Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Municipal Council Committees"

We investigate whether council audit committees relate to municipal fiscal policies. We find that municipalities with audit committees are associated with greater levels of own-source revenue, in that they finance municipal operations with locally raised revenues driven by charges and fees compared to municipalities without audit committees. Furthermore, municipalities with audit committees are associated with less new debt than those without audit committees, indicating more conservative use of external financing. Overall, our results are consistent with municipal audit committees, in addition to monitoring the financial reporting function, playing an advisory role in fiscal decisions, especially when the cost of local government to citizens is high.

Without fiscal pressure, but with a clamor for re-engineering and service reform reverberating, the usually progressive Seattle began an improved labor-management relations effort through a series of project teams sponsored by departmental joint-labor management committees. The aim was to save costs and improve service. Unlike the other examples in this issue, Seattle didn't start with bargaining improvement or conflict resolution in mind, nor did it begin with a large and visible project like health care or a civic arena. Seattle started with a simple but ambitious plan, sponsored by labor and management, to create the capacity to set up well-structured ad hoc joint teams to attack potential savings and improvements under the umbrella of joint committees in each department. Cost savings and improvements came from such diverse services as the electric utility, the parks department, fleet maintenance, the municipal court and animal control. The resulting Employee Involvement Committees can discuss any issue, other than wage and benefits, that relates to services improvement. A citywide oversight committee helps to share lessons and to help put issues relevant to bargaining into play in the proper forum. With the help of a U.S. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) grant, Seattle and the coalition of unions jointly built training and administrative capacity to ensure success. The grant and the city support expanded the number of management and union leaders involved with constructive problem solving. Over two dozen involvement committees were launched and made progress within a year, and many departmental joint committees were started or revitalized. The results of the EICs and related arrangements led to and created enthusiasm for expansive changes in the labor-management relationship. These innovative arrangements were also expected to affect the bargaining climate and a broader range of workplace, service and cost items. In a dramatic broadening of these early efforts, the city formed a city-level Labor Management Leadership Committee with key representatives from the city council, the mayor's office and cabinet department. The Seattle example, partly an alternative to managed competition, shows the possibilities in starting small, building capacity, focusing on service through joint efforts, and seeing the expanded trust moving to other aspects of the relationship and creating greater opportunities for improvement. This jointly authored perspective brings insight to understanding how the EICs became a successful event and an effective catalyst for broader change.

AbstractIn this paper, the authors analyse the institutional aspects of local governance. After the local government reforms, two main currents of change were created among European countries, namely the (quasi-) parliamentarisation administration systems committees, and (quasi-) presidentialisation through the form of elected mayors. Through an overview of the changes in the Slovenian local self-government in the last two decades, the authors determine a gradual transition from parliamentarism (with a relatively strong legislative body, municipal council) to the strengthening of the individual executive body (mayor), e.g. presidentialisation. By using the calculated index of mayoral strength, the authors conclude that according to the mayoral institutional power, the Slovenian system of local self-government is closer to the countries with (post) Napoleonic administrative tradition than to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

In today’s conditions of active growth of the non-government parties’ participation in international relations and fast development of the municipal partnership, the issues of identification, analysis and generalization of the source base of the formation of a complex phenomenon of twin cities as participants of the international cooperation are becoming of paramount importance. The article analyzes the source base of the process of formation, development and modern state of twin and partner relations of Odessa, as well as international cooperation of Odessa Region in the second half of the XXth – beginning of the XXIth centuries. The basis of the source for the study consists of published and unpublished archival materials which are stored in the archives of the Union of Soviet Friendship and Cultural Relations with foreign countries, the Association of Soviet and Foreign Cities, the regional and city committees of the Communist Party of Ukraine, the archives of regional and state administrations, city councils and city executive committees, archives of local authorities of twin and partner cities. The second group of sources is represented by materials from periodicals containing reports on exchanges of delegations, joint events, speeches by members of delegations of twin cities. A separate group of sources consists of journalistic publications, materials from the Internet portals, information resources, which quickly covers the news and expert opinions on cultural, educational and other international events, the establishment of twin/partner relations and the development of the international volunteer movement. In general, the source base is wide and diverse and quite sufficient for a comprehensive analysis and comprehensive coverage of the international cooperation of Odessa Region during the specified period. Large-scale complex of archival documents that are stored in the State Archives of the Odessa Region, the Department of Archival Affairs of the Odessa City Council and departmental archives of the region are required further scientific analysis and synthesis.

Youth engagement in municipal government has the potential to benefit both youth and the community. Yet, some forms of youth civic engagement may be related to social class and race resulting in benefits to select youth and communities, thus perpetuating a longer term trajectory of privilege or marginalization. Informed by theories of social capital and civic engagement, the present study examined how youth councils may reduce or reinforce social inequality among young people at the city level. Data collection included interviews with youth council members, interviews with adult allies, observations of youth council meetings, and a review of council documents. Thematic analysis identified four overarching themes related to social inequality: member representation, social networks, community engagement, and youth engagement in governmental decision making. Although the council was committed to diversity and authentic youth engagement, findings identified areas in need of further attention. One important area is recruiting diverse youth, including those who attend non-traditional school settings. Another key area is providing youth with ongoing training and support focused on effective strategies for community engagement. Finally, more emphasis should be placed on engaging socially disadvantaged youth in municipal government and assisting them in enhancing their social networks.

This article presents results of a research carried out with the objective of analyzing the participation of Social Control in the sphere of Public Health Policy of a small municipality, located in the Extreme West of Santa Catarina. This is a qualitative study, carried out with the participation of twelve directors, six representatives of non-governmental entities and six of governmental entities. Data were collected between August and December 2019, through interviews with open and closed questions. The research was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee. All requirements contained in the Resolution of the National Health Council - CNS 466/2012 were observed and respected. The limits for the participation of members in the Council, time and lack of knowledge in the health area were found as limits, and with regard to the possibilities, a broader view of the health services offered, and within this, the prioritization of actions and actions. It is observed that Social Control is very important and necessarily needs to be maintained and strengthened. The Federal Constitution of 1988 consolidated and predicted in its devices the participation of citizens in the formulation and implementation of Social Control, public health policies. It is hoped that the result of the research can boost proposals that are configured as responses to the strengthening of participation in Social Control, recognizing the Health Councils are deliberative and permanent collegiate organs of the SUS, existing in each sphere of government and members of the basic structure of the health system.

Student support in contemporary educational settings is vastly different from what it was when international education became a visible presence on Australian campuses in the 1950s. At that time, community organizations, businesses and the government cooperated to provide support to students in Australia, with little support being offered formally through universities and colleges. These Co-ordinating Committees survived for decades, into the 1990s. It could be argued that these Co-ordinating Committees facilitated a community engagement in international education that has not continued as the number of students has multiplied. Using archival and other primary source documents, this article will look at the beginnings of the Australian Organisations’ Co-ordinating Committee for Overseas Students (AOCCOS), and other similar organizations. It will analyse how the Committees changed over the decades of their existence, and what role they played in influencing government policies.The article will also investigate when and why these Committees ended, and what, if anything, has taken their place. The huge expansion of the international education sector, with more than half a million students now studying in Australia as international students, has impacted the quantity and quality of engagement with the Australian community for many of these students.Finally, the article will look at efforts to engage the community in the support of, and engagement with, international students in Australia in a more contemporary setting. This includes support provided by institutions, community and sporting organizations and state government and municipal councils.

The research is based on the features of the influence of interethnic relations on the development of cross-border cooperation. It is noted that, provided effective ethno-national policies are implemented, multi-ethnic border regions have the advantage that national communities facilitate cross-border cooperation, and they often act as intermediaries in inter-regional relations. It has been proven that interethnic relations have a significant impact on the development of cross-border cooperation, in particular the importance of local authorities and national governments, which have a significant role to play in the issues of inter-ethnic relations in the region. It is argued that in the development of cross-border cooperation, greater emphasis should be placed on programs and projects aimed at improving the coexistence and development of national minorities in the border regions where they are most often living compactly, in particular representatives of national minorities; as a factor of European integration. For the successful development of cross-border cooperation, it is important to understand the needs and interests of the ethnic communities of a particular region, and to take into account historical, cultural factors. It is noted that the integration model is effective in the development of cross-border cooperation, since it enables different ethnic groups and national minorities to maintain their national identity, as well as to participate in regional and inter-state cooperation. Each interethnic community in Europe has its own peculiarities, and therefore the general list of recommendations included in the European Charter does not list the granting of large permits to municipal regions. However, these documents formed the basis for cross-border cooperation in European regions, and the provisions contained therein strengthened activities in this field. An important fact is that most inter-ethnic cooperation activities are within the structures of the European Union. The most common term is "territorial cooperation" or "cross-border cooperation", which are understood as different types of cooperation programs. These programs support the promotion and implementation of joint projects of an international nature throughout the European Union and its neighbors. A specific form of cross-border cooperation is Euroregional. Its characteristic feature is the institutionalization of cross-border cooperation structures. These structures may be: interethnic associations, councils, secretariats, committees, working groups, etc. Euroregional cooperation is carried out within the Euroregion. The Euroregion can be seen as a formal structure of cooperation, adopted on the basis of agreements between interethnic local and regional authorities in order to deepen economic and social cooperation. It is emphasized that the European experience of using the opportunities of cooperation with national minorities in multiethnic regions is of great importance for Ukraine, in particular, the work of the Council of Europe, the EU Strategy for the Danube Region (EUSDR), the Association of European Border Regions, which receive considerable attention, is useful. national minorities in the development of cross-border cooperation. European experience demonstrates that, with proper organization of state policy and historical experience, the involvement of ethnic groups in cross-border cooperation can have a positive impact. Interethnic cooperation promotes political stability and reduces tensions in border areas, and has a positive impact on economic cooperation, development of education, science and culture. It is proved that cross-border cooperation must take into account the nature of ethno-political relations in the border regions, promote the provision of conditions for the development of ethno-cultural characteristics of national minorities and develop mechanisms of interethnic interaction, cooperation of local authorities and public organizations of national minorities.

