Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Morgan Cup"

There are cases that one never forgets. DPP v. Morgan is one of those for me. I read it as an eighteen-year-old in my first year of law school. It was in the criminal law class where we were being taught about rape. The facts left me shocked and outraged. Morgan went out drinking with his friends. At the end of the night, he invited the friends back to his house. He told them that they could have sex with his wife and added that they should not worry if she appeared to resist, because she liked it that way. The friends duly came over and helped themselves to his wife as per his instructions. Morgan also forced her to have sex with him despite her protestations. She experienced injuries which necessitated medical treatment. His friends were convicted of rape, but he was convicted of indecent assault. This seemed strange. Had they all not forced her to have sex with them despite her clearly expressed refusal? Why was he charged with a lesser crime? The reason was simple: he was her husband. Under the law as it then operated in England, there was no recognition of marital rape. Her consent to lifelong sex on demand, even if it was against her will, was taken as part of the contract of marriage. The words “I do” spoken at the time of the marriage, were taken to mean free access for the husband for as long as they both lived, or until the marriage was legally dissolved or a formal separation was in place.

The interaction between rainfall erosivity parameters and splash erosion is crucial for describing the soil erosion process; however, it is rarely investigated under natural rainfall conditions. In this study, we conducted splash erosion experiments under natural rainfall on three sites in Central Europe. The main goal was to obtain the relationship between splash erosion of the bare soil in seedbed condition and commonly used rainfall erosivity parameters (kinetic energy, intensity, and rainfall erosivity (EI30)). All sites were equipped with a rain gauge and an optical laser disdrometer where the splash erosion was measured, with modified Morgan splash cups. In order to investigate which parameter best describes the splash erosion process for all sites, a regression analysis was performed. In total, 80 splash erosion events were evaluated. Splash erosion can be described as a linear function of total kinetic energy and a non-linear function of EI30. However, the use of the total kinetic energy led to underestimation of the splash erosion rates for highly intensive rainfalls. Therefore, better results were obtained when using average rainfall intensity as the splash erosion predictor or the kinetic energy divided by the rainfall duration. Minor differences between the replicates during splash erosion measurements indicate that the modified Morgan splash cup provides a good tool for soil erosion assessment.

For the study of soil erosion it is important to set up the experiments well. In the experimental design one of the key factors is the choice of the measurement device. This is especially important when one part of the erosion process needs to be isolated, such as for splash erosion. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to list the general characteristics of the commonly used splash erosion devices and to discuss the performance, to be able to relate them, and make suggestions regarding their use. The devices we selected for this comparative comparison were: the splash cup, funnel, Morgan tray, Tübingen cup, tower, and the gutter. The devices were tested under the same conditions (rainfall characteristics, slope, and soil type) to assess their hydrological response under different intensities of simulated rainfall. All devices were installed on a sloping plot (10°) with sandy soil, and were exposed to 10 min. of simulated rain with intensities ranging from 60 to 172 mm/h to measure the splashed sediment, and to describe problems and differences among them. The results showed that the Tübingen cup was the best performing device to measure kinetic energy of the rain, but, because of its design, it is not possible to measure the detached splashed sediment under natural (field) conditions. On the other hand, the funnel device showed a significant relation with rain intensity because it loses little sediment to washing. In addition, the device is easy to use and cheap. Therefore, this device is highly recommended to estimated splash erosion. to the good performance measuring the actual splash erosion, because it loses little sediment by washing. The device is also cheap and easy to install and manage.

Nas ciências naturais, modelagem pode ser entendidacomo o abrangente processo de construção, validação, uso erevisão de modelos científicos. Esses, por sua vez, podem serentendidos como representações simplificadas e idealizadasde sistemas, processos e fenômenos da natureza, aceitas poruma comunidade de cientistas. Tal processo é indispensável àconstrução do conhecimento científico, como enfatizam algunsfilósofos da ciência (BUNGE, 1974; PATY, 1995; MORGAN;MORRISON, 1999).

In mid-March, 2008, with substantial government support, JP Morgan Chase agreed to acquire Bear Stearns for $10 per share. Because Bear’s shares traded at $170 a year earlier, the market cap destruction of 94% was devastating to the once venerable investment bank and its investors. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission had also cited as failure the inconsistent treatment by the federal government in helping to bail out Bear Stearns in March, 2008 but letting Lehman Brothers go into bankruptcy in September, 2008. This paper investigates such inconsistencies by comparing and assessing the risk management and corporate governance practices of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers in their March-September, 2008.

Nelson Chamisa is central to the political terrain of contemporary Zimbabwe. Post the soft coup of November 2017 and the death of Morgan Tsvangirai in early 2018, Chamisa became president of the Movement for Democratic Change party and contested the July 2018 presidential election. The tempo of changes in the Movement for Democratic Change presidency is not related directly to the shift from Mugabe to Mnangagwa. However, broader politics formed an important context for Chamisa’s contested claim for the Movement for Democratic Change presidency. In examining Chamisa and the Movement for Democratic Change, the article highlights linkages between personality politics and electoral mobilization, and how this relates to political party institutionalization.

The recent surge in Chinese outbound foreign direct investment in Europe has been met with anxiety often invoking national security concerns. Using the national security framework developed by Moran and Oldenski, we try to ascertain which transactions justify apprehension. Our case study is the acquisition by a subsidiary of wholly state-owned State Grid Corporation of China of a 35% stake in CDP Reti S.p.A. (CDP Reti) that controls Italy’s electricity grid via its subsidiary Terna S.p.A. Although State Grid Corporation of China can nominate two members of CDP Reti’s board of directors, we find that there is no direct threat to national security. We then tackle the geopolitical dimension of investments in electricity grids. Using the ‘thought experiment’ developed by Scholten and Bosman, the contribution we make is that, in a world where the importance of renewable energy increases, a framing power rather than control over the strategic development of a country’s grid is sufficient to exert geopolitical power. Since State Grid Corporation of China’s exponents on CDP Reti’s board can at least partly influence the company’s investment decisions, we conclude that the transaction grants China geopolitical influence over Italy’s grid. Furthermore, in the future this type of geopolitical influence could also lead to indirect security concerns. The interconnection of European electricity flows extends this conclusion to the EU’s electricity grid as a whole.

Purpose This study aims to compare the different effects of the 2008 economic crisis on companies’ corporate social performance (CSP) in coordinated market economies (CMEs) and liberal market economies (LMEs). Design/methodology/approach This paper mobilizes a pluralistic theoretical framework that borrows from neo-institutional and corporate governance theories to compare the impacts of the 2008 economic crisis on long-term CSP in an international context. Based on the longitudinal database of Vigeo Eiris (2004–2015), the panel was decomposed between two models of capitalism (LME and CME). For each model, this paper conducted a series of regressions, taking into account the longitudinal nature of the data using estimates based on generalized estimating equations (Liang and Zeger, 1986). Findings The paper shows that the economic crisis prompted companies operating in LMEs and CMEs to reorient their corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in quite different ways during the four-year period that the crisis lasted, as well as the succeeding four-year post-crisis period. While CSR was perceived in LMEs as a threat during the crisis period because of the additional costs it generated, it offered CME companies a way of redefining how they relate to the rest of society, with their goal becoming the creation of greater shared value. Research limitations/implications The results are dependent from the data, and specifically from the Vigeo Eiris database. It would be interesting to extrapol this kind of research with the use of other CSP/environmental, social and governance (ESG) databases as Morgan Stanley Capital International, Sustainalytics or RepRisk, to compare and conclude more globally on tendencies. Another limitation relates to the binary nature of Hall and Soskice’s (2001) typology, with its neo-institutionalist inspiration, that puts Continental European and social-democratic models of capitalism on the same plane. Practical implications This study teaches managers, analysts and policymakers that CSR can be a powerful strategic lever capable of remedying the harmful effects that economic crises have in both LMEs and CMEs, notwithstanding the cultural, socio-economic and political differences between these models of capitalism. Economic and social crises must help companies to rethink and revisit their business models and CSR practices to subsequently implement sustainability strategies more in sync with the values forced upon them by the economic systems to which they belonged but also by all their stakeholders. Social implications From a managerial standpoint, this study allows practitioners to consider CSR as an opportunity to rethink their strategy and business models in a period of crisis, and no more a threat that could reduce the economic performance in increasing the costs, and thus, the cost of financing. Originality/value After reading the literature on the topic, this paper clearly thinks about the high degree of contribution of the paper, as the topic is not so developed and that the study implies several contributions. First, from a theoretical level, the study differs from previous research studies insofar as it compares the impacts of the economic crisis on companies’ CSP in CMEs and LMEs using a theoretical framework that operationalizes both contractual and neo-institutional theories. Second, from a methodological standpoint, the approach using an ESG data provider known worldwide (Vigeo Eiris) has not been down yet. Third, on a managerial level, the present study teaches managers, analysts and policymakers that CSR can be a powerful strategic lever capable of remedying the harmful effects that economic crises have in both LMEs and CMEs, notwithstanding the cultural, socio-economic and political differences between these models of capitalism.

Abstract Morgan, M. J., Garabana, D., Rideout, R. M., Román, E., Pérez-Rodriguez, A. and Saborido-Rey, F. 2013. Changes in distribution of Greenland halibut in a varying environment. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 352–361. Fish are expected to respond to changing oceanographic temperature by altering their distribution. Off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, there have been major changes in oceanographic temperature over the last several decades, with both record cold and record warm years being observed. Greenland halibut is an important flatfish species in the area, and is distributed in deep waters over a very wide geographic range. Thus, it might be buffered from temperature change in the overall area by reduced temperature variation at depth, and the diverse temperature conditions over its wide range. We examined intrapopulation variation in temperature and depth distribution, and the biological changes in relation to changes in available temperature. On the Flemish Cap, variation in available temperature was limited, and changes in depth were related to changing age composition and the differential depth distribution with age/size. In other areas there was a larger decline in available temperature, and associated with this, Greenland halibut moved to deeper waters and occupied warmer temperatures than they had previously. Concurrently, growth declined and condition increased. This study shows that shifts in distribution may not result in maintenance of homogeneous environmental conditions, and that resulting biological changes will be difficult to predict.

O presente estudo teve como objetivos conhecer a organização da comunidade e a estruturação filogenética do componente arbóreo de um fragmento de Floresta Nebular em Urubici - SC. Para isso, foram alocadas 25 parcelas de 400 m2, nas quais foi medida a circunferência a altura do peito – CAP, e identificadas todas as árvores com CAP igual ou superior a 15,7 cm. Foram calculados o índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e os descritores fitossociológicos. A síndrome de dispersão de propágulos e a distribuição espacial de cada espécie foram determinadas. A estruturação filogenética foi avaliada por meio dos valores de Mean pairwise distance (MPD) e de Net Relatedness Index (NRI), calculados a partir de uma árvore filogenética construída em função das espécies amostradas, de uma matriz de abundância das espécies por parcelas e 1.000 simulações de uma comunidade organizada filogeneticamente de forma aleatória. A estruturação espacial das métricas filogenéticas foi analisada por meio do Índice I de Moran. Foram amostrados 1.579 indivíduos, pertencentes a 33 espécies, sendo Myrtaceae a família de maior riqueza de espécies. O baixo valor de diversidade (2,43), associado à baixa riqueza na área, é esperado em Florestas Nebulares, cujo ambiente é tipicamente seletivo. A maior representação na floresta foi de Myrceugenia euosma (O.Berg) D.Legrand (VI = 24,51%). A síndrome de dispersão predominante foi a zoocoria (84,85%), seguida pela anemocoria (15,15%), e a distribuição espacial foi predominantemente agregada. A comunidade apresentou variação em relação à estruturação filogenética, sendo que, para a maioria das parcelas, o padrão não diferiu do modelo nulo de completa aleatoriedade.

Ginger is commonly used herb across the world either in a meal or in herbal products. The chemical constituents of ginger possess antioxidants, can modulate apoptosis, inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibit inflammatory reactions. The main aim of this study is to assess the antimicrobial activity of the ginger extracts. For this purpose, ginger rhizome (R), packaged ginger powder (P) and ginger leaves (L) were collected from Urlabari, Morang and Kathmandu, Nepal. The plant materials were first minced (except P) and then extracted using cold extraction technique. For assessing the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains, cup well method was preferred. The percentage yield of extracts R, P, L and ginger rhizome’s juice (J) was 10.79 ± 0.03 %, 9.76 ± 0.16 %, 8.17 ± 0.07 % and 16.8 ± 1.98 % respectively. The extract R were found to susceptible against the pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The extract P were found to susceptible against the pathogens E. coli, S. aureus and MRSA. The methanol extract of L was found to be susceptible to S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and MRSA. All the extracts (R, P, L) were reistant against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All 6 bacterial isolates were resistant against the extract J. The extract shows antimicrobial property only when the extract is concentrated. The ginger leaves also have antimicrobial property. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2019, 5(1): 8-13

OBJECT Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are rare neoplasms, often found in the atrium of the lateral ventricle of infants, and cause overproduction hydrocephalus. The extensive vascularity and medially located blood supply of these tumors, coupled with the young age of the patients, can make prevention of blood loss challenging. Preoperative embolization has been advocated to reduce blood loss and prevent the need for transfusion, but this mandates radiation exposure and the additional risks of vessel injury and stroke. For these reasons, the authors present their experience using the superior parietal lobule approach to CPPs of the atrium without adjunct therapy. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of all children who presented to Columbia University/Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York with a CPP in the atrium of the lateral ventricle and who underwent surgery using a superior parietal lobule approach without preoperative embolization. RESULTS Nine children were included, with a median age of 7 months. There were no perioperative complications or new neurological deficits. All patients had intraoperative blood loss of less than 100 ml, with a mean minimum hematocrit of 26.9% (range 19.6%–36.2%). No patients required a blood transfusion. The median follow-up was 39 months, during which time no patient demonstrated residual or recurrent tumor on MRI, nor did any have an increase in ventricular size or require CSF diversion. CONCLUSIONS The superior parietal lobule approach is safe and effective for very young children with CPPs in the atrium of the lateral ventricle. The results suggest that preoperative embolization is not essential to avoid transfusion or achieve overall good outcomes in these patients. This management strategy avoids radiation exposure and the additional risks associated with embolization.

BackgroundMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a recently identified entity in association with COVID-19. AKI has been widely reported in patients with primary COVID-19 infection. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding renal injury in MIS-C. We aim to characterize AKI in MIS-C in this cohort identified at a major children's hospital in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of children 0–20 years old admitted to Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital (MSCH) between April 18th and September 23rd, 2020. Patients were included if they met criteria for MIS-C on the basis of CDC guidelines. All patients were evaluated for the presence of AKI, and AKI was staged according to KDIGO criteria.ResultsOf the 57 children who met inclusion criteria, 46% (26 of 57) were found to have AKI. The majority of patients (58%; 15 of 26) were classified as KDIGO stage 1. AKI was present upon admission in 70% of those identified. All patients had resolution of AKI at discharge, with 61% achieving recovery by day 2. One patient required dialysis. When compared with those without renal injury, the AKI cohort was older (P<0.001) and had higher median peak values of CRP (P<0.001), IL-6 (P=0.02), ferritin (P<0.001), and procalcitonin (P=0.02). More patients with AKI had left ventricular systolic dysfunction (P<0.001) and lymphopenia (P=0.01) when compared with those without AKI. No differences in body mass index or sex were found.ConclusionsAlthough children with MIS-C may develop AKI, our study suggests that most experience mild disease, swift resolution, and promising outcome. Older age, increased inflammation, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction may be risk factors. Our study highlights the substantial differences in epidemiology and outcomes between AKI associated with pediatric MIS-C versus primary COVID-19 infection.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE REDES NEURAIS ARTIFICIAIS PARA ESTIMATIVA DAS VAZÕES DIÁRIAS NA BACIA DO RIO PIRACICABA5 EDUARDO MORGAN ULIANA1; DEMETRIUS DAVID DA SILVA2; MICHEL CASTRO MOREIRA3; DONIZETE DOS REIS PEREIRA4; SILVIO BUENO PEREIRA2 E FREDERICO TERRA DE ALMEIDA1 1Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais (ICAA), Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, CEP.: 78557-267, Sinop – MT, Brasil, e-mail: morganuliana@ufmt.br, fredterr@gmail.com. 2Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, CEP.: 36570-900, Viçosa – MG, Brasil, e-mail: demetrius.ufv@gmail.com. 3Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Centro das Ciências Exatas e das Tecnologias, Rua Professor José Seabra de Lemos, CEP.: 47808-021, Barreiras – BA, Brasil, e-mail: michelcm@gmail.com. 4Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia LMG 818, km 06, Florestal – MG, Brasil, e-mail: donizete.pereira@ufv.br. 5O artigo é referente ao capítulo 3 da tese de doutorado do primeiro autor. 1 RESUMO As Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) são uma alternativa na modelagem hidrológica para a estimativa das vazões dos cursos de água a partir de dados hidrometeorológicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver Redes Neurais Artificiais para estimar as vazões diárias na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba, Minas Gerais. O estudo foi realizado em três seções de monitoramento de vazão da bacia do rio Piracicaba, localizada no Estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil. No desenvolvimento das RNAs foram realizados a coleta e seleção dos dados; a definição da arquitetura da rede; e o treinamento e validação das redes desenvolvidas. A maior parte das RNAs desenvolvidas apresentou coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe maior que 0,80 o que permitiu classificar os modelos como bons para a estimativa das vazões. Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que as RNAs são adequadas para a estimativa das vazões diárias na bacia do rio Piracicaba e podem ser empregadas na estimativa de eventos extremos e no gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. Palavras-Chave: modelo empírico inteligência artificial, modelagem hidrológica. ULIANA, E. M.; SILVA, D. D.; MOREIRA, M. C.; PEREIRA, D. R.; PEREIRA, S. B.; ALMEIDA, F. T. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR DAILY FLOW ESTIMATES IN THE PIRACICABA RIVER BASIN 2 ABSTRACT Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used alternatively in hydrologic modeling to estimate accurately watercourse flows based on hydrometeorological data. This study developed artificial neural networks to estimate daily flows in Piracicaba river basin, in Minas Gerais state (Brazil). For this, we used three runoff-monitoring sections of the Piracicaba river basin, with an area of 5,304.0 km2, and located in the State of Minas Gerais – Brazil. For designing the ANNs to estimate daily flows, we adopted the following steps: data collection and selection, network architecture definition, training and validation of results. The results showed that ANNs are adequate to estimate daily flows in Piracicaba river basin. Keywords: empirical model, artificial intelligence, hydrologic modeling.

DESEMPENHO DE UM MODELO HIDROLÓGICO CONCENTRADO E DE UM SEMIDISTRIBUÍDO NA PREDIÇÃO DE VAZÕES DIÁRIAS DONIZETE DOS REIS PEREIRA1; EDUARDO MORGAN ULIANA2; MAURO APARECIDO MARTINEZ3 E DEMETRIUS DAVID DA SILVA4 1Prof. do Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, UFV/Campus de Florestal. Rod. LMG 818, km 6. CEP 35690-000 Florestal (MG), Brasil. e-mail: doniagri@yahoo.com.br2Prof. do Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, ICAA/UFMT. Avenida Alexandre Ferronato – 1200, Setor Industrial. CEP 78557-267 Sinop (MT), Brasil. e-mail: morganuliana@gmail.com3Prof. do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, DEA/UFV. Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n. CEP 36570-900 Viçosa (MG), Brasil. e-mail: mmauro@ufv.br4Prof. do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, DEA/UFV. Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n. CEP 36570-900 Viçosa (MG), Brasil. e-mail: demetrius@ufv.br 1 RESUMO Os modelos hidrológicos são ferramentas importantes que vem sendo utilizadas no planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos, motivo pelo qual objetivou-se calibrar, validar e analisar o desempenho dos modelos IPH II e SWAT para a simulação das vazões médias diárias de uma sub-bacia do Rio Pomba, localizada no estado de Minas Gerais. Para a simulação com o modelo IPH II foram utilizados dados de precipitação média na área de drenagem e evapotranspiração de referência. Para a simulação com o SWAT foram utilizados dados espaciais (mapas de solo, uso do solo e relevo) e dados discretos (precipitação, temperatura máxima e mínima, radiação, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento, vegetação, água subterrânea e características fisico-hídricas dos solos). A calibração foi realizada pelo método automático com base no coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe. A validação e a verificação do desempenho dos modelos foram realizadas com base no erro médio absoluto, na raiz do erro quadrático médio, no viés, no teste t pareado ao nível de 5% de significância, no índice de concordância de Willmott, além da eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe. Os modelos IPH II e SWAT apresentaram desempenho bom e satisfatório, respectivamente, para estimar as vazões médias diárias com base no coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe, porém, o SWAT apresentou resultados estatisticamente diferentes dos observados no período de validação ao nível de 5% de significância pelo teste t pareado, o que permite concluir que o modelo IPH II é mais confiável e indicado para ser utilizado em estudos relacionados com simulação hidrológica e gestão de recursos hídricos na bacia. Palavras-chave: simulação hidrológica, calibração automática, SWAT, IPH II. PEREIRA, D. dos R.; ULIANA, E. M.; MARTINEZ, M. A.; SILVA, D. D. daPERFORMANCE OF A LUMPED AND A SEMI-DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODEL IN PREDICTING DAILY FLOW RATES 2 ABSTRACT Hydrological models are important tools which have been used in the planning and management of water resources, reason why the aim of the study was to calibrate, validate and analyze IPH II and SWAT models’ performances to simulate theaverage daily flow rates of a sub-basin of Pomba river, located in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Rainfall data and reference evapotranspiration were used for the simulation with the IPH II model. On the other hand, for the simulation with SWAT, spatial data were used (soil maps, land use and topography) and discrete data (rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature, radiation, relative humidity, wind speed, vegetation, groundwater and physical-hydric characteristics of soils). Calibration was performed by the automatic method based on Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient. Validation and verification of the models’ performance were based on the mean absolute error, root mean squared error, in bias, pared t-test at 5% probability, Willmott concordance and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index. The IPH II and SWAT models showed good and satisfactory results in estimating average daily flow rates based on the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, respectively, however, the SWAT showed values statistically different from those observed in the validation period at 5% probability by pared t-test, which shows that the IPH II model is more reliable and suitable for use in studies related to hydrologic simulation and management of water resources in the watershed. Keywords: hydrologic simulation, automatic calibration, SWAT, IPH II.

