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Klowden, Marc J. "Endocrine aspects of mosquito reproduction". Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 35, n.º 4 (1997): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1997)35:4<491::aid-arch10>3.0.co;2-5.
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Gilsanz, Paola, Catherine Lee, Maria M. Corrada, Claudia H. Kawas, Charles P. Quesenberry y Rachel A. Whitmer. "Reproductive period and risk of dementia in a diverse cohort of health care members". Neurology 92, n.º 17 (28 de marzo de 2019): e2005-e2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007326.
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ObjectiveWomen have >50% greater lifetime risk of dementia than men but the role of female-specific endocrine milieu is not well-understood. This study evaluates associations between indicators of estrogen exposure from women's reproductive period and dementia risk in a large diverse population.MethodsWe evaluated 15,754 female members (29.9% nonwhite) of Kaiser Permanente with clinical examinations and health survey data from 1964 to 1973 and were members as of January 1, 1996. In midlife (mean age 51.1 years), women reported age at menarche and menopause and hysterectomy status. Reproductive span was calculated as menopause age minus menarche age. Dementia diagnoses were abstracted from January 1, 1996 to September 30, 2017 medical records (mean age at start of dementia follow-up 76.5 years). Cox proportional hazard models evaluated associations between aspects of reproductive span and dementia risk adjusting for demographics and life course health indicators.ResultsForty-two percent of women developed dementia. Compared to menarche at age 13.0 (mean menarche age), menarche at ≥16 was associated with 23% greater dementia risk (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.50) adjusting for demographics and life course health indicators. Natural menopause at age <47.4 (mean menopause age) was associated with 19% elevated dementia risk (HR 1.19; 95% CI 1.07–1.31). Reproductive spans <34.4 years (mean duration) were associated with 20% elevated dementia risk (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.08–1.32). Hysterectomies were associated with 8% elevated dementia risk (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.01–1.16).ConclusionIn this large prospective cohort study, endocrine events signaling less estradiol exposure (i.e., later age at menarche, younger age at menopause, shorter reproductive span, and hysterectomies) were associated with elevated risk of dementia.
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Tomatis, Veronica, Christian Battipaglia y Alessandro D. Genazzani. "Thyroid, Adrenal, PRL Impairments and Ovarian Function". Endocrines 2, n.º 3 (27 de julio de 2021): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/endocrines2030021.
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Endocrine axes (prolactin, thyroid and adrenal axes) directly and indirectly modulate and drive human female central functions, mainly behavior and reproduction. Though having distinct abilities, they greatly act both at peripheral as well as at neuroendocrine levels, so as to participate in the control of reproduction. Any event that changes these balanced activities produces specific peripheral signals that induce abnormal functions centrally, thus triggering menstrual disorders such as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. It is clear that the knowledge of the relationships that exist between the different endocrine axes becomes essential for the choice of therapeutical approach. This review aims to focus on the main aspects of the physiopathology of the endocrine diseases that might be at the basis of that interference with female reproductive capacity.
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Chetrite, Gérard S. y Bruno Fève. "Preface to special issue on Peripheral and Central Control of Human Reproduction: Endocrine Aspects – Part 1". Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation 24, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2015-0059.
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Chetrite, Gérard S. y Bruno Fève. "Preface to special issue on Peripheral and Central Control of Human Reproduction: Endocrine Aspects – Part 2". Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation 25, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2016-0011.
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De Rensis, Fabio, Giorgio Morini, Irina Garcia-Ispierto y Fernando López-Gatius. "To What Extent Does Photoperiod Affect Cattle Reproduction? Clinical Perspectives of Melatonin Administration – A Review". Annals of Animal Science 20, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2020): 797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0012.
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AbstractThe seasonality of reproduction in most mammals is dictated by photoperiod, temperature and nutrition. Melatonin, mainly synthesized in the pineal gland, is generally accepted as the active mediator of photoperiod responses including reproduction. While non-pregnant heifers and cows show continuous sexual activity and are therefore not seasonal breeders, it has been suggested that photo-periodicity may influence the appearance of puberty in heifers and the onset of parturition. Further, the light/dark ratio may influence endocrine patterns of gestation and a shorter light period correlates with the incidence of twin pregnancies. This review considers specific aspects of the effects of photoperiod and melatonin on reproduction in dairy cattle and discusses the clinical applications of melatonin.
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Santos, Jadson Pinheiro, Simone de Jesus Melo Almeida, Claryce Cunha Costa, Erick Cristofore Guimarães, Erivânia Gomes Teixeira y Raimunda Nonata Fortes Carvalho-Neta. "Reproductive aspects of freshwater fishes exposed to pesticide-contamined environments: A systematic review". Revista Brasileira de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade 8, n.º 19 (2021): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21438/rbgas(2021)081935.