An Appellate Jurisdiction, which addresses municipal law cases on appeal from countries which accept this jurisdiction. To date, four Caribbean countries—Barbados, Guyana, Belize and Dominica—have accepted the appellate jurisdiction of the Court. The applicable law for each case under the appellate jurisdiction is the national law of the state from which the appeal emanates. The CCJ in its Appellate Jurisdiction is intended to replace the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the final court of appeal for Caribbean countries which were formerly British colonies.

This study examined the spatio-temporal analysis of urban crime pattern and its implication for Abuja Municipal Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria; it has the aim of using Geographical Information System to improve criminal justice system. The aim was achieved by establishing crime incident spots, types of crime committed, the time it occurred and factors responsible for prevailing crime. The methods for data collection involved Geoinformatics through the use of remote sensing and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) for spatial data. Questionnaires were administered for other attribute information required. The analysis carried out in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment especially for mapping and the establishment of spatial patterns. The results indicated that the main types of crime committed were theft and house breaking (42.9%), followed by assault (12.4%), mischief (11.3%), forgery (10.5%), car snatching (9.05%), armed robbery (8.5%), trespass (5.2%) and culpable homicide (0.2%). In terms of hot spots the districts recorded the following: Garki (27.62%), Maitama (25.7%), Utako (24.3%), Wuse (20.9%) and Asokoro district (1.4%) respectively with most of the crime committed during the day time. Many attributed the crimes to mainly high rate of unemployment and poverty (79.1%). Consequently to reduce the crime rate, the socio-economic situation of the city must be improved through properly constructed interventions scheme in areas known to quickly generate employment such as agriculture, small and medium scale enterprises, mining and tourism.

AbstractSalomon Neumann (1819–1908) is one of the outstanding representatives of 19th century social medicine. As a medical reformer, statistician and city councilor, he made a significant contribution to improving social and hygienic conditions in Berlin. His most famous work was published in 1847 under the title “Die oeffentliche Gesundheitspflege und das Eigenthum” [Public Health and Property]. From 1859 to 1905, Neumann was active in the Berlin City Council for the improvement of the living conditions of the population. He was involved in the construction of municipal hospitals, supported the modernisation of sewage disposal, organised the Berlin censuses of 1861 and 1864 and was active in the field of health and social statistics. Not only was Neumann exposed to anti-Semitic reprisals during his lifetime, a foundation he founded to promote the science of Judaism was dissolved by the National Socialists in 1940. On the occasion of his 200th birthday, this article commemorates the life and work of the democratically minded and socially committed doctor and health politician. Salomon Neumann has rendered great services to social medicine in Germany.

The paper deals with the issue of control of the municipal social welfare center performed bythe commune council revision commission. The proper considerations were preceded by remarksregarding the principles of organization and functioning of the local government administrationin the commune. Against this background, the legal position of the social welfare center, itsmanager, self-government employees, including social workers was characterized. The legal natureof the revision committee was also referred to and the legal basis for its operation was presented.The rights of the revision committee to the social assistance center were discussed, and the principlesand course of the control made by it were approximated. Attention was paid to the diversityof control items. In particular, a significant problem of protection of personal data of the managerand employees of the center during the control was pointed out.

Objective: to acquaint doctors of various specialties with clinical course, early diagnostics, and treatment strategy for a rare congenital anomaly — Prune Belly syndrome in children. Materials and methods. Inpatient medical records of municipal non-profit enterprise «Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital» of Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Council. Results. The paper presents the clinical course of a rare congenital anomaly — Prune Belly syndrome in two children. The disease occurs chiefly among boys manifesting itself as multiple congenital malformations including deficiency or aplasia of abdominal muscles, congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (hydronephrosis, megaureter, hydroureter, megacystis, vesicoureteral reflux), bilateral cryptorchidism. In addition, Prune Belly syndrome can coexist with urethral pathology, as well as skeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal malformations. Conclusion. Modern views on the development, clinical course, and diagnosis of a rare congenital disease with multiple organ malformations — Prune Belly syndrome have been presented for doctors of various specialties. Prenatal diagnosis, detection of potential congenital malformations after birth allows selecting the correct algorithm for monitoring vital organ functions, syndromic treatment and making timely decision on internal organ transplantation. The study was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of municipal non+profit enterprise «Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital» of Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Council. The informed consent to participate in the research study was obtained from all the children's parents. Conflict of Interest. The authors declare they have no conflict of interest. Key words: children, Prune Belly syndrome, diagnosis, therapy.

The main aim of this paper is to present the issues concerning local elections in Norway. The following timeframe was adopted: from the date of passing the first bill on local government (1837), to the comprehensive description of the municipal and provincial elections held in 2011, 2015, 2019. The electoral system for Norwegian local government allows all social groups and local electoral committees to be represented in local government. This is proved by: the ability to ‘create’ their own electoral registers by adding new names on ballots, a large number of political entities seeking mandates, the way of counting votes and the distribution of seats in councils. The proportional system of counting votes in Norway (applying the modified Sainte-Laguё method) is connected with the opportunity to cast an individual vote (the principle of proportional representation). This solution enables numerous political groups and local committees to stand for election. Moreover, women have a sufficient representation in local governments to exert a real impact on the decision-making process. Such an electoral system is open to foreigners who, after fulfilling specific requirements, have the right to vote and be elected.

ambién nos contaron que habían encontrado gentes nacidas en tierras lejanas y queaunque hablaban en otras lenguas o con otro modo eran como hermanos, pues teníansentimientos nobles y estaban dispuestos a darnos apoyo y acompañarnos … Asísurgieron los lazos de lucha que hermanan y fortalecen, supimos de los acompañantesy aprendimos que la solidaridad es una fuerza que acerca a las gentes, acorta distanciasy permite compartir penas, esfuerzos, logros, sueños y esperanzas…« Sentires», fragmento de relato inédito de Mario Domínguez RESUMEN A partir de una etnografía reflexiva, se prioriza sobre una participación política que ha trascendido hasta hoy por la organización y resistencia durante el conflicto armado interno de Guatemala. Es el caso de personas originarias de las Comunidades de Población en Resistencia, CPR, del Ixcán que han intervenido activamente en los procesos políticos de su municipio, debido en parte a una nueva identidad que emergió y creció con el lema «Resistencia para Avanzar». Apostaron por la organización y por una política activa que, con los Acuerdos de Paz y con proyectos estratégicos de descentralización política, participan en alcaldías municipales apoyándose en las experiencias de organización comunitaria aprendidas durante el conflicto armado interno. Así surgió una nueva cultura política que desde las masacres crea esperanza al pueblo indígena y a la sociedad. ABSTRACT On the basis of reflexive ethnography, the author focuses on the political participation that has taken place to date as a result of the organization and resistance during the internal armed conflict in Guatemala. This is the case of the people from the Ixcán CPRs who have actively intervened in the political processes in their municipality, partly due to their new identity that emerged and expanded as a result of the motto, «Progress through Resistance». They committed themselves to organization and active politics. As a result of the Peace Agreements and through the strategic projects of political decentralization, they participated in municipal town councils, using their experience in community organization from the internal armed conflict. And so a new political culture arose as result of the massacres, creating hope for indigenous people and society.

The author in the article analyses the process of formation of organisational and legal institutions during World War I on a specifi c example of a district town of Novgorod Province (Cherepovets). Local governments, including district councils (zemstvo), municipal governments and the institutions they created, played a great role in providing assistance to refugees on the level of districts (volost) and settlements. The study of Cherepovets archival documents on the refugees allows to suggest that the activities of the Committee named after Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia and the activities of the Provincial Committee of the All-Russian Urban Union were widespread here. All the events that were held at the local level initially were neither systematic nor co-ordinated, they completely depended on the local initiative because of the lack of a legislative framework for assistance to refugees in the Russian Empire during the fi rst years of the war. The government refugee institutions were created later (summer 1915 to spring 1916), and they had the structure similar to the exisisting state administrative bodies, and they were funded by the State Treasury.

The experience of implementing the state youth policy on the scale of individual subjects of the country, which has its own regional specifics and ethno-confessional features, is of scientific interest. In this regard, the article examines individual pages of implementing the youth policy in the Chuvash Republic (ChR) in the 1990s – early 2000s on the basis of diverse sources and research literature. Separately, the author focuses on some aspects of educational work, creative self-realization of young people and student self-government. The article provides information on the state policy formation, which is reflected in the adoption of a number of laws and regulations governing its activities. It is noted that in order to directly implement the youth policy on the ground, state and municipal government bodies were created to address the issues of the younger generation. As a result, the Ministry of Education and Youth Policy of the Chuvash Republic became the main authority in this area of work, which became the legal successor of the Ministry of Education of the Chuvash Republic and the State Committee for Youth Affairs of the Republic. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that in the 1990s – early 2000s, the educational institutions of the republic developed an independent system of work with the student community, which was reflected in the emergence of student councils, trade union committees, clubs, scientific societies. Their main task was to organize leisure activities for young people in order to improve their intellectual and creative level. The developed set of measures in the form of state youth awards of Chuvashia, as well as scholarships for representatives of the youth and students of the Republic for special creative aspiration created conditions for the selection and further creative self-expression of talented young people.