MODELOS HIDROLÓGICOS SAC-SMA E IPH II: CALIBRAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO NA ESTIMATIVA DE VAZÕES NA BACIA DO RIO PIRACICABA (MG)4 EDUARDO MORGAN ULIANA1; DEMETRIUS DAVID DA SILVA2; MICHEL CASTRO MOREIRA2; SILVIO BUENO PEREIRA2 E DONIZETE DOS REIS PEREIRA3 1Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Setor Industrial, CEP. 78557-267, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil, morganuliana@gmail.com 2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, CEP. 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, demetrius.ufv@gmail.com, michelcm@gmail.com 3Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Rodovia LMG 818, km 06, CEP. 35690-000, Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brasil, donizete.pereira@ufv.br 4 O artigo é referente ao capítulo 1 da tese de doutorado do primeiro autor. 1 RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos modelos conceituais chuva-vazão Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) e IPH II para a estimativa das vazões diárias na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba (MG), de modo que os mesmos possam ser utilizados para subsidiar o planejamento e a gestão de recursos hídricos na bacia. O estudo foi realizado em três seções de monitoramento de vazão da bacia do rio Piracicaba, localizada no estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil. A calibração dos modelos foi realizada com o algoritmo SCE-UA, utilizando como função objetivo o índice de Nash-Sutcliffe. Os valores do índice de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe obtidos nas três seções de monitoramento foram de 0,87, 0,78 e 0,71 para o modelo SAC-SMA e de 0,88, 0,80, e 0,73 para o modelo IPH II, confirmando que os modelos são “adequados e bons” para a estimativa das vazões diárias. Concluiu-se, portanto, que os modelos SAC-SMA e IPH II são adequados para a estimativa das vazões diárias de cursos de água da bacia do rio Piracicaba (MG), demonstrando potencial para serem utilizados em estudos relacionados com simulação hidrológica e gestão de recursos hídricos em bacias hidrográficas de regiões tropicais. Palavras-chave: modelo concentrado, chuva-vazão, planejamento de recursos hídricos, previsão. ULIANA, E. M.; SILVA, D. D.; MOREIRA, M. C.; PEREIRA, S. B.; PEREIRA, D. R. SAC-SMA AND IPH II HYDROLOGICAL MODELS: CALIBRATION AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT FOR WATER FLOW ESTIMATE IN PIRACICABA RIVER BASIN (MG) 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of conceptual models Sacramento - Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) and IPH II for daily flow estimation in Piracicaba river basin, Minas Gerais, so that they may be used in the planning and management of water resources in the river basin. The study was carried out in three runoff-monitoring sections on Piracicaba river basin, located in the State of Minas Gerais - Brazil. Model calibration was performed through the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm, whose objective function was the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index values obtained in the three monitoring-sections were 0.87, 0.78, and 0.71 for the SAC-SMA model, and 0.88, 0.80, and 0.73 for the IPH II one. These values confirm that the models are “appropriate and good” for daily flow estimations. Overall, both models can be further used for hydrologic simulations and water resources management in tropical river basins. Keywords: concentrated models, rainfall-runoff, planning of water resources, forecast.

We are pleased to announce the appointment of John Heath as an Editor of Journal of Cell Science. John has a background in developmental biology and has for many years been a leading figure in the field of growth factor and cytokine signalling. Our desire to appoint a new Editor is in part due to the continuing increase in the number of submissions? a consequence of our rising impact factor and author-friendly policies? and in part to our need for another expert in the field of signal transduction among the Editors. On behalf of all the Editors, we would like to welcome John to JCS; we look forward to working with him. The appointment of John Heath coincides with the start of a series of Commentaries focusing on Signal Transduction and Cellular Organization, which will be a feature of JCS throughout 2001. This series is intended to reflect our increasing understanding of the organization of signalling networks, which are no longer viewed merely as linear pathways but instead as complex webs in which scaffold-organized multiprotein complexes and subcellular localization of signalling molecules play key roles. Morgan Sheng's summary of the scaffold functions of PSD-95 in the post-synaptic density (see Cell Science at a Glance) underlines this complexity: PSD-95 is part of an extensive network of proteins that links together different classes of glutamate receptor and couples them to intracellular signalling pathways. In the first Commentary of this series (p. 1253), Bruce Mayer examines the roles of SH3 domains in signalling and discusses the overall logic governing signalling networks. On p. 1265, Graeme Milligan develops the theme by reviewing the evidence for regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor signalling through receptor oligomerization. Future articles in the series examine the importance of subcellular localization of signalling molecules such as Ca(2+), inositol phosphates and Ras, scaffold proteins such as STE5, KSR and AKAPs, and proteins such as p300/CBP and WASP that play central roles integrating signalling to produce biological output (see over). Finally, we would like to emphasize our interest in primary articles relating to this topic and take this opportunity to encourage all those working in the field of signal transduction to submit their best articles to the journal.?

It remains unclear which blood pressure (BP) characteristics best predict cardiovascular risk in different age groups and between sexes. We leveraged data from the MORGAM (MONICA [Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease], Risk, Genetics, Archiving and Monograph) Project to investigate determinants of BP characteristics and their prognostic importance, in younger and older (</≥50 years) men and women. The study population comprised 107 599 individuals (53% men) aged 19 to 97 years without established cardiovascular disease, not on antihypertensive treatment, recruited between 1982 and 2008 in 38 cohorts. Covariates of BP characteristics were explored using multivariable linear regression. Prognostic importance was examined using multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and net reclassification improvement. The primary end point was a composite cardiovascular end point (CEP), defined as fatal or nonfatal stroke, death from coronary heart disease or nonfatal myocardial infarction. The positive association between age and systolic BP was more pronounced among individuals ≥50 years while the same was true for diastolic BP in those <50 years ( P interaction <0.001). Higher systolic BP and mean BP were significantly associated with cardiovascular end point, irrespective of age group ( P <0.001), but diastolic BP only demonstrated an independent relationship in the younger group ( P <0.001). Brachial pulse pressure was associated with cardiovascular end point in the older age group ( P <0.001). In subjects <50 years, diastolic BP significantly improved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve compared with Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation variables (including systolic BP) alone (0.842 versus 0.840, P =0.03), enhanced continuous net reclassification improvement (0.150 [95% CI, 0.087–0.215]) and improved the prognostic value of the European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension hypertension definition (categorical net reclassification improvement=0.0255, P =0.005). In conclusion, diastolic BP may provide additional prognostic utility beyond systolic BP, in predicting composite cardiovascular events among younger individuals.

CRESCIMENTO DO CAFEEIRO CONILON CULTIVAR “ES8122-JEQUITIBÁ” EM FUNÇÃO DA FRAÇÃO DE ÁGUA TRANSPIRÁVEL NO SOLO WILIAN RODRIGUES RIBEIRO1; VINICIUS AGNOLETTE CAPELINI2; DANIEL SOARES FERREIRA3; MORGANA SCARAMUSSA GONÇALVES1 E EDVALDO FIALHO DOS REIS1 1Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário S/N, Bairro Guararema, CEP: 29.500.000, Alegre, ES, Brasil, wilianrodrigues@msn.com; morganascg@gmail.com; edreis@cca.ufes.br. 2Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Rural da Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36.570.900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, vinicius91ac@hotmail.com. ³Departamento de Fitotecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36.570.900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, daniel.s.soares@ufv.br. 1 RESUMO O Estado do Espírito Santo destaca-se como maior produtor de café conilon do Brasil, porém a deficiência hídrica tem sido o fator abiótico mais limitante da produção. Desta forma, objetivou-se neste trabalho, quantificar a influência do déficit hídrico no solo, pela metodologia da fração de água transpirável do solo (FATS), verificando o valor crítico onde se inicia a redução da transpiração relativa (TR), e do potencial de crescimento das plantas, através das variáveis: área foliar relativa (AFR) e altura relativa (ALR). O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, localizada no município de Alegre-ES. Utilizaram-se os nove clones que compõe a cultivar “ES8122-Jequitibá”, espécie Coffea canephora. O experimento foi constituído de dois tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T0 (sem déficit hídrico, plantas irrigadas durante todo experimento) e T1 (déficit hídrico induzido até as plantas atingirem 10% da transpiração relativa do tratamento T0). Verificou-se que cada clone apresentou um comportamento específico em função do decréscimo FATS. O clone 02 foi o mais susceptível, apresentando redução da transpiração em valores de 0,90 da FATS. O clone 09 mais resistente, mantendo o processo transpiratório constante até valores de 0,56 da FATS. Palavras-chave: déficit hídrico, Coffea canephora, fats, irrigação. RIBEIRO, W. R.; CAPELINI, V. A.; FERREIRA, D. S.; GONÇALVES, M. S.; REIS, E. F. GROWTH OF COFFEE CONILON CULTIVAR “ES8122-JEQUITIBÁ” AS FUNCTION OF TRANSPIRABLE WATER FRACTION IN SOIL 2 ABSTRACT The state of Espirito Santo stands out as the largest producer of Conilon coffee in Brazil, but water deficit has been the most limiting abiotic factor of production. Thus, the objective of this work was to quantify the influence of water deficit on the soil, by the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) methodology, verifying the critical value where the reduction of relative transpiration (RT), and the potential plant growth, through the variables: relative leaf area (RLA) and relative height (RH). The present study was conducted in a greenhouse of the Federal University of Espírito Santo, located in the city of Alegre-ES. The nine clones that make up the cultivar “ES8122-Jequitibá”, species Coffea canephora, were used. The experiment consisted of two treatments and four repetitions. The treatments were: T0 (without water deficit, plants irrigated during the whole experiment) and T1 (induced water deficit until the plants reached 10% of the relative transpiration of treatment T0). Each clone showed a specific behavior as function of the FTSW decrease. Clone 02 was the most susceptible, presenting a reduction in sweating by FTSW values ​​of 0.90. The most resistant, clone 09, kept the transpiratory process constant up to FTSW values ​​of 0.56. Keywords: water deficit, Coffea canephora, FTSW, irrigation.

ESTIMATIVA DA DEMANDA HÍDRICA E ÁREA IRRIGADA POR PIVÔ CENTRAL NO ESTADO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO WILIAN RODRIGUES RIBEIRO1; MORGANA SCARAMUSSA GONÇALVES1; ANDRÉ ALVES PINHEIRO1; RAMON AMARO DE SALES2; REBYSON BISSACO GUIDINELLE1 E EDVALDO FIALHO DOS REIS1 1Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário S/N, Bairro Guararema, CEP: 29.500.000, Alegre, ES, Brasil, wilianrodrigues@msn.com; morganascg@gmail.com; aalvespinheiro7@gmail.com; rebysonguidinelle@gmail.com; edreis@cca.ufes.br 2Departamento de Fitotecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36.570.900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, ramonamarodesales@gmail.com 1 RESUMO A geração de informações sobre cenário da agricultura irrigada, representam importante fonte primária para fiscalização e planejamento na gestão dos recursos hídricos. Desta forma, o presente estudo visou quantificar o número de pivôs centrais no Estado do Espírito Santo e sua respectiva área irrigada, objetivando estimar o volume de água (m³) necessário ao suprimento da demanda hídrica nestas áreas. Realizou-se fotointerpretação na escala 1:1.000 para identificação dos equipamentos. Com uma série histórica de dados, estimou-se a evapotranspiração potencial mensal (ETP) e em seguida elaborou-se um balanço hídrico. Os dados foram espacializados por krigagem, formando doze mapas, garantindo a determinação do valor mensal de déficit ou excedente hídrico (mm) para cada coordenada, possibilitando a estimativa do volume de água necessário para atendimento da demanda. Foram quantificadas 276 unidades de pivôs centrais, que irrigam uma área próxima a 12.991,76 ha, demandando anualmente entorno de 33.694.344,50 m³ de água para irrigação. A Macrorregião Norte concentra 80,85% desta área irrigada total irrigada no Estado e responde por 89,52% da demanda hídrica, com destaque para o município de Pinheiros. A Interbacia hidrográfica do Rio Itaúnas corresponde a 80,42% da demanda hídrica. Os meses de maio e junho apresentaram maior necessidade de complementação hídrica. Palavras-Chave: irrigação, fotointerpretação, recursos hídricos. RIBEIRO, W. R.; GONÇALVES, M. S.; PINHEIRO, A. A.; SALES, R. A.; GUIDINELLE, R. B.; REIS, E. F. ESTIMATE OF WATER DEMAND AND AREA IRRIGATED BY CENTRAL PIVOT IN THE STATE OF ESPÍRITO SANTO 2 ABSTRACT The generation of information on the scenario of irrigated agriculture, represents an important primary source for inspection and planning of management of water resources. Thus, the present study aimed to quantify the number of central pivots in the State of Espírito Santo and their respective irrigated area, aiming to estimate the water volume (m³) required to supply water demand in these areas. A 1: 1,000 photointerpretation was performed to identify the equipment. With a historical series of data, potential monthly evapotranspiration (ETP) was estimated and then a water balance was elaborated. The data were spatialized by krigagem, forming twelve maps, guaranteeing the determination of the monthly value of water deficit or surplus (mm) for each coordinate, making it possible to estimate the volume of water required to meet demand. A total of 276 central pivot units were irrigated, irrigating an area close to 12,991.76 ha, requiring an annual irrigation of 33,694,344.50 m³. The Northern Macroregion concentrates 80.85% of this total irrigated area in the State and accounts for 89.52% of water demand, especially the municipality of Pinheiros. The Itaún River Interbank Basin corresponds to 80.42% of the water demand. In May and June water complementation needs were superior. Keywords: irrigation, photointerpretation, water resources.

In my last editorial I was contemplating living the new and unexpected experience of life with Covid 19. Six months ago, was a time for contemplation. We were all entering into an event of major historical significance. The world has experienced epidemics before, and we had only to turn to the works of writers such as Camus to realise how recurrent human behaviour is. We tend so often to be caught by surprise despite the lessons that are so readily available to us through reference to history. The Spanish ‘flu epidemic of 1919 was the obvious benchmark to which we could turn. Following hot on the heels of the Great War of 1914-1918 it was responsible for more casualties than occurred in the war to end all wars (50 million). It infected 500 million people worldwide. After just over ten months we are a long, long way from those sorts of figures. As of 12th November, 51,975,458 case of infection have been reported. Deaths attributed to the virus number 1,281,309 worldwide. Of course, what makes Covid 19 so significant is not simply that it should have happened, but that it is the first pandemic in this era of globalisation which we have entered only comparatively recently. Some might remember the SARS epidemic which affected mainly people in Asia. As indicated by its name, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), it was very similar initially in its effects. Yet, after first emerging in 2002, it was eradicated less than two years later. It seems that this was achieved largely by what has been called simple public health measures. This involved “testing people with symptoms (fever and respiratory problems), isolating and quarantining suspected cases, and restricting travel.” These same measures of course have been implemented in most countries following the virus’ spread to Italy early in 2020. However, the fact that different nations have responded differently and also experienced very different outcomes should be of considerable interest as we consider the whole concept of a global threat and global responses. The ten worst affected countries currently are in order: Contry; Confirmed Cases; Deaths United States; 10,460,302; 244,421 India; 8,684,039; 128,165 Brazil; 5,749,007; 163,406 France; 1,865,538; 42,535 Russia; 1,836,960; 31,593 Spain; 1,417,709; 40,105 Argentina; 1,273,343; 34,531 United Kingdom; 1,256,725; 50,365 Colombia; 1,165,326; 33,312 Italy; 1,028,424; 42,953 They are dominated by the advanced economies of the northern hemisphere. The countries who have previously experienced the SARS epidemic in Asia have fared comparatively lightly. Bearing in mind that statistics of this nature may not be strictly comparable given variation in the criteria used and the methods of sourcing and collecting this information, it is still interesting to hypothesise why outcomes can differ so much. Explanations might include reference to the environments in which people live – physical space, climate and availability of sophisticated health care systems to name a few – or they might dwell on the culture of those involved, their willingness to follow instructions imposed upon them, the importance of competing objectives that might make prioritising health and physical wellness less of a priority. Whatever the case, satisfactory explanations are more likely to involve some interactions involving measures of both the individuals and the environments within which they live. Any attempt to explain or understand human behaviour needs to consider a variety of factors and knowing how to take account of them is an important part of the skill base that scholars of international and comparative studies bring with them. Such skills and knowledge are more important in a globalised world than they have ever been. Yet such skills may be becoming harder to achieve, precisely because of some of the effects of processes associated with globalisation. I would recommend to you a recent documentary produced by Netflix and widely available on YouTube. “The Social Dilemma” is an examination of the use of social media and in particular focuses on the relationship between the growing addiction amongst young people to the use of smartphones and, specifically their social media programmes, and the rising levels of concern about deteriorating mental health and wellbeing among the world’s youth. It draws a relationship between the psychological disorder of narcissism and the failure of phone obsessed young people to experience real human to human interaction, with a related increase in aggressive bullying and dysfunctional behaviour. Thus, the results of experiencing interactions and personal validation through the proxy world of social media, rather than face to face, is a dehumanisation of the individual and leads to a distorted experience of the world in simple dichotomies of a single view, right or wrong. So, whatever the continuing effects of the pandemic, as these continue to unfold, it will be important that we continue to build our understanding of other people in their own worlds. We need to avoid the trap of believing that our own world is the only world and the right world. However smart artificial intelligence becomes, a screen is only two dimensional and it is the extra dimensions that enable us to grow as humans and cope with the complexity and challenges of our own unique worlds. One of the less helpful trends of our globalised digitised world, has been the pursuit and glorification of the cult of celebrity. One of the difficulties of that celebrity status is it is frequently awarded on the basis of undeserving and irrelevant characteristics such as, acting ability, physical beauty or sporting reputation. Yet many seem to feel that this status entitles them to pontificate or attempt to influence others in areas that have nothing to do with their expertise. Ricky Gervais, in his chairing of the 2020 golden globes award, brought a refreshing dose of reality in advising the celebrities who were to receive awards: You are in no position to lecture the public about anything. You know nothing about the real world. Most of you spent less time in school than Greta Thunberg. So, if you win, come up accept your little award. Thank your agent and your God and **** off. OK? It is in that spirit of willingness to learn from the work of a range of colleagues working in a range of places and professional situations around the world, I commend to you the contributions to be found in the following pages. To start the ball rolling, we have a report from Hairui Liu, Wei Shen and Peter Hastie on the application of a curriculum model which was developed in the US and has since gained some popularity in a number of settings around the world. The origins of sport education came from a realisation that, in too many situations, physical education had failed to excite the same degree of enthusiasm among school pupils as could often be observed when they involved themselves in sport. The model thus extends the skill/technique focus which is found in many traditional physical education settings, to include more of the dimensions of sport – formal competition, affiliation, festivity experienced over a season. They concluded that, within this Chinese university context, the students achieved a higher level of performance and more enthusiastic engagement when the model was adopted as a basis for their learning. Our second article moves from an education setting to a contemporary sport science framework, the world of professional sport and one of the higher levels of competition in the world – the English Championship. Rhys Carr, Rich Mullen and Morgan Williams monitored the running intensity of players throughout a season. In particular they questioned the demands for high intensity running when playing in a 4-4-2 formation and implementing a high press strategy, such as adopted by Liverpool in their highly successful 2019 English Premiership season. They concluded that, for players in the centre forward and wide midfield positions, the demands created were impossible to maintain for an entire match. They were then able to draw out some practical and tactical implications for managers and their support staff, relating to substitution strategy and the physical match preparation of players in these positions and with these strategic responsibilities. Our third article involves an exploration of the perpetual discomfort many of us feel as educators when we compare the practice of sport against the ideals we hold for it. As professionals in the field, many of us are driven by our belief in what sport can offer. Yet the modern commodification of sport, coupled with the excessive need to win as a motive that exceeds all others, consistently produces behaviours and outcomes which we seek to disassociate from our professional practices. The article by Irantzu Ibanez, Ana Zuazagoitia, Ibon Echeazarra, Luis Maria Zulaika and Iker Ros is set in the context of the Basque region of Spain and explores the values held by students in their pre-service training with regard to the practice of extracurricular sport. The students show an awareness of the mismatch between their ideals of extracurricular sport as an educational experience and the influence on current practices that comes from the way in which sport is conducted in the society at large. The authors conclude with a plea for greater alignment between the practice of sport in schools and teh educational values that should guide it. Our final contribution is from South Africa where Lesego Phetlhe, Heather Morris- Eyton and Alliance Kubayi report on the concerns of football (soccer) coaches in Guateng province. It is clear that these coaches, in common with others around the world, suffer a degree of stress in their chosen occupation. The sources of this stress are to be found in the nature of the complex tasks they are expected to manage, as well as in the always challenging job of managing the players for whom they are responsible. To this can be added the difficult environmental conditions they are faced with, as well as the inevitable concern with having to produce results for the players and their team. Their research has produced some useful guidelines for administrators that can facilitate the jobs of the coaches and lead to benefits in enhanced performances and results. Finally, in our book review, Luiz Uehara evaluates Jorge Knijnik’s thoughtful analysis of the impact of the 2014 world cup on Brazil. From both author and reviewer, it is possible to feel the pride and passion in their nation of birth and its special contribution to the world’s most popular game. It is my privilege to recommend the work of these international scholars to you. I leave you the reader with the hope that in introducing our next volume, I will be able to celebrate with you more positive news about the progress of the pandemic and its implications for international and comparative sport and physical education. John Saunders Brisbane, November 2020