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Fish are the predominant group of vertebrates in aquatic environments, and they are directly affected by the presence of contaminants in water bodies, which undergo changes in the structure and function of communities and dynamics of the populations. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of studies that analyze the reproductive aspects of freshwater teleosts in environments contaminated by pesticides. A systematic search for scientific articles was carried out from 2000 to 2019 using the "Web of Science" database, using the descriptors "fish reproduction", "contamination", "toxicology", "ecotoxicity" and "biomonitoring", combined with the use of boolean operators "AND" and "OR". The content analysis was performed based on the titles and the summary, with a first screening. Then, 98 articles were read in full, with 40 being selected. 24 species of fish were recorded, with a predominance of Danio rerio (17.5%). Insecticides were present in 78% of the studies, mainly Endosulfan (35%) and Cypermethrin (13%). Reproductive endocrine disorders were the most reported pathways of action (57.5%). The effects of pesticides on the reproduction of freshwater teleosts are evident, requiring studies on structural changes in gonads and a decrease in the quality of gametes.
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Whitlock, BK, JA Daniel, RR Wilborn, TH Elsasser, JA Carroll y JL Sartin. "Comparative Aspects of the Endotoxin- and Cytokine-Induced Endocrine Cascade Influencing Neuroendocrine Control of Growth and Reproduction in Farm Animals". Reproduction in Domestic Animals 43 (julio de 2008): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01180.x.
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Meier, Ursula y Axel M. Gressner. "Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism: Review of Pathobiochemical and Clinical Chemical Aspects of Leptin, Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and Resistin". Clinical Chemistry 50, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2004): 1511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.032482.
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Abstract Background: Recent studies point to the adipose tissue as a highly active endocrine organ secreting a range of hormones. Leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin are considered to take part in the regulation of energy metabolism. Approach: This review summarizes recent knowledge on leptin and its receptor and on ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin, and emphasizes their roles in pathobiochemistry and clinical chemistry. Content: Leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are produced by the adipose tissue. The protein leptin, a satiety hormone, regulates appetite and energy balance of the body. Adiponectin could suppress the development of atherosclerosis and liver fibrosis and might play a role as an antiinflammatory hormone. Increased resistin concentrations might cause insulin resistance and thus could link obesity with type II diabetes. Ghrelin is produced in the stomach. In addition to its role in long-term regulation of energy metabolism, it is involved in the short-term regulation of feeding. These hormones have important roles in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, reproduction, cardiovascular function, and immunity. They directly influence other organ systems, including the brain, liver, and skeletal muscle, and are significantly regulated by nutritional status. This newly discovered secretory function has extended the biological relevance of adipose tissue, which is no longer considered as only an energy storage site. Summary: The functional roles, structures, synthesis, analytical aspects, and clinical significance of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and resistin are summarized.
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Rojas, Joselyn, Mervin Chávez-Castillo, Luis Carlos Olivar, María Calvo, José Mejías, Milagros Rojas, Jessenia Morillo y Valmore Bermúdez. "Physiologic Course of Female Reproductive Function: A Molecular Look into the Prologue of Life". Journal of Pregnancy 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/715735.
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The genetic, endocrine, and metabolic mechanisms underlying female reproduction are numerous and sophisticated, displaying complex functional evolution throughout a woman’s lifetime. This vital course may be systematized in three subsequent stages: prenatal development of ovaries and germ cells up untilin uteroarrest of follicular growth and the ensuing interim suspension of gonadal function; onset of reproductive maturity through puberty, with reinitiation of both gonadal and adrenal activity; and adult functionality of the ovarian cycle which permits ovulation, a key event in female fertility, and dictates concurrent modifications in the endometrium and other ovarian hormone-sensitive tissues. Indeed, the ultimate goal of this physiologic progression is to achieve ovulation and offer an adequate environment for the installation of gestation, the consummation of female fertility. Strict regulation of these processes is important, as disruptions at any point in this evolution may equate a myriad of endocrine-metabolic disturbances for women and adverse consequences on offspring both during pregnancy and postpartum. This review offers a summary of pivotal aspects concerning the physiologic course of female reproductive function.
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Comninos, Alexander N. y Waljit S. Dhillo. "Emerging Roles of Kisspeptin in Sexual and Emotional Brain Processing". Neuroendocrinology 106, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2017): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000481137.
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The emergence of kisspeptin as a crucial regulator of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis over the last 14 years has answered many questions as to the control of reproductive hormone secretion from the hypothalamus. More recently, the role of kisspeptin outside the HPG axis has received increasing attention in the hope of delineating the pathways linking various sensory and social behaviours to reproduction. These studies, in a range of species from zebrafish to humans, have identified a role for kisspeptin in behavioural networks related to reproduction including olfaction, audition, fear, anxiety, mood, and sexual arousal. The available evidence suggests that extrahypothalamic kisspeptin signalling encourages positive aspects of emotional and sexual brain processing in a presumed drive towards reproduction and ultimately maintenance of the species at a population level. In this review, we examine these studies, which collectively propose that kisspeptin may integrate sexual and emotional brain processing with the control of the HPG axis.
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Zoltán, Kun Imre, Kun Ildikó y Kolcsár Melinda. "Current aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome I: definition, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and complications". Bulletin of Medical Sciences 91, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2018): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2018-0011.