The article highlights the conceptual vision of the role and place of the headman in the system of local self-government in Ukraine, provides a comprehensive description of its formal and material criteria. The idea of ​​allocating two stages of legislative regulation of this institute is substantiated. The first stage: February 2015 - July 2020. The second stage: July 2020 - to the present. It is emphasized that in the current municipal legislation of Ukraine there are low legal gaps that do not allow to establish a transparent procedure for selection of candidates for the post of mayor, as well as a clear procedure for approval of the mayor at the session of the council. Attention is drawn to the fact that during this period the procedure for appointment to the position of headman has changed significantly - from direct elections to local elections to approval at a session of the local council on the proposals of the relevant chairman. Some dynamics of legal regulation of social relations of the institute of headmеn is due to attempts to find the optimal format of such an institution in the system of checks and balances in the quadrangle: villagers, settlements - council - the corresponding chairman - the headman. It is noted that the headman should be a true representative of the interests of residents in relations with the relevant chairman and representative body of local government. At the same time, among the topical issues of the legal status of the head should be the definition of his place in the structure of executive bodies of local self-government (I believe that it is necessary to leave a guaranteed place in the executive committee of the local council). Attention is drawn to the need to establish a clear and transparent procedure for selecting candidates for the post of headman. Clear criteria must be developed and approved for the objective selection of candidates and their public discussion before approval. Proposals are made that qualitative and quantitative criteria for the formation of headmеn`s districts should be enshrined in the current legislation of Ukraine. It is noted that special attention should be paid to the professional and personal qualities of headman, the process of its training and retraining, advanced training of headman as an effective representative of the interests of residents. Addressing such issues will contribute to the formation of a balanced system of local self-government in the village, town and city.

IntroductionVitamin D status may be an important determinant of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infection, progression to disease and treatment outcomes. Novel and potentially cost-effective therapies such as vitamin D supplementation are needed to stem the tide of TB and MDR-TB globally, particularly in India, a country that accounts for the largest fraction of the world’s TB incidence and MDR-TB incidence, and where vitamin D deficiency is endemic. While vitamin D has shown some promise in the treatment of MDR-TB, its role in the context of MDR-TB infection and progression to disease is largely unknown.Methods and analysisThrough a case–control study in Mumbai, India, we aim to examine associations between vitamin D status and active MDR-TB and to investigate vitamin D status and TB infection among controls. Cases are adult outpatient pulmonary patients with MDR-TB recruited from two public TB clinics. Controls are recruited from the cases’ household contacts and from non-respiratory departments of the facilities where cases were recruited. Cases and controls are assessed for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, nutrient intake, diet quality, anthropometry and other relevant clinical and sociodemographic parameters. Controls undergo additional clinical assessments to rule out active TB and laboratory assessments to determine presence of TB infection. Statistical analysis investigates associations between vitamin D status and active MDR-TB and between vitamin D status and TB infection among controls, accounting for potential confounding effects of diet, anthropometry and other covariates.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Institutional Review Board; Foundation for Medical Research Institutional Research Ethics Committee and Health Ministry’s Screening Committee of the Indian Council for Medical Research. Permission was granted by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, India, a collaborating partner on this research. Outcomes will be disseminated through publication and scientific presentation.Trial registration numberNCT04342598.

Empirical research to date has neglected accounting and external financial reporting among 18th century American charitable institutions. Contemporary understanding of 18th century American practices is supported by evidence relating to commercial transactions primarily among colonial merchants. Our study examines the accounting and financial reporting of the Charleston Orphan House, the first municipal orphanage in America, from its inception in 1790 through its first five years of operations. The institution was established by city ordinance in 1790 which required the institution “to keep a book of fair and regular accounts of all receipts and expenditures which will be subject at all times to the inspection of the Commissioners.” The ordinance charged the orphanage's Committee on Accounts to “audit” its accounts. The City Council required the institution's board chairman to countersign the financial statements in 1792 before subjecting them to a second “audit.” The Orphan House employed a system of account books that recorded and facilitated the reporting of expenditures and sources of funds. Accounting and external reporting may have been legitimizing factors to overcome the “liability of newness” by promoting a sense of propriety and transparency among benefactors.“I visited the Orphan House at which there were one hundred and seven boys and girls. This appears to be a charitable organization and under good management.”[President George Washington, diary entry, Saturday, May 7, 1791]

The subject of the paper is the representation of the life and work of Julius F. Leo, his achievements and scientific opinions in the area of public finance, merits in the field of municipal administration as well as his views and political career. J. F. Leo was one of the outstanding personalities of Cracow in the early 20th century. He was the first President of the Polish Statistical Association founded in Cracow in 1912. He was a prominent lawyer and economist of his time, he worked on problems of public finances as a Professor of tax law and treasury sciences at the Jagiellonian University. During his studies and trips abroad he became acquainted with the issues of economic statistics, the validity of which, he had a great understanding for. A large part of his public activity was associated with the activities of the municipality. Since 1893 he was a councilor of Cracow, in 1901 he became the Vice‑Mayor and then in 1904 (until his death) the Mayor of Cracow. During his time in office he introduced a number of important reforms in the management of the city. J. F. Leo’s life’s work was a significant widening of the city limits, hence he was named “the father of the great Cracow”. Julius F. Leo was an important politician, the leader of the Galician neo‑conservatives. In 1901 he was elected to the Galician Sejm and in the year of 1904 to the Austrian Parliament. His political views have evolved from conservatism to liberalism. In 1912 he became the President of the Polish Circle in the Austrian Parliament. At the outbreak of the First World War he supported creation of Polish Legions by Józef Piłsudski. He was also the head of the Supreme National Committee. However, he did not live long enough to experience the moment of Poland regaining its independence, he died in February 1918.

Background. Many Ukrainian authors noted that an innovative System of Palliative and Hospice Care (PHC) and Social Services for Palliative Care (SSPC) the creation and implementation are the most important medical and social tasks of the Government and society in Ukraine today which appreciate the civilization and humanity of our state and society. PHC are a modern patient-family-oriented humanitarian approach that contributes to the preservation of the human dignity of palliative care patients (PCP) and can ensure the proper quality of life of PCP and their relatives. According to the WHO and the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Recommendations, palliative care should be one of the priorities of the Health Care Government Policy in the European region. The purpose of the study: the "Program of palliative care in an outpatient setting in Dnipro City for 2018-2021" the implementation analysis. Materials and methods. The work used national and international legal documents and literature sources, data from medical statistics, methods of systemic and structural-functional analysis, bibliosemantic and statistical research methods. Results. The international and national legal documents and scientific literature a content analysis showed that in accordance with modern approaches and standards, PHC is provided taking into account the PCP and its family members needs, wishes and consent, depending on medical, demographic, socio-economic and cultural ethnic features of the region. A comparative analysis of the PHC state in Ukraine and Dnipro City showed some regional features, in particular, the significant need to provide PHC and SSPC to patients at home and the need and ensure a mechanism of cooperation between primary health care physicians, inpatient health care and social care institutions to develop. In 2017, the “Program of outpatient palliative care in Dnipro City for 2018–2021” (hereinafter - the Program) was developed and approved at the City Council session, which allowed the PHC and SSPC multidisciplinary and interagency approaches implementation, effective interdepartmental coordination, cooperation and the continuity of PHC and SSPC to ensure. The Multidisciplinary Mobil Specialized Palliative Care Team has been working in close contact with family doctors and social workers in the city since June 2019. As part of the Program, PCP are provided with medicines, technical and other means of care and rehabilitation free of charge or on preferential terms. In addition, the Palliative Care Team provides PCP, if indicated, oxygen concentrators and anti-decubitus mattresses. The Program creates points for renting medical care for PCP (wheelchairs, walkers, anti-decubitus mattresses, crutches, etc.), as well as providing patients with medical care at home (urine and feces, diapers, etc.). In 2020, UAH 300,000 was allocated from the Program budget for the Palliative Care Team with medical equipment, medicines and rehabilitation technical means complete set. In total, it is planned to allocate over UAH 40 million from the Dnipro City Budget for the Program implementation. Conclusions. 1. Thus, today in Dnipro City the Comprehensive Palliative Care System at home is implemented due to co-financing from the State Budget and due to the "Program of palliative care in outpatient conditions in Dnipro City for 2018-2021", approved by the Dnipro City Council the deputies. 2. An important condition for comprehensive provision of the Dnipro City population needs in PHC and SSPC is the Dnipro City Council support to create a modern accessible, high-quality and efficient PHC and SSPC service, which an effective interagency coordination, continuity and cooperation between health care providers and social care institutions provides, Multidisciplinary Mobil Specialized Palliative Care Team creation and development of in each the city district, the coordination and continuity of inpatient PHC in the city health provides. 3. There is both the Government support and municipal or regional budgets support for PHC Programs in many developed countries. The international PHC standards and experience implementation can significantly the provision of needs and the quality of life of both PCP and their families improve.

