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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Microwave observations"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

Última modificación: 19 de julio de 2025

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1

Sze, H., J. Benford, and W. Woo. "High-power microwave emission from a virtual cathode oscillator." Laser and Particle Beams 5, no. 4 (1987): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600003189.

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Pinched electron beams emit high power microwaves by formation of a virtual cathode. Radiation occurs simultaneously with pinching or slightly thereafter. Observations of strong electrostatic fields and the partitioning of current into reflexing and transmitting populations at the same time that microwaves are emitted indicate virtual cathode formation. Microwaves originate mainly from the virtual cathode side of the anode. A two-dimensional model for the electron flow in the presence of a virtual cathode is presented. The model allows for electron reflexing and velocity distribution spread. S

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2

Prigent, Catherine, Lise Kilic, Filipe Aires, Victor Pellet, and Carlos Jimenez. "Ice Concentration Retrieval from the Analysis of Microwaves: Evaluation of a New Methodology Optimized for the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (2020): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101594.

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A new methodology has been described in Kilic et al. (Ice Concentration Retrieval from the Analysis of Microwaves: A New Methodology Designed for the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer, Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 1060, Part 1 of this study) to estimate Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) from satellite passive microwave observations between 6 and 36 GHz. The Ice Concentration Retrieval from the Analysis of Microwaves (IceCREAM) algorithm is based on an optimal estimation, with a simple radiative transfer model derived from satellite observations at 0% and 100% SIC. Observations at low and high freq

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3

Bongiovanni, Tara, Pang-Wei Liu, Karthik Nagarajan, et al. "Field Observations during the Eleventh Microwave Water and Energy Balance Experiment (MicroWEX-11): from April 25, 2012, through December 6, 2012." EDIS 2015, no. 6 (2015): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ae514-2015.

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This new report from UF/IFAS researchers provides another set of observation data that can be used to develop better models for accurate prediction of weather and near-term climate. It describes the observations conducted during the MicroWEX-11, a season-long experiment incorporating active and passive microwave observations for bare soil, elephant grass, and sweet corn using a variety of sensors to understand land–atmosphere interactions and their effect on observed microwave signatures. These observations match that of satellite-based passive microwave radiometers and NASA’s recently launche

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4

Luo, Xianhan. "Effects of RFI on Solar Microwave Bursts Observed with Hightime Resolution." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100004048.

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ABSTRACTSolar microwave burst observations with high time resolution (~ 1 ms) are important but difficult to make. It is shown by the experiments of radiometer at wavelength 21 cm on 1 ms time scale that some ultrafast time structures in microwaves, which includes spike impulses, switch-on and switch-off structures, etc., may not be from solar emission but from RFI (radio-frequency interference) or from radiometer itself. Because of the uncertainty at 21 cm and other several wavelengths, we suggest that joint observations of the solar microwave bursts on 1 ms time scale should be carried out o

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5

Yang, Hu, and Martin Burgdorf. "A Study of Lunar Microwave Radiation Based on Satellite Observations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (2020): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071129.

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In recent years, the study of microwave radiation from the Moon’s surface has been of interest to the astronomy and remote sensing communities. Due to the stable geophysical properties of the Moon’s surface, microwave lunar radiation is highly predictable and can be accurately modeled, given sufficient observations from reliable instruments. Specifically, for microwave remote sensing study, if International System of Unit (SI) traceable observations of the Moon are available, the Moon can thus be used as an SI traceable calibration reference for microwave instruments to evaluate their calibrat

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6

Barrett, Damian J., and Luigi J. Renzullo. "On the Efficacy of Combining Thermal and Microwave Satellite Data as Observational Constraints for Root-Zone Soil Moisture Estimation." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 5 (2009): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1043.1.

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Abstract Data assimilation applications require the development of appropriate mathematical operators to relate model states to satellite observations. Two such “observation” operators were developed and used to examine the conditions under which satellite microwave and thermal observations provide effective constraints on estimated soil moisture. The first operator uses a two-layer surface energy balance (SEB) model to relate root-zone moisture with top-of-canopy temperature. The second couples SEB and microwave radiative transfer models to yield top-of-atmosphere brightness temperature from

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7

Wilkinson, D. "The microwave background anisotropies: Observations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 1 (1998): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.1.29.