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Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrine disease among women with childbearing potential, the best-known cause of hirsutism, with a hypothesized prevalence of 8-22%. The first part of the paper discusses the conceptional evolution of the syndrome, from its description in 1935 by Stein and Leventhal till today. It describes the changes in the criteria systems, emphasizing that the Rotterdam criteria, proposed in 2003 by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine, are still valid today. This system basically differs from earlier (1990) NIH-criteria in one aspect: it introduced two newer phenotypes, one without hyperandrogenism and the other with ovulatory cycles, so it distinguishes 4 phenotypes. The etiology and pathogenesis of PCOS is heterogeneous, multifactorial, poorly understood. We present the 3 leading hypotheses (1 - hypothalamo-hypophyseal disturbances, 2 – primary enzyme disorders in ovarian, or ovarian/adrenal steroidogenesis, resulting primarily in hyperactivity of 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, 3 – insulin resistance-hyperinsulinism and other metabolic dysfunctions). We emphasize the role of genetically determined hyperandrogenism, that of insulin resistance-hyperinsulinism and the importance of reinforcing each other. Subsequently, the aggravating aspects of the frequently associated metabolic syndrome are discussed, and then the effects of the mentioned pathological processes on the endocrine and other organ structures participating in the regulation of sexual functions. We stress the hypothetical role of perinatal and pubertal androgen exposition in the pathogenesis of PCOS. The mechanisms of anovulation and those of the endometrial lesions are discussed, too. The clinical manifestations, the paraclinical and laboratory examinations, the positive and differential diagnosis and the complications are also presented. We intend to deal with the therapeutic aspects of PCOS in an upcoming paper.
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Fernandez-Novo, Aitor, Sonia S. Pérez-Garnelo, Arantxa Villagrá, Natividad Pérez-Villalobos y Susana Astiz. "The Effect of Stress on Reproduction and Reproductive Technologies in Beef Cattle—A Review". Animals 10, n.º 11 (11 de noviembre de 2020): 2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112096.
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Researchers have contributed by increasing our understanding of the factors affecting reproduction in beef, mainly physical health and nutrition aspects, which have been main concerns during decades. Animal welfare is of outmost relevance in all animal production systems and it is strongly associated to stress. Stress responses involve endocrine, paracrine and neural systems and the consequences of this stress on the reproductive efficiency of specifically, beef cattle and bulls, need to be highlighted. We, therefore, describe the fundamentals of stress and its quantification, focusing in beef herds, reviewing the highly valuable pieces of research, already implemented in this field. We examine major factors (stressors) contributing to stress in beef cattle and their effects on the animals, their reproductive performance and the success of reproductive biotechnologies. We include terms such as acclimatization, acclimation or temperament, very relevant in beef systems. We examine specifically the management stress due to handling, social environment and hierarchy or weaning effects; nutritional stress; and thermal stress (not only heat stress) and also review the influence of these stressors on reproductive performance and effectiveness of reproductive biotechnologies in beef herds. A final message on the attention that should be devoted to these factors is highlighted.
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Handgraaf, Sandra y Jacques Philippe. "The Role of Sexual Hormones on the Enteroinsular Axis". Endocrine Reviews 40, n.º 4 (10 de mayo de 2019): 1152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2019-00004.
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AbstractSex steroid estrogens, androgens, and progesterone, produced by the gonads, which have long been considered as endocrine glands, are implicated in sexual differentiation, puberty, and reproduction. However, the impact of sex hormones goes beyond these effects through their role on energy metabolism. Indeed, sex hormones are important physiological regulators of glucose homeostasis and, in particular, of the enteroinsular axis. In this review, we describe the roles of estrogens, androgens, and progesterone on glucose homeostasis through their effects on pancreatic α- and β-cells, as well as on enteroendocrine L-cells, and their implications in hormonal biosynthesis and secretion. The analysis of their mechanisms of action with the dissection of the receptors implicated in the several protective effects could provide some new aspects of the fine-tuning of hormonal secretion under the influence of the sex. This knowledge paves the way to the understanding of transgender physiology and new potential therapeutics in the field of type 2 diabetes.
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van der Veen, Daan R., Sjaak J. Riede, Paul D. Heideman, Michaela Hau, Vincent van der Vinne y Roelof A. Hut. "Flexible clock systems: adjusting the temporal programme". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, n.º 1734 (9 de octubre de 2017): 20160254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0254.
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Under natural conditions, many aspects of the abiotic and biotic environment vary with time of day, season or even era, while these conditions are typically kept constant in laboratory settings. The timing information contained within the environment serves as critical timing cues for the internal biological timing system, but how this system drives daily rhythms in behaviour and physiology may also depend on the internal state of the animal. The disparity between timing of these cues in natural and laboratory conditions can result in substantial differences in the scheduling of behaviour and physiology under these conditions. In nature, temporal coordination of biological processes is critical to maximize fitness because they optimize the balance between reproduction, foraging and predation risk. Here we focus on the role of peripheral circadian clocks, and the rhythms that they drive, in enabling adaptive phenotypes. We discuss how reproduction, endocrine activity and metabolism interact with peripheral clocks, and outline the complex phenotypes arising from changes in this system. We conclude that peripheral timing is critical to adaptive plasticity of circadian organization in the field, and that we must abandon standard laboratory conditions to understand the mechanisms that underlie this plasticity which maximizes fitness under natural conditions. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals’.