ABSTRACTObjectives: to identify the discourse of primary care nurses, their perception of the Nursing Consultation in prenatal care, examine the speeches from the nurses of Primary, weaknesses and potential of the Nursing Consultation in prenatal care. Method: this is a descriptive study from qualitative approach, using the technique of semi-structures interviews, according to Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council. The study was developed in units of the City Health Department, after approval by the Committee of Ethics and Research of the Department of Health and Civil Defense, with protocol 263/08. Compounding the Coordinator of Health Program Area 3.1 (CAP) of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The study subjects were 22 nurses working in CAP 3.1.. Results: self and Identity category: dichotomies in the professional space, explained that the nurses refer to the comprehensive evaluation of prenatal low-risk as an achievement in professional practice, granting autonomy in their work and watch. However, the study highlighted the difficulty that professional development of their professional identity, emerging differences in the construction of its own role. Conclusion: Considering the difficulties and challenges currently faced by the profession for his claim among the area health service to discuss and demarcation of professional identity of nurses. Descriptors: professional autonomy; consultation; nursing maternal child.RESUMOObjetivos: identificar nos discursos das enfermeiras da Atenção Primária, sua percepção acerca da Consulta de Enfermagem no pré-natal; analisar a partir dos discursos das enfermeiras da Atenção Primária, as deficiências e as potencialidades da Consulta de Enfermagem no pré-natal. Método: pesquisa qualitativa com caráter descritivo, utilizando a técnica de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, mediante Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, conforme Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, que regulamenta a pesquisa em Seres Humanos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em Unidades da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e Defesa Civil, com o protocolo de pesquisa nº 263/08. Compondo a Coordenaria de Saúde da Área Programática 3.1 (CAP), do município do Rio de Janeiro. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 22 enfermeiros que atuam na CAP 3.1. Resultados: a categoria Autonomia e identidade: dicotomias no espaço profissional elucidou que os enfermeiros referenciam o acompanhamento integral do Pré-natal de baixo risco como uma conquista na prática profissional, conferindo autonomia no seu fazer e assistir. Contudo, o estudo evidenciou a dificuldade desse profissional no desenvolvimento de sua identidade profissional, emergindo divergências na construção do seu papel próprio. Conclusão: considerando as dificuldades e os desafios atuais enfrentadas pela profissão para sua afirmação dentre a área da saúde, é imprescindível a discussão e demarcação da identidade profissional desse enfermeiro. Descritores: autonomia profissional; consulta; enfermagem materno-infantil.RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar el discurso de las enfermeras de atención primaria, su percepción de la Consulta de Enfermería en los cuidados prenatales, examinar los discursos de las enfermeras de los puntos débiles primaria, y el potencial de la Consulta de Enfermería en la atención prenatal. Método: Investigación cualitativa com um carácter descriptivo, mediante lá técnica de entrevistas semi- estructuradas, mediante escrito de Consebtimiento, de acuerdo a La Resolución 196/96 del Consejo Nacional de Salud, que regula La investigación em seres humanos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en unidades del Departamento de Salud de la Ciudad, tras su aprobación por la Ética e Investigación del Departamento de Salud y Defensa Civil, con el n º 263/08 protocolo de la investigación. Tuvo en su composición el Coordinador del Programa de Salud de Área 3.1 (CAP) del municipio de Río de Janeiro. Los sujetos del estudio fueron 22 enfermeros que trabajan en la CAP 3.1. Resultados: auto y la categoría de identidad: las dicotomías en el espacio profesional, explicó que las enfermeras se refieren a la evaluación global de riesgo prenatal de bajo como un logro en la práctica profesional, la autonomía en su trabajo y reloj. Sin embargo, el estudio puso de relieve la dificultad de que el desarrollo profesional de su identidad profesional, las diferencias que surgen en la construcción de su propio papel. Conclusión: teniendo en cuenta las dificultades y desafíos que enfrenta actualmente la profesión de su reclamación entre los servicios de salud del área, para discutir y demarcación de la identidad profesional de las enfermeras. Descriptores: profesional autonomia; consulta; enfermería madre niño.

Occupying a leading position in the structure of general injuries, burn injuries in children remain an urgent issue of combustiology in particular and medicine in general. At the same time, many issues related to the organization of first aid to such patients still remain unregulated. To this end, a study aimed at conducting a comparative analysis of the clinical effectiveness of emergency care for children with burn injuries, including the use of the suggested algorithm, was conducted. Materials and methods. 153 cases of burn injuries with boiling water of IIab–III degree on the area of 10–40% of the body surface in children aged from 8 months to 16 years, who were treated at the Clinical Center for Thermal Injury and Plastic Surgery of the Municipal Non-profit Enterprise «Vinnytsia Regional Pirogov Clinical Hospital Vinnytsya Regional Council» in the period of 2015–2020 were analyzed. All patients underwent comprehensive diagnosis and treatment including surgery. Depending on the nature of first aid, children were divided into two groups: patients of the main group (n=97) underwent prompt neutralization of the traumatic effects of exogenous hyperthermic factors on the injured areas from the moment the injury was sustained. Childrenin the control group (n=56) sought help on the 5th–14th day after the injury. The duration of prompt neutralization did not exceed 15 minutes or was not performed at all. It was often combined with the irrational use of pharmacological agents and folk remedies. Results. Comparative analysis of the course of the disease in children of the main group and the comparison group reliably confirmed the benefits of prompt neutralization of traumatic effects of hyperthermic exogenous and endogenous damage factors in burn injuries manifested by a more favorable course of the disease, faster improvement, lower local and systemic inflammatory response, shorter hospital stay with less occurrence of various complications, repeated surgical interventions, better aesthetic and functional results. Conclusions. The obtained results objectively confirmed the importance and effectiveness of the suggested system of organization of care for children with burn injuries, especially at the stages of self-help, mutual assistance and first aid. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. The authors declare no conflicts of interests. Key words: burn injuries, children, first aid, traumatic hyperthermic agents, neutralization.

ABSTRACTObjective: to describe the assistance to patients with mental disorders by the nurses working in the family health teams and in the Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS) in the town of Teixeira, Paraiba, Brazil. Method: this is a descriptive study carried out with four nurses who work in the Family Health Strategy and a nurse from a CAPS in Teixeira. The data were collected through a structured interview; the interviews were recorded, transcribed, and submitted to Bardin's Content Analysis technique, providing one analysis category. This research followed the principles of Resolution 196/96 from the Brazilian Health National Council (CNS), and it was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdades Integradas de Patos (FIP), under the Protocol 0756/2010. Results: the category Attention to patients with mental disorder concerns the actions developed, such as embracement, referral, workshops, psychotherapy. Conclusion: this study showed a reality that can be found in other towns, including big cities: the deficient attention to mental health. The town has subsidies for the elaboration of an effective mental health care policy. Descriptors: mental health; nursing assistance; primary health care.RESUMOObjetivo: descrever a assistência aos portadores de transtornos mentais pelos enfermeiros que atuam nas equipes de saúde da família e no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) do município de Teixeira-PB. Método: trata-se de estudo descritivo realizado com quatro enfermeiros que atuam na Estratégia Saúde da Família e um enfermeiro de um CAPS de Teixeira. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista estruturada; as entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à técnica de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, resultando em uma categoria de análise. Esta pesquisa seguiu os preceitos da Resolução n. 196/96 do Conselho Nacional da Saúde (CNS), e foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa das Faculdades Integradas de Patos (FIP), sob o Protocolo n. 0756/2010. Resultados: a categoria Atendimento aos portadores de transtorno mental refere-se às ações desenvolvidas, como acolhimento, encaminhamento, oficinas, psicoterapia. Conclusão: este estudo mostrou uma realidade que pode ser encontrada em outros municípios, inclusive de grande porte: a precária atenção à saúde mental. O município possui subsídios para a elaboração de uma política de saúde mental eficaz. Descritores: saúde mental; assistência de enfermagem; atenção básica de saúde. RESUMENObjetivo: describir la asistencia a los portadores de trastornos mentales por los enfermeros que actúan en los equipos de salud de la familia y en el Centro de Atención Psicossocial (CAPS) del municipio de Teixeira, Paraiba, Brasil. Método: esto es un estudio descriptivo realizado con cuatro enfermeros que actúan en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia y un enfermero de un CAPS de Teixeira. Los datos fueron recogidos por entrevista estructurada; las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcriptas y sometidas a la técnica de Análisis del Contenido de Bardin, resultando en una categoría de análisis. Esta pesquisa seguió los preceptos de la Resolución 196/96 del Consejo Nacional de la Salud (CNS), y fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de las Faculdades Integradas de Patos (FIP), bajo el Protocolo 0756/2010. Resultados: la categoría Atención a los portadores de trastorno mental se refiere a las acciones desarrolladas, como acogimiento, encaminamiento, workshops, psicoterapia. Conclusión: este estudio mostró una realidad que puede ser encontrada en otros municipios, inclusive de gran porte: la precaria atención a la salud mental. El municipio tiene subsidios para la elaboración de una política de salud mental eficaz. Descriptores: salud mental; asistencia de enfermería; atención primaria de salud.