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8

Battistelli, E. S., E. Carretti, P. de Bernardis, and S. Masi. "Large Radio Telescopes for Anomalous Microwave Emission Observations." Advances in Astronomy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/607384.

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We discuss in this paper the problem of the Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) in the light of ongoing or future observations to be performed with the largest fully steerable radio telescope in the world. High angular resolution observations of the AME will enable astronomers to drastically improve the knowledge of the AME mechanisms as well as the interplay between the different constituents of the interstellar medium in our galaxy. Extragalactic observations of the AME have started as well, and high resolution is even more important in this kind of observations. When cross-correlating with I

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9

Yang, Hu, and Martin Burgdorf. "A Calibrated Lunar Microwave Radiative Transfer Model Based on Satellite Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (2022): 5501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215501.

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As a potential external calibration reference for spaceborne microwave sounding instruments, accurate and reliable information of lunar disk-averaged radiance at millimeter band are important and fundamental. Based on study for 2-D lunar scans of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on board the NOAA-20 satellite, the lunar radiance spectrum from 23 to 183 GHz at full moon phase has been reported in our previous work. In this study, the performance of a lunar microwave radiative transfer model (RTM) developed by Keihm was investigated (cited as Keihm model in this paper) . By takin

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10

Cucurull, L., R. A. Anthes, and L. L. Tsao. "Radio Occultation Observations as Anchor Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models and Associated Reduction of Bias Corrections in Microwave and Infrared Satellite Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 1 (2014): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00059.1.

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Abstract Satellite radiance measurements are used daily at numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers around the world, providing a significant positive impact on weather forecast skill. Owing to the existence of systematic errors, either in the observations, instruments, and/or forward models, which can be larger than the signal, the use of infrared or microwave radiances in data assimilation systems requires significant bias corrections. As most bias-correction schemes do not correct for biases that exist in the model forecasts, the model needs to be grounded by an unbiased observing system.

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11

Pospichal, Bernhard, and Susanne Crewell. "Boundary layer observations in West Africa using a novel microwave radiometer." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 16, no. 5 (2007): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0228.

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12

Dahal, Sumit, Michael K. Brewer, Alex B. Akins, et al. "Microwave Observations of Venus with CLASS." Planetary Science Journal 4, no. 8 (2023): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/acee76.

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Abstract We report on the disk-averaged absolute brightness temperatures of Venus measured at four microwave frequency bands with the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor. We measure temperatures of 432.3 ± 2.8, 355.6 ± 1.3, 317.9 ± 1.7, and 294.7 ± 1.9 K for frequency bands centered at 38.8, 93.7, 147.9, and 217.5 GHz, respectively. We do not observe any dependence of the measured brightness temperatures on solar illumination for all four frequency bands. A joint analysis of our measurements with lower-frequency Very Large Array observations suggests relatively warmer (∼7 K higher) mean atm

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13

Shen, Wangbin, Zhengkun Qin, and Zhaohui Lin. "A New Restoration Method for Radio Frequency Interference Effects on AMSR-2 over North America." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (2019): 2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242917.

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Observations from spaceborne microwave imagers are important sources of land surface information. However, the low-frequency channels of microwave imagers are easily interfered with by active radio signals with similar frequencies. Radio frequency interference (RFI) signals are widely distributed because of the lack of frequency protection, which seriously hinders the application of microwave imager data in data assimilation and retrieval research. In this paper, a new data restoration method is proposed based on principal component analysis (PCA). Both the ideal and real reconstruction experi

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14

Kugler, Zsofia, Son Nghiem, and G. Brakenridge. "L-Band Passive Microwave Data from SMOS for River Gauging Observations in Tropical Climates." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070835.

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The Global Flood Detection Systems (GFDS) currently operated at the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) is a satellite-based observation system that provides daily stream flow measurements of global rivers. The system was initially established using NASA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer—Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) Ka-band passive microwave satellite data. Since its initiation in 2006, the methodology and the GFDS database have been further adapted for data acquired by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) GOES Precipitation Index (GPI), the AMSR2 sensor onboard

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15

Quilfen, Yves, Bertrand Chapron, and Jean Tournadre. "Satellite Microwave Surface Observations in Tropical Cyclones." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 2 (2010): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3040.1.