Abstract Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancies characterized by the defective production of mature blood cells and the risk of progression to myeloid leukemia. Hypomethylating agents (HMA) are currently the first-line therapy for high-risk MDS and induce hematological improvement in 50% of the patients. However, complete responses occur in less than 20% of these patients, and a majority of MDS patients treated with HMA will eventually relapse, with a subsequently fatal prognosis. Although the presence of mutations in certain genes, such as Tet2, has been reported to predict response to HMA, the causes of resistance and relapse have yet to be described. MDS research has been traditionally a slow-moving field owing to the lack of well-established MDS cell lines and animal models. This landscape recently changed with the development of transgenic mouse models that mirror the phenotype of high-risk MDS patients. In mice from the 4th/5th generations (G4/G5) of our group's telomere-dysfunctional TERTER/ER mouse model, the DNA-damage response triggered by telomere erosion causes profound cell-intrinsic abnormalities in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) that lead to myeloid-skewed hematopoiesis. These mice exhibit peripheral blood (PB) cytopenias, age-related granulocytosis and myeloid infiltration of the BM and the spleen (Colla et al. Cancer Cell 2015). Similarly, the conditional deletion of Tet2 in mouse hematopoietic cells generates a phenotype of HSC expansion and myeloid skewing of hematopoiesis. These defects, which are also cell-intrinsic, induce progressive PB neutrophilia and granulocytosis, with myeloid infiltration of the bone marrow (BM) and spleen and severe splenomegaly (Moran-Crusio et al. Cancer Cell 2011). Using the TERTER/ER and Tet2-/- mouse models as a platform for cellular and molecular studies, we have investigated the mechanism of action of HMA in MDS, with a focus on the characterization of response by the different HSPC populations and the mechanisms involved in resistance and relapse. Our results show that the administration of the HMA azacytidine (AZA) for 7 days induces in both mouse models a 20-40% drop in white blood cell counts and a 17-24% decrease in hemoglobin levels that mimic patient responses to AZA. After the last day of treatment and during the 3 last weeks of the cycle, cell counts and hemoglobin levels returned to normal values. These changes in PB were explained by an 80-86% decrease in the number of BM common myeloid progenitors (CMP; n = 8, P = 0.0046) and granulo-monocytic progenitors (GMP; n = 8, P <0.0001) after 1 week of AZA treatment, while megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitors remained largely unaffected. However, the number of CMP and GMP in the BM of both G5 and Tet2-/- mice recovered by the end of each cycle, and the characteristic myeloid skewing was not overcome after 2 cycles of treatment, which indicates that AZA cannot reverse the cell-intrinsic defects of these progenitors. Most importantly, BM analysis in both mouse models after one week of treatment and during the recovery period revealed that AZA has no effect on long and short-term HSC populations. To study the effect of AZA in a BM context that mimicked the coexistence of MDS and normal cells in patients, we performed competitive transplantation experiments in both models. Our preliminary results indicate that, in mixed populations, AZA induces a 2.6-fold expansion of the wild type long-term HSC compartment (n = 4, P = 0.0018). The fact that AZA gives a repopulation advantage to normal HSC suggest that, after several cycles, there is a shift in the abundance of normal versus MDS cells in patients BM, and this explains why patients enter morphologic remission. However, in both transgenic mouse models, AZA failed to decrease the size of the MDS-like HSC compartment. This indicates that, although this drug allows a temporary hematologic recovery, it does not eliminate the cell populations that maintain the disease, and therefore it cannot eliminate MDS. Ongoing unbiased transcriptomic and methylomic analyses in the sorted MDS-like HSC that survived AZA treatment will identify the HSC signature of resistance to HMA, and the integration of these results with similar analyses in MDS patients will provide valuable insights into the mechanistic bases of relapse and resistance to HMA and facilitate the design of better combination therapies for high-risk MDS. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Background:Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) although effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), show a variable response rate. Therefore, there is a need to identify treatment response predictors to inform therapy selection in order to practise precision medicine. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that can alter gene expression by regulating messenger RNA translation. There is evidence for miRNA involvement in RA pathogenesis and they may serve as a useful biomarker of treatment response.Objectives:To identify miRNAs associated with response to TNFi in RA.Methods:Biologic naïve patients were selected from the Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetics and Genomics Study Syndicate (BRAGGSS), a prospective multi-center UK study investigating treatment response biomarkers to TNFi with a primary outcome measure of change in DAS28 scores. Patients were stratified into European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) good or non-responders based on their 3 or 6-month DAS28-CRP score.Pre-treatment and 3-month post-treatment serum samples were substrates for miRNA profiling, which was conducted by FIRALIS using the HTG EdgeSeq miRNA whole transcriptome V2 targeted sequencing assay. Linear modelling using R package limma compared miRNA expression at (i) pre-treatment and at three-months, in EULAR good-responders and non-responders (ii) longitudinal change in expression from pre-treatment to three-months in EULAR good and non-responders.A literature search was conducted to identify miRNAs associated with RA as a diagnostic and/or treatment response predictor. Data on these miRNAs were extracted from the miRNAs identified in the serum samples. A correction for multiple testing was applied to statistical tests.Results:A total of 54 patients were analysed; of these, 35 (65%) were female, median disease duration [inter-quartile range] was 6 years [2 – 14] (n=51), and 44/51 (86%) patients were on a concomitant disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug. Of the 54 patients, 39 (72%) were classified as EULAR good-responders and 15 (28%) as non-responders. 1880 miRNAs were detected in the serum samples. 64 miRNAs were identified to be associated with RA from the literature, of which, 26 were identified in the serum samples tested.No difference in pre-treatment or three-month miRNA levels was seen comparing EULAR good-responders and non-responders (FDR p<0.05). There was a significant differential expression of four miRNAs at 3-months in good-responders compared with pre-treatment levels; miR-125a-3p (downregulated, p-value 0.002), miR-149-3p (upregulated, p-value 0.004), miR-766-3p (downregulated, p-value 0.008), miR-146b-5p (upregulated, p-value 0.006). No significant differences were observed between 3-months and baseline in non-responders.Conclusion:Although no pre-treatment miRNAs were associated with TNFi response, changes in the levels of four miRNAs were detected at 3-months compared to baseline in EULAR good-responders. Future work involves validation of these samples in a larger patient cohort and analysing miRNA levels at 6 and 12 months. Replication and validation of these results in larger studies are required to analyse the role of miRNAs in stratifying EULAR good-responders from non-responders at three-months, and as treatment response predictors to TNFi in RA.Acknowledgements:Joint last-author: Dr. Darren PlantDisclosure of Interests:Trixy David: None declared, Nisha Nair: None declared, James Oliver: None declared, Eric Schordan: None declared, Hüseyin Firat: None declared, Kimme Hyrich Consultant of: consultancy/honoraria from AbbVie, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, UCB, BMS, Ann Morgan: None declared, Anthony G Wilson: None declared, John D Isaacs Speakers bureau: consultancy/speaker fees from AbbVie, Gilead, Roche, UCB, Consultant of: consultancy/speaker fees from AbbVie, Gilead, Roche, UCB, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Darren Plant: None declared, Anne Barton: None declared

An ice core, drilled near the margin of the Law Dome ice cap at Cape Folger, has been analysed for trace chemical content. The concentration of the major anions and cations has been measured on samples selected from the ice core to give information on the major environmental changes which have occurred in the period 6–26 ka B.P. The chemical species can be divided into two fractions representing the two major sources of trace chemicals; marine and continental sources. Four species are chosen to illustrate the main features in the record; aluminium as an indicator of the continental fraction, sodium and magnesium as indicators of the marine fraction and methane sulphonic acid (MSA). Sodium and magnesium concentrations in the Law Dome core are predominantly derived from marine sources, although they usually include also small contributions from the continental sources. MSA has a marine biogenic source and exhibits a pattern which is generally unrelated to the variations in the two main fractions. Measured oxygen isotope ratios provide an additional data source. Concentrations of the same species in the Dome C core (De Angelis and others, 1982; Saigne and Legrand, 1987) are used as indicators of the global background atmospheric chemical content, and by inter-comparison of the records from the two cores are used to derive a proxy chronology for the Law Dome core. The interval in each core corresponding to the final stages of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) can be identified from the oxygen isotope records (Budd and Morgan, 1977; Lorius and others, 1984). Both cores have high aluminium concentrations in this interval reducing to very low concentrations towards the end of the transition to the Holocene. A similar sharp change from high to very low concentration is also observed for MSA. Very low concentrations of other species are also observed in this interval in the transition period. By assuming that these changes in the two cores are contemporaneous, the age scale from the Dome C core (Lorius and others, 1984) can be applied to the Law Dome core. An age of 13 ka B.p. is assigned to the very clean interval near the end of the transition. Other, less obvious, events in the chemical and isotope records distinguish intervals corresponding to ages of approximately 7.5, 15.5, and 26 ka B.P. Ages for intermediate intervals are derived by interpolation and reference to a modelled age-depth relation. The records from each of the cores for MSA and the continental fraction, represented by aluminium, show similar features at the Law Dome site as at Dome C. But the records for the marine fraction show distinct differences. On Law Dome there is a clear trend of decreasing concentration with depth, consistent with the ice at greater depth having an origin at higher elevation further inland on the ice cap. Very low concentrations occur in the lower part of the core, which includes the interval corresponding to the LGM. By way of contrast, at Dome C the concentration of sodium in the interval corresponding to the Holocene is low, but relatively higher in the LGM interval. The concentrations during the LGM, of both the marine and continental fractions, are lower in Law Dome by a factor generally between 1 and 2 than those at Dome C as a result of dilution caused by the higher precipitation and snow accumulation rates near the coast. For interpretation of the records, the concentrations in the Dome C core are assumed to indicate changes in the global background atmospheric loading and atmospheric circulation. On Law Dome, the general trend of decreasing concentra- tion with depth for the marine fraction is modulated by variations in the background atmospheric loading, and the effect of variations in past ice sheet and sea ice extent and thus distance to the source. At about 11 ka B.P., sodium and magnesium concentrations increase sharply to about three times the background level, and are maintained till about 9.5 ka B.P. This event is not apparent in the Dome C record. During the period 6–8 ka B P., sodium and magnesium concentrations are higher by a factor between 1.5 and 2 in conjunction with colder (more negative) values of the oxygen isotope ratio. There is some evidence of similar variations in the Dome C record. This suggests two separate scenarios. For the period 9.5–11 ka B P., one or more of the following events probably occurred: a change in the seasonal pattern of variation in sea ice extent and distribution; lesser sea ice extent; more open water closer to the coast; increased storminess in the coastal region, each of which could lead to an increased supply of material with marine source (sodium and magnesium) by either more vigorous atmospheric circulation or less distance to the source. Coincidentally, increased storminess is consistent with an increased fraction of open water in the sea ice zone. But there is apparently no change in the concnetration of MSA above background levels during this period. This could provide a constraint on the possible mechanisms causing the observed event. For the more recent period, 6–8 ka B.P., the changes found in both cores probably reflect climatic variation on a broader hemispheric or global scale, involving lower temperatures in at least the high latitudes, probably increased zonal atmospheric circulation, and perhaps changes in the seasonal sea ice distribution and total extent.

An ice core, drilled near the margin of the Law Dome ice cap at Cape Folger, has been analysed for trace chemical content. The concentration of the major anions and cations has been measured on samples selected from the ice core to give information on the major environmental changes which have occurred in the period 6–26 ka B.P. The chemical species can be divided into two fractions representing the two major sources of trace chemicals; marine and continental sources. Four species are chosen to illustrate the main features in the record; aluminium as an indicator of the continental fraction, sodium and magnesium as indicators of the marine fraction and methane sulphonic acid (MSA). Sodium and magnesium concentrations in the Law Dome core are predominantly derived from marine sources, although they usually include also small contributions from the continental sources. MSA has a marine biogenic source and exhibits a pattern which is generally unrelated to the variations in the two main fractions. Measured oxygen isotope ratios provide an additional data source. Concentrations of the same species in the Dome C core (De Angelis and others, 1982; Saigne and Legrand, 1987) are used as indicators of the global background atmospheric chemical content, and by inter-comparison of the records from the two cores are used to derive a proxy chronology for the Law Dome core.The interval in each core corresponding to the final stages of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) can be identified from the oxygen isotope records (Budd and Morgan, 1977; Lorius and others, 1984). Both cores have high aluminium concentrations in this interval reducing to very low concentrations towards the end of the transition to the Holocene. A similar sharp change from high to very low concentration is also observed for MSA. Very low concentrations of other species are also observed in this interval in the transition period. By assuming that these changes in the two cores are contemporaneous, the age scale from the Dome C core (Lorius and others, 1984) can be applied to the Law Dome core. An age of 13 ka B.p. is assigned to the very clean interval near the end of the transition. Other, less obvious, events in the chemical and isotope records distinguish intervals corresponding to ages of approximately 7.5, 15.5, and 26 ka B.P. Ages for intermediate intervals are derived by interpolation and reference to a modelled age-depth relation.The records from each of the cores for MSA and the continental fraction, represented by aluminium, show similar features at the Law Dome site as at Dome C. But the records for the marine fraction show distinct differences. On Law Dome there is a clear trend of decreasing concentration with depth, consistent with the ice at greater depth having an origin at higher elevation further inland on the ice cap. Very low concentrations occur in the lower part of the core, which includes the interval corresponding to the LGM. By way of contrast, at Dome C the concentration of sodium in the interval corresponding to the Holocene is low, but relatively higher in the LGM interval. The concentrations during the LGM, of both the marine and continental fractions, are lower in Law Dome by a factor generally between 1 and 2 than those at Dome C as a result of dilution caused by the higher precipitation and snow accumulation rates near the coast.For interpretation of the records, the concentrations in the Dome C core are assumed to indicate changes in the global background atmospheric loading and atmospheric circulation. On Law Dome, the general trend of decreasing concentra- tion with depth for the marine fraction is modulated by variations in the background atmospheric loading, and the effect of variations in past ice sheet and sea ice extent and thus distance to the source. At about 11 ka B.P., sodium and magnesium concentrations increase sharply to about three times the background level, and are maintained till about 9.5 ka B.P. This event is not apparent in the Dome C record. During the period 6–8 ka B P., sodium and magnesium concentrations are higher by a factor between 1.5 and 2 in conjunction with colder (more negative) values of the oxygen isotope ratio. There is some evidence of similar variations in the Dome C record.This suggests two separate scenarios. For the period 9.5–11 ka B P., one or more of the following events probably occurred: a change in the seasonal pattern of variation in sea ice extent and distribution; lesser sea ice extent; more open water closer to the coast; increased storminess in the coastal region, each of which could lead to an increased supply of material with marine source (sodium and magnesium) by either more vigorous atmospheric circulation or less distance to the source. Coincidentally, increased storminess is consistent with an increased fraction of open water in the sea ice zone. But there is apparently no change in the concnetration of MSA above background levels during this period. This could provide a constraint on the possible mechanisms causing the observed event. For the more recent period, 6–8 ka B.P., the changes found in both cores probably reflect climatic variation on a broader hemispheric or global scale, involving lower temperatures in at least the high latitudes, probably increased zonal atmospheric circulation, and perhaps changes in the seasonal sea ice distribution and total extent.

Background:Glucocorticosteroids (GCs) are used to provide rapid relief of symptoms in people with active RA. Their use is recommended by most RA management guidelines and systematic reviews, although the magnitude of their benefit above placebo is uncertain. Persistent pain remains a problem in RA, even despite optimal immunomodulatory management. Systemic GC use may be associated with important adverse events.Objectives:To quantify the specific effects of oral GCs for RA pain.Methods:A systematic literature review was performed for RCTs using GCs in RA compared to inactive treatment. Trials were included whether or not participants received DMARD treatments, so long as a specific effect could be assigned to GCs. Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched until November 2019 and 2 reviewers independently assessed titles, abstracts and full texts. Data for pain were synthesized in a meta-analysis. This study is part of a wider review (PROSPERO CRD42019111562).For subgroup analyses, follow up time points of 0-3 months, >3 - 6 months and >6 months were selected to address duration of effect. Individual studies could contribute to each of the 3 follow up subgroups.Meta-analysis was performed on standardized mean differences (SMDs, bodily pain data) and mean differences (MDs, 100mm VASpain only) of change from baseline (sd), using the Meta and Metafor packages in R. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2and tau statistics. Bias was assessed with a funnel plot and Eggers test.Results:15983 papers, 470 abstracts and 152 full texts were assessed. Pain data from 12 RCTs were suitable for the meta-analyses. The most common pain metric was the 100mm VASpain (9 trials).Study populations ranged from n=12 to n=350 participants, 50% to 71% were female with mean ages from 43 to 66 years. Baseline scores for VASpain ranged from to 34 to 66 mm. Means were reported for DAS28 (from 4.9 to 5.8), ESR (25 to 60mm) and CRP (5 to 27mg/L).Data synthesis at the reported primary time point/end point showed a statistically significant reduction in bodily pain in participants treated with GCs; SMD = -0.36 (10 studies, 1377 participants, 95% CI, -0.59 to -0.14, p=0.002) with significant heterogeneity (I2= 66%, tau = 0.27, p<0.01). The Funnel plot suggested asymmetry, favouring GCs (Eggers p = 0.007).Subgroup analyses were used to investigate the time course of specific effects on pain. Efficacy displayed time-related decreases after initiation. From 0-3 months SMD= -0.56 (95% CI, -0.76 to -0.36, p<0.001, 9 studies, 936 participants, I2= 43%, Eggers p= 0.002). Efficacy was lower at >3 - 6 months (SMD= -0.32, 95%CI -0.52 to -0.11, p=0.002, 3 studies, 382 participants, I2=0%, Eggers p=0.75) and further reduced at >6 months (SMD= -0.07, 95%CI, -0.23 to 0.08, p=0.357, 4 studies, 665 participants, I2= 7%, Eggers p=0.43).For trial data collected during concomitant oral GC dosage, mean difference (MDs) in 100mm VASpain was -14mm (95% CI, -20mm to -9mm) greater improvement in GC than control in the 0-3 month period (8 studies, 1047 participants, I2= 70%). For later follow ups, MDs at >3 to 6 months were -6mm (95% CI, -11mm to -1mm, 3 studies, 537 participants), and -1mm (95% CI, -6mm to 4mm, 3 studies, 369 participants) at >6 months.Conclusion:Oral GCs have efficacy for pain in RA but the mean effect is of borderline clinical importance, and greatest shortly after steroids are commenced. GCs were usually used alongside other treatments as part of a combination. Future research might determine who might gain most benefit from systemic GCs, and improve other treatments to reduce the burden of pain.Acknowledgments:Dr Douglas Grindley for help devising search strategyDisclosure of Interests: :Daniel McWilliams Grant/research support from: Grant support from Pfizer Ltd, Divya Thankaraj: None declared, Rheinallt Morgan: None declared, Julie Jones-Diette: None declared, David Walsh Grant/research support from: Grant support from Pfizer Ltd and Eli Lilly, Consultant of: Consultancy to Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Abbvie and GSK (all payments made to University of Nottingham). Consultancy to Love Productions(all payments made to the University of Nottingham).

Abstract Increases in fetal hemoglobin (HbF) are associated with improved clinical outcomes in the inherited hemoglobinopathies. We are developing a novel gene-edited cell therapy to treat patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and beta-thalassemia (BT) using autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) genetically modified with zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) to restore high levels of HbF expression. The ZFNs have been designed to specifically target the GATA motif within an intronic erythroid-specific enhancer (ESE) of BCL11A, the gene encoding a transcriptional regulator of the fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch. Previously, we reported successful ZFN-mediated, ex vivoBCL11A gene editing in dual mobilized HSPCs, i.e. peripheral stem cells mobilized with a combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and plerixafor1. The editing procedure was optimized for high on-target/low off-target modification levels and increases in HbF in erythroid progeny. This drug product, ST-400, passed extensive safety testing and is currently in a phase 1/2a clinical trial for transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03432364). An analogous drug product, BIVV003, is being developed as a therapeutic for SCD. In patients with SCD, the use of G-CSF for stem cell mobilization is not recommended due to the risk of clinical complications. Therefore, peripheral HSPCs are obtained from SCD patients via single agent, plerixafor mobilization and apheresis2-5. Understanding the effect of this change in mobilization strategy on ZFN editing efficiency and specificity is a key element in preparing for SCD gene-edited cell therapy. In the present studies, we demonstrate comparability of ZFN editing outcomes in single and dual mobilized HSPCs obtained from healthy donors. In plerixafor mobilized HSPCs from five healthy donors at research scale, ZFN-mediated gene editing induced an efficient modification at the BCL11A ESE target site (>75% of alleles modified, as measured by MiSeq deep sequencing) with high post-editing viability (77%). Similar gene editing efficiencies (>70%) were obtained in HSPCs at clinical manufacturing scale (n=2). Further, in vitro HbF protein levels and HbF+ cell frequencies within erythroid progeny of edited cells were increased by >4 and 3-fold respectively - compared to non-edited cells in the same culture conditions, using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography and flow cytometry (n=4 healthy donors at research scale). Single cell clone analysis revealed that ZFN-mediated gene editing targeted both alleles of BCL11A at high frequency (91-94% of edited cells within erythroid progeny) with high levels of replicable GATA-disrupting indel patterns. On average, each edited allele contributed an additional 17.6% increase in HbF production in vitro, with a statistically-significant increase in HbF level for biallelic edited vs. unedited controls (3.4 fold). Critical to BIVV003 use in clinical trials, ZFN-mediated gene editing did not impair single agent mobilized HSPC function in vitro based on measurements of colony forming unit (CFU) production and frequencies of long-term HSC (LT-HSC) and common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells by flow cytometry. In agreement with this data, injection of BIVV003 into immune-deficient NBSGW mice resulted in robust long-term engraftment (21 weeks) without any impact on the number of HSPCs and their differentiated progeny. Overall, these data demonstrate potential efficacy of ZFN-edited HSPCs (BIVV003) as a novel cell therapy for SCD patients.Holmes et al., 2017 (ASH abstract)Fitzhugh et al., 2009Lagresle-Peyrou et al., 2018Hsieh and Tisdale, 2018Yannaki et al., 2012 Disclosures Moran: Bioverativ, a Sanofi Company: Employment. Ling:Bioverativ, a Sanofi Company: Employment. Lessard:Bioverativ, a Sanofi Company: Employment. Vieira:Bioverativ a Sanofi Company: Employment. Hong:Bioverativ, a Sanofi Company: Employment. Holmes:Sangamo Therapeutics: Employment. Reik:Sangamo Therapeutics: Employment. Dang:Sangamo Therapeutics: Employment. Gray:Sangamo Therapeutics: Employment. Levasseur:Bioverativ, a Sanofi Company: Employment. Rimmele:Bioverativ, a Sanofi Company: Employment.