Nota-se a partir do século XIX e início do século XX uma crescente tendência à secularização política no Ocidente, isto é, uma substituição dos fundamentos metafísicos que orientavam a sociedade por valores surgidos no mundo moderno, imanentes e desvinculados das realidades religiosas. Esse fenômeno se acentua de maneira mais clara ao longo do século XX, após o surgimento das teorias legitimadoras deste modelo de Estado desvinculado de uma orientação moral religiosa, o que, em termos políticos, se traduzia também em acentuar a proposta da laicidade. A postura secular reafirma o caráter privado da experiência religiosa, suas manifestações e pensamento, restringindo a aplicação dos princípios de cada tradição religiosa à aderência particular dos indivíduos. Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as articulações de um movimento católico integrista, agente político que reclama deste mesmo Estado secularizado e rompido com o projeto de sociedade católica, a garantia e proteção de seus princípios morais. Focaremos nossa análise no Instituto Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira – IPCO, uma associação formada por leigos católicos, que se engajam em campanhas públicas contra pautas emergentes, relacionadas sobretudo às políticas de identidade, reforma agrária e aborto. Esse movimento, fundado em 2008 valores cristãos ainda enraizados na sociedade, o que significa obstruir o passo do avanço da mentalidade moderna de secularização. Para isso, lançam mão de métodos como campanhas de divulgação de livros, participação em votações públicas nas Câmaras Municipais pelo Brasil e promoção de abaixo-assinados entregues a órgãos públicos e autoridades. Abstract: From the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there is a growing tendency towards political secularization in the West, that is, a replacement of the metaphysical foundations that guided society with values that emerged in the modern world, immanent and detached from religious realities. This phenomenon is most clearly accentuated throughout the twentieth century, after the emergence of the legitimating theories of this model of state detached from a moral orientation, which in political terms also translated into accentuating the proposal of secularism. The secular stance reaffirms the private character of religious experience, its manifestations and thought, restricting the application of the principles of each religious tradition to the particular adherence of individuals. This article aims to reflect on the articulations of an integrist Catholic movement, a political agent that complains about this same secularized state and broken with the project of Catholic society, the guarantee and protection of its moral principles. We will focus our analysis on the Instituto Plinio Correa de Oliveira - IPCO, an association made up essentially of committed Catholic laity, who are active in public campaigns against emerging agendas, mainly related to identity, land reform and abortion policies. This movement, founded in 2008 by elements from the former Brazilian Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property - TFP, aims to preserve Christian values still rooted in society, which means obstructing the advance of the modern secularization mentality. To this end, they use methods such as book dissemination campaigns, participation in public voting in the City Councils and promotion of petitions delivered to public agencies and authorities.Keywords: Public space; Religion and public space; IPCO.

LABURPENA: Toki-hauteskundeetan parte hartzeko sufragio aktiboaren eta pasiboaren eskubidea egikaritzeko modalitateak finkatzen dituen 94/80/EE Zuzentaraua aplikatzeari dagokionez, COM (2018) 44 (azkena), Europako Parlamentuarentzat, Kontseiluarentzat, Europako Ekonomia eta Gizarte Komitearentzat eta Eskualdeetako Lantaldearentzat Batzordeak 2018an egindako txostenaren arabera, geroz eta Europar Batasuneko herritar gehiagok baliatzen du zirkulazio librerako eta estatu kideetan bizitzeko eskubidea. Hala, 14 milioi europar dira bizilekua aldatu eta bozkatzeko adina dutenak. Hala ere, herritar horietatik gutxi batzuk baino ez daude oraindik ere toki-hauteskundeetarako erroldatuta eta horien parte-hartzea toki-hauteskundeetan benetan maila baxuetan dago. Datu horiek adierazten dute hiritar horien ehuneko altu batek ezin dituela hauteskunde eskubideak baliatu, ez jatorrizko herrialdean ezta lekualdatutako herrialdean, eta horrenbestez, horien parte-hartze demokratikoa guztiz baztertzen da. Hori bereziki paradoxikoa da EBen, demokrazia balore bezala aldarrikatzen baita eta hauteskunde eskubideei oinarrizko eskubide izaera ematen baitzaie. Lan honetan herritarren estatutuaren mugak jorratzen dira, europarrek bizileku duten herrialdeetako gai publikoetan parte hartzen dutela bermatzeko, eta jorratu egiten dira, halaber, eskubide horiek benetan baliatzeko orduan estatuen barne-esparruan eragina duten baldintza juridikoak. Eta horiek berriz formulatzea proposatu da, bizileku den herrialdeetako parte-hartze politikoarekin lotutako eskubideei dagokienez herritarren estatutuari zigilu bereizgarria eman ahal izateko. RESUMEN: El Informe de 2018 de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo, al Comité Económico y Social Europeo y al Comité de las Regiones, sobre la aplicación de la Directiva 94/80/CE por la que se fijan las modalidades de ejercicio del derecho de sufragio activo y pasivo en las elecciones locales, COM (2018) 44 final, ha puesto de manifiesto como cada vez más los ciudadanos de la Unión Europea hacen uso de su derecho de libre circulación y residencia en otros estados miembros, de forma que se calcula que existen 14 millones de ciudadanos europeos desplazados en edad de votar. Sin embargo, los niveles de inscripción electoral de estos ciudadanos en las elecciones locales siguen siendo muy poco significativos y su participación en los comicios locales se mantiene en índices extremadamente bajos. Estos datos reflejan que un porcentaje muy alto de estos ciudadanos no pueden ejercer sus derechos electorales, ni en su país de origen, ni en aquel en el que están desplazados, excluyendo por completo su participación democrática. Ello resulta especialmente paradójico en un ámbito, la UE, que propugna la democracia como uno de sus valores y atribuye a los derechos electorales la condición de derechos fundamentales. En este trabajo se abordan los límites del estatuto de la ciudadanía para garantizar la plena participación de los ciudadanos europeos en los asuntos públicos del país de residencia y los condicionantes jurídicos que influyen en el ejercicio efectivo de tales derechos en el ámbito interno de los estados, proponiendo una reformulación de los mismos capaz de otorgar un sello distintivo al estatuto de la ciudadanía en lo que se refiere a los derechos inherentes a la participación política en el país de residencia. ABSTRACT: The 2018 Report of the Commission to the European Parliament, Council, Economic Social Committee of the Regions on the application of Directive 94/80/CE on the right to vote and to stand as a candidate in municipal elections, COM (2018) 44 final, has shown how an increasing number of citizens from the European Union make use of their right to free movement and residence in other member states, so that it is estimated that there are 14 millions of moving European citizens of voting age. However, the levels of electoral registration in local elections are quite insignificant and their participation in local polls remain extremely low. These figures reflect that a very high proportion of these citizens cannot exercise their electoral rights, neither at their home countries nor at the country where they moved, so disqualifying them from democratic participation. That is specially paradoxical in a field, the EU, that has advocated for democracy as one of its core values and that considers electoral rights fundamental rights. This work deals with the limits of the citizenship status in order to guarantee the full involvement of European citizens in public affairs of their country of residence and the legal constraints that influence on the effective exercise of such rights within the domestic sphere of states by proposing a reformulation of them that is able of granting a distinctive status to citizenship as far as those inherent rights to political participation at the country of residence are concerned.

ABSTRACTObjective: to identify the occupational risks perceived by the professionals working in the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU), categorize them according to the Regulatory Standards - NRs 09 and 32, and relate them to the measures for protection and safety. Method: this is a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach carried out with nursing technicians and emergency ambulance drivers who work in the decentralized bases of SAMU in a town in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Eight subjects were interviewed using a semi-structured interview through the guiding questions: "What risks can you identify during your work in SAMU?" and "How do you protect yourself from these risks?". The analysis of interviews was carried out according to the individuals' speech through Bardin's Content Analysis method. The research was carried out under the ethical principles from the Health National Council, according to CAAE 249/2011 and the approval by the Research Ethics Committee of Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica, under the Protocol 89/2011. Results: regarding the occupational risks identified, the following categories emerged: biological risk; traffic accidents risk; and urban violence. The study also showed the non-acceptance of the occupational risks and the importance of using individual protective equipments (IPE). Conclusion: the study showed the need for adopting precautionary measures to decrease the exposure to these risks and train the professionals in risk perception. Descriptors: risk-taking; emergency medical services; protective devices; occupational risks; accidents, occupational.RESUMOObjetivo: identificar os riscos ocupacionais percebidos pelos profissionais que atuam no Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU), categorizá-los conforme as Normas Regulamentadoras - NRs 09 e 32 e relacioná-los às medidas de proteção e segurança. Método: trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório com abordagem qualitativa realizado com técnicos em enfermagem e condutores socorristas que atuam nas bases descentralizadas do SAMU de um município da zona metropolitana de Salvador-BA. Foram entrevistados oito sujeitos por meio de entrevista semiestruturada a partir das questões norteadoras: "Quais riscos você consegue identificar durante seu trabalho no SAMU?" e "De que forma você se protege desses riscos?". A análise das entrevistas foi realizada seguindo o discurso dos sujeitos com o método de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. A pesquisa foi realizada sob os preceitos éticos do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, conforme a CAAE 249/2011 e aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, sob o Protocolo n. 89/2011. Resultados: sobre os riscos ocupacionais identificados emergiram as seguintes categorias: risco biológico; risco de acidentes de trânsito; e violência urbana. O estudo ainda evidenciou a não acepção dos riscos ocupacionais e a importância do uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI). Conclusão: o estudo evidenciou a necessidade de adotar medidas de precaução para diminuição da exposição a esses riscos e de capacitar os profissionais em percepção de risco. Descritores: assunção de riscos; serviços médicos de emergência; equipamentos de proteção; riscos ocupacionais; acidentes de trabalho.RESUMENObjetivo: identificar los riesgos laborales percibidos por los profesionales que actúan en el Servicio de Atención Médica de Emergencia (SAMU), clasificarlos de acuerdo a las Normas Reglamentarias - NRs 09 y 32 y relacionarlos con las medidas de protección y seguridad. Método: esto es un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo realizado con técnicos en enfermería y conductores socorristas que actúan en las bases descentralizadas del SAMU en un municipio de la región metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Ocho sujetos fueron entrevistados por medio de entrevista semi-estructurada desde las cuestiones orientadoras: "¿Cuáles riesgos usted consigue identificar durante su trabajo en el SAMU?" y "¿Cómo usted se protege de eses riesgos?". El análisis de las entrevistas se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con el discurso de los sujetos con el método de Análisis de Contenido de Bardin. La investigación se realizó bajo las normas éticas del Consejo Nacional de Salud, de acuerdo con el CAAE 249/2011 y la aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, bajo el Protocolo 89/2011. Resultados: acerca de los riesgos laborales identificados emergieron las siguientes categorías: riesgo biológico; riesgo de accidentes de tránsito; y violencia urbana. El estudio también mostró la no acceptación de los riesgos laborales y la importancia del uso de equipos de protección individual (EPI). Conclusión: el estudio evidenció la necesidad de adoptar medidas de precaución para disminución de la exposición a eses riesgos y de capacitar los profesionales en percepción de riesgo. Descriptores: asunción de riesgos; servicios médicos de urgencia; equipos de seguridad; riesgos laborales; accidentes de trabajo.