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Abstract Sea surface estimates of local winds, waves, and rain-rate conditions are crucial to complement infrared/visible satellite images in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones (TCs). Satellite measurements at microwave frequencies are thus key elements of present and future observing systems. Available for more than 20 years, passive microwave measurements are very valuable but still suffer from insufficient resolution and poor wind vector retrievals in the rainy conditions encountered in and around tropical cyclones. Scatterometer and synthetic aperture radar active microwave measu

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16

Fencl, Martin, Michal Dohnal, Pavel Valtr, Martin Grabner, and Vojtěch Bareš. "Atmospheric observations with E-band microwave links – challenges and opportunities." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 12 (2020): 6559–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6559-2020.

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Abstract. Opportunistic sensing of rainfall and water vapor using commercial microwave links operated within cellular networks was conceived more than a decade ago. It has since been further investigated in numerous studies, predominantly concentrating on the frequency region of 15–40 GHz. This article provides the first evaluation of rainfall and water vapor sensing with microwave links operating at E-band frequencies (specifically 71–76 and 81–86 GHz). These microwave links are increasingly being updated (and are frequently replacing) older communication infrastructure. Attenuation–rainfall

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17

Bennett, C. L. "Observations of the cosmic microwave background." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 38, no. 1-3 (1995): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(94)00776-r.

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18

Naibaho, Yeni P. S., Syahrul Humaidi, Martha Rianna, and Linda E. Diana. "Microwave Absorption Analysis of Barium Hexaferite And Iron Sand." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 8, no. 1 (2024): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v8i1.7732.

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The goal of this study is to investigate the properties of barium hexaferrite and iron sand as microwave absorbers. The focus is on understanding how these materials affect microwave absorption and the specific frequency range of waves they produce. The solid reaction method was used in the study. The study's findings indicate that the combination of iron sand with barium hexaferrite material leads to the formation of a homogeneous material with a single phase. X-ray diffraction pattern data confirms the presence of a single-phase material, specifically iron sand and barium hexaferrite, which

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19

Tan, Cheng-Ming, Karl Ludwig Klein, Yi-Hua Yan, et al. "Energy and spectral analysis of confined solar flares from radio and X-ray observations." Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 21, no. 11 (2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/21/11/274.

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Abstract The energy and spectral shape of radio bursts may help us understand the generation mechanism of solar eruptions, including solar flares, coronal mass ejections, eruptive filaments, and various scales of jets. The different kinds of flares may have different characteristics of energy and spectral distribution. In this work, we selected 10 mostly confined flare events during October 2014 to investigate their overall spectral behaviour and the energy emitted in microwaves by using radio observations from microwaves to interplanetary radio waves, and X-ray observations of GOES, RHESSI, a

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20

Dai, Liyun, Tao Che, Yang Zhang, et al. "Microwave radiometry experiment for snow in Altay, China: time series of in situ data for electromagnetic and physical features of snowpack." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 8 (2022): 3509–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3509-2022.

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Abstract. In this paper, we present a comprehensive experiment, namely, an Integrated Microwave Radiometry Campaign for snow (IMCS), in Xinjiang, China, during the snow season of 2015–2016. The campaign hosted a dual-polarized microwave radiometer operating at L, K, and Ka bands to provide minutely passive microwave observations of snow cover at a fixed site, along with daily manual snow pit observations of snow physical parameters, automatic observations of 10 min four-component radiation and layered snow temperatures, and meteorological observations of hourly weather data and soil data. To t

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21

Johnston, M. S., G. Holl, J. Hocking, S. J. Cooper, and D. Chen. "Simulating the effects of mid- to upper-tropospheric clouds on microwave emissions in EC-Earth using COSP." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 11 (2015): 11753–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-11753-2015.

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Abstract. In this work, the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison (CFMIP) Observation Simulation Package (COSP) is expanded to include scattering and emission effects of clouds and precipitation at passive microwave frequencies. This represents an advancement over the official version of COSP (version 1.4.0) in which only clear-sky brightness temperatures are simulated. To highlight the potential utility of this new microwave simulator, COSP results generated using the climate model EC-Earth's version 3 atmosphere as input are compared with Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) channel (190.311 GHz)

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22

Lu, Qifeng, and William Bell. "Characterizing Channel Center Frequencies in AMSU-A and MSU Microwave Sounding Instruments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 8 (2014): 1713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00136.1.