This paper presents the results of a research carried out with a group of Pedagogy students in a private higher education institution in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), making use of Hot Potatoes authoring software aiming at the development of didactic materials. The theoretical foundation was based on pointing out the features, advantages, disadvantages and contributions of software as a technology for teacher education. The objective of this research was to verify the contributions (advantages and disadvantages) of using Hot Potatoes authoring software in the development of activities related to mathematical literacy for Youth and Adult Education (EJA) in the perception of university students. The qualitative and exploratory research had the participation of 22 collaborators who were attending the EJA Teaching Methodology discipline. A workshop was held to present the functionalities of the software and to develop activities by the participants, based on the use of scripts prepared by the researchers. Data collection occurred through a questionnaire with closed questions to draw the profile of participants and open questions to capture their perceptions regarding the software. For data analysis, the Discursive Textual Analysis (ATD) was used. It was concluded that the use of this software has advantages, disadvantages and didactic aspects to be considered when using it.ResumoEste artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com um grupo de estudantes de Pedagogia em uma instituição privada de ensino superior do Rio Grande do Sul, fazendo o uso do software de autoria Hot Potatoes visando ao desenvolvimento de materiais didáticos. A fundamentação teórica baseou-se em apontar as funcionalidades, vantagens, desvantagens e contribuições do software como tecnologia para formação docente. O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar as contribuições (vantagens e desvantagens) do uso do software de autoria Hot Potatoes no desenvolvimento de atividades relacionadas à alfabetização matemática para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) na percepção dos universitários. A investigação de cunho qualitativo e do tipo exploratória contou com a participação de 22 colaboradores que estavam cursando a disciplina de Metodologia de Ensino da EJA. Realizou-se uma oficina para apresentação das funcionalidades do software e para desenvolvimento de atividades com os participantes, a partir do uso de roteiros elaborados pelos pesquisadores. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de questionário com questões fechadas para traçar o perfil dos participantes e questões abertas para captar as suas percepções com relação ao software. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). Concluiu-se que o uso do referido software apresenta vantagens, desvantagens e aspectos didáticos a serem considerados acerca de sua utilização.ResumenEste artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación realizada con un grupo de estudiantes de pedagogía en una institución privada de educación superior en Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), utilizando el software de autoría Hot Potatoes para el desarrollo de materiales didácticos. La base teórica se basó en señalar las características, ventajas, desventajas y contribuciones del software como tecnología para la formación del profesorado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar las contribuciones (ventajas y desventajas) del uso del software de autoría Hot Potatoes en el desarrollo de actividades relacionadas con la alfabetización matemática para la Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos (EJA) en la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios. La investigación cualitativa y exploratoria contó con la participación de 22 colaboradores que asistían a la disciplina Metodología de Enseñanza EJA. Se realizó un taller para presentar las funcionalidades del software y desarrollar actividades por parte de los participantes, basado en el uso de guiones preparados por los investigadores. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas para dibujar el perfil de los participantes y preguntas abiertas para capturar sus percepciones sobre el software. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizó el análisis textual discursivo (ATD). Se concluyó que el uso de este software tiene ventajas, desventajas y aspectos didácticos a tener en cuenta al usarlo.Palavras-chave: Softwares de autoria, Formação de professores, Análise textual discursiva.Keywords: Authoring software, Hot Potatoes, Teacher training, Discursive textual analysis.Palabras claves: Software de autoría, Formación del profesorado, Análisis textual discursivo.ReferencesBECKER, Fernando. Educação e construção do conhecimento. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2001.BEHAR, Patricia et al. Objetos de Aprendizagem para a Educação a Distância. In: Modelos pedagógicos em educação a distância. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2009. Cap. 3. P. 66-92.BELLONI, Maria Luiza. Educação a distância. – 2. ed – Campinas, SP: Autores Associados, 2001. – (Coleção educação contemporânea).BERTIN, Roseli et al. Desenvolvendo jogos educacionais por meio de softwares de autoria. RENOTE, v. 13, n. 1, 2015.BOVO, V, G. O uso do computador na educação de jovens e adultos. Revista PEC. Curitiba, v. 2, nº 1, julho, 2002.BRASIL. Base Nacional Comum Curricular: Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental. Brasília: MEC/Secretaria de Educação Básica, 2017. Disponível em: < http://basenacionalcomum.mec.gov.br/>. Acesso em: 03 out. 2019.BRASIL. Ministério de Educação e do Desporto. Conselho Nacional de Educação/ Conselho Pleno. Resolução CNE/CP 1, de 18 de fevereiro de 2002. Institui diretrizes curriculares nacionais para a formação de professores da educação básica, em nível superior, curso de licenciatura, de graduação plena. Brasília, DF, 18 fev. 2002. Disponível em: <http://portal.mec.gov.br/cne/arquivos/pdf/rcp01_02.pdf>. Acesso em: 03 set. 2019.BRASIL. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais: Matemática / Secretaria de Educação Fundamental. Brasília: MEC / SEF, 2001.COSTA, João Francisco Staffa da. O uso de softwares de autoria na educação de jovens e adultos: percepção de futuros professores. 2019. 99f. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (Especialização em Informática Instrumental para professores da Educação Básica [Educação]. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, 2019. Disponível em:<https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/197245 > Acesso em 07 de set. 2019.DENZIN, N. K.; LINCOLN, Y. O planejamento da pesquisa qualitativa. Teorias e abordagens. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2006.DONDA, Leny Gallego. O Freeware Hot Potatoes e seu potencial como ferramenta de aprendizagem. 2008. Disponível em: <http://www.diaadiaeducacao.pr.gov.br/portals/pde/arquivos/1062-4.pdf> Acesso em 02 de set. 2019.GADOTTI, Moacir. Perspectivas atuais da educação. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas, 2000.GASQUE, Kelley Cristine Gonçalves Dias. Objetos de aprendizagem para o letramento informacional. Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciência da Informação, Brasília, v. 9, n.2, p. 387-405, jul./dez.2016.HEREDIA, Jimena de Melo; DE MORAES, Marialice; VIEIRA, Eleonora Milano Falcão. Uso de tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação por docentes. Revista Conexão UEPG, v. 13, n. 1, p. 130-141, 2017.MALLMANN, E. M. et al. Ensino-Aprendizagem mediado por tecnologias em rede: complexidade da performance docente. Revista Reflexão e Ação, Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 21, n. 2, p. 309-334, jul.-dez. 2013. Disponível em < https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/article/download/3853/3028>. Acesso em 06 out. 2019.MORAES, R.; GALIAZZI, M. C. Análise textual discursiva. Ijuí: Editora Unijuí, 2011.MORAN, J.M. Novas Tecnologias e Mediação Pedagógica. Campinas: Papirus, 2001.NÓVOA, Antonio. (Coord.). Os professores e sua formação. Lisboa-Portugal: Dom Quixote, 2002.QUINTAS, Maria José Miranda Pires. Aprendizagem Colaborativa da Eletricidade com Ensino Interativo. 2017. 424f. Tese (Doutorado em ensino e divulgação das Ciências. [ensino]) - Universidade do Porto, Portugal, 2017.SANTOS, Tássia Ferreira; BEATO, Zelina; ARAGÃO, Rodrigo. As TICS´s e o ensino de línguas. 2012. SEPEXLE – Seminário de Pesquisa e Extensão em Letras. Anais do III SEPEXLE. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz.SCHEUNEMANN, Camila Maria Bandeira; LOPES, Paulo Tadeu Campos. Análise de um hipertexto digital no Ensino de Ciências: Percepções de alunos do Ensino Fundamental. Revista de Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, v. 9, n. 5, p. 14-35, 2018.SILVA, Adão de Oliveira et. at. O uso do Hot Potatoes como ferramenta de complemento às atividades educativas e reforço ao ensino. In: UNIASSELVI Revista Maiêutica. Santa Catarina. Editora Uniasselvi, 2018, p. 85-92.SOARES, Kátia Martins; LIMA, Regina da Silva; SCHMITT, Marcelo Augusto Rauh. Projeto piloto de formação no ambiente virtual de aprendizagem MOODLE Didático IFRS: conhecendo os objetos de aprendizagem. Tear: Revista de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, v. 7, n. 1, 2018.VALENTE, José Armando. Análise dos diferentes tipos de softwares usados na educação. 2006. p.71 – 85. 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This article was based on a research carried out to investigate the reasons that lead teachers to use videos in their classes in the city of Sorocaba / SP. This is an exploratory research of a qualitative and quantitative nature, which used as a data collection instrument a questionnaire with a script of closed and open questions, practically applied; Twenty-five participating teachers from different segments of basic education participated in the study. Tabulation of the closed questions and content analysis of the open dissertation questions were carried out. The results show the reasons that professors allege to use (or not) videos in their classes and methodological options of those who use this resource, including related to the phases of the professional cycle that are. The minority group of non-users argue about lack of physical structure and / or time to watch and select works; the teachers who make use of the video in class use to illustrate and complement the content of the discipline, highlighting among the most common reasons for choosing this resource the interactivity provided by considering the current society as an "Image Society". The justifications presented for the choice of this mediating instrument could be categorized into six themes: Complementation; Image Society; Introduction; Instigation; Interactivity; Recreation. These categories emerge according to the video's display objectives and provide clues about the methodologies used by teachers; in this sense there was a certain structural pattern, which consists of three moments: 1-theme presentation, 2-video display and 3-return. There was, however, variation in the presentation of the theme (theoretical exposition, previous knowledge survey, and questionnaire), how the exhibition occurs (with or without pauses) and the conclusion of the action (talk wheel and / or textual production).Resumo Este artigo se constituiu a partir de uma pesquisa realizada para investigar os motivos que levam os professores a utilizar vídeos em suas aulas no município de Sorocaba/SP. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória de cunho qualiquantitativo, que utilizou como instrumento de coleta de dados um questionário com roteiro de questões fechadas e abertas, aplicadas virtualmente; participaram do estudo vinte e cinco docentes, de diversos segmentos da educação básica. Foi realizada tabulação das questões fechadas e análise de conteúdo das questões dissertativas abertas. Os resultados apresentam os motivos que os docentes alegam para utilizar (ou não) vídeos em suas aulas e opções metodológicas daqueles que utilizam este recurso, inclusive relacionadas às fases do ciclo profissional em que se encontram. O grupo minoritário dos que não utilizam argumentam sobre falta de estrutura física e/ou tempo para assistir e selecionar as obras; os docentes que fazem uso do vídeo em aula utilizam para ilustrar e complementar o conteúdo da disciplina, destacando entre os motivos mais comuns para a escolha deste recurso a interatividade proporcionada, por considerarem a sociedade atual como uma “Sociedade da Imagem”. As justificativas apresentadas para a escolha deste instrumento mediador puderam ser categorizadas em seis temas: Complementação; Sociedade de Imagem; Introdução; Instigação; Interatividade; Lazer. Tais categorias emergem consoantes aos objetivos de exibição do vídeo e fornecem indícios sobre as metodologias empregadas pelos docentes; nesse sentido verificou-se certo padrão estrutural, que consiste em três momentos: 1-apresentação do tema, 2-exibição do vídeo e 3-retorno. Houve, contudo, variação nas formas de apresentação do tema (exposição teórica, levantamento de conhecimentos prévios, questionário), na forma como ocorre a exibição (com ou sem pausas) e na conclusão da ação (roda de conversa e/ou produção textual).ResumenEste artículo se constituyó a partir de una investigación realizada para buscar los motivos que llevan a los profesores a utilizar videos en sus aulas en el municipio de Sorocaba / SP. Se trata de una investigación exploratoria de cuño cualiquantitativo, que utilizó como instrumento de recolección de datos un cuestionario con guión de cuestiones cerradas y abiertas, aplicadas virtualmente; participaron del estudio veinticinco docentes participantes, de diversos segmentos de la educación básica. Se llevó a cabo la tabulación de las cuestiones cerradas y el análisis de contenido de las cuestiones abiertas. Los resultados muestran los motivos que los docentes alegan para utilizar (o no) vídeos en sus clases y opciones metodológicas de aquellos que utilizan este recurso, incluso relacionadas a las fases del ciclo profesional que se encuentran. El grupo minoritario de los que no utilizan argumentan sobre falta de estructura física y / o tiempo para asistir y seleccionar las obras; los docentes que hacen uso del video en clase las utilizan para ilustrar y complementar el contenido de la disciplina, destacando entre los motivos más comunes para la elección de este recurso la interactividad proporcionada por considerar la sociedad actual como una "Sociedad de la Imagen". Las justificaciones presentadas para la elección de este instrumento mediador pudieron ser categorizadas en seis temas: Complementación; Sociedad de la imagen; introducción; instigación; interactividad; Ocio. Tales categorías emergen según los objetivos de exhibición del vídeo y proporcionan indicios sobre las metodologías empleadas por los docentes; en ese sentido se verificó cierto patrón estructural, que consiste en tres momentos: 1-presentación del tema, 2-visualización del vídeo y 3-retorno. En la forma en que ocurre la exhibición (con o sin pausas) y en la conclusión de la acción (rueda de conversación y / o producción textual), hubo variación en las formas de presentación del tema (exposición teórica, levantamiento de conocimientos previos, cuestionario).Palavras-chave: Docentes de Sorocaba; Interatividade, Instigar.Keywords: Sorocaba teachers, Interactivity, Instigate.Palabras clave: Docentes de Sorocaba, Interactividad, Instigar.ReferencesBRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Lei nº 13.006, de 26 de junho de 2014 Acrescenta § 8o ao art. 26 da Lei no 9.394. Disponível em < http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2014/lei/l13006.htm> Acesso em 28 de maio 2017.CORROCHANO, M. C.; PISTILLI, P. Gerações em diálogo: cinema e produção audiovisual no ensino médio. In: FRESQUET, A. (Org.). Cinema e Educação: a lei 13.006 - reflexões, perspectivas, propostas. 1ed. Belo Horizonte: Universo Produção, 2015, v. 1, p. 157-166. Disponível em:<http://www.educacao.ufrj.br/portal/livros/Cinema%20e%20eduCa%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20a%20lei%2013.006.pdf> Acesso em 08 out 2017.COSTA, O. J. da. Ciclo de vida profissional dos professores universitários do Tocantins: uma análise segundo Huberman. In: VII CONNEPI, Anais... 2012, Palmas, Tocantins, 2012.HUBERMAN, M. O ciclo de vida profissional dos professores. In: NÓVOA, A. (Org.). Vidas de professores. 2 ed. Portugal: Porto Editora, 1995. cap. II. p. 31-61. Disponível em < https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4118842/mod_resource/content/1/HUBERMAN%20Micahel_O%20ciclo%20de%20vida%20profissional%20dos%20professores.pdf >KLAMMER, C. R.; FORTUNATO, J.; MELO, R. A importância do cinema por meio do cineclube na escola. In: EDUCERE - XII Congresso Nacional de Educação. Anais... Paraná: PUC, 2015.MIRANDA, C.E.A. Ver filmes, dizer educação, olhar cultura. Revista de Educação PUC Campinas, v.3, n.5, p. 13-20. 1998. Disponível em < http://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/seer/index.php/reveducacao/article/view/433/413> Acesso em 08 out 2017.MORAN, J. M. O vídeo em sala de aula. Comunicação & Educação. São Paulo, ECA – Ed. Moderna, [2]: 27 a 35, jan/abr de 1995 (com bibliografia atualizada).NOGUEIRA, R. Elaboração e análise de questionários: uma revisão da literatura básica e a aplicação dos conceitos a um caso real. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/COPPEAD, 2002. p. 2-4.NÓVOA, J. Apologia da relação cinema-história. In: O olho da História. Revista de História Contemporânea; v.1, n. 1. Salvador: Bahia, Nov 1995. Disponível em < http://www.cinemahistoria.org/2015/04/novoa-jorge-apologia-da-relacao-cinema.html> Acesso 08 out 2017.SANTOS, F. M. dos. Análise de conteúdo: a visão de Laurence Bardin. Resenha de [BARDIN, L. Análise de conteúdo. São Paulo: Edições 70, 2001, 229p.] Revista Eletrônica de Educação. São Carlos, SP: UFSCar, v.6, no. 1, p. 383-387, maio 2012. Disponível em <http://www.reveduc.ufscar.br>.SILVA, C. R.; GOBBI, B. C.; SIMÃO, A. A. O uso da análise de conteúdo como uma ferramenta para a pesquisa qualitativa: descrição e aplicação do método. Organizações Rurais & Agroindustriais, vol. 7, núm. 1, 2005, pp. 70-81. Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Disponível em < http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=87817147006> Acesso em 14 set 2017.VARANI, A.; CHALUH, L. N. O uso do filme na formação de professores. ETD – Educação Temática Digital, Campinas, v.10, n.1, p. 1-23, dez 2008.e3831004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the actions offered in the Teacher Development Program from the perceptions of the teachers of the medical course of a public university that has been working with active teaching and learning methods since 2002. After each action of the program, an evaluation instrument was applied to the participants, and the answers were submitted to content analysis and then organized into three categories: infrastructure and logistics, the teaching-learning strategies and the developed content. Teachers highlight the importance of organization and planning of activities and the environment in which these actions are developed; they emphasize the importance of using teaching–learning strategies that allow greater re?ection on own practice and the integration of theory and practice. They point out that the themes proposed were timely and necessary, they recognize the importance of being in development, they talk about the motivation from the experiences lived. It is concluded that the Teacher Development is a process through which the teacher is in transformation, through a conscious and constant reflection of his own practice. This process can be promoted by institutional investments and by the regulatory mechanisms of institutions, constituted of an evaluation referenced in objective indicators, consistent with the goals to be achieved. In this sense, it is necessary to invest in permanent education, because long-term programs allow the development of the teacher´s and the institution´s needs.ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as ações oferecidas em um Programa de Desenvolvimento Docente a partir da percepção dos professores do curso de medicina de uma universidade pública que utiliza métodos ativos de ensino-aprendizagem desde 2002. Após cada ação do programa, um instrumento de avaliação foi aplicado aos participantes, e respostas foram submetidas à análise do conteúdo e em seguida foram organizadas em três categorias: infraestrutura e logística, estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem utilizadas, e conteúdo desenvolvido. Os professores destacam a importância da organização e planejamento das atividades e do ambiente em que essas ações se desenvolveram; Enfatizam a importância de utilizar estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem que possibilitem maior reflexão sobre a própria prática e a integração da teoria e a prática. Apontam que os temas propostos foram oportunos e necessários, reconhecem a importância de estarem em desenvolvimento, falam sobre a motivação a partir das experiências vivenciadas. Conclui-se que o Desenvolvimento Docente é um processo pelo qual o professor está em transformação, por meio de uma re?exão consciente e constante de sua própria prática. Esse processo pode ser promovido pelos investimentos institucionais e pelos mecanismos reguladores das instituições constituídos por uma avaliação referenciada em indicadores objetivos, coerentes com as metas a serem alcançadas. Nesse sentido, é necessário investir na educação permanente, pois os programas em longo prazo permitem trabalhar as necessidades do professor e da instituição.ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las acciones ofrecidas en un Programa de Desarrollo Docente a partir de la percepción de los profesores del curso de medicina de una universidad pública que utiliza métodos activos de enseñanza - aprendizaje desde 2002. Después de cada acción del programa, un instrumento de evaluación se aplicó a los participantes, y las respuestas se sometieron al análisis del contenido y luego se organizaron en tres categorías: infraestructura y logística, estrategias de enseñanza - aprendizaje utilizadas, y contenido desarrollado. Los profesores destacan la importancia de la organización y planificación de las actividades y del ambiente en que esas acciones se desarrollaron; Enfatizan la importancia de utilizar estrategias de enseñanza - aprendizaje que posibiliten una mayor reflexión sobre la propia práctica y la integración de la teoría y la práctica. Se señalan que los temas propuestos fueron oportunos y necesarios, reconocen la importancia de estar en desarrollo, hablan sobre la motivación a partir de las experiencias vivenciadas. Se concluye que el Desarrollo Docente es un proceso por el cual el profesor está en transformación, por medio de una re?exión consciente y constante de su propia práctica. Este proceso puede ser promovido por las inversiones institucionales y por los mecanismos reguladores de las instituciones constituidos por una evaluación referenciada en indicadores objetivos, coherentes con las metas a ser alcanzadas. En este sentido, es necesario invertir en la educación permanente, pues los programas a largo plazo permiten trabajar las necesidades del profesor y de la institución.Keywords: Educational development, Medical education, Professional development, Qualitative research.Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento e educação, Formação médica, Desenvolvimento profissional, Pesquisa qualitativa.Palabras claves: Desarrollo y educación, Formación médica, Desarrollo profesional, Investigación cualitativa.ReferencesABID, Kauser. Faculty development: a need in time for educators in healthcare. J Pak Med Assoc, v. 63, n. 4, p. 428-431, Apr., 2013.ALMEIDA, Maria Tereza Carvalho; BATISTA, Nildo Alves. Ser docente em métodos ativos de ensino-aprendizagem na formação do médico. Rev Bras Educ Med, v. 35, n. 4, p. 468-476, julho, 2011.ALMEIDA, Maria Tereza Carvalho; MAIA, Fernanda Alves; BATISTA, Nildo Alves. Gestão nas escolas médicas e sustentabilidade dos programas de desenvolvimento docente. 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Faculty development through international exchange: The IMEX initiative. Medical teacher, v. 36, n. 7, p. 591-595, Jun., 2014.CECIM, Ricardo Burg. Educação permanente em saúde: desafio ambicioso e necessário. Interface – Comunicação, Saúde e Educação, v. 9, n. 16, p. 161-177, fev., 2005.CENTRA, John A. Types of faculty development programs. The Journal of Higher Education, v. 49, n. 2, p. 151-162, 1978.CHOU, Calvin L. et al. The Impact of a Faculty Learning Community on Professional and Personal Development: The Facilitator Training Program of the American Academy on Communication in Healthcare. Academic Medicine, v. 89, n. 7, p. 1051-1056, Jul., 2014.COSTA, Nilce Maria da Silva Campos. Docência no ensino médico: por que é tão difícil mudar?. Rev bras educ méd, v. 31, n. 1, p. 21-30, 2007.DEWEY, John. Experiência e Natureza - Lógica - a Arte Como Experiência - Vida e Educação - Teoria da Vida moral. 2 ed. São Paulo: Abril cultural, 1985.DONABEDIAN, Avedis. 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Fix positive integers $k$ and $d$. We show that, as $n\to\infty$, any set system $\mathcal{A} \subset 2^{[n]}$ for which the VC dimension of $\{ \triangle_{i=1}^k S_i \mid S_i \in \mathcal{A}\}$ is at most $d$ has size at most $(2^{d\bmod{k}}+o(1))\binom{n}{\lfloor d/k\rfloor}$. Here $\triangle$ denotes the symmetric difference operator. This is a $k$-fold generalisation of a result of Dvir and Moran, and it settles one of their questions. A key insight is that, by a compression method, the problem is equivalent to an extremal set theoretic problem on $k$-wise intersection or union that was originally due to Erdős and Frankl. We also give an example of a family $\mathcal{A} \subset 2^{[n]}$ such that the VC dimension of $\mathcal{A}\cap \mathcal{A}$ and of $\mathcal{A}\cup \mathcal{A}$ are both at most $d$, while $\lvert \mathcal{A} \rvert = \Omega(n^d)$. This provides a negative answer to another question of Dvir and Moran.