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Giommi, Christian, Hamid R. Habibi, Michela Candelma, Oliana Carnevali y Francesca Maradonna. "Probiotic Administration Mitigates Bisphenol A Reproductive Toxicity in Zebrafish". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 17 (27 de agosto de 2021): 9314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179314.
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Although the use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been banned in a number of countries, its presence in the environment still creates health issues both for humans and wildlife. So far, BPA toxicity has been largely investigated on different biological processes, from reproduction to development, immune system, and metabolism. In zebrafish, Danio rerio, previous studies revealed the ability of environmentally relevant concentrations of this contaminant to significantly impair fertility via epigenetic modification. In addition, several studies demonstrated the ability of different probiotic strains to improve organism health. This study provides information on the role of the probiotic mixture SLAb51 to counteract adverse BPA effects on reproduction. A 28-day trial was set up with different experimental groups: BPA, exposed to 10 µg/L BPA; P, receiving a dietary supplementation of SLAb51 at a final concentration of 109 CFU/g; BPA+P exposed to 10 µg/L BPA and receiving SLAb51 at a final concentration of 109 CFU/g and a C group. Since oocyte growth and maturation represent key aspects for fertility in females, studies were performed on isolated class III (vitellogenic) and IV (in maturation) follicles and liver, with emphasis on the modulation of the different vitellogenin isoforms. In males, key signals regulating spermatogenesis were investigated. Results demonstrated that in fish exposed to the combination of BPA and probiotic, most of the transcripts were closer to C or P levels, supporting the hypothesis of SLAb51 to antagonize BPA toxicity. This study represents the first evidence related to the use of SLAb51 to improve reproduction and open new fields of investigation regarding its use to reduce endocrine disrupting compound impacts on health.
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CARVER, F. J. y H. HURD. "The effect of metacestodes of Hymenolepis diminuta on the bean-shaped accessory glands in male Tenebrio molitor". Parasitology 116, n.º 2 (febrero de 1998): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097002126.
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Metacestodes of Hymenolepis diminuta affect several aspects of female reproductive physiology in Tenebrio molitor and such effects are mediated via the endocrine system. The effects on male reproduction are less well known and were studied with respect to the Bean-Shaped Accessory Glands (BAGs). The size and wet and dry weight of BAGs from infected and uninfected beetles were compared and rose to a plateau from 0–6 days post-emergence in uninfected beetles but in infected individuals continued to increase in both size and weight. These effects were density independent. Glands from both infected and uninfected beetles were assayed for trehalase activity measured by its ability to convert the sugar trehalose to glucose. The activity of this enzyme, per mg wet weight, was not affected by the parasite. However, total activity per gland increased in infected males. Total protein content and electrophoretic profiles of BAGs from infected and uninfected individuals showed no change in profile but showed an increase in all protein subunits per gland over a broad molecular weight range.
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Mills, Edouard G. A., Kevin T. O'Byrne y Alexander N. Comninos. "Kisspeptin as a Behavioral Hormone". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 37, n.º 02 (marzo de 2019): 056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400239.
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AbstractSuccessful reproduction is dependent not only on hormonal endocrine responses but also on suitable partner selection, copulatory acts, as well as associated emotional, behavioral, and cognitive processes many of which are supported by the limbic system. The reproductive hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/kiss1 gene) is now recognized as the key orchestrator of the reproductive axis. In addition to the hypothalamus, prominent kisspeptin neuronal populations have been identified throughout limbic and paralimbic brain regions across an assortment of species. In this review, we detail the emerging roles of kisspeptin signaling in the broader aspects of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive control. Recent studies from zebrafish through humans have provided new molecular and neural insights into the complex role of kisspeptin in interpreting olfactory and auditory cues to govern sexual partner preference, in regulating copulatory behaviors and in influencing mood and emotions. Furthermore, emerging roles for kisspeptin in facilitating memory and learning are also discussed. To this end, these findings shed new light onto the importance of kisspeptin signaling, while informing the pharmacological development of kisspeptin as a potential therapeutic strategy for individuals suffering from associated reproductive, emotional, and cognitive disorders.
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Seshagiri, Polani B. y Venkatappa Vani. "Research on early mammalian development in India". International Journal of Developmental Biology 64, n.º 1-2-3 (2020): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190189ps.
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Historically, research in India on early mammalian development had only begun, rather modestly, in the last century, unlike the USA and UK. In India, initial studies were on gonadal and reproductive tissue development and function and they were limited to anatomical and histological characterization. This was followed by research on fertility regulation and contraception. Since the 1960s, a major initiative took place regarding endocrine biochemistry and the use of antifertility agents in inhibiting gonadal function and early development. Post-independence, the Indian government´s funding support enabled universities and institutions to embark on various research disciplines in biology but with no particular emphasis on developmental biology per se. Subsequently, India made significant progress in the area of mammalian reproduction and development, but not specifically in the core aspects of developmental biology. Reasons for this could be due to the nation’s compulsion to invest and embark on socio-economic and infrastructure development and on research involving family planning methods for reversible-affordable contraceptives to curtail population growth. With regard to the latter, biologists were involved in hormone-based contraception research. During this pursuit, insights were achieved into basic aspects of the development of gonads, gametes and embryos. Notwithstanding this, in the post-1980s through to the present time, Indian scientists have contributed to (i) the understanding of the cellular and molecular regulation of early development, (ii) developing genetically modified mouse models, (iii) using assisted reproductive technologies, generating mammalian progeny, including humans and (iv) deriving pluripotent stem cell lines for developmental studies. This article provides a perspective on the past and current status of early mammalian development research in India.