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Abstract Passive microwave observations from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) have been exploited widely for numerical weather prediction (NWP), atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies. The treatment of biases in these observations, with respect to models as well as between satellites, has been the focus of much effort in recent years. This study presents evidence that shifts, drifts, and uncertainties in pass band center frequencies are a significant contribution to these biases. Center frequencies for AMSU-A channels 6–14 an

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23

Pettersen, C., R. Bennartz, M. S. Kulie, A. J. Merrelli, M. D. Shupe, and D. D. Turner. "Microwave signatures of ice hydrometeors from ground-based observations above Summit, Greenland." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 23 (2015): 34497–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-34497-2015.

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Abstract. Multi-instrument, ground-based measurements provide unique and comprehensive datasets of the atmosphere for a specific location over long periods of time and resulting data compliments past and existing global satellite observations. This paper explores the effect of ice hydrometeors on ground-based, high frequency passive microwave measurements and attempts to isolate an ice signature for summer seasons at Summit, Greenland from 2010–2013. Data from a combination of passive microwave, cloud radar, radiosonde, and ceilometer were examined to isolate the ice signature at microwave wav

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24

Pettersen, Claire, Ralf Bennartz, Mark S. Kulie, Aronne J. Merrelli, Matthew D. Shupe, and David D. Turner. "Microwave signatures of ice hydrometeors from ground-based observations above Summit, Greenland." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 7 (2016): 4743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4743-2016.

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Abstract. Multi-instrument, ground-based measurements provide unique and comprehensive data sets of the atmosphere for a specific location over long periods of time and resulting data compliment past and existing global satellite observations. This paper explores the effect of ice hydrometeors on ground-based, high-frequency passive microwave measurements and attempts to isolate an ice signature for summer seasons at Summit, Greenland, from 2010 to 2013. Data from a combination of passive microwave, cloud radar, radiosonde, and ceilometer were examined to isolate the ice signature at microwave

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25

Lakhankar, T., J. Muñoz, P. Romanov, et al. "CREST-Snow Field Experiment: analysis of snowpack properties using multi-frequency microwave remote sensing data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (2012): 8105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-8105-2012.

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Abstract. The CREST-Snow Analysis and Field Experiment (CREST-SAFE) was carried out during winter 2011 at the research site of the National Weather Service office, Caribou ME, USA. In this ground experiment, dual polarized microwave (37 and 89 GHz) observations are conducted along with detailed synchronous observations of snowpack properties. The objective of this long term field experiment is to improve our understanding of the effect of changing snow characteristics (grain size, density, temperature) under various meteorological conditions on the microwave emission of snow and hence to impro

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26

Davis, Robert E., Thomas H. Painter, Rick Forster, et al. "NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Spaceborne Remote Sensing." Journal of Hydrometeorology 9, no. 6 (2008): 1427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm926.1.

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Abstract This paper describes satellite data collected as part of the 2002/03 Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). These data include multispectral and hyperspectral optical imaging, and passive and active microwave observations of the test areas. The CLPX multispectral optical data include the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), the Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (TM/ETM+), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR). The spaceborne hyperspectral optical data consist of measurements acqu

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27

Mile, Máté, Stephanie Guedj, and Roger Randriamampianina. "Exploring the footprint representation of microwave radiance observations in an Arctic limited-area data assimilation system." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 17 (2024): 6571–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6571-2024.

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Abstract. The microwave radiances are key observations, especially over data-sparse regions, for operational data assimilation in numerical weather prediction (NWP). An often applied simplification is that these observations are used as point measurements; however, the satellite field of view may cover many grid points of high-resolution models. Therefore, we examine a solution in high-resolution data assimilation to better account for the spatial representation of the radiance observations. This solution is based on a footprint operator implemented and tested in the variational assimilation s

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28

Foth, Andreas, Moritz Lochmann, Pablo Saavedra Garfias, and Heike Kalesse-Los. "Determination of low-level temperature profiles from microwave radiometer observations during rain." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 17, no. 24 (2024): 7169–81. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-7169-2024.

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Abstract. Usually, microwave radiometer observations have to be discarded during rain. The radomes of the receiver antenna get wet, which hampers accurate measurements since the retrieval algorithms to derive atmospheric quantities are not trained for rain events. The reason for the latter is, that the raindrops dominate the microwave signal compared to the weaker signal from atmospheric gases. To account for this, radiative transfer simulations need to include the electromagnetic properties of rain, which usually requires more complicated and expensive simulations. In this work, the performan

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29

Lakhankar, T. Y., J. Muñoz, P. Romanov, et al. "CREST-Snow Field Experiment: analysis of snowpack properties using multi-frequency microwave remote sensing data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 2 (2013): 783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-783-2013.