Resumen: En el período de referencia no hay nuevas quejas “abiertas” o “en seguimiento” ante el Comité de Libertad Sindical que afecten al Estado español. Tampoco el Informe del Comité de Libertad Sindical núm. 387, adoptado en su 334.ª reunión (Ginebra, 25 de octubre – 8 de noviembre de 2018) refieran alguna problemática en relación al Reino de España.Ocho sentencias del TEDH son objeto de comentario, seis que afectan directamente al estado Español, y otras dos, relativas a la influencia de la ética religiosa en el empleo y al devengo de las vacaciones no dis­frutadas por fallecimiento del trabajador que pueden iluminar algunos aspectos de la legislación nacional.La primera sentencia analizada del Tribunal de Justicia es la del 11 de julio de 2019 [asunto: C-60/17]. Somoza Hermo c. Esabe Vigilancia en un supuesto de subrogación contractual en transmisión de empresas por imperativo del convenio colectivo. Se trata comprobar si es posible que el convenio colectivo limite la responsabilidad solidaria característica de la normativa comunitaria en supuestos de transmisión de empresas. La STJUE de 25 de julio de 2018 [asunto: C-96/17]. Vernoza Ayovi c. Consorci Sanitari analiza el sistema singular del sistema de extinción de los contratos de trabajo de los trabajadores indefinidos no fijos y su acomodación a la normativa comunitaria.En la STJUE de 7 de agosto de 2018 [asunto: C-472/16]. Colino Sigüenza c. Ayuntamiento de Va­lladolid se aborda el problema de la si existe una transmisión de empresa cuando una empresa continua con una actividad tras el cese de la anterior empresa en una adjudicación pública (escuela municipal de música) si ha existido un tiempo sin actividad por parte de ninguna empresa.La STJUE de 11 de septiembre de 2018 [asunto: C-68/17]. IR c. JQ, en un asunto que no afecta a España, analiza si las actividades profesionales cuya ética se sustenta en la religión pueden discriminar a un trabajador por haberse vuelto a casar sin haber anulado el anterior matrimonio. De lo que se trata es de averiguar qué requisitos y bajo qué condiciones es legítimo imponer que determinados trabajadores profesen la ética de la entidad religiosa para la que trabajan.La STJUE de 19 de septiembre de 2018 [asunto: C-41/17]. González Casto c. Mutua Umivale, sí afecta al ordenamiento español. Se trata de determinar si la evaluación de riesgos en el trabajo nocturno debe ser predicable de trabajadores que efectúan trabajo a turnos en los que alguno de ellos, efectiva­mente puede ser en horario nocturno, especialmente en aquellos casos en los que la trabajadora ha soli­citado la prestación por riesgos durante la lactancia natura.En la muy interesante S TJUE de 6 de noviembre de 2018 [asuntos acumulados: C-569/16 y C-570/16]. Stadt Wuppertal y V.W c. M.B. se analiza, para el ordenamiento jurídico alemán, qué ocurre con el disfrute de las vacaciones anuales retribuidas de aquellos trabajadores que no pudieron disfrutar de ellas aunque ya había trabajado tiempo suficiente para devengar una parte sustancial de las mismas. Como resolución singular para nuestro ordenamiento debe citarse la S TJUE de 21 de noviembre de 2018 [asunto: C-619/17]. Ministerio de Defensa c. Diego Porras II, que versa sobre la indemnización que procede por terminación de un contrato de interinidad.La STJUE de 21 de noviembre de 2018 [asunto: C-245/17]. Viejobueno y Vara c. Consejería de Educación aborda una problemática muy específica, la finalización de la relación laboral del docente al acabar el curso académico, y la discriminación que sufrirían los trabajadores por no disfrutar las vaca­ciones anuales retribuídas.En el ámbito del TEDH se ha reseñado la sentencia de 6 de noviembre de 2018 en el Asunto: Vicent del Campco c. España (demanda núm.: 25527/13), sobre responsabilidad patrimonial de la ad­ministración y acoso en lugar de trabajo. En un procedimiento para la exención de la responsabilidad de la Administración (educativa, en este caso) por no haber evitado una situación de acoso laboral en el trabajo se condena a la Administración a satisfacer una determinada cantidad económica a una víctima de acoso. Pero el Tribunal identifica al acosador por su nombre y apellidos y relata de manera detallada las circunstancias del caso. El acosador no sólo no había sido parte en el procedimiento Contencioso-Administrativo, sino que tampoco tenido conocimiento de la tramitación de dicho procedimiento. Se entiende perjudicado y acude al TEDH solicitando la reparación de su derecho pues entiende que se han vulnerado su derecho a la vida privada y familiar (art. 8) y su derecho a un proceso justo (art. 6).Palabras clave: convenio colectivo, transmisión de empresas, trabajador indefinido no fijo, ad­judicación de servicio público a otra empresa, discriminación por motivos religiosos, trabajo a turnos, trabajo nocturno, prevención de riesgos laborales, riesgo durante la lactancia natural, vacaciones anuales retribuidas, fallecimiento del trabajador, contrato de interinidad, indemnización por finalización de con­trato, funcionarios docentes interinos, extinción objetiva del contrato de trabajo por falta de necesidades docentes, responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración, procedimiento Contencioso-Administrati­vo, acoso en lugar de trabajo.Abstract: In the reference period, there are no new “open” or “follow-up” complaints before the Committee on Freedom of Association that affect the Spanish State. Nor does the Report of the Commit­tee on Freedom of Association, No. 387, adopted at its 334th meeting (Geneva, October 25 - November 8, 2018) refer to some problems in relation to the Kingdom of Spain.Eight judgments of the ECHR are subject to comment, six that directly affect the Spanish state, and two others, relating to the influence of religious ethics on employment and the accrual of holidays not enjoyed due to the death of the worker that can illuminate some aspects of the national legislation.The first judgment analyzed by the Court of Justice is that of July 11, 2019 [case: C-60/17]. So­moza Hermo c. Esabe Surveillance in a case of contractual subrogation in the transfer of companies by virtue of the collective agreement. The aim is to check whether it is possible for the collective agreement to limit the joint and several liability that is characteristic of Community legislation in cases of transfer of companies.The S TJUE of 25 July 2018 [case: C-96/17]. Vernoza Ayovi c. Consorci Sanitari analyzes the sin­gular system of the system of extinction of the work contracts of undefined non-fixed workers and their adaptation to the community regulations.In the SJJE dated 7 August 2018 [case: C-472/16]. Colin Sigüenza c. Valladolid City Council addresses the problem of whether there is a transfer of company when a company continues with an activity after the cessation of the previous company in a public award (municipal music school) if there has been a time without activity by any company.The SJJE of 11 September 2018 [case: C-68/17]. IR c. JQ, in a matter that does not affect Spain, analyzes whether professional activities whose ethics are based on religion can discriminate against a worker for having remarried without having annulled the previous marriage. What it is about is to find out what requirements and under what conditions it is legitimate to impose that certain workers profess the ethics of the religious entity for which they work.The S CJEU of 19 September 2018 [case: C-41/17]. González Casto c. Mutua Umivale, does affect the Spanish legal system. The aim is to determine if the assessment of risks in night work should be pre­dicable of workers who work shifts in which some of them can actually be at night, especially in those cases in which the worker has requested the benefit for risks during lactation natura.In the very interesting S TJUE of November 6, 2018 [cumulative matters: C-569/16 and C-570/16]. Stadt Wuppertal and V.W c. M.B. it is analyzed, for the German legal system, what happens with the enjoyment of paid annual holidays of those workers who could not enjoy them even though they had already worked enough time to earn a substantial part of them.As a singular resolution for our ordinance, the SJJEJ of November 21, 2018 [case: C-619/17] must be cited. Ministry of Defense c. Diego Porras II, which deals with the compensation that comes from the termination of an interim contract.The S TJUE of 21 November 2018 [case: C-245/17]. Viejobueno y Vara c. The Ministry of Education addresses a very specific problem, the termination of the teacher’s employment relationship at the end of the academic year, and the discrimination suffered by workers for not enjoying the annual paid vacation.In the field of the ECHR the sentence of November 6, 2018 in the Subject: Vicent del Campco c. Spain (demand no .: 25527/13), on property liability of the administration and harassment in place of work. In a procedure for the exemption of the responsibility of the Administration (educational, in this case) for not having avoided a situation of labor harassment at work, the Administration is condemned to satisfy a certain amount of money to a victim of harassment. But the Court identifies the harasser by his first and last name and tells in detail the circumstances of the case. The harasser not only had not been a party to the Contentious-Administrative proceedings, but also had no knowledge of the processing of said procedure. The injured party is considered to be in the ECHR requesting the reparation of his right, since he understands that his right to private and family life has been violated (Article 8) and his right to a fair trial (Article 6).Keywords: collective agreement,transmission of companies, indefinite worker not fixed, adju­dication of public service to another company, discrimination on religious grounds, night work, pre­vention of occupational hazards, risk during breastfeeding, paid annual holidays,death of the wor­ker, interim contract, compensation for termination of contract, temporary teaching staff,objective termination of the employment contract due to lack of teaching needs, management liability of the Administration,contentious-Administrative Procedure, harassment in the workplace.