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Vorobev, Sergey Vladimirovich. "Features of diagnostic cognitive impairment for faces of genesial age". Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 61, n.º 4 (15 de septiembre de 2012): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd61440-44.
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The diseases accompanying with development cognitive of a dysfunction, represent a major medical and social problem. It is conditioned on the one hand by high abundance of the given kind of a pathology, and on the other hand by considerable costs of treatment and after treatment ill. There is enough often cognitive of disturbance meet for young faces. The development of disturbance of maximum crustal functions is in this case conditioned by contagions, endocrine disturbance, craniocerebral traumas and series of other morbid conditions. Overseen at cognitive disturbance the personal and behavioral disturbance are capable to render negative influencing on a genesial function, pregnancy and its outcomes. Large percent cognitive of disturbance overseen for young, falls into to the so-called potentially reversible forms, that allows to hope for a favorable outcome of management of such patients at the correctly planned therapy and tactics of an after treatment. One of key aspects is the valuable well-timed diagnostic cognitive of disturbance. Now in diagnostic looking up the considerable role is allocated to methods functional neuroimaging. One of such methods is functional magnetic-resonant tomography. The research, conducted by us, has allowed to determine specific zones, accountable for implementation of visual storage and reproduction. The obtained data can be utilised in complex diagnostic cognitive of disturbance, in particular on up to dementia of stage for faces of genesial age
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Krzystyniak, Krzysztof L., M. Obiedziński, H. Kalota y A. Marszałek. "Restriction on human exposure to xenobiotics: theory and practice". Health Promotion & Physical Activity 2, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2017): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7722.
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Exposure to environmental xenobiotics, which influence the everyday life of all humans in our times, has become a subject of intensive analysis by scientists, authorities of environmental hazards, state authorities and authors of legislation. Toxicological risk assessment of chemicals in contaminated food and water as well as polluted air is expressed in basic ‘toxic units’. A broad-scale human biomonitoring (HBM) for environmental toxicants is the strategy of a cause-effect analysis of chemical exposure to environmental xenobiotics. HBM demonstrates the relationships between exposure to xenobiotics and the following health disorders: obesity, impaired reproduction, type 1 diabetes (T1D), autism, cancers and other diseases in the society. Developing effective toxicological tools and legislative standards is expected to help in eliminating endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs), which cause infertility. The exceptional category of xenobiotics, which highly influences human health, and is treated as a priority problem to be controlled in the European Union, form genotoxic carcinogens. According to a current assessment, hundreds of chemical xenobiotics and their metabolites, in the minimum detectable quantity, mostly all of anthropogenic origin, can be found in the organisms of inhabitants in western countries. Despite the permanent presence of xenobiotics in human environment, it is worth taking into consideration practical methods to limit and avoid contacts with environmental chemicals. It concerns the provision of water and air filters, the thermal processing of food, the selection of food products, and other aspects of everyday life.
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Mancini, Vanessa y Virginia Pensabene. "Organs-On-Chip Models of the Female Reproductive System". Bioengineering 6, n.º 4 (7 de noviembre de 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering6040103.
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Microfluidic-based technology attracts great interest in cell biology and medicine, in virtue of the ability to better mimic the in vivo cell microenvironment compared to conventional macroscale cell culture platforms. Recent Organs-on-chip (OoC) models allow to reproduce in vitro tissue and organ-level functions of living organs and systems. These models have been applied for the study of specific functions of the female reproductive tract, which is composed of several organs interconnected through intricate endocrine pathways and communication mechanisms. To date, a disease and toxicology study of this system has been difficult to perform. Thus, there is a compelling need to develop innovative platforms for the generation of disease model and for performing drug toxicity/screening in vitro studies. This review is focused on the analysis of recently published OoC models that recreate pathological and physiological characteristics of the female reproductive organs and tissues. These models aim to be used to assess changes in metabolic activity of the specific cell types and the effect of exposure to hormonal treatment or chemical substances on some aspects of reproduction and fertility. We examined these models in terms of device specifications, operating procedures, accuracy for studying the biochemical and functional activity of living tissues and the paracrine signalling that occurs within the different tissues. These models represent a powerful tool for understanding important diseases and syndromes affecting women all around the world. Immediate adoption of these models will allow to clarify diseases, causes and adverse events occurring during pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia, infertility or preterm birth, endometriosis and infertility.
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Ishimaru, Yoshiyasu, Sayuri Tomonari, Yuji Matsuoka, Takahito Watanabe, Katsuyuki Miyawaki, Tetsuya Bando, Kenji Tomioka, Hideyo Ohuchi, Sumihare Noji y Taro Mito. "TGF-β signaling in insects regulates metamorphosis via juvenile hormone biosynthesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n.º 20 (2 de mayo de 2016): 5634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600612113.