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Abstract. The CREST-Snow Analysis and Field Experiment (CREST-SAFE) was carried out during January–March 2011 at the research site of the National Weather Service office, Caribou, ME, USA. In this experiment dual-polarized microwave (37 and 89 GHz) observations were accompanied by detailed synchronous observations of meteorology and snowpack physical properties. The objective of this long-term field experiment was to improve understanding of the effect of changing snow characteristics (grain size, density, temperature) under various meteorological conditions on the microwave emission of snow a

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30

Zucca, Pietro, Marlon Núñez, and Karl-Ludwig Klein. "Exploring the potential of microwave diagnostics in SEP forecasting: The occurrence of SEP events." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 7 (2017): A13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2017011.

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Solar energetic particles (SEPs), especially protons and heavy ions, may be a space-weather hazard when they impact spacecraft and the terrestrial atmosphere. Forecasting schemes have been developed, which use earlier signatures of particle acceleration to predict the arrival of solar protons and ions in the space environment of the Earth. The UMASEP (University of MAlaga Solar particle Event Predictor) scheme forecasts the occurrence and the importance of an SEP event based on combined observations of soft X-rays, their time derivative and protons above 10 MeV at geosynchronous orbit. We expl

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31

Wankiewicz, Anthony. "Multi-temporal microwave satellite observation of snowpacks." Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012763.

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Microwave brightness temperatures from snowpacks are simulated with a multiple-scattering model using observed hydrometeorological variables at three target areas on the Canadian plains. Comparison of model microwave emissions with those observed from the Nimbus 7 satellite allows the derivation of the snowpack properties of grain-size and microwave absorption. A simulated time series of microwave brightness temperature is produced for the winter season of 1884—85, for assessing the utility of multi-temporal satellite observations for snowpack monitoring.

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Wankiewicz, Anthony. "Multi-temporal microwave satellite observation of snowpacks." Annals of Glaciology 17 (1993): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012763.

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Microwave brightness temperatures from snowpacks are simulated with a multiple-scattering model using observed hydrometeorological variables at three target areas on the Canadian plains. Comparison of model microwave emissions with those observed from the Nimbus 7 satellite allows the derivation of the snowpack properties of grain-size and microwave absorption. A simulated time series of microwave brightness temperature is produced for the winter season of 1884—85, for assessing the utility of multi-temporal satellite observations for snowpack monitoring.

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33

Li, Xiaocan, Fan Guo, Bin Chen, Chengcai Shen, and Lindsay Glesener. "Modeling Electron Acceleration and Transport in the Early Impulsive Phase of the 2017 September 10th Solar Flare." Astrophysical Journal 932, no. 2 (2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6efe.

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Abstract The X8.2-class limb flare on 2017 September 10 is among the best studied solar flare events owing to its great similarity to the standard flare model and the broad coverage by multiple spacecraft and ground-based observations. These multiwavelength observations indicate that electron acceleration and transport are efficient in the reconnection and flare looptop regions. However, there lacks a comprehensive model for explaining and interpreting the multi-faceted observations. In this work, we model the electron acceleration and transport in the early impulsive phase of this flare. We s

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34

López-Corredoira, Martín. "Wrinkles in the Galaxy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 201 (2005): 482–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090021677x.

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New calculations of the Galactic contribution to microwave background radiation anisotropies are carried out and a probable Galactic predominance over cosmological signals at large scales is explored for these frequencies. When we take into account a frequency-dependent contrast of molecular clouds with respect to the Galactic background of the diffuse interstellar medium, the anisotropic amplitude produced by Galactic dust is of the same order as that of the data from the observations. The frequency independence of anisotropies in the microwave range is not necessarily an argument against the

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35

Brath, Manfred, Robin Ekelund, Patrick Eriksson, Oliver Lemke, and Stefan A. Buehler. "Microwave and submillimeter wave scattering of oriented ice particles." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 5 (2020): 2309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2309-2020.