AbstractThe chemfp project has had four main goals: (1) promote the FPS format as a text-based exchange format for dense binary cheminformatics fingerprints, (2) develop a high-performance implementation of the BitBound algorithm that could be used as an effective baseline to benchmark new similarity search implementations, (3) experiment with funding a pure open source software project through commercial sales, and (4) publish the results and lessons learned as a guide for future implementors. The FPS format has had only minor success, though it did influence development of the FPB binary format, which is faster to load but more complex. Both are summarized. The chemfp benchmark and the no-cost/open source version of chemfp are proposed as a reference baseline to evaluate the effectiveness of other similarity search tools. They are used to evaluate the faster commercial version of chemfp, which can test 130 million 1024-bit fingerprint Tanimotos per second on a single core of a standard x86-64 server machine. When combined with the BitBound algorithm, a k = 1000 nearest-neighbor search of the 1.8 million 2048-bit Morgan fingerprints of ChEMBL 24 averages 27 ms/query. The same search of 970 million PubChem fingerprints averages 220 ms/query, making chemfp one of the fastest CPU-based similarity search implementations. Modern CPUs are fast enough that memory bandwidth and latency are now important factors. Single-threaded search uses most of the available memory bandwidth. Sorting the fingerprints by popcount improves memory coherency, which when combined with 4 OpenMP threads makes it possible to construct an N × N similarity matrix for 1 million fingerprints in about 30 min. These observations may affect the interpretation of previous publications which assumed that search was strongly CPU bound. The chemfp project funding came from selling a purely open-source software product. Several product business models were tried, but none proved sustainable. Some of the experiences are discussed, in order to contribute to the ongoing conversation on the role of open source software in cheminformatics.

Introdução: a taxa de mortalidade infantil é um indicador sensível às transformações sociais de uma região, sinaliza o desenvolvimento socioeconômico e as condições de vida, importando, por isso, aos profissionais da administração em saúde e da medicina preventiva e social. Objetivos: estabelecer a associação entre determinantes sociais e a taxa de mortalidade infantil nos municípios do Piauí em 2010. Metodologia: estudo ecológico de correlação e autocorrelação espacial entre a taxa de mortalidade infantil e os indicadores índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal e seus componentes longevidade, renda e emprego e educação, coeficiente de Gini e proporção de pobres em 2010. Os dados foram obtidos no sítio eletrônico do Atlas de Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil. Realizou-se estatística descritiva, teste de correlação de Spearman e dependência espacial univariada e bivariada com o índice de Moran. Consideraram-se estatisticamente significante um valor p menor de 0,05 e um pseudo-p menor ou igual a 0,05 quando o módulo do valor z fosse maior ou igual a 1,96. Utilizaram-se os softwares MINITAB v.17, GeoDa e R Studio. Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo CEP da Universidade Federal do Piauí. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade infantil correlacionou-se de modo complexo e nem sempre homogêneo com o IDHM, com os componentes do IDHM e com a proporção de pobres. Não houve correlação com o coeficiente de Gini. O IDHM renda e emprego foi o único determinante social que não exibiu dependência espacial. Apenas o IDHM longevidade correlacionou-se espacialmente com a taxa de mortalidade infantil, predominando a formação de outliers onde maior IDHM longevidade esteve associado com menor mortalidade infantil. Conclusões: Existiram correlação e autocorrelação espacial entre taxa de mortalidade infantil e determinantes sociais no Piauí em 2010. As áreas de maior risco, principalmente aquelas com piores indicadores sociais, são alvo das ações de planejamento estratégico em administração em saúde e em medicina preventiva e Social.Palavras-chave: Mortalidade Infantil. Determinantes Sociais da Saúde. Correlação de Dados. Análise Espacial. ABSTRACTIntroduction: infant mortality rate is a sensitive indicator to regional social transformations and indicates the socioeconomic development and the way of life, consequently it matters to health administration and to preventive and social medicine. Objectives: to establish the association between social determinants and the infant mortality rate in the cities of Piaui in 2010. Methodology: ecological study of correlation and spatial autocorrelation between the infant mortality rate and the human development index and their components (‘longevity’, ‘income and employment’ and ‘education’), Gini’s coefficient and proportion of poverty in 2010. Data were obtained from the website of Atlas of Human Development in Brazil. Descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation test and univariate and bivariate spatial dependence with the Moran index were performed. A p-value less than 0.05 and a pseudo-p equals to or less than 0.05 with an absolute z-value equals to or greater than 1.96 were considered statistically significant. The software MINITAB v.17, GeoDa and R Studio were used. This paper was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Piaui. Results: The infant mortality rate correlated in a complex and not always homogeneous way with the HDI, with the components of the HDI and with the proportion of poverty. There was no correlation with the Gini’s coefficient. The income and employment component of HDI was the only social determinant that did not demonstrate spatial dependence. Only the longevity component of HDI was spatially correlated with the infant mortality rate, with the formation of outliers predominating where greater longevity component of HDI was associated with lower infant mortality rate. Conclusions: There were correlation and spatial autocorrelation between infant mortality rate and social determinants in Piaui in 2010. The areas of greatest risk, especially those with the worst social determinants, are the target of strategic planning actions in health administration and preventive and social medicine.Keywords: Infant Mortality. Social Determinants of Health. Correlation of Data. Spatial Analysis.

Eens een bloeiende subdiscipline binnen de sociologie is het vak bedrijfssociologie in de afgelopen decennia in de academische wereld geleidelijk aan op de achtergrond geraakt. Als zelfstandig vak wordt het in ons land nauwelijks of niet meer gedoceerd. Ook in de sfeer van onderzoek heeft dit grote gevolgen. Onderzoek met een puur bedrijfssociologische of arbeidssociologische vraagstelling is schaars. Binnen organisaties en ondernemingen is bedrijfssociologie verdrongen door de meer neutrale vakken bedrijfskunde en human resources management. Dat is jammer omdat daardoor sociaal beleid op organisatieniveau een vrijwel apolitieke aangelegenheid is geworden. Sprak men een aantal decennia geleden nog van sociale politiek op bedrijfsniveau, vandaag de dag zijn de termen personeelsbeleid en HRM-beleid dominant. Belangrijke naoorlogse debatten waarin de bedrijfssociologie tot ongeveer 1990 een substantiële rol speelde, betroffen medezeggenschap van werknemers, humanisering en kwaliteit van de arbeid en als laatste het debat over de arbeidsprocesbenadering. Het waren debatten met een duidelijke kritische normatieve strekking. Daardoor kon bedrijfssociologie of arbeidssociologie vanuit of het standpunt van de werkgever of het standpunt van de werknemers een bijdrage leveren aan het doorprikken van soms hardnekkige mythes over arbeidsverhoudingen op organisatieniveau. Onder andere via de toenmalige Commissie Opvoering Productiviteit (COP; later COB) van de Sociaal Economische Raad (SER) zijn decennialang veel onderzoeksgelden verdeeld, waaruit het bedrijfssociologische onderzoek kon putten.Kijken we naar de praktijk van vandaag de dag, dan kan worden vastgesteld dat sociaal beleid op organisatieniveau overwegend is gereduceerd tot bedrijfsintern arbeidsmarktbeleid. Zo is één van de dominerende thema’s op dit vlak het vormgeven van de balans werk-privé. Andere belangrijke thema’s zijn Het Nieuwe Werken en het introduceren van psychologische contracten. Op zichzelf is daar weinig mis mee, zij het dat de discussie over deze thema’s plaatsvindt in een quasineutrale context. Alle werknemers worden geacht er in gelijke mate van te profiteren. De werkelijkheid is natuurlijk genuanceerder. Diegenen die niet tot de kern van het personeelsbestand in organisaties behoren profiteren er minder van. Vanuit de optiek van kansen is een zekere mate van tweedeling waarneembaar tussen lager opgeleide en hoger opgeleide werknemers. Maar vanuit de optiek van de bedrijfskunde en het human resources management is er echter geen sprake van een sociaal vraagstuk op werkplaats- of organisatieniveau. Als gevolg daarvan is er tevens te weinig oog voor de samenhang tussen de op de externe arbeidsmarkt plaatsvindende tweedeling en de tweedeling binnen ondernemingen en organisaties. De tweedeling op de externe arbeidsmarkt tussen laagopgeleiden en hoogopgeleiden is een gevolg van onvoldoende effectief activerend arbeidsmarktbeleid en de afbraak van de verzorgingsstaat. Deze problematiek zal in de komende jaren als gevolg van verdere vergaande bezuinigingen op sociale zekerheid en re-integratiemiddelen alleen maar scherpere vormen aannemen.Ik zou daarom een pleidooi willen houden voor een herwaardering van de bedrijfssociologie als academisch vak en in het verlengde daarvan voor een zelfstandige meerjarige bedrijfssociologische researchagenda.Het gaat mij daarbij allereerst om een bedrijfssociologie waarin anders dan in het geval van bedrijfskunde en human resources management de normatieve component weer een duidelijke en erkende plaats heeft. Dit maakt het mogelijk vraagstukken van tweedeling op organisatie- en ondernemingsniveau te onderkennen en tegelijkertijd bij te dragen aan de oplossing ervan.In het verlengde hiervan dient, evenals in het verleden, de bedrijfssociologie interventiegericht te zijn. Veel kan hierbij worden ontleend aan voorbeelden uit het verleden, zoals de experimenten destijds met werkoverleg bij Philips en experimenten met medezeggenschap van werknemers en met humanisering van de arbeid in een groot aantal andere bedrijven in de jaren zestig en zeventig van de vorige eeuw.Eén van de problemen met bedrijfskunde en human resources management is de tijdloze invalshoek. Er is ten onrechte nauwelijks of geen oog voor ervaringen uit het verleden. Ook ervaringen uit het verleden kunnen ondanks de gewijzigde omstandigheden bijdragen aan het oplossen van de vraagstukken van vandaag of morgen. Een voorbeeld kan dit verduidelijken. In de hoogtijdagen van de massaproductie was er binnen bedrijven veel aandacht voor het vraagstuk van loyaliteit en betrokkenheid van werknemers bij de onderneming. Dat vertaalde zich in allerlei maatregelen en programma’s die binding van werknemers bevorderden op het vlak van sociale zekerheid, gezondheid, maatschappelijk werk, huisvesting, recreatie en financiële participatie. Denk in dit geval bijvoorbeeld aan de creatie van tuindorpen zoals Heveadorp, Philipsdorp en Heijplaat in de Rotterdamse haven, de oprichting van bedrijfssportverenigingen, invoering van pensioenregelingen, invoering van winstdelingsregelingen, en dergelijke. Dit soort voorzieningen kwam doorgaans ten goede aan alle werknemers en niet zozeer aan een kleine selectieve groep. In de huidige context van flexibilisering krijgt het vraagstuk van binding en loyaliteit van werknemers een nieuwe actualiteit. Verondersteld mag worden dat toenemende flexibiliteit leidt tot vluchtigheid en minder binding in de sfeer van arbeidsverhoudingen. Dit is zowel een probleem voor de werkgever als de werknemers. Een teveel aan flexibiliteit heeft een negatieve invloed op de productiviteit. In de Verenigde Staten spreekt men in dit verband zelfs van een disengagement crisis die de Amerikaanse economie jaarlijks 300 miljard dollar aan productiviteitsverlies kost. Voor sommige groepen werknemers leidt een overmaat aan flexibilisering tot grote onzekerheid over het inkomen en de baan. Binding en loyaliteit verdienen het dus om weer prominent op de sociaal-politieke agenda van organisaties en ondernemingen te worden gezet. Erkende bedrijfssociologische inzichten uit het verleden kunnen daarbij een rol van betekenis spelen.Een ander voorbeeld in dit verband is de relatie tussen flexibiliteit, productiviteit en organisatie van de arbeid. Met name in dienstverlenende sectoren zoals de zorg, maar bijvoorbeeld ook de rechterlijke macht, worden strakke productiviteitsdoelen geformuleerd. Deze gaan ten koste van het professionele vakmanschap en van de intrinsieke motivatie van de betreffende werknemers. Zij worden meer en meer moderne productiewerknemers.Samenvattend lijkt mij om meerdere redenen een herwaardering van de bedrijfssociologie als academisch vak, maar ook als onderzoeksdiscipline, noodzakelijk en nuttig. De kwaliteit van bedrijfsinterne arbeidsverhoudingen kan er aanzienlijk door toenemen. In een tijd van een zich steeds verder terugtrekkende overheid van sociaal beleid is dat geen overbodige luxe.

Les années 1980 ont vu l'émergence, en philosophie, d’une éthique du care, qui n’a cessé de se développer et de gagner en importance. En rupture avec les conceptions kantiennes et rationalistes de la vie morale, cette éthique féministe met au centre de l’expérience morale la dépendance et le souci de l’autre, plutôt que la liberté et le détachement. Loin d’être des entités séparées, les individus dépendent des autres pour la satisfaction de besoins vitaux, et ce tout au long de leur vie, même s’ils le sont davantage à certains moments (naissance, maladie). Par delà leurs différences, les théoriciennes du care mettent au centre des discussions sur la justice et l’éthique la responsabilité à l’égard des personnes dépendantes et vulnérables, ainsi que le fait de prendre soin des autres (Paperman et Laugier, 2011). Le care désigne l’ensemble des gestes et des paroles essentielles visant le maintien de la vie et de la dignité des personnes, bien au-delà des seuls soins de santé. Il renvoie autant à la disposition des individus – la sollicitude, l’attention à autrui – qu’aux activités de soin – laver, panser, réconforter, etc. –, en prenant en compte à la fois la personne qui aide et celle qui reçoit cette aide, ainsi que le contexte social et économique dans lequel se noue cette relation. L’émergence de ce courant philosophique coïncide avec trois grands phénomènes sociaux et intellectuels. D’abord, l’accès grandissant des femmes au marché du travail, et la remise en cause de la division sexuelle du travail, qui conduisent les historiens et les anthropologues à s’intéresser aux tâches et aux métiers traditionnellement féminins (Loux, 1983), dont le travail domestique de soin ou les professions soignantes (infirmières, auxiliaires de soin). L’essor des recherches et des théories du care est ensuite lié au vieillissement de la population dans les sociétés occidentales, et aux préoccupations grandissantes touchant l’aide et les soins aux personnes âgées et dépendantes, plus nombreuses et vivant plus longtemps (Buch, 2015). Enfin, ces recherches et théories sont nourries par les débats sur l’assistance publique, la capacité de l’État-providence à prendre en charge les personnes vulnérables et à en décharger les familles (France, Canada), la situation de dépendance, négativement perçue, dans laquelle se trouvent ceux qui donnent et ceux qui reçoivent l’assistance (États-Unis). Les travaux sur le care mettent en évidence le fait que la responsabilité du soin aux autres revient davantage à certaines catégories sociales (les femmes, les groupes les plus démunis ou subordonnés comme les immigrants ou les pauvres). Un souci traverse et anime l’éthique du care : revaloriser les activités de soins, dont l’importance est ignorée et les savoirs déniés, du fait de leur association à des groupes d’un bas statut social ; dénoncer du même coup la manière dont les plus riches s’en déchargent sur les plus pauvres et les plus vulnérables, tout en ignorant ou oubliant leur dépendance à leur égard (Kittey et Feder, 2003). L’éthique du care ne peut manquer d’intéresser les anthropologues, qui peuvent y retrouver plusieurs de leurs interrogations et préoccupations. Premièrement, cette éthique remet en question un certain idéal du sujet, dominant en Occident, conçu comme un individu indépendant, délié de toute attache lorsqu’il fait ses choix. Les théories du care mettent en évidence sa profonde et naturelle dépendance aux autres pour la satisfaction de ses besoins primordiaux. Dans ces théories, comme en anthropologie, le sujet est le produit des rapports sociaux, il n’est compréhensible que replacé dans ces rapports généralement asymétriques. L’incomplétude de l’individu est posée dès le départ : se croire indépendant, c’est ne pas voir ses dépendances. S’il est possible de réduire sa dépendance, ce n’est qu’au bout d’un apprentissage, à l’intérieur de certains rapports sociaux et, paradoxalement, avec le soutien des autres. Deuxièmement, dans l’éthique du care, le jugement moral n’exige pas de s’abstraire de sa situation, de se libérer de toute passion et sentiment, mais plutôt, à partir de son expérience, de sa propre histoire et de la relation que l’on entretient avec l’autre, de chercher à comprendre son point de vue et sa situation. On se trouve là très proche de la démarche et de la compréhension ethnographique, fondée sur la relation que l’ethnologue entretient avec ceux qu’il étudie et dont il cherche à saisir le point de vue. Troisièmement, l’éthique du care attire l’attention sur des réalités négligées, oubliées ou dévalorisées ; elle conduit à une réévaluation de ce qui est précieux (Tronto, 1993). Comme l’anthropologie très souvent, elle s’intéresse à ce qui passe inaperçu ou demeure méconnu, mais aussi aux activités quotidiennes, en apparence banales, à ce qui s’exprime moins par des mots que par des gestes, dans les corps et les interactions, dont elle dévoile la richesse, la complexité, la signification et l’importance. Comme l’anthropologie, elle fait entendre des voix différentes, elle permet d’élargir le point de vue, de dépasser une vision dominante ou coutumière des choses. Quatrièmement, les recherches et les théories du care supportent une critique des inégalités et des rapports de domination, jusque dans la sphère privée. Elles s’interrogent sur le pouvoir qui s’exerce au sein de la relation d’aide et du lien affectif. Elles dénoncent les conditions de vie et la situation d’indignité dans laquelle se trouvent certaines personnes dépendantes (handicapées, âgées, seules, démunies), mais également les conditions de travail de celles et ceux qui apportent l’aide et les soins, et l’exploitation dont elles sont l’objet (travailleuses immigrantes, domestiques et femmes de ménage). Elles replacent ces rapports de domination au sein des rapports sociaux de sexe et des relations raciales, mais aussi dans les rapports entre les pays riches et les pays pauvres, comme le font les anthropologues. Enfin, cinquièmement, l’éthique du care conduit à une critique de la naturalisation de certaines dispositions et attitudes attribuées aux femmes : compassion, souci de l’autre, dévouement, oubli de soi. Ces dispositions et attitudes ne sont pas propres aux femmes, mais socialement et culturellement distribuées. Elles ne doivent pas être valorisées en les extrayant du contexte matériel et politique dans lequel elles s’expriment, au risque de renforcer les hiérarchies sociales et les injustices. Pareille critique est également menée par l’anthropologie, en montrant la relativité culturelle des dispositions et attitudes. Si l’anthropologie peut apprendre beaucoup de l’éthique du care, elle peut aussi apporter sa contribution aux débats sur le prendre soin, à partir de sa propre perspective et de ses méthodes : en décrivant et analysant les pratiques, les savoir-faire, l’organisation domestique, les institutions qui fournissent des services ; en prêtant attention aux gestes et aux rituels, aux expérience sensorielles, où la raison et les émotions, le sensible et l’intelligible ne se séparent pas (Buch, 2013); en comparant les pratiques et les situations entre différents pays et différentes époques, différents milieux socioéconomiques et différentes cultures, afin de montrer les constantes et les différences (Kaufman et Morgan, 2005); en sortant du monde occidental et en élargissant la perspective (l’éthique du care demeurant encore très marquée par la culture et les valeurs nord-américaines) ; en inscrivant le care et les pratiques de soins, non seulement dans les rapports sociaux et économiques, mais dans l’ensemble des systèmes symboliques, qui relient les individus entre eux, et qui tissent des correspondances entre les différentes dimensions de leur expérience, entre les âges de la vie, le passé et le présent, les gestes et les croyances, le corps et l’imaginaire (Verdier, 1979). L’anthropologie sera attentive au travail de la culture, au processus par lequel des expériences sont inscrites dans la culture par le biais de symboles, à la poétique des gestes et des paroles, à ce qui cherche à se dire et à s’exprimer, ainsi qu’aux résistances et à la distance que le soignant ou le soigné prend avec le groupe, ses valeurs et ses normes, à sa capacité de faire entendre autre chose, de faire voir d’autres dimensions de l’expérience (Saillant, 2000). Le care et le prendre soin ne forment pas un domaine spécifique de recherche, une anthropologie spécialisée à côté de l’anthropologie de la maladie, l’anthropologie de la famille et l’anthropologie du genre. Ce sont moins des «objets» d’étude, qu’une manière d’examiner des réalités multiples et variées. Faire de l’anthropologie du care et du prendre soin, c’est opérer un déplacement d’attention de la médecine vers les activités domestiques et quotidiennes, des savoirs scientifiques et techniques vers les arts de faire plus discrets, mais nécessitant tout autant un apprentissage, de l’intelligence et de la créativité, et reposant sur des savoirs. C’est également un moyen d’ouvrir l’anthropologie à des débats sociaux contemporains. Mais c’est aussi revenir par un autre chemin à la question anthropologique de l’articulation du biologique et du culturel, la manière dont le corps est culturellement investi, traversé de significations, façonné et transformé par les sociétés, la manière dont les faits naturels de la naissance, de la maladie et de la mort sont transformés en expériences humaines, inscrits dans un monde social spécifique et une conjoncture historique particulière (Saillant et Gagnon, 1999). Faire de l’anthropologie des soins, c’est ainsi reprendre à de nouveaux frais la question générale de l’articulation entre reproduction biologique et reproduction sociale.