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Although butterflies undergo a dramatic morphological transformation from larva to adult via a pupal stage (holometamorphosis), crickets undergo a metamorphosis from nymph to adult without formation of a pupa (hemimetamorphosis). Despite these differences, both processes are regulated by common mechanisms that involve 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH). JH regulates many aspects of insect physiology, such as development, reproduction, diapause, and metamorphosis. Consequently, strict regulation of JH levels is crucial throughout an insect’s life cycle. However, it remains unclear how JH synthesis is regulated. Here, we report that in the corpora allata of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, Myoglianin (Gb’Myo), a homolog of Drosophila Myoglianin/vertebrate GDF8/11, is involved in the down-regulation of JH production by suppressing the expression of a gene encoding JH acid O-methyltransferase, Gb’jhamt. In contrast, JH production is up-regulated by Decapentaplegic (Gb’Dpp) and Glass-bottom boat/60A (Gb’Gbb) signaling that occurs as part of the transcriptional activation of Gb’jhamt. Gb’Myo defines the nature of each developmental transition by regulating JH titer and the interactions between JH and 20E. When Gb’myo expression is suppressed, the activation of Gb’jhamt expression and secretion of 20E induce molting, thereby leading to the next instar before the last nymphal instar. Conversely, high Gb’myo expression induces metamorphosis during the last nymphal instar through the cessation of JH synthesis. Gb’myo also regulates final insect size. Because Myo/GDF8/11 and Dpp/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2/4-Gbb/BMP5–8 are conserved in both invertebrates and vertebrates, the present findings provide common regulatory mechanisms for endocrine control of animal development.
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Valentim, Jean Kaique, Janaína Palermo Mendes, Bruna Barreto Przybulinski, Felipe Cardoso Serpa, Deivid Kelly Barbosa, Vivian Aparecida Rios Castilho y Rita Therezinha Rolim Pietramale. "Fatores Nutricionais Aplicados à Reprodução de Ruminantes". UNICIÊNCIAS 23, n.º 2 (4 de diciembre de 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2019v23n2p77-82.
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Os animais de produção estão sendo modificados através de um intenso melhoramento genético, buscando intensificar seu desempenho para atender a demanda mundial em quesitos de alimentação. Essa maximização de desempenho demanda um acréscimo nutricional, e este por sua vez pode afetar as funções reprodutivas. Vários estudos mostram que a reprodução pode ser comprometida se as necessidades nutricionais dos animais não forem atendidas. Esta demanda nutricional afeta diretamente a função dos órgãos reprodutivos e o funcionamento do sistema endócrino, podendo interferir na taxa de fertilidade destes animais. A nutrição tem influência na fertilidade, diretamente por meio do fornecimento de nutrientes específicos, que são necessários para os processos de desenvolvimento do folículo, de ovulação, de maturação oocitária, de fertilização, de sobrevivência embrionária e o estabelecimento da gestação e, indiretamente, atuando sobre as concentrações circulantes dos hormônios e outros metabólitos sensíveis aos nutrientes que são requeridos para o sucesso destes processos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é obter uma revisão de literatura atualizada sobre o contexto recente da influência de fatores nutricionais sobre os aspectos reprodutivos de animais ruminantes. Palavras-chave: Nutrição. Metabolismo. Fertilidade. Ruminantes. AbstractThe farm animals are being modified through an intensive genetic improvement seeking to increase their performance to meet the global demand on power issues. This performance maximization demands an extra nutritional and this in turn can affect the reproductive functions. Several studies show that the reproduction can be compromised if the animal’s nutritional needs are met. This nutritional demand directly affects the function of the reproductive organs and the functioning of the endocrine system and may interfere with fertility rate of these animals. Nutrition affects fertility, directly through the provision of specific nutrients that are required for the processes of development of follicle maturation, ovulation, oocyte , fertilization, embryo survival and the establishment of pregnancy; and, indirectly, acting on circulating concentrations of hormones and other metabolites sensitive to nutrients that are required for the success of these processes. The goal of this work was to obtain an updated literature review with recent studies related to nutritional aspects involved in the ruminant animals reproduction. Keywords: Nutrition. Metabolism. Fertility. Ruminants.
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Bouillon, Roger, Claudio Marcocci, Geert Carmeliet, Daniel Bikle, John H. White, Bess Dawson-Hughes, Paul Lips et al. "Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions". Endocrine Reviews 40, n.º 4 (12 de octubre de 2018): 1109–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00126.
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AbstractThe etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1,25(OH)2D, the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The effects of the vitamin D endocrine system on bone and its growth plate are primarily indirect and mediated by its effect on intestinal calcium transport and serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Rickets and osteomalacia can be prevented by daily supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L) accelerates bone turnover, bone loss, and osteoporotic fractures. These risks can be reduced by 800 IU of vitamin D together with an appropriate calcium intake, given to institutionalized or vitamin D–deficient elderly subjects. VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are widely expressed. Numerous genetic, molecular, cellular, and animal studies strongly suggest that vitamin D signaling has many extraskeletal effects. These include regulation of cell proliferation, immune and muscle function, skin differentiation, and reproduction, as well as vascular and metabolic properties. From observational studies in human subjects, poor vitamin D status is associated with nearly all diseases predicted by these extraskeletal actions. Results of randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies are supportive of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the incidence of some diseases, but, globally, conclusions are mixed. These findings point to a need for continued ongoing and future basic and clinical studies to better define whether vitamin D status can be optimized to improve many aspects of human health. Vitamin D deficiency enhances the risk of osteoporotic fractures and is associated with many diseases. We review what is established and what is plausible regarding the health effects of vitamin D.