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Abstract. Microwave (1–300 GHz) dual-polarization measurements above 100 GHz are so far sparse, but they consistently show polarized scattering signals of ice clouds. Existing scattering databases of realistically shaped ice crystals for microwaves and submillimeter waves (>300 GHz) typically assume total random orientation, which cannot explain the polarized signals. Conceptual models show that the polarization signals are caused by oriented ice particles. Only a few works that consider oriented ice crystals exist, but they are limited to microwaves only. Assuming azimuthally randomly orie

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36

Sun, Weifu, Jin Wang, Yuheng Li, Junmin Meng, Yujia Zhao, and Peiqiang Wu. "New Gridded Product for the Total Columnar Atmospheric Water Vapor over Ocean Surface Constructed from Microwave Radiometer Satellite Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (2021): 2402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122402.

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Based on the optimal interpolation (OI) algorithm, a daily fusion product of high-resolution global ocean columnar atmospheric water vapor with a resolution of 0.25° was generated in this study from multisource remote sensing observations. The product covers the period from 2003 to 2018, and the data represent a fusion of microwave radiometer observations, including those from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS), WindSat, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System sensor (AMSR-E), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), and HY-2A microwave radio

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37

Lokanadham, B., P. K. Subramanian, M. Sateesh Reddy, B. M. Reddy, and D. R. Lakshmi. "Solar Microwave Emission in Active Regions." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 107 (1985): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900075665.

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Multi–frequency Observations of Solar Microwave bursts recorded during solar maximum period 1980–81 are analysed and compared with x–ray data for studying the nature of microwave emissions from active regions. Most of the microwave burst spectra showed that the spectral index below the peak frequency is always less than 2.The magneto-ionic conditions of the burst sources and the electron energies as obtained from these multi-frequency observations of the bursts showed that the centimetric and x-ray observations are satisfactorily explained, if the emitting regions are dense, hot and compact as

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38

Savorskiy, V. P., A. P. Chernushich, O. Yu Panova, and O. O. Kuznetsov. "Satellite means of detecting and monitoring the mesoscale convective complex." Radiotehnika i èlektronika 69, no. 6 (2024): 574–81. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0033849424060108.

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The possibility of increasing the accuracy of rainfall intensity retrieval based on space observations of atmospheric mesoscale convective complexes (MCC) is considered. It is shown that guaranteed detection of MCC requires complex observation of the Earth’s atmosphere in the IR and microwave ranges. The analysis showed that quasi-synchronous measurements from geostationary platforms in the IR range and observations from polar-orbital platforms in the microwave range are necessary to improve the retrieval accuracy. The method developed based on the analysis of MCC characteristics and capabilit

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39

Lemmetyinen, Juha, Anna Kontu, Jouni Pulliainen, et al. "Nordic Snow Radar Experiment." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 5, no. 2 (2016): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-403-2016.

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Abstract. The objective of the Nordic Snow Radar Experiment (NoSREx) campaign was to provide a continuous time series of active and passive microwave observations of snow cover at a representative location of the Arctic boreal forest area, covering a whole winter season. The activity was a part of Phase A studies for the ESA Earth Explorer 7 candidate mission CoReH2O (Cold Regions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory). The NoSREx campaign, conducted at the Finnish Meteorological Institute Arctic Research Centre (FMI-ARC) in Sodankylä, Finland, hosted a frequency scanning scatterometer operati

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40

Cucurull, L., and R. A. Anthes. "Impact of Infrared, Microwave, and Radio Occultation Satellite Observations on Operational Numerical Weather Prediction." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 11 (2014): 4164–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00101.1.

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Abstract A comparison of the impact of infrared (IR), microwave (MW), and radio occultation (RO) observations on NCEP’s operational global forecast model over the month of March 2013 is presented. Analyses and forecasts with only IR, MW, and RO observations are compared with analyses and forecasts with no satellite data and with each other. Overall, the patterns of the impact of the different satellite systems are similar, with the MW observations producing the largest impact on the analyses and RO producing the smallest. Without RO observations, satellite radiances are over– or under–bias cor

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41

Moradi, Isaac, James Beauchamp, and Ralph Ferraro. "Radiometric correction of observations from microwave humidity sounders." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 12 (2018): 6617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6617-2018.