Context: Corporate governance in South African municipalities is severely lacking and retrograding. The audit committee should essentially be an oversight committee that acts on behalf of the municipal council to ensure that key controls are operating, ethical practices are reinforced, key accounting estimates and judgements are properly made, and that internal and external audits are effective. However, the Municipal Finance Management Act requires that the audit committee acts in an advisory capacity to among others, the municipal management. This statutory requirement is in contrast to international governance code best practice for audit committees. Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish how municipal audit committee members perceive their role and whether they realise the self-review threat brought about by the role conflict between legislation and internationally accepted best practice. Design: A web-based survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data from municipal audit committee members. Findings: The study found that municipal audit committee members seem to be unaware of the self-review threat their perspectives on their role hold. Practical implications: Results of the study may assist policy makers and other stakeholders in drafting regulations and legislation governing the functioning and establishment of independent municipal audit committees in South Africa. Originality: Although the conflicting roles of assurance (oversight) and consulting (advisory) have received attention in the disciplines of external auditing and internal auditing, similar attention is needed in the case of South African municipal audit committees.

Aims: Little is known about how municipal strategies, programmes and plans pay attention to the promotion of children’s mental health and whether it is discussed and reported in the municipal councils, boards and committees. The purpose of this study was to examine how municipalities in one Finnish region promote mental health, with a focus on the promotion of children’s mental health. Methods: Document analysis was used as a research method. Documents were selected for a one-year period (2018) from three municipalities of the North Savo region. Analysed documents ( n=269) were municipal strategies, programmes and plans, as well as meeting minutes of municipal councils, boards and committees. Eight domains of the structural indicators of mental health were used as an analysis frame. Results: In total, 1169 mentions related to the structural indicators of mental health were found in the documents. In strategies, programmes and plans, parenting-related mentions were found most often. Regarding the minutes, the issues discussed and reported about the wellbeing of children focused on practical issues, such as the construction of day care buildings. Conclusions: Document analysis indicated that mental health promotion involved mostly the society and environment and not as much the age and setting. There was a lack of mentions regarding preschool experiences and family support/childcare and the promotion of mental health through schools and education, especially in the meeting minutes of municipal councils, boards and committees.

The variable “actors” records individuals or collectives, who appear as a source for assertions of facts and evaluations and whose actions, interests or demands are addressed in an article (Hillebrand, 2005). In the case of media self-coverage, and especially when dealing with media policy issues, media organizations themselves might be affected by them. Hence, media organizations may strategically use their privileged access to the public to promote their own interests, for example by selecting actors and positions that will be publicly heard. Several studies have found a predominance of “opportune actors” and experts representing a position that supports media organization’s own interests (Kemner, Scherer, & Weinacht, 2008; Lichtenstein, 2011; Maier & Dogruel, 2016). Field of application/theoretical foundation The variable serves to identify the actors involved in specific media discourses and can serve as an indicator for attempted influence by media organizations through biased selection. Example study Pedrazzi. 2020 Information on Pedrazzi, 2020 Research interest: Pedrazzi (2020) investigates Swiss media coverage of media policy, public service in general and the Swiss public service organization SRG SSR in the context of the referendum on the revision of the Federal Act on Radio and Television (RTVA) in 2015 and the No-Billag initiative in 2018. Object of analysis: Representative samples of articles covering each the revision of the RTVA and the No-Billag initiative in twelve regional and national Swiss German print and online publications with different ownership. Time frame of analysis: January 1, 2010 to March 4, 2018 Information about variable Level of analysis: article Operationalization/Coding instructions: “The main actor and the two most important secondary actors mentioned in the article and who speak directly or indirectly on media policy issues, i.e. either on one of the proposals (revision of RTVA and/or No-Billag initiative) and its consequences, on the subject of public service, on Swiss public service organization SRG SSR or on the media market, are recorded. However, if an actor is only mentioned - without an explanation of his/her views - he/she is not coded. The main actor is the one who is presented as central in the title, subtitle and/or lead. The title, subtitle (if available) and lead are the first criteria for the assignment. If several actors appear in the same text subunit, the order is decisive. If no clear assignment can be made due to title/subtitle/lead, the entire contribution is used. The main actor is then the most extensively presented actor in terms of volume. The most important secondary actor is determined according to the same criteria as the main actor (if the main actor is not taken into account). The second most important secondary actor is determined according to the same criteria as the main actor (if the main actor and the most important secondary actor are not considered). The journalist can also be coded as an actor if he/she reveals his/her opinion. In the case of commentaries/columns, the author counts as the main actor. In the case of interviews, the interviewee counts as the main actor, but not the journalist.” Values: Pedrazzi (2020) Government, administration, parliament or courts as a body or institution and/or individual representatives of the executive, legislative or judiciary system (however, not individual politicians speaking for themselves or their party) Federal Council Federal Council as a whole or individual members Federal departments, authorities and commissions Departments (e.g. DETEC), federal offices (e.g. OFCOM) authorities and commissions (e.g. ComCom) and their representatives National Council and Council of States Parliament or commissions, including commission presidents or spokespersons when acting in this capacity. Note: Individual parliamentarians must be coded as members of their parties. Cantonal government Cantonal Government as a whole or individual members acting in this capacity Cantonal administration Cantonal administration and their representatives Cantonal parliament Cantonal parliaments Municipalities Members of the municipal council, administration, etc.) Courts Federal court / cantonal court / district court etc. as well as judges acting in their function Other bodies or institutions of the government, administration, parliament or justice Parties and party representatives (incl. party subsections) BDP, Bürgerlich-Demokratische Partei Junge BDP CVP, Christlich-demokratische Volkspartei (inkl. CSP) Junge CVP EVP, Evangelische Volkspartei Junge EVP FDP, die Liberalen (inkl. LPS/Liberale Partei der Schweiz) Jungfreisinnige GLP, Grünliberale Partei Junge Grünliberale GPS, Grüne Partei der Schweiz Junge Grüne SP, Sozialdemokratische Partei JUSO SVP, Schweizerische Volkspartei Junge SVP Lega dei Ticinesi Mouvement Citoyens Romand Independents Other parties Initiative, referendum and counter committees Referendum Committee against the revision of the RTVG Committee "Ja zum RTVG" Committee "Nein zur neuen Billag-Mediensteuer" Initiative Committee No Billag incl. Olivier Kessler Committee "NEIN zu No-Billag" Committee "Nein zum Sendeschluss" Other initiative, referendum and counter committees Media, telecommunications and advertising companies and their representatives (incl. owners, editors) SRG SSR incl. SRF, RTS, RSI, RTR NZZ Mediengruppe incl. Radio FM1, TVO, Tele 1, Radio Pilatus, etc. Tamedia Ringier incl. Radio NRJ AZ Medien incl. Radio Argovia, Radio 24, Radio 32, Tele M1, Tele Züri, Tele Bärn, etc. Somedia incl. Radio Südostschweiz, Tele Südostschweiz, etc. Basler Zeitung Medien 3+ Gruppe ProSieben Sat.1 Gruppe RTL Gruppe Teleclub/Swisscom UPC Cablecom Sunrise Orange/Salt Publisuisse Goldbach Medien Other private media companies Media associations and their representatives Verband Schweizer Medien – Médias Suisses – Stampa Svizzera VSP - Verband Schweizer Privatradios RRR - Radio Régionales Romandes Unikom – Union nicht-kommerzorientierter Lokalradios Telesuisse - Verband der Schweizer Regionalsender impressum – Schweizer JournalistInnen Syndicom SSM – Schweizer Syndikat Medienschaffender Swisscable asut Schweizer Werbung – Publicité Suisse – Publicità Svizzera Other media associations Other associations (economic, cultural, civil society, etc.) economiesuisse Schweizerischer Gewerbeverband Schweizerischer Arbeitgeberverband avenir suisse Schweizerischer Gewerkschaftsbund Kaufmännischer Verband KV Schweiz Travail Suisse Stiftung für Konsumentenschutz Konsumentenforum Fédération romande des consommateurs Associazione consumatrici della Svizzera italiana Think tanks Cultural associations Incl. film and music professionals Sports associations Civil society organizations and associations Other associations Other economic or socio-cultural actors Industry experts Companies not operating in the media, telecommunications or advertising industry Science, research Celebrities From sports, culture, show business, etc. Members of the audience (viewers, readers, users) or simple citizens (without representative function) Author (in case of op-ed articles) Other actors Intercoder reliability: Intercoder reliability (Krippendorff’s Alpha) coefficient of .77 across categories (9 coders) Codebook available at (last accessed on 09.12.2020): https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4312912 Information on Hillebrand, 2005 Research interest: Hillebrand (2005) examines how print media outlets report on television (which content, actors, concerns and ways of addressing issues dominate in the coverage and to what extent it includes criticism).Object of analysis: Purposive sample (four times two weeks around media-relevant events) of articles containing a reference to television in six national daily newspapers, two national weekly newspapers, three television magazines and two media trade journals from Germany. Time frame of analysis: August 1, 2002 to July 31, 2003 Information about variable Level of analysis: article Operationalization/Coding instructions: Hillebrand (2005, Anhang A, own translation):“Coding is intended to record the actors, sources and witnesses appearing in the article. A main actor and a secondary actor (if applicable) are coded.Main actor: Who is at the center of the article? Whose actions or statements, interests or preferences are at the core of the article? Who takes up the most space? Whose actions or statements form the reference point to which others then react? Who appears as the ‘source’ for statements of facts or for evaluations?The author(s) of an article are not considered as actors! This also applies in cases where TV celebrities such as Kalkofe (TV-Spielfilm) or Beckmann (Zeit) have permanent columns. As actor is recorded the person or collective, who is reported on, whose actions are commented on, etc.Secondary actor: Who else is it about? Same codes to be used as for the main actor.” Values: Hillebrand (2005) Members of the audience (viewers, readers, users), participants, simple citizens (without representative function) Media companies, media executives, journalists, celebrities of the media industry Politicians and all members of the executive and judiciary system Companies (outside the media industry) Interest groups (of companies or professions outside the media industry, e.g. from the environmental sector, etc.), churches, etc. Interest groups (of companies or professions outside the media industry, e.g. from the environmental sector, etc.), churches, etc. Science, experts, interpreters (writers etc.) - from research and scientific institutions or as self-employed, formally independent from companies, political parties and interest groups Others No secondary actor/not decidable Intercoder reliability: Intercoder reliability coefficient of .84 across categories (4 coders), not specified for individual categoryCodebook available at (last accessed on 09.12.2020): https://www.hans-bredow-institut.de/uploads/media/Publikationen/cms/media/d666beb1d9130d241ec01915684342eb582b3d42.pdf.ReferencesHillebrand, C. (2005). Das Fernsehen im Spiegel der Printmedien – Konturen der Berichterstattung. In R. Weiß (Ed.), Zur Kritik der Medienkritik. Wie Zeitungen das Fernsehen beobachten (pp. 33-81). Berlin: Vistas.Kemner, B., Scherer, H., & Weinacht, S. (2008). Unter der Tarnkappe. Publizistik, 53(1), 65-84. doi:10.1007/s11616-008-0006-9Lichtenstein, D. (2011). Kommerzialisierung des Medienjournalismus? Eine empirische Untersuchung zum „Fall Berliner Zeitung“. M&K Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, 59(2), 216-234. doi:10.5771/1615-634x-2011-2-216Maier, D., & Dogruel, L. (2016). Akteursbeziehungen in der Zeitungsberichterstattung über die Online-Aktivitäten des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks. Publizistik, 61(2), 145-166. doi:10.1007/s11616-016-0258-8 Pedrazzi, S. (2020). Codebuch zur Studie «Eigeninteressen in der Berichterstattung über medienpolitische Vorlagen und den Service public in der Schweiz». Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4312912