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Weghofer, Andrea, Eric Himaya, Vitaly A. Kushnir, David H. Barad, Emanuela Lazzaroni-Tealdi, Yao Yu, Yan-Guang Wu y Norbert Gleicher. "Some aspects of interactivity between endocrine and immune systems required for successful reproduction". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 13, n.º 1 (11 de abril de 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0020-5.
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HAMPL, R. y L. STÁRKA. "Endocrine Disruptors and Gut Microbiome Interactions". Physiological Research, 30 de septiembre de 2020, S211—S223. http://dx.doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.934513.
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Anthropogenic environmental pollutants affect many physiological, biochemical, and endocrine actions as reproduction, metabolism, immunity, behavior and as such can interfere with any aspect of hormone action. Microbiota and their genes, microbiome, a large body of microorganisms, first of all bacteria and co-existing in the host´s gut, are now believed to be autonomous endocrine organ, participating at overall endocrine, neuroendocrine and immunoendocrine regulations. While an extensive literature is available on the physiological and pathological aspects of both players, information about their mutual relationships is scarce. In the review we attempted to show various examples where both, endocrine disruptors and microbiota are meeting and can act cooperatively or in opposition and to show the mechanism, if known, staying behind these actions.
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Sengupta, Pallav, Sulagna Dutta, Ivan Rolland Karkada, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe y Suresh V. Chinni. "Irisin, Energy Homeostasis and Male Reproduction". Frontiers in Physiology 12 (21 de septiembre de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.746049.
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Irisin is a novel skeletal muscle- and adipose tissue-secreted peptide. It is conventionally regarded as an adipomyokine and is a cleaved fragment of Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5). It is involved in the browning of white adipose tissue, glucose tolerance, and reversing of metabolic disruptions. Fertility is closely linked to energy metabolism and the endocrine function of the adipose tissue. Moreover, there is established association between obesity and male infertility. Irisin bears strong therapeutic promise in obesity and its associated disorders, as well as shown to improve male reproductive functions. Thus, irisin is a molecule of great interest in exploring the amelioration of metabolic syndrome or obesity-induced male infertility. In this review we aim to enumerate the most significant aspects of irisin actions and discuss its involvement in energy homeostasis and male reproduction. Though current and future research on irisin is very promiscuous, a number of clarifications are still needed to reveal its full potential as a significant medicinal target in several human diseases including male infertility.
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"The Role of Melatonin in Ewes Reproduction: a Review". Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences 12, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.37940/ajvs.2019.12.2.15.
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This review was assigned to illustrate the melatonin (MLT) effect on reproduction in sheep (ewes). However, the pathway by which MLT charge the seasonal reproduction are imperfectly understood in sheep, the researchers consents that MLT regulates reproduction under influence of day length (photoperiod) to guarantee that birth happen in appropriate date of the year, it’s called neuro-endocrine process. This mechanism mediates by the pineal hormone (MLT). The major role of MLT in ewes is to translate the photo signals into endocrine pulses (gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion) at the end of the retino-pineal pathway. In sheep, the MLT receptors distributed in premammillary hypothalamus (PMH), pituitary gland and Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), therefore, many brain loci are participating for MLT pathways to modify the seasonal reproduction. Melatonin stimulates GnRH secretion through effect in different regions and neurons in hypothalamus such as a pre-mammillary nucleus, Arcuate and several factors like kisspeptin, RF-amide related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) and Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH). In addition, its indirectly control prolactin (PRL) output via an effect on Tuberalin release, which is mediate the mechanism of MLT activity on pituitary PRL secretion and regulate his seasonal cyclicity. The alter in day length is the principle ecological factor that control the breeding in seasonal domestic animals. Several reproductive activities are related to short days and begin during autumn when the day becomes short and a decline in temperature (short-day breeder). While expanding in the duration of light lead to a cessation in reproduction activities during late winter and early spring. In conclusion, according to the major physiological role of MLT, it can be used in different aspects in ewes reproduction industry such as induce oestrus, increment the ovulation rate and In vitro embryo production.
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Ruberto, Stefano, Daniele Buono y Alfredo Santovito. "Polychaetes as bioindicators of environmental pollution: Impact of bisphenol A on the reproduction rate of Ophryotrocha diadema (Åkesson, 1976) (Eunicida: Dorvilleidae)". Zoology and Ecology, 10 de septiembre de 2021, 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2021.1.10.