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Abstract. The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) are total power microwave radiometers operating at frequencies near the water vapor absorption line at 183 GHz. The measurements of these instruments are crucial for deriving a variety of climate and hydrological products such as water vapor, precipitation, and ice cloud parameters. However, these measurements are subject to several errors that can be classified into radiometric and geometric errors. The aim of this study is to quantify and correct the radiometric errors in these observations through

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42

Favrichon, Samuel, Carlos Jimenez, and Catherine Prigent. "Inter-calibrating SMMR brightness temperatures over continental surfaces." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 10 (2020): 5481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5481-2020.

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Abstract. Microwave remote sensing can be used to monitor the time evolution of some key parameters over land, such as land surface temperature or surface water extent. Observations are made with instruments, such as the Scanning Microwave Multichannel Radiometer (SMMR) before 1987, the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and the subsequent Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) from 1987 and still operating, and the more recent Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI). As these instruments differ on some of their characteristics and use different calibration scheme

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43

Larosa, Salvatore, Domenico Cimini, Donatello Gallucci, et al. "A Cloud Detection Neural Network Approach for the Next Generation Microwave Sounder Aboard EPS MetOp-SG A1." Remote Sensing 15, no. 7 (2023): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071798.

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This work presents an algorithm based on a neural network (NN) for cloud detection to detect clouds and their thermodynamic phase using spectral observations from spaceborne microwave radiometers. A standalone cloud detection algorithm over the ocean and land has been developed to distinguish clear sky versus ice and liquid clouds from microwave sounder (MWS) observations. The MWS instrument—scheduled to be onboard the first satellite of the Eumetsat Polar System Second-Generation (EPS-SG) series, MetOp-SG A1—has a direct inheritance from advanced microwave sounding unit A (AMSU-A) and the mic

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44

Wang, Guojie, Xiaowen Ma, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, et al. "Towards Consistent Soil Moisture Records from China’s FengYun-3 Microwave Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051225.

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Soil moisture plays an essential role in the land-atmosphere interface. It has become necessary to develop quality large-scale soil moisture data from satellite observations for relevant applications in climate, hydrology, agriculture, etc. Specifically, microwave-based observations provide more consistent land surface records because they are unhindered by cloud conditions. The recent microwave radiometers onboard FY-3B, FY-3C and FY-3D satellites launched by China’s Meteorological Administration (CMA) extend the number of available microwave observations, covering late 2011 up until the pres

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45

Qi, Yajie, Shuiyong Fan, Jiajia Mao, Bai Li, Chunwei Guo, and Shuting Zhang. "Impact of Assimilating Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Data on the Precipitation Bifurcation Forecast: A Case Study in Beijing." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050551.

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In this study, the temperature and relative humidity profiles retrieved from five ground-based microwave radiometers in Beijing were assimilated into the rapid-refresh multi-scale analysis and prediction system-short term (RMAPS-ST). The precipitation bifurcation prediction that occurred in Beijing on 4 May 2019 was selected as a case to evaluate the impact of their assimilation. For this purpose, two experiments were set. The Control experiment only assimilated conventional observations and radar data, while the microwave radiometers profilers (MWRPS) experiment assimilated conventional obser

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46

Dickinson, Clive, Roberta Paladini, and Laurent Verstraete. "Anomalous Microwave Emission: Theory, Modeling, and Observations." Advances in Astronomy 2013 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/134979.

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47

Novikov, Igor D. "'Big Bang' echo (cosmic microwave background observations)." Physics-Uspekhi 44, no. 8 (2001): 817–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/pu2001v044n08abeh000983.

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48

Novikov, Igor D. "'Big Bang' echo (cosmic microwave background observations)." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 171, no. 8 (2001): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0171.200108g.0859.

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49

de Bernardis, P., M. Calvo, C. Giordano, et al. "Science with Future Cosmic Microwave Background Observations." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 194 (October 2009): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2009.07.097.

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50

Smoot, George F. "Antarctic observations of the cosmic microwave background." Highlights of Astronomy 9 (1992): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600022607.

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In the standard cosmology of the Big Bang theory the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the remnant radiation from the hot early universe. The sky signal is comprised of radiation from the CMB, from Galactic emission, from atmospheric emission, and from instrument sidelobes seeing the ground and man-made interference. One observes in directions of minimum galactic signal. The antarctic polar plateau provides the best site in the world for low atmospheric emission, low horizons, low man-made interference, and reasonable accessibility. The low column density of precipitable water and extreme s

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