IntroductionTasmania hangs from the map of Australia like a drop in freefall from the substance of the mainland. Often the whole state is mislaid from Australian maps and logos (Reddit). Tasmania has, at least since federation, been considered peripheral—a region seen as isolated, a ‘problem’ economically, politically, and culturally. However, Tasmania not only cleaves to the ‘north island’ of Australia but is also subject to the gravitational pull of an even greater land mass—Antarctica. In this article, we upturn the political conventions of map-making that place both Antarctica and Tasmania in obscure positions at the base of the globe. We show how a changing global climate re-frames Antarctica and the Southern Ocean as key drivers of worldwide environmental shifts. The liquid and solid water between Tasmania and Antarctica is revealed not as a homogenous barrier, but as a dynamic and relational medium linking the Tasmanian archipelago with Antarctica. When Antarctica becomes the focus, the script is flipped: Tasmania is no longer on the edge, but core to a network of gateways into the southern land. The state’s capital of Hobart can from this perspective be understood as an “Antarctic city”, central to the geopolitics, economy, and culture of the frozen continent (Salazar et al.). Viewed from the south, we argue, Tasmania is not a problem, but an opportunity for a form of ecological, cultural, economic, and political sustainability that opens up the southern continent to science, discovery, and imagination.A Centre at the End of the Earth? Tasmania as ParadoxThe islands of Tasmania owe their existence to climate change: a period of warming at the end of the last ice age melted the vast sheets of ice covering the polar regions, causing sea levels to rise by more than one hundred metres (Tasmanian Climate Change Office 8). Eleven thousand years ago, Aboriginal people would have witnessed the rise of what is now called Bass Strait, turning what had been a peninsula into an archipelago, with the large island of Tasmania at its heart. The heterogeneous practices and narratives of Tasmanian regional identity have been shaped by the geography of these islands, and their connection to the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. Regions, understood as “centres of collective consciousness and sociospatial identities” (Paasi 241) are constantly reproduced and reimagined through place-based social practices and communications over time. As we will show, diverse and contradictory narratives of Tasmanian regionality often co-exist, interacting in complex and sometimes complementary ways. Ecocritical literary scholar C.A. Cranston considers duality to be embedded in the textual construction of Tasmania, writing “it was hell, it was heaven, it was penal, it was paradise” (29). Tasmania is multiply polarised: it is both isolated and connected; close and far away; rich in resources and poor in capital; the socially conservative birthplace of radical green politics (Hay 60). The weather, as if sensing the fine balance of these paradoxes, blows hot and cold at a moment’s notice.Tasmania has wielded extraordinary political influence at times in its history—notably during the settlement of Melbourne in 1835 (Boyce), and during protests against damming the Franklin River in the early 1980s (Mercer). However, twentieth-century historical and political narratives of Tasmania portray the Bass Strait as a barrier, isolating Tasmanians from the mainland (Harwood 61). Sir Bede Callaghan, who headed one of a long line of federal government inquiries into “the Tasmanian problem” (Harwood 106), was clear that Tasmania was a victim of its own geography:the major disability facing the people of Tasmania (although some residents may consider it an advantage) is that Tasmania is an island. Separation from the mainland adversely affects the economy of the State and the general welfare of the people in many ways. (Callaghan 3)This perspective may stem from the fact that Tasmania has maintained the lowest Gross Domestic Product per capita of all states since federation (Bureau of Infrastructure Transport and Regional Economics 9). Socially, economically, and culturally, Tasmania consistently ranks among the worst regions of Australia. Statistical comparisons with other parts of Australia reveal the population’s high unemployment, low wages, poor educational outcomes, and bad health (West 31). The state’s remoteness and isolation from the mainland states and its reliance on federal income have contributed to the whole of Tasmania, including Hobart, being classified as ‘regional’ by the Australian government, in an attempt to promote immigration and economic growth (Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development 1). Tasmania is indeed both regional and remote. However, in this article we argue that, while regionality may be cast as a disadvantage, the island’s remote location is also an asset, particularly when viewed from a far southern perspective (Image 1).Image 1: Antarctica (Orthographic Projection). Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons, Modified Shading of Tasmania and Addition of Captions by H. Nielsen.Connecting Oceans/Collapsing DistanceTasmania and Antarctica have been closely linked in the past—the future archipelago formed a land bridge between Antarctica and northern land masses until the opening of the Tasman Seaway some 32 million years ago (Barker et al.). The far south was tangible to the Indigenous people of the island in the weather blowing in from the Southern Ocean, while the southern lights, or “nuyina”, formed a visible connection (Australia’s new icebreaker vessel is named RSV Nuyina in recognition of these links). In the contemporary Australian imagination, Tasmania tends to be defined by its marine boundaries, the sea around the islands represented as flat, empty space against which to highlight the topography of its landscape and the isolation of its position (Davies et al.). A more relational geographic perspective illuminates the “power of cross-currents and connections” (Stratford et al. 273) across these seascapes. The sea country of Tasmania is multiple and heterogeneous: the rough, shallow waters of the island-scattered Bass Strait flow into the Tasman Sea, where the continental shelf descends toward an abyssal plain studded with volcanic seamounts. To the south, the Southern Ocean provides nutrient-rich upwellings that attract fish and cetacean populations. Tasmania’s coast is a dynamic, liminal space, moving and changing in response to the global currents that are driven by the shifting, calving and melting ice shelves and sheets in Antarctica.Oceans have long been a medium of connection between Tasmania and Antarctica. In the early colonial period, when the seas were the major thoroughfares of the world and inland travel was treacherous and slow, Tasmania’s connection with the Southern Ocean made it a valuable hub for exploration and exploitation of the south. Between 1642 and 1900, early European explorers were followed by British penal colonists, convicts, sealers, and whalers (Kriwoken and Williamson 93). Tasmania was well known to polar explorers, with expeditions led by Jules Dumont d’Urville, James Clark Ross, Roald Amundsen, and Douglas Mawson all transiting through the port of Hobart. Now that the city is no longer a whaling hub, growing populations of cetaceans continue to migrate past the islands on their annual journeys from the tropics, across the Sub-Antarctic Front and Antarctic circumpolar current, and into the south polar region, while southern species such as leopard seals are occasionally seen around Tasmania (Tasmania Parks and Wildlife). Although the water surrounding Tasmania and Antarctica is at times homogenised as a ‘barrier’, rendering these places isolated, the bodies of water that surround both are in fact permeable, and regularly crossed by both humans and marine species. The waters are diverse in their physical characteristics, underlying topography, sea life, and relationships, and serve to connect many different ocean regions, ecosystems, and weather patterns.Views from the Far SouthWhen considered in terms of its relative proximity to Antarctic, rather than its distance from Australia’s political and economic centres, Tasmania’s identity undergoes a significant shift. A sign at Cockle Creek, in the state’s far south, reminds visitors that they are closer to Antarctica than to Cairns, invoking a discourse of connectedness that collapses the standard ten-day ship voyage to Australia’s closest Antarctic station into a unit comparable with the routinely scheduled 5.5 hour flight to North Queensland. Hobart is the logistical hub for the Australian Antarctic Division and the French Institut Polaire Francais (IPEV), and has hosted Antarctic vessels belonging to the USA, South Korea, and Japan in recent years. From a far southern perspective, Hobart is not a regional Australian capital but a global polar hub. This alters the city’s geographic imaginary not only in a latitudinal sense—from “top down” to “bottom up”—but also a longitudinal one. Via its southward connection to Antarctica, Hobart is also connected east and west to four other recognized gateways: Cape Town in South Africa, Christchurch in New Zealand; Punta Arenas in Chile; and Ushuaia in Argentina (Image 2). The latter cities are considered small by international standards, but play an outsized role in relation to Antarctica.Image 2: H. Nielsen with a Sign Announcing Distances between Antarctic ‘Gateway’ Cities and Antarctica, Ushuaia, Argentina, 2018. Image Credit: Nicki D'Souza.These five cities form what might be called—to adapt geographer Klaus Dodds’ term—a ‘Southern Rim’ around the South Polar region (Dodds Geopolitics). They exist in ambiguous relationship to each other. Although the five cities signed a Statement of Intent in 2009 committing them to collaboration, they continue to compete vigorously for northern hemisphere traffic and the brand identity of the most prominent global gateway. A state government brochure spruiks Hobart, for example, as the “perfect Antarctic Gateway” emphasising its uniqueness and “natural advantages” in this regard (Tasmanian Government, 2016). In practice, the cities are automatically differentiated by their geographic position with respect to Antarctica. Although the ‘ice continent’ is often conceived as one entity, it too has regions, in both scientific and geographical senses (Terauds and Lee; Antonello). Hobart provides access to parts of East Antarctica, where the Australian, French, Japanese, and Chinese programs (among others) have bases; Cape Town is a useful access point for Europeans going to Dronning Maud Land; Christchurch is closest to the Ross Sea region, site of the largest US base; and Punta Arenas and Ushuaia neighbour the Antarctic Peninsula, home to numerous bases as well as a thriving tourist industry.The Antarctic sector is important to the Tasmanian economy, contributing $186 million (AUD) in 2017/18 (Wells; Gutwein; Tasmanian Polar Network). Unsurprisingly, Tasmania’s gateway brand has been actively promoted, with the 2016 Australian Antarctic Strategy and 20 Year Action Plan foregrounding the need to “Build Tasmania’s status as the premier East Antarctic Gateway for science and operations” and the state government releasing a “Tasmanian Antarctic Gateway Strategy” in 2017. The Chinese Antarctic program has been a particular focus: a Memorandum of Understanding focussed on Australia and China’s Antarctic relations includes a “commitment to utilise Australia, including Tasmania, as an Antarctic ‘gateway’.” (Australian Antarctic Division). These efforts towards a closer relationship with China have more recently come under attack as part of a questioning of China’s interests in the region (without, it should be noted, a concomitant questioning of Australia’s own considerable interests) (Baker 9). In these exchanges, a global power and a state of Australia generally classed as regional and peripheral are brought into direct contact via the even more remote Antarctic region. This connection was particularly visible when Chinese President Xi Jinping travelled to Hobart in 2014, in a visit described as both “strategic” and “incongruous” (Burden). There can be differences in how this relationship is narrated to domestic and international audiences, with issues of sovereignty and international cooperation variously foregrounded, laying the ground for what Dodds terms “awkward Antarctic nationalism” (1).Territory and ConnectionsThe awkwardness comes to a head in Tasmania, where domestic and international views of connections with the far south collide. Australia claims sovereignty over almost 6 million km2 of the Antarctic continent—a claim that in area is “roughly the size of mainland Australia minus Queensland” (Bergin). This geopolitical context elevates the importance of a regional part of Australia: the claims to Antarctic territory (which are recognised only by four other claimant nations) are performed not only in Antarctic localities, where they are made visible “with paraphernalia such as maps, flags, and plaques” (Salazar 55), but also in Tasmania, particularly in Hobart and surrounds. A replica of Mawson’s Huts in central Hobart makes Australia’s historic territorial interests in Antarctica visible an urban setting, foregrounding the figure of Douglas Mawson, the well-known Australian scientist and explorer who led the expeditions that proclaimed Australia’s sovereignty in the region of the continent roughly to its south (Leane et al.). Tasmania is caught in a balancing act, as it fosters international Antarctic connections (such hosting vessels from other national programs), while also playing a key role in administering what is domestically referred to as the Australian Antarctic Territory. The rhetoric of protection can offer common ground: island studies scholar Godfrey Baldacchino notes that as island narratives have moved “away from the perspective of the ‘explorer-discoverer-colonist’” they have been replaced by “the perspective of the ‘custodian-steward-environmentalist’” (49), but reminds readers that a colonising disposition still lurks beneath the surface. It must be remembered that terms such as “stewardship” and “leadership” can undertake sovereignty labour (Dodds “Awkward”), and that Tasmania’s Antarctic connections can be mobilised for a range of purposes. When Environment Minister Greg Hunt proclaimed at a press conference that: “Hobart is the gateway to the Antarctic for the future” (26 Apr. 2016), the remark had meaning within discourses of both sovereignty and economics. Tasmania’s capital was leveraged as a way to position Australia as a leader in the Antarctic arena.From ‘Gateway’ to ‘Antarctic City’While discussion of Antarctic ‘Gateway’ Cities often focuses on the economic and logistical benefit of their Antarctic connections, Hobart’s “gateway” identity, like those of its counterparts, stretches well beyond this, encompassing geological, climatic, historical, political, cultural and scientific links. Even the southerly wind, according to cartoonist Jon Kudelka, “has penguins in it” (Image 3). Hobart residents feel a high level of connection to Antarctica. In 2018, a survey of 300 randomly selected residents of Greater Hobart was conducted under the umbrella of the “Antarctic Cities” Australian Research Council Linkage Project led by Assoc. Prof. Juan Francisco Salazar (and involving all three present authors). Fourteen percent of respondents reported having been involved in an economic activity related to Antarctica, and 36% had attended a cultural event about Antarctica. Connections between the southern continent and Hobart were recognised as important: 71.9% agreed that “people in my city can influence the cultural meanings that shape our relationship to Antarctica”, while 90% agreed or strongly agreed that Hobart should play a significant role as a custodian of Antarctica’s future, and 88.4% agreed or strongly agreed that: “How we treat Antarctica is a test of our approach to ecological sustainability.” Image 3: “The Southerly” Demonstrates How Weather Connects Hobart and Antarctica. Image Credit: Jon Kudelka, Reproduced with Permission.Hobart, like the other gateways, activates these connections in its conscious place-branding. The city is particularly strong as a centre of Antarctic research: signs at the cruise-ship terminal on the waterfront claim that “There are more Antarctic scientists based in Hobart […] than at any other one place on earth, making Hobart a globally significant contributor to our understanding of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean.” Researchers are based at the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), with several working between institutions. Many Antarctic researchers located elsewhere in the world also have a connection with the place through affiliations and collaborations, leading journalist Jo Chandler to assert that “the breadth and depth of Hobart’s knowledge of ice, water, and the life forms they nurture […] is arguably unrivalled anywhere in the world” (86).Hobart also plays a significant role in Antarctica’s governance, as the site of the secretariats for the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP), and as host of the Antarctic Consultative Treaty Meetings on more than one occasion (1986, 2012). The cultural domain is active, with Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG) featuring a permanent exhibit, “Islands to Ice”, emphasising the ocean as connecting the two places; the Mawson’s Huts Replica Museum aiming (among other things) to “highlight Hobart as the gateway to the Antarctic continent for the Asia Pacific region”; and a biennial Australian Antarctic Festival drawing over twenty thousand visitors, about a sixth of them from interstate or overseas (Hingley). Antarctic links are evident in the city’s natural and built environment: the dolerite columns of Mt Wellington, the statue of the Tasmanian Antarctic explorer Louis Bernacchi on the waterfront, and the wharfs that regularly accommodate icebreakers such as the Aurora Australis and the Astrolabe. Antarctica is figured as a southern neighbour; as historian Tom Griffiths puts it, Tasmanians “grow up with Antarctica breathing down their necks” (5). As an Antarctic City, Hobart mediates access to Antarctica both physically and in the cultural imaginary.Perhaps in recognition of the diverse ways in which a region or a city might be connected to Antarctica, researchers have recently been suggesting critical approaches to the ‘gateway’ label. C. Michael Hall points to a fuzziness in the way the term is applied, noting that it has drifted from its initial definition (drawn from economic geography) as denoting an access and supply point to a hinterland that produces a certain level of economic benefits. While Hall looks to keep the term robustly defined to avoid empty “local boosterism” (272–73), Gabriela Roldan aims to move the concept “beyond its function as an entry and exit door”, arguing that, among other things, the local community should be actively engaged in the Antarctic region (57). Leane, examining the representation of Hobart as a gateway in historical travel texts, concurs that “ingress and egress” are insufficient descriptors of Tasmania’s relationship with Antarctica, suggesting that at least discursively the island is positioned as “part of an Antarctic rim, itself sharing qualities of the polar region” (45). The ARC Linkage Project described above, supported by the Hobart City Council, the State Government and the University of Tasmania, as well as other national and international partners, aims to foster the idea of the Hobart and its counterparts as ‘Antarctic cities’ whose citizens act as custodians for the South Polar region, with a genuine concern for and investment in its future.Near and Far: Local Perspectives A changing climate may once again herald a shift in the identity of the Tasmanian islands. Recognition of the central role of Antarctica in regulating the global climate has generated scientific and political re-evaluation of the region. Antarctica is not only the planet’s largest heat sink but is the engine of global water currents and wind patterns that drive weather patterns and biodiversity across the world (Convey et al. 543). For example, Tas van Ommen’s research into Antarctic glaciology shows the tangible connection between increased snowfall in coastal East Antarctica and patterns of drought southwest Western Australia (van Ommen and Morgan). Hobart has become a global centre of marine and Antarctic science, bringing investment and development to the city. As the global climate heats up, Tasmania—thanks to its low latitude and southerly weather patterns—is one of the few regions in Australia likely to remain temperate. This is already leading to migration from the mainland that is impacting house prices and rental availability (Johnston; Landers 1). The region’s future is therefore closely entangled with its proximity to the far south. Salazar writes that “we cannot continue to think of Antarctica as the end of the Earth” (67). Shifting Antarctica into focus also brings Tasmania in from the margins. As an Antarctic city, Hobart assumes a privileged positioned on the global stage. This allows the city to present itself as central to international research efforts—in contrast to domestic views of the place as a small regional capital. The city inhabits dual identities; it is both on the periphery of Australian concerns and at the centre of Antarctic activity. Tasmania, then, is not in freefall, but rather at the forefront of a push to recognise Antarctica as entangled with its neighbours to the north.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Australian Research Council under LP160100210.ReferencesAntonello, Alessandro. “Finding Place in Antarctica.” Antarctica and the Humanities. Eds. Peder Roberts, Lize-Marie van der Watt, and Adrian Howkins. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. 181–204.Australian Government. 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On the morning of Thursday, 4 May 2006, the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence held an open hearing entitled “Terrorist Use of the Internet.” The Intelligence committee meeting was scheduled to take place in Room 1302 of the Longworth Office Building, a Depression-era structure with a neoclassical façade. Because of a dysfunctional elevator, some of the congressional representatives were late to the meeting. During the testimony about the newest political applications for cutting-edge digital technology, the microphones periodically malfunctioned, and witnesses complained of “technical problems” several times. By the end of the day it seemed that what was to be remembered about the hearing was the shocking revelation that terrorists were using videogames to recruit young jihadists. The Associated Press wrote a short, restrained article about the hearing that only mentioned “computer games and recruitment videos” in passing. Eager to have their version of the news item picked up, Reuters made videogames the focus of their coverage with a headline that announced, “Islamists Using US Videogames in Youth Appeal.” Like a game of telephone, as the Reuters videogame story was quickly re-run by several Internet news services, each iteration of the title seemed less true to the exact language of the original. One Internet news service changed the headline to “Islamic militants recruit using U.S. video games.” Fox News re-titled the story again to emphasise that this alert about technological manipulation was coming from recognised specialists in the anti-terrorism surveillance field: “Experts: Islamic Militants Customizing Violent Video Games.” As the story circulated, the body of the article remained largely unchanged, in which the Reuters reporter described the digital materials from Islamic extremists that were shown at the congressional hearing. During the segment that apparently most captured the attention of the wire service reporters, eerie music played as an English-speaking narrator condemned the “infidel” and declared that he had “put a jihad” on them, as aerial shots moved over 3D computer-generated images of flaming oil facilities and mosques covered with geometric designs. Suddenly, this menacing voice-over was interrupted by an explosion, as a virtual rocket was launched into a simulated military helicopter. The Reuters reporter shared this dystopian vision from cyberspace with Western audiences by quoting directly from the chilling commentary and describing a dissonant montage of images and remixed sound. “I was just a boy when the infidels came to my village in Blackhawk helicopters,” a narrator’s voice said as the screen flashed between images of street-level gunfights, explosions and helicopter assaults. Then came a recording of President George W. Bush’s September 16, 2001, statement: “This crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take a while.” It was edited to repeat the word “crusade,” which Muslims often define as an attack on Islam by Christianity. According to the news reports, the key piece of evidence before Congress seemed to be a film by “SonicJihad” of recorded videogame play, which – according to the experts – was widely distributed online. Much of the clip takes place from the point of view of a first-person shooter, seen as if through the eyes of an armed insurgent, but the viewer also periodically sees third-person action in which the player appears as a running figure wearing a red-and-white checked keffiyeh, who dashes toward the screen with a rocket launcher balanced on his shoulder. Significantly, another of the player’s hand-held weapons is a detonator that triggers remote blasts. As jaunty music plays, helicopters, tanks, and armoured vehicles burst into smoke and flame. Finally, at the triumphant ending of the video, a green and white flag bearing a crescent is hoisted aloft into the sky to signify victory by Islamic forces. To explain the existence of this digital alternative history in which jihadists could be conquerors, the Reuters story described the deviousness of the country’s terrorist opponents, who were now apparently modifying popular videogames through their wizardry and inserting anti-American, pro-insurgency content into U.S.