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Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most used additives in the production of many plastic products and may be released into the environment by commonly used products, such as food containers and polycarbonate bottles. BPA is recognized as an endocrine disruptor able to produce adverse effects on the reproduction system of benthonic and pelagic species. Polychaetes of the genus Ophryotrocha are small worms living amongst the interstitial fauna in nutrient-rich and polluted habitats. Owing to easy rearing in the laboratory and short generation times, this species is a useful model organism for studying different biological aspects. This study describes the effects of different BPA concentrations on egg production in Ophryotrocha diadema. We tested six different concentrations of BPA in a 5-week experiment. Strong negative correlation between BPA concentrations and the number of eggs produced was found. The t-test revealed a significant reduction in egg production after exposure to BPA concentrations over 1461.1 μg/L. The latter concentration value is higher than that observed in the marine environment, although for many species of crustaceans, echinoderms and isopods, the impairment of reproductive function was observed even at much lower BPA concentrations.
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"James Munro Dodd, 26 May 1915 - 15 December 1986". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 37 (noviembre de 1991): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1991.0007.
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James Munro Dodd, Emeritus Professor of Zoology at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, died at the of age 71 on 15 December 1986, of bone cancer while in hospital in Bangor. He was a pioneer comparative endocrinologist; one of that small group which, in the 1950s, established comparative endocrinology as a recognizable discipline within zoology, and the U.K. as the leading country in which the subject was researched. In subsequent years James (widely known as Jimmie) Dodd’s studies ranged from the cyclostomes, through the elasmobranch and teleost fishes, to the amphibians, but there was always a unifying theme; the evolution of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. His enthusiastic espousal of this field, and his contributions to it, were major factors in giving a structure to comparative endocrinology and in attracting many younger physiologists to it. James Dodd’s broad interests within, and extensive knowledge of, comparative endocrinology, together with his command of language, meant that he was often asked to write reviews on various aspects of the subject. This he did superbly, and through these reviews, which can be viewed as one of his greatest contributions, he promulgated his truly comparative approach. Some of them were confined to specific aspects within comparative endocrinology, such as reproduction in fish (18, 52, 69, 72)*, the pituitary-thyroid axis (26, 27, 28), endocrine control of the gonads (38, 44, 46, 54), hypothalamo-pituitary relations (22, 30, 43, 71) and amphibian metamorphosis (53), whereas others were more wide ranging (9, 16, 17, 29, 73). Many of these reviews contained much previously unpublished material from his own research and they therefore served not only as a thorough review of the literature, but also as a source of new information (much of which is refered to subsequently, in the appropriate sections). Some of these reviews (especially 16, 18, 28, 43, 53) have been frequently cited, showing clearly their considerable impact on the field; even more of an achievement when one considers that they covered a fairly specialized subject area. * Numbers in this form refer to entries in the bibliography at the end of the text.
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Aulitzky, A. "P–425 Recurrent pregnancy loss: what can we learn from different international guidelines?" Human Reproduction 36, Supplement_1 (1 de julio de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab130.424.
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Abstract Study question To which extent do the current international guidelines and recommendations concerning recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) differ? Summary answer All guidelines apply definitions for RPL, however few diagnostic and therapeutic options are described. Diagnostics should be based on best evidence and current scientific knowledge. What is known already Established risk factors for RPL include anatomical, genetic, endocrine, hemostatic and immune alterations. The European Society of Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), German/Austrian/Swiss Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG) and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG) published guidelines concerning diagnostic and therapeutic options in RPL. Due to the different guideline processes and date of publication actuality as well as complexity differ widely. Study design, size, duration We compared the guidelines of the ESHRE, ASRM, DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG and RCOG with regard to definition, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. The guidelines were published between 2011 and 2018. Structured guideline processes with regular (complete) updates are only provided by the DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG. Participants/materials, setting, methods After thorough literature research (Pubmed, Embase) all existing guidelines and recommendations were analysed and compared considering the current state of knowledge. The RCOG recommendations from 2011 were updated in 2014 and 2017, the ARSM expert letter was last updated in 2012. The ESHRE guideline was published in 2017. The first version of the DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG guideline was published 2006, updated in 2013 and upgraded to a higher evidence-level in 2018 and is currently under review. Main results and the role of chance All guidelines agree that a diagnostic work-up is indicated after at least two clinical pregnancies and should exclude anatomical malformations, an antiphospholipid syndrome and thyroid dysfunction. Furthermore, lifestyle modifications are recommended by all. The general evaluation of an inherited thrombophilia is not recommended by any guideline. Exclusion of other risk factors like parental chromosomal disorders, a polycystic ovary syndrome or insulin resistance are only included in some guidelines, partly due to a lack of diagnostic criteria (luteal phase insufficiency) or due to the different year of publication of the recommendations (e.g. chronic endometritis). All guidelines recommend treating APLS by administering low-dose aspirin (75–100mg daily) in combination with unfractionated/low-molecular-weight heparin. With regard to uterine malformations whether or not a septum should be dissected is still a matter of debate: ESHRE and RCOG consider evidence insufficient, while DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG and ASRM recommend a surgical intervention. In case of chronic endometritis, the DGGG/OEGGG/SGGG recommends antibiotic therapy e.g. with doxycycline (200 mg daily for 14 days). Limitations, reasons for caution Different health economic as well as consensus aspects in the process of guideline development have a significant influence on the individual guidelines and recommendations. Wider implications of the findings: Since personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in RPL patients are required, physicians have to decide when to follow the guideline and when to expand diagnostics and therapy. Therefore, the knowledge of the weaknesses of each guideline and its developmental process is helpful for treating RPL couples. Trial registration number -