear elastic fracture mechanics model was developed in order to predict the life of the steel pressure vessel. The developed model was based on the ASME pressure vessel code section KD-10, which uses fatigue crack growth laws based on the relationship between the fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) and the cyclic intensity factor (ΔK). Two samples were tested under hydrogen cyclic pressure loading. The experimental data was used to obtain estimates for the crack initiation phase. Statistical data was obtained from several hundred systems of the installed base, in order to determine the distributions of the maximum and minimum pressures the vessel is typically subjected to. The probabilistic LEFM model was used in a Monte Carlo simulation where the maximum and minimum pressure assumed a random value based on the equivalent random generator of their associated statistical distribution that is an extreme distribution and a Johnson SB distribution, respectively. The results indicated an increase by a factor of two, in the number of cycles when compared to the cycle prediction based on a constant R-ratio (maximum/minimum fill pressure). The analysis was repeated with normal distribution random generators which resulted in similar results. The results from this analysis ensure the safety of the steel pressure vessel design.