-made consumer technology. One of the latest video games modified by militants is the popular “Battlefield 2” from leading video game publisher, Electronic Arts Inc of Redwood City, California. Jeff Brown, a spokesman for Electronic Arts, said enthusiasts often write software modifications, known as “mods,” to video games. “Millions of people create mods on games around the world,” he said. “We have absolutely no control over them. It’s like drawing a mustache on a picture.” Although the Electronic Arts executive dismissed the activities of modders as a “mustache on a picture” that could only be considered little more than childish vandalism of their off-the-shelf corporate product, others saw a more serious form of criminality at work. Testifying experts and the legislators listening on the committee used the video to call for greater Internet surveillance efforts and electronic counter-measures. Within twenty-four hours of the sensationalistic news breaking, however, a group of Battlefield 2 fans was crowing about the idiocy of reporters. The game play footage wasn’t from a high-tech modification of the software by Islamic extremists; it had been posted on a Planet Battlefield forum the previous December of 2005 by a game fan who had cut together regular game play with a Bush remix and a parody snippet of the soundtrack from the 2004 hit comedy film Team America. The voice describing the Black Hawk helicopters was the voice of Trey Parker of South Park cartoon fame, and – much to Parker’s amusement – even the mention of “goats screaming” did not clue spectators in to the fact of a comic source. Ironically, the moment in the movie from which the sound clip is excerpted is one about intelligence gathering. As an agent of Team America, a fictional elite U.S. commando squad, the hero of the film’s all-puppet cast, Gary Johnston, is impersonating a jihadist radical inside a hostile Egyptian tavern that is modelled on the cantina scene from Star Wars. Additional laughs come from the fact that agent Johnston is accepted by the menacing terrorist cell as “Hakmed,” despite the fact that he utters a series of improbable clichés made up of incoherent stereotypes about life in the Middle East while dressed up in a disguise made up of shoe polish and a turban from a bathroom towel. The man behind the “SonicJihad” pseudonym turned out to be a twenty-five-year-old hospital administrator named Samir, and what reporters and representatives saw was nothing more exotic than game play from an add-on expansion pack of Battlefield 2, which – like other versions of the game – allows first-person shooter play from the position of the opponent as a standard feature. While SonicJihad initially joined his fellow gamers in ridiculing the mainstream media, he also expressed astonishment and outrage about a larger politics of reception. In one interview he argued that the media illiteracy of Reuters potentially enabled a whole series of category errors, in which harmless gamers could be demonised as terrorists. It wasn’t intended for the purpose what it was portrayed to be by the media. So no I don’t regret making a funny video . . . why should I? The only thing I regret is thinking that news from Reuters was objective and always right. The least they could do is some online research before publishing this. If they label me al-Qaeda just for making this silly video, that makes you think, what is this al-Qaeda? And is everything al-Qaeda? Although Sonic Jihad dismissed his own work as “silly” or “funny,” he expected considerably more from a credible news agency like Reuters: “objective” reporting, “online research,” and fact-checking before “publishing.” Within the week, almost all of the salient details in the Reuters story were revealed to be incorrect. SonicJihad’s film was not made by terrorists or for terrorists: it was not created by “Islamic militants” for “Muslim youths.” The videogame it depicted had not been modified by a “tech-savvy militant” with advanced programming skills. Of course, what is most extraordinary about this story isn’t just that Reuters merely got its facts wrong; it is that a self-identified “parody” video was shown to the august House Intelligence Committee by a team of well-paid “experts” from the Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), a major contractor with the federal government, as key evidence of terrorist recruitment techniques and abuse of digital networks. Moreover, this story of media illiteracy unfolded in the context of a fundamental Constitutional debate about domestic surveillance via communications technology and the further regulation of digital content by lawmakers. Furthermore, the transcripts of the actual hearing showed that much more than simple gullibility or technological ignorance was in play. Based on their exchanges in the public record, elected representatives and government experts appear to be keenly aware that the digital discourses of an emerging information culture might be challenging their authority and that of the longstanding institutions of knowledge and power with which they are affiliated. These hearings can be seen as representative of a larger historical moment in which emphatic declarations about prohibiting specific practices in digital culture have come to occupy a prominent place at the podium, news desk, or official Web portal. This environment of cultural reaction can be used to explain why policy makers’ reaction to terrorists’ use of networked communication and digital media actually tells us more about our own American ideologies about technology and rhetoric in a contemporary information environment. When the experts come forward at the Sonic Jihad hearing to “walk us through the media and some of the products,” they present digital artefacts of an information economy that mirrors many of the features of our own consumption of objects of electronic discourse, which seem dangerously easy to copy and distribute and thus also create confusion about their intended meanings, audiences, and purposes. From this one hearing we can see how the reception of many new digital genres plays out in the public sphere of legislative discourse. Web pages, videogames, and Weblogs are mentioned specifically in the transcript. The main architecture of the witnesses’ presentation to the committee is organised according to the rhetorical conventions of a PowerPoint presentation. Moreover, the arguments made by expert witnesses about the relationship of orality to literacy or of public to private communications in new media are highly relevant to how we might understand other important digital genres, such as electronic mail or text messaging. The hearing also invites consideration of privacy, intellectual property, and digital “rights,” because moral values about freedom and ownership are alluded to by many of the elected representatives present, albeit often through the looking glass of user behaviours imagined as radically Other. For example, terrorists are described as “modders” and “hackers” who subvert those who properly create, own, legitimate, and regulate intellectual property. To explain embarrassing leaks of infinitely replicable digital files, witness Ron Roughead says, “We’re not even sure that they don’t even hack into the kinds of spaces that hold photographs in order to get pictures that our forces have taken.” Another witness, Undersecretary of Defense for Policy and International Affairs, Peter Rodman claims that “any video game that comes out, as soon as the code is released, they will modify it and change the game for their needs.” Thus, the implication of these witnesses’ testimony is that the release of code into the public domain can contribute to political subversion, much as covert intrusion into computer networks by stealthy hackers can. However, the witnesses from the Pentagon and from the government contractor SAIC often present a contradictory image of the supposed terrorists in the hearing transcripts. Sometimes the enemy is depicted as an organisation of technological masterminds, capable of manipulating the computer code of unwitting Americans and snatching their rightful intellectual property away; sometimes those from the opposing forces are depicted as pre-modern and even sub-literate political innocents. In contrast, the congressional representatives seem to focus on similarities when comparing the work of “terrorists” to the everyday digital practices of their constituents and even of themselves. According to the transcripts of this open hearing, legislators on both sides of the aisle express anxiety about domestic patterns of Internet reception. Even the legislators’ own Web pages are potentially disruptive electronic artefacts, particularly when the demands of digital labour interfere with their duties as lawmakers. Although the subject of the hearing is ostensibly terrorist Websites, Representative Anna Eshoo (D-California) bemoans the difficulty of maintaining her own official congressional site. As she observes, “So we are – as members, I think we’re very sensitive about what’s on our Website, and if I retained what I had on my Website three years ago, I’d be out of business. So we know that they have to be renewed. They go up, they go down, they’re rebuilt, they’re – you know, the message is targeted to the future.” In their questions, lawmakers identify Weblogs (blogs) as a particular area of concern as a destabilising alternative to authoritative print sources of information from established institutions. Representative Alcee Hastings (D-Florida) compares the polluting power of insurgent bloggers to that of influential online muckrakers from the American political Right. Hastings complains of “garbage on our regular mainstream news that comes from blog sites.” Representative Heather Wilson (R-New Mexico) attempts to project a media-savvy persona by bringing up the “phenomenon of blogging” in conjunction with her questions about jihadist Websites in which she notes how Internet traffic can be magnified by cooperative ventures among groups of ideologically like-minded content-providers: “These Websites, and particularly the most active ones, are they cross-linked? And do they have kind of hot links to your other favorite sites on them?” At one point Representative Wilson asks witness Rodman if he knows “of your 100 hottest sites where the Webmasters are educated? What nationality they are? Where they’re getting their money from?” In her questions, Wilson implicitly acknowledges that Web work reflects influences from pedagogical communities, economic networks of the exchange of capital, and even potentially the specific ideologies of nation-states. It is perhaps indicative of the government contractors’ anachronistic worldview that the witness is unable to answer Wilson’s question. He explains that his agency focuses on the physical location of the server or ISP rather than the social backgrounds of the individuals who might be manufacturing objectionable digital texts. The premise behind the contractors’ working method – surveilling the technical apparatus not the social network – may be related to other beliefs expressed by government witnesses, such as the supposition that jihadist Websites are collectively produced and spontaneously emerge from the indigenous, traditional, tribal culture, instead of assuming that Iraqi insurgents have analogous beliefs, practices, and technological awareness to those in first-world countries. The residual subtexts in the witnesses’ conjectures about competing cultures of orality and literacy may tell us something about a reactionary rhetoric around videogames and digital culture more generally. According to the experts before Congress, the Middle Eastern audience for these videogames and Websites is limited by its membership in a pre-literate society that is only capable of abortive cultural production without access to knowledge that is archived in printed codices. Sometimes the witnesses before Congress seem to be unintentionally channelling the ideas of the late literacy theorist Walter Ong about the “secondary orality” associated with talky electronic media such as television, radio, audio recording, or telephone communication. Later followers of Ong extend this concept of secondary orality to hypertext, hypermedia, e-mail, and blogs, because they similarly share features of both speech and written discourse. Although Ong’s disciples celebrate this vibrant reconnection to a mythic, communal past of what Kathleen Welch calls “electric rhetoric,” the defence industry consultants express their profound state of alarm at the potentially dangerous and subversive character of this hybrid form of communication. The concept of an “oral tradition” is first introduced by the expert witnesses in the context of modern marketing and product distribution: “The Internet is used for a variety of things – command and control,” one witness states. “One of the things that’s missed frequently is how and – how effective the adversary is at using the Internet to distribute product. They’re using that distribution network as a modern form of oral tradition, if you will.” Thus, although the Internet can be deployed for hierarchical “command and control” activities, it also functions as a highly efficient peer-to-peer distributed network for disseminating the commodity of information. Throughout the hearings, the witnesses imply that unregulated lateral communication among social actors who are not authorised to speak for nation-states or to produce legitimated expert discourses is potentially destabilising to political order. Witness Eric Michael describes the “oral tradition” and the conventions of communal life in the Middle East to emphasise the primacy of speech in the collective discursive practices of this alien population: “I’d like to point your attention to the media types and the fact that the oral tradition is listed as most important. The other media listed support that. And the significance of the oral tradition is more than just – it’s the medium by which, once it comes off the Internet, it is transferred.” The experts go on to claim that this “oral tradition” can contaminate other media because it functions as “rumor,” the traditional bane of the stately discourse of military leaders since the classical era. The oral tradition now also has an aspect of rumor. A[n] event takes place. There is an explosion in a city. Rumor is that the United States Air Force dropped a bomb and is doing indiscriminate killing. This ends up being discussed on the street. It ends up showing up in a Friday sermon in a mosque or in another religious institution. It then gets recycled into written materials. Media picks up the story and broadcasts it, at which point it’s now a fact. In this particular case that we were telling you about, it showed up on a network television, and their propaganda continues to go back to this false initial report on network television and continue to reiterate that it’s a fact, even though the United States government has proven that it was not a fact, even though the network has since recanted the broadcast. In this example, many-to-many discussion on the “street” is formalised into a one-to many “sermon” and then further stylised using technology in a one-to-many broadcast on “network television” in which “propaganda” that is “false” can no longer be disputed. This “oral tradition” is like digital media, because elements of discourse can be infinitely copied or “recycled,” and it is designed to “reiterate” content. In this hearing, the word “rhetoric” is associated with destructive counter-cultural forces by the witnesses who reiterate cultural truisms dating back to Plato and the Gorgias. For example, witness Eric Michael initially presents “rhetoric” as the use of culturally specific and hence untranslatable figures of speech, but he quickly moves to an outright castigation of the entire communicative mode. “Rhetoric,” he tells us, is designed to “distort the truth,” because it is a “selective” assembly or a “distortion.” Rhetoric is also at odds with reason, because it appeals to “emotion” and a romanticised Weltanschauung oriented around discourses of “struggle.” The film by SonicJihad is chosen as the final clip by the witnesses before Congress, because it allegedly combines many different types of emotional appeal, and thus it conveniently ties together all of the themes that the witnesses present to the legislators about unreliable oral or rhetorical sources in the Middle East: And there you see how all these products are linked together. And you can see where the games are set to psychologically condition you to go kill coalition forces. You can see how they use humor. You can see how the entire campaign is carefully crafted to first evoke an emotion and then to evoke a response and to direct that response in the direction that they want. Jihadist digital products, especially videogames, are effective means of manipulation, the witnesses argue, because they employ multiple channels of persuasion and carefully sequenced and integrated subliminal messages. To understand the larger cultural conversation of the hearing, it is important to keep in mind that the related argument that “games” can “psychologically condition” players to be predisposed to violence is one that was important in other congressional hearings of the period, as well one that played a role in bills and resolutions that were passed by the full body of the legislative branch. In the witness’s testimony an appeal to anti-game sympathies at home is combined with a critique of a closed anti-democratic system abroad in which the circuits of rhetorical production and their composite metonymic chains are described as those that command specific, unvarying, robotic responses. This sharp criticism of the artful use of a presentation style that is “crafted” is ironic, given that the witnesses’ “compilation” of jihadist digital material is staged in the form of a carefully structured PowerPoint presentation, one that is paced to a well-rehearsed rhythm of “slide, please” or “next slide” in the transcript. The transcript also reveals that the members of the House Intelligence Committee were not the original audience for the witnesses’ PowerPoint presentation. Rather, when it was first created by SAIC, this “expert” presentation was designed for training purposes for the troops on the ground, who would be facing the challenges of deployment in hostile terrain. According to the witnesses, having the slide show showcased before Congress was something of an afterthought. Nonetheless, Congressman Tiahrt (R-KN) is so impressed with the rhetorical mastery of the consultants that he tries to appropriate it. As Tiarht puts it, “I’d like to get a copy of that slide sometime.” From the hearing we also learn that the terrorists’ Websites are threatening precisely because they manifest a polymorphously perverse geometry of expansion. For example, one SAIC witness before the House Committee compares the replication and elaboration of digital material online to a “spiderweb.” Like Representative Eshoo’s site, he also notes that the terrorists’ sites go “up” and “down,” but the consultant is left to speculate about whether or not there is any “central coordination” to serve as an organising principle and to explain the persistence and consistency of messages despite the apparent lack of a single authorial ethos to offer a stable, humanised, point of reference. In the hearing, the oft-cited solution to the problem created by the hybridity and iterability of digital rhetoric appears to be “public diplomacy.” Both consultants and lawmakers seem to agree that the damaging messages of the insurgents must be countered with U.S. sanctioned information, and thus the phrase “public diplomacy” appears in the hearing seven times. However, witness Roughhead complains that the protean “oral tradition” and what Henry Jenkins has called the “transmedia” character of digital culture, which often crosses several platforms of traditional print, projection, or broadcast media, stymies their best rhetorical efforts: “I think the point that we’ve tried to make in the briefing is that wherever there’s Internet availability at all, they can then download these – these programs and put them onto compact discs, DVDs, or post them into posters, and provide them to a greater range of people in the oral tradition that they’ve grown up in. And so they only need a few Internet sites in order to distribute and disseminate the message.” Of course, to maintain their share of the government market, the Science Applications International Corporation also employs practices of publicity and promotion through the Internet and digital media. They use HTML Web pages for these purposes, as well as PowerPoint presentations and online video. The rhetoric of the Website of SAIC emphasises their motto “From Science to Solutions.” After a short Flash film about how SAIC scientists and engineers solve “complex technical problems,” the visitor is taken to the home page of the firm that re-emphasises their central message about expertise. The maps, uniforms, and specialised tools and equipment that are depicted in these opening Web pages reinforce an ethos of professional specialisation that is able to respond to multiple threats posed by the “global war on terror.” By 26 June 2006, the incident finally was being described as a “Pentagon Snafu” by ABC News. From the opening of reporter Jake Tapper’s investigative Webcast, established government institutions were put on the spot: “So, how much does the Pentagon know about videogames? Well, when it came to a recent appearance before Congress, apparently not enough.” Indeed, the very language about “experts” that was highlighted in the earlier coverage is repeated by Tapper in mockery, with the significant exception of “independent expert” Ian Bogost of the Georgia Institute of Technology. If the Pentagon and SAIC deride the legitimacy of rhetoric as a cultural practice, Bogost occupies himself with its defence. In his recent book Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames, Bogost draws upon the authority of the “2,500 year history of rhetoric” to argue that videogames represent a significant development in that cultural narrative. Given that Bogost and his Watercooler Games Weblog co-editor Gonzalo Frasca were actively involved in the detective work that exposed the depth of professional incompetence involved in the government’s line-up of witnesses, it is appropriate that Bogost is given the final words in the ABC exposé. As Bogost says, “We should be deeply bothered by this. We should really be questioning the kind of advice that Congress is getting.” Bogost may be right that Congress received terrible counsel on that day, but a close reading of the transcript reveals that elected officials were much more than passive listeners: in fact they were lively participants in a cultural conversation about regulating digital media. After looking at the actual language of these exchanges, it seems that the persuasiveness of the misinformation from the Pentagon and SAIC had as much to do with lawmakers’ preconceived anxieties about practices of computer-mediated communication close to home as it did with the contradictory stereotypes that were presented to them about Internet practices abroad. In other words, lawmakers found themselves looking into a fun house mirror that distorted what should have been familiar artefacts of American popular culture because it was precisely what they wanted to see. References ABC News. “Terrorist Videogame?” Nightline Online. 21 June 2006. 22 June 2006 http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2105341>. Bogost, Ian. Persuasive Games: Videogames and Procedural Rhetoric. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. Game Politics. “Was Congress Misled by ‘Terrorist’ Game Video? We Talk to Gamer Who Created the Footage.” 11 May 2006. http://gamepolitics.livejournal.com/285129.html#cutid1>. Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York UP, 2006. julieb. “David Morgan Is a Horrible Writer and Should Be Fired.” Online posting. 5 May 2006. Dvorak Uncensored Cage Match Forums. http://cagematch.dvorak.org/index.php/topic,130.0.html>. Mahmood. “Terrorists Don’t Recruit with Battlefield 2.” GGL Global Gaming. 16 May 2006 http://www.ggl.com/news.php?NewsId=3090>. Morgan, David. “Islamists Using U.S. Video Games in Youth Appeal.” Reuters online news service. 4 May 2006 http://today.reuters.com/news/ArticleNews.aspx?type=topNews &storyID=2006-05-04T215543Z_01_N04305973_RTRUKOC_0_US-SECURITY- VIDEOGAMES.xml&pageNumber=0&imageid=&cap=&sz=13&WTModLoc= NewsArt-C1-ArticlePage2>. Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London/New York: Methuen, 1982. Parker, Trey. Online posting. 7 May 2006. 9 May 2006 http://www.treyparker.com>. Plato. “Gorgias.” Plato: Collected Dialogues. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1961. Shrader, Katherine. “Pentagon Surfing Thousands of Jihad Sites.” Associated Press 4 May 2006. SonicJihad. “SonicJihad: A Day in the Life of a Resistance Fighter.” Online posting. 26 Dec. 2005. Planet Battlefield Forums. 9 May 2006 http://www.forumplanet.com/planetbattlefield/topic.asp?fid=13670&tid=1806909&p=1>. Tapper, Jake, and Audery Taylor. “Terrorist Video Game or Pentagon Snafu?” ABC News Nightline 21 June 2006. 30 June 2006 http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Technology/story?id=2105128&page=1>. U.S. Congressional Record. Panel I of the Hearing of the House Select Intelligence Committee, Subject: “Terrorist Use of the Internet for Communications.” Federal News Service. 4 May 2006. Welch, Kathleen E. Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and the New Literacy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Losh, Elizabeth. "Artificial Intelligence: Media Illiteracy and the SonicJihad Debacle in Congress." M/C Journal 10.5 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0710/08-losh.php>. APA Style Losh, E. (Oct. 2007) "Artificial Intelligence: Media Illiteracy and the SonicJihad Debacle in Congress," M/C Journal, 10(5). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0710/08-losh.php>.