Research aim. The Purpose of the research is to analyze the situation with the Jewish community of Simferopol during the period of the revolutiоnary transformations of 1917, using as the main source of the Simferopol newspaper «Yuzhnye Vedomosti». The methodology of research is determined by selection of general scientific methods such as analytical synthetical descriptive and general-historical ones – retrospective, historical-genetic and quantitative, which were selected in the framework of studies of local history. The scientific novelty. The article is devoted to the history of studying the situation of the Jewish community in Simferopol during the revolution of 1917 based on the analysis of one of the most representative sources. With the help of the materials of the newspaper «Yuzhnye Vedomosti» it was possible to reconstruct certain aspects of the socio-political life of the community, first of all the creation of self-governing institutions, participation in the municipal election campaign and discussions between Zionist and socialist party organizations. A significant part of the names of local politicians and public figures has been introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The beginning of the 1917 revolution was greeted by the Jewish community of Simferopol with the hope of improving their political and legal situation. The strategic assignments of Simferopol Jews did not differ from the intentions of communities in other regions of the country, Therefore, they aimed at democratizing social and political life and the further exploitation of the thesis of the need to form an Israeli state in the Palestinian territories. It revealed that the intermediate missions were to participate in a municipal campaign, the election to the Russian Constituent Assembly, the Russian Jewish Congress and the creation of an effective mechanism for managing its own public council, which was to administer the community. It has been established that the personnel potential of society was formed by attracting influential persons from various fields of activity to political work. It was found that applied implementation of the above tasks was manifested in the creation of the Jewish Temporary Public Committee and its executive committee, the receipt of fifteen seats of the city council by the members of the Jewish community of Simferopol, active participation in the work of local governments of the governorate level, agitation a series of public events that have attracted public attention.

Image 1: A Little Free Library. Image credit: Nadine Kozak.IntroductionLittle Free Libraries give people a reason to stop and exchange things they love: books. It seemed like a really good way to build a sense of community.Dannette Lank, Little Free Library steward, Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, 2013 (Rumage)Against a backdrop of stagnant literacy rates and enduring perceptions of urban decay and the decline of communities in cities (NCES, “Average Literacy”; NCES, “Average Prose”; Putnam 25; Skogan 8), legions of Little Free Libraries (LFLs) have sprung up across the United States between 2009 and the present. LFLs are small, often homemade structures housing books and other physical media for passersby to choose a book to take or leave a book to share with others. People have installed the structures in front of homes, schools, libraries, churches, fire and police stations, community gardens, and in public parks. There are currently 50,000 LFLs around the world, most of which are in the continental United States (Aldrich, “Big”). LFLs encompass building in multiple senses of the term; LFLs are literally tiny buildings to house books and people use the structures for building neighbourhood social capital. The organisation behind the movement cites “building community” as one of its three core missions (Little Free Library). Rowan Moore, theorising humans’ reasons for building, argues desire and emotion are central (16). The LFL movement provides evidence for this claim: stewards erect LFLs based on hope for increased literacy and a desire to build community through their altruistic actions. This article investigates how LFLs build urban community and explores barriers to the endeavour, specifically municipal building and right of way ordinances used in attempts to eradicate the structures. It also examines local responses to these municipal actions and potential challenges to traditional public libraries brought about by LFLs, primarily the decrease of visits to public libraries and the use of LFLs to argue for defunding of publicly provided library services. The work argues that LFLs build community in some places but may threaten other community services. This article employs qualitative content analysis of 261 stewards’ comments about their registered LFLs on the organisation’s website drawn from the two largest cities in a Midwestern state and an interview with an LFL steward in a village in the same state to analyse how LFLs build community. The two cities, located in the state where the LFL movement began, provide a cross section of innovators, early adopters, and late adopters of the book exchanges, determined by their registered charter numbers. Press coverage and municipal documents from six cities across the US gathered through a snowball sample provide data about municipal challenges to LFLs. Blog posts penned by practising librarians furnish some opinions about the movement. This research, while not a representative sample, identifies common themes and issues around LFLs and provides a basis for future research.The act of building and curating an LFL is a representation of shared beliefs about literacy, community, and altruism. Establishing an LFL is an act of civic participation. As Nico Carpentier notes, while some civic participation is macro, carried out at the level of the nation, other participation is micro, conducted in “the spheres of school, family, workplace, church, and community” (17). Ruth H. Landman investigates voluntary activities in the city, including community gardening, and community bakeries, and argues that the people associated with these projects find themselves in a “denser web of relations” than previously (2). Gretchen M. Herrmann argues that neighbourhood garage sales, although fleeting events, build an enduring sense of community amongst participants (189). Ray Oldenburg contends that people create associational webs in what he calls “great good places”; third spaces separate from home and work (20-21). Little Free Libraries and Community BuildingEmotion plays a central role in the decision to become an LFL steward, the person who establishes and maintains the LFL. People recount their desire to build a sense of community and share their love of reading with neighbours (Charter 4684; Charter 8212; Charter 9437; Charter 9705; Charter 16561). One steward in the study reported, “I love books and I want to be able to help foster that love in our neighbourhood as well” (Charter 4369). Image 2: A Little Free Library, bench, water fountain, and dog’s water bowl for passersby to enjoy. Image credit: Nadine Kozak.Relationships and emotional ties are central to some people’s decisions to have an LFL. The LFL website catalogues many instances of memorial LFLs, tributes to librarians, teachers, and avid readers. Indeed, the first Little Free Library, built by Todd Bol in 2009, was a tribute to his late mother, a teacher who loved reading (“Our History”). In the two city study area, ten LFLs are memorials, allowing bereaved families to pass on a loved one’s penchant for sharing books and reading (Charter 1235; Charter 1309; Charter 4604; Charter 6219; Charter 6542; Charter 6954; Charter 10326; Charter 16734; Charter 24481; Charter 30369). In some cases, urban neighbours come together to build, erect, and stock LFLs. One steward wrote: “Those of us who live in this friendly neighborhood collaborated to design[,] build and paint a bungalow themed library” to match the houses in the neighbourhood (Charter 2532). Another noted: “Our neighbor across the street is a skilled woodworker, and offered to build the library for us if we would install it in our yard and maintain it. What a deal!” (Charter 18677). Community organisations also install and maintain LFLs, including 21 in the study population (e.g. Charter 31822; Charter 27155).Stewards report increased communication with neighbours due to their LFLs. A steward noted: “We celebrated the library’s launch on a Saturday morning with neighbors of all ages. We love sitting on our front porch and catching up with the people who stop to check out the books” (Charter 9673). Another exclaimed:within 24 hours, before I had time to paint it, my Little Free Library took on a life of its own. All of a sudden there were lots of books in it and people stopping by. I wondered where these books came from as I had not put any in there. Little kids in the neighborhood are all excited about it and I have met neighbors that I had never seen before. This is going to be fun! (Charter 15981)LFLs build community through social interaction and collaboration. This occurs when neighbours come together to