Despite numerous critics describing him as an auteur (i.e. a film-maker who ‘does’ everything and fulfils every production role [Bordwell and Thompson 37] and/or with a signature “world-view” detectable in his/her work [Caughie 10]), Rolf de Heer appears to have declined primary authorship of Dance Me to My Song (1997), his seventh in an oeuvre of twelve feature films. Indeed, the opening credits do not mention his name at all: it is only with the closing credits that the audience learns de Heer has directed the film. Rather, as the film commences, the viewer is informed by the titles that it is “A film by Heather Rose”, thus suggesting that the work is her singular creation. Direct and uncompromising, with its unflattering shots of the lead actor and writer (Heather Rose Slattery, a young woman born with cerebral palsy), the film may be read as a courageous self-portrait which finds the grace, humanity and humour trapped inside Rose’s twisted body. Alternatively, it may be read as yet another example of de Heer’s signature interest in foregrounding a world view which gives voice to marginalised characters such as the disabled or the disadvantaged. For example, the developmentally retarded eponyme of Bad Boy Bubby (1993) is eventually able to make art as a singer in a band and succeeds in creating a happy family with a wife and two kids. The ‘mute’ girl in The Quiet Room (1996) makes herself heard by her squabbling parents through her persistent activism. In Ten Canoes (2006) the Indigenous Australians cast themselves according to kinship ties, not according to the director’s choosing, and tell their story in their own uncolonised language. A cursory glance at the films of Rolf de Heer suggests he is overtly interested in conveying to the audience the often overlooked agency of his unlikely protagonists. In the ultra-competitive world of professional film-making it is rare to see primary authorship ceded by a director so generously. However, the allocation of authorship to a member of a marginalized population re-invigorates questions prompted by Andy Medhurst regarding a film’s “authorship test” (198) and its relationship to a subaltern community wherein he writes that “a biographical approach has more political justification if the project being undertaken is one concerned with the cultural history of a marginalized group” (202-3). Just as films by gay authors about gay characters may have greater credibility, as Medhurst posits, one might wonder would a film by a person with a disability about a character with the same disability be better received? Enabling authorship by an unknown, crippled woman such as Rose rather than a famous, able-bodied male such as de Heer may be cynically regarded as good (show) business in that it is politically correct. This essay therefore asks if the appellation “A film by Heather Rose” is appropriate for Dance Me to My Song. Whose agency in telling the story (or ‘doing’ the film-making), the able bodied Rolf de Heer or the disabled Heather Rose, is reflected in this cinematic production? In other words, whose voice is enabled when an audience receives this film? In attempting to answer these questions it is inevitable that Paul Darke’s concept of the “normality drama” (181) is referred to and questioned, as I argue that Dance Me to My Song makes groundbreaking departures from the conventions of the typical disability narrative. Heather Rose as Auteur Rose plays the film’s heroine, Julia, who like herself has cerebral palsy, a group of non-progressive, chronic disorders resulting from changes produced in the brain during the prenatal stages of life. Although severely affected physically, Rose suffered no intellectual impairment and had acted in Rolf de Heer’s cult hit Bad Boy Bubby five years before, a confidence-building experience that grew into an ongoing fascination with the filmmaking process. Subsequently, working with co-writer Frederick Stahl, she devised the scenario for this film, writing the lead role for herself and then proactively bringing it to de Heer’s attention. Rose wrote of de Heer’s deliberate lack of involvement in the script-writing process: “Rolf didn’t even want to read what we’d done so far, saying he didn’t want to interfere with our process” (de Heer, “Production Notes”). In 2002, aged 36, Rose died and Stahl reports in her obituary an excerpt from her diary: People see me as a person who has to be controlled. But let me tell you something, people. I am not! And I am going to make something real special of my life! I am going to go out there and grab life with both hands!!! I am going to make the most sexy and honest film about disability that has ever been made!! (Stahl, “Standing Room Only”) This proclamation of her ability and ambition in screen-writing is indicative of Rose’s desire to do. In a guest lecture Rose gave further insights into the active intent in writing Dance Me to My Song: I wanted to create a screenplay, but not just another soppy disability film, I wanted to make a hot sexy film, which showed the real world … The message I wanted to convey to an audience was “As people with disabilities, we have the same feelings and desires as others”. (Rose, “ISAAC 2000 Conference Presentation”) Rose went on to explain her strategy for winning over director de Heer: “Rolf was not sure about committing to the movie; I had to pester him really. I decided to invite him to my birthday party. It took a few drinks, but I got him to agree to be the director” (ibid) and with this revelation of her tactical approach her film-making agency is further evidenced. Rose’s proactive innovation is not just evident in her successfully approaching de Heer. Her screenplay serves as a radical exception to films featuring disabled persons, which, according to Paul Darke in 1998, typically involve the disabled protagonist struggling to triumph over the limitations imposed by their disability in their ‘admirable’ attempts to normalize. Such normality dramas are usually characterized by two generic themes: first, that the state of abnormality is nothing other than tragic because of its medical implications; and, second, that the struggle for normality, or some semblance of it in normalization – as represented in the film by the other characters – is unquestionably right owing to its axiomatic supremacy. (187) Darke argues that the so-called normality drama is “unambiguously a negation of ascribing any real social or individual value to the impaired or abnormal” (196), and that such dramas function to reinforce the able-bodied audience’s self image of normality and the notion of the disabled as the inferior Other. Able-bodied characters are typically portrayed positively in the normality drama: “A normality as represented in the decency and support of those characters who exist around, and for, the impaired central character. Thus many of the disabled characters in such narratives are bitter, frustrated and unfulfilled and either antisocial or asocial” (193). Darke then identifies The Elephant Man (David Lynch, 1980) and Born on the Fourth of July (Oliver Stone, 1989) as archetypal films of this genre. Even in films in which seemingly positive images of the disabled are featured, the protagonist is still to be regarded as the abnormal Other, because in comparison to the other characters within that narrative the impaired character is still a comparatively second-class citizen in the world of the film. My Left Foot is, as always, a prime example: Christy Brown may well be a writer, relatively wealthy and happy, but he is not seen as sexual in any way (194). However, Dance Me to My Song defies such generic restrictions: Julia’s temperament is upbeat and cheerful and her disability, rather than appearing tragic, is made to look healthy, not “second class”, in comparison with her physically attractive, able-bodied but deeply unhappy carer, Madelaine (Joey Kennedy). Within the first few minutes of the film we see Madelaine dissatisfied as she stands, inspecting her healthy, toned and naked body in the bathroom mirror, contrasted with vision of Julia’s twisted form, prostrate, pale and naked on the bed. Yet, in due course, it is the able-bodied girl who is shown to be insecure and lacking in character. Madelaine steals Julia’s money and calls her “spastic”. Foul-mouthed and short-tempered, Madelaine perversely positions Julia in her wheelchair to force her to watch as she has perfunctory sex with her latest boyfriend. Madelaine even masquerades as Julia, commandeering her voice synthesizer to give a fraudulently positive account of her on-the-job performance to the employment agency she works for. Madelaine’s “axiomatic supremacy” is thoroughly undermined and in the most striking contrast to the typical normality drama, Julia is unashamedly sexual: she is no Christy Brown. The affective juxtaposition of these two different personalities stems from the internal nature of Madelaine’s problems compared to the external nature of Julia’s problems. Madelaine has an emotional disability rather than a physical disability and several scenes in the film show her reduced to helpless tears. Then one day when Madelaine has left her to her own devices, Julia defiantly wheels herself outside and bumps into - almost literally - handsome, able-bodied Eddie (John Brumpton). Cheerfully determined, Julia wins him over and a lasting friendship is formed. Having seen the joy that sex brings to Madelaine, Julia also wants carnal fulfilment so she telephones Eddie and arranges a date. When Eddie arrives, he reads the text on her voice machine’s screen containing the title line to the film ‘Dance me to my song’ and they share a tender moment. Eddie’s gentleness as he dances Julia to her song (“Kizugu” written by Bernard Huber and John Laidler, as performed by Okapi Guitars) is simultaneously contrasted with the near-date-rapes Madelaine endures in her casual relationships. The conflict between Madeline and Julia is such that it prompts Albert Moran and Errol Vieth to categorize the film as “women’s melodrama”: Dance Me to My Song clearly belongs to the genre of the romance. However, it is also important to recognize it under the mantle of the women’s melodrama … because it has to do with a woman’s feelings and suffering, not so much because of the flow of circumstance but rather because of the wickedness and malevolence of another woman who is her enemy and rival. (198-9) Melodrama is a genre that frequently resorts to depicting disability in which a person condemned by society as disabled struggles to succeed in love: some prime examples include An Affair to Remember (Leo McCarey, 1957) involving a paraplegic woman, and The Piano (Jane Campion, 1993) in which a strong-spirited but mute woman achieves love. The more conventional Hollywood romances typically involve attractive, able-bodied characters. In Dance Me to My Song the melodramatic conflict between the two remarkably different women at first seems dominated by Madelaine, who states: “I know I’m good looking, good in bed ... better off than you, you poor thing” in a stream-of-consciousness delivery in which Julia is constructed as listener rather than converser. Julia is further reduced to the status of sub-human as Madelaine says: “I wish you could eat like a normal person instead of a bloody animal” and her erstwhile boyfriend Trevor says: “She looks like a fuckin’ insect.” Even the benevolent Eddie says: “I don’t like leaving you alone but I guess you’re used to it.” To this the defiant Julia replies; “Please don’t talk about me in front of me like I’m an animal or not there at all.” Eddie is suitably chastised and when he treats her to an over-priced ice-cream the shop assistant says “Poor little thing … She’ll enjoy this, won’t she?” Julia smiles, types the words “Fuck me!”, and promptly drops the ice-cream on the floor. Eddie laughs supportively. “I’ll just get her another one,” says the flustered shop assistant, “and then get her out of here, please!” With striking eloquence, Julia wheels herself out of the shop, her voice machine announcing “Fuck me, fuck me, fuck me, fuck me, fuck me”, as she departs exultantly. With this bold statement of independence and defiance in the face of patronising condescension, the audience sees Rose’s burgeoning strength of character and agency reflected in the onscreen character she has created. Dance Me to My Song and the films mentioned above are, however, rare exceptions in the many that dare represent disability on the screen at all, compliant as the majority are with Darke’s expectations of the normality drama. Significantly, the usual medical-model nexus in many normality films is ignored in Rose’s screenplay: no medication, hospitals or white laboratory coats are to be seen in Julia’s world. Finally, as I have described elsewhere, Julia is shown joyfully dancing in her wheelchair with Eddie while Madelaine proves her physical inferiority with a ‘dance’ of frustration around her broken-down car (see Starrs, "Dance"). In Rose’s authorial vision, audience’s expectations of yet another film of the normality drama genre are subverted as the disabled protagonist proves superior to her ‘normal’ adversary in their melodramatic rivalry for the sexual favours of an able-bodied love-interest. Rolf de Heer as Auteur De Heer does not like to dwell on the topic of auteurism: in an interview in 2007 he somewhat impatiently states: I don’t go in much for that sort of analysis that in the end is terminology. … Look, I write the damn things, and direct them, and I don’t completely produce them anymore – there are other people. If that makes me an auteur in other people’s terminologies, then fine. (Starrs, "Sounds" 20) De Heer has been described as a “remarkably non-egotistical filmmaker” (Davis “Working together”) which is possibly why he handed ownership of this film to Rose. Of the writer/actor who plied him with drink so he would agree to back her script, de Heer states: It is impossible to overstate the courage of the performance that you see on the screen. … Heather somehow found the means to respond on cue, to maintain the concentration, to move in the desired direction, all the myriad of acting fundamentals that we take for granted as normal things to do in our normal lives. (“Production NHotes”) De Heer’s willingness to shift authorship from director to writer/actor is representative of this film’s groundbreaking promotion of the potential for agency within disability. Rather than being passive and suffering, Rose is able to ‘do.’ As the lead actor she is central to the narrative. As the principle writer she is central to the film’s production. And she does both. But in conflict with this auteurial intent is the temptation to describe Dance Me to My Song as an autobiographical documentary, since it is Rose herself, with her unique and obvious physical handicap, playing the film’s heroine, Julia. In interview, however, De Heer apparently disagrees with this interpretation: Rolf de Heer is quick to point out, though, that the film is not a biography.“Not at all; only in the sense that writers use material from their own lives.Madelaine is merely the collection of the worst qualities of the worst carers Heather’s ever had.” Dance Me to My Song could be seen as a dramatised documentary, since it is Rose herself playing Julia, and her physical or surface life is so intense and she is so obviously handicapped. While he understands that response, de Heer draws a comparison with the first films that used black actors instead of white actors in blackface. “I don’t know how it felt emotionally to an audience, I wasn’t there, but I think that is the equivalent”. (Urban) An example of an actor wearing “black-face” to portray a cerebral palsy victim might well be Gus Trikonis’s 1980 film Touched By Love. In this, the disabled girl is unconvincingly played by the pretty, able-bodied actress Diane Lane. The true nature of the character’s disability is hidden and cosmeticized to Hollywood expectations. Compared to that inauthentic film, Rose’s screenwriting and performance in Dance Me to My Song is a self-penned fiction couched in unmediated reality and certainly warrants authorial recognition. Despite his unselfish credit-giving, de Heer’s direction of this remarkable film is nevertheless detectable. His auteur signature is especially evident in his technological employment of sound as I have argued elsewhere (see Starrs, "Awoval"). The first distinctly de Heer influence is the use of a binaural recording device - similar to that used in Bad Boy Bubby (1993) - to convey to the audience the laboured nature of Julia’s breathing and to subjectively align the audience with her point of view. This apparatus provides a disturbing sound bed that is part wheezing, part grunting. There is no escaping Julia’s physically unusual life, from her reliance on others for food, toilet and showering, to the half-strangled sounds emanating from her ineffectual larynx. But de Heer insists that Julia does speak, like Stephen Hawkings, via her Epson RealVoice computerized voice synthesizer, and thus Julia manages to retain her dignity. De Heer has her play this machine like a musical instrument, its neatly modulated feminine tones immediately prompting empathy. Rose Capp notes de Heer’s preoccupation with finding a voice for those minority groups within the population who struggle to be heard, stating: de Heer has been equally consistent in exploring the communicative difficulties underpinning troubled relationships. From the mute young protagonist of The Quiet Room to the aphasic heroine of Dance Me to My Song, De Heer’s films are frequently preoccupied with the profound inadequacy or outright failure of language as a means of communication (21). Certainly, the importance to Julia of her only means of communication, her voice synthesizer, is stressed by de Heer throughout the film. Everybody around her has, to varying degrees, problems in hearing correctly or understanding both what and how Julia communicates with her alien mode of conversing, and she is frequently asked to repeat herself. Even the well-meaning Eddie says: “I don’t know what the machine is trying to say”. But it is ultimately via her voice synthesizer that Julia expresses her indomitable character. When first she meets Eddie, she types: “Please put my voice machine on my chair, STUPID.” She proudly declares ownership of a condom found in the bathroom with “It’s mine!” The callous Madelaine soon realizes Julia’s strength is in her voice machine and withholds access to the device as punishment for if she takes it away then Julia is less demanding for the self-centred carer. Indeed, the film which starts off portraying the physical superiority of Madelaine soon shows us that the carer’s life, for all her able-bodied, free-love ways, is far more miserable than Julia’s. As de Heer has done in many of his other films, a voice has been given to those who might otherwise not be heard through significant decision making in direction. In Rose’s case, this is achieved most obviously via her electric voice synthesizer. I have also suggested elsewhere (see Starrs, "Dance") that de Heer has helped find a second voice for Rose via the language of dance, and in doing so has expanded the audience’s understandings of quality of life for the disabled, as per Mike Oliver’s social model of disability, rather than the more usual medical model of disability. Empowered by her act of courage with Eddie, Julia sacks her uncaring ‘carer’ and the film ends optimistically with Julia and her new man dancing on the front porch. By picturing the couple in long shot and from above, Julia’s joyous dance of triumph is depicted as ordinary, normal and not deserving of close examination. This happy ending is intercut with a shot of Madeline and her broken down car, performing her own frustrated dance and this further emphasizes that she was unable to ‘dance’ (i.e. communicate and compete) with Julia. The disabled performer such as Rose, whether deliberately appropriating a role or passively accepting it, usually struggles to placate two contrasting realities: (s)he is at once invisible in the public world of interhuman relations and simultaneously hyper-visible due to physical Otherness and subsequent instantaneous typecasting. But by the end of Dance Me to My Song, Rose and de Heer have subverted this notion of the disabled performer grappling with the dual roles of invisible victim and hyper-visible victim by depicting Julia as socially and physically adept. She ‘wins the guy’ and dances her victory as de Heer’s inspirational camera looks down at her success like an omniscient and pleased god. Film academic Vivian Sobchack writes of the phenomenology of dance choreography for the disabled and her own experience of waltzing with the maker of her prosthetic leg, Steve, with the comment: “for the moment I did displace focus on my bodily immanence to the transcendent ensemble of our movement and I really began to waltz” (65). It is easy to imagine Rose’s own, similar feeling of bodily transcendence in the closing shot of Dance Me to My Song as she shows she can ‘dance’ better than her able-bodied rival, content as she is with her self-identity. Conclusion: Validation of the Auteurial OtherRolf de Heer was a well-known film-maker by the time he directed Dance Me to My Song. His films Bad Boy Bubby (1993) and The Quiet Room (1996) had both screened at the Cannes International Film Festival. He was rapidly developing a reputation for non-mainstream representations of marginalised, subaltern populations, a cinematic trajectory that was to be further consolidated by later films privileging the voice of Indigenous Peoples in The Tracker (2002) and Ten Canoes (2006), the latter winning the Special Jury prize at Cannes. His films often feature unlikely protagonists or as Liz Ferrier writes, are “characterised by vulnerable bodies … feminised … none of whom embody hegemonic masculinity” (65): they are the opposite of Hollywood’s hyper-masculine, hard-bodied, controlling heroes. With a nascent politically correct worldview proving popular, de Heer may have considered the assigning of authorship to Rose a marketable idea, her being representative of a marginalized group, which as Andy Medhurst might argue, may be more politically justifiable, as it apparently is with films of gay authorship. However, it must be emphasized that there is no evidence that de Heer’s reticence about claiming authorship of Dance Me to My Song is motivated by pecuniary interests, nor does he seem to have been trying to distance himself from the project through embarrassment or dissatisfaction with the film or its relatively unknown writer/actor. Rather, he seems to be giving credit for authorship where credit is due, for as a result of Rose’s tenacity and agency this film is, in two ways, her creative success. Firstly, it is a rare exception to the disability film genre defined by Paul Darke as the “normality drama” because in the film’s diegesis, Julia is shown triumphing not simply over the limitations of her disability, but over her able-bodied rival in love as well: she ‘dances’ better than the ‘normal’ Madelaine. Secondly, in her gaining possession of the primary credits, and the mantle of the film’s primary author, Rose is shown triumphing over other aspiring able-bodied film-makers in the notoriously competitive film-making industry. Despite being an unpublished and unknown author, the label “A film by Heather Rose” is, I believe, a deserved coup for the woman who set out to make “the most sexy and honest film about disability ever made”. As with de Heer’s other films in which marginalised peoples are given voice, he demonstrates a desire not to subjugate the Other, but to validate and empower him/her. He both acknowledges their authorial voices and credits them as essential beings, and in enabling such subaltern populations to be heard, willingly cedes his privileged position as a successful, white, male, able-bodied film-maker. In the credits of this film he seems to be saying ‘I may be an auteur, but Heather Rose is a no less able auteur’. References Bordwell, David and Kristin Thompson. 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London and Portland: Frank Cass and Co., 2001. 57-78. Medhurst, Andy. “That Special Thrill: Brief Encounter, Homosexuality and Authorship.” Screen 32.2 (1991): 197-208. Moran, Albert, and Errol Veith. Film in Australia: An Introduction. Melbourne: Cambridge UP, 2006. Oliver, Mike. Social Work with Disabled People. Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1983. Rose Slattery, Heather. “ISAAC 2000 Conference Presentation.” Words+ n.d. 6 June 2008 ‹http://www.words-plus.com/website/stories/isaac2000.htm›. Sobchack, Vivian. “‘Choreography for One, Two, and Three Legs’ (A Phenomenological Meditation in Movements).” Topoi 24.1 (2005): 55-66. Stahl, Frederick. “Standing Room Only for a Thunderbolt in a Wheelchair,” Sydney Morning Herald 31 Oct. 2002. 6 June 2008 ‹http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/10/30/1035683471529.html›. Starrs, D. Bruno. “Sounds of Silence: An Interview with Rolf de Heer.” Metro 152 (2007): 18-21. ———. “An avowal of male lack: Sound in Rolf de Heer’s The Old Man Who Read Love Stories (2003).” Metro 156 (2008): 148-153. ———. “Dance Me to My Song (Rolf de Heer 1997): The Story of a Disabled Dancer.” Proceedings Scopic Bodies Dance Studies Research Seminar Series 2007. Ed. Mark Harvey. University of Auckland, 2008 (in press). Urban, Andrew L. “Dance Me to My Song, Rolf de Heer, Australia.” Film Festivals 1988. 6 June 2008. ‹http://www.filmfestivals.com/cannes98/selofus9.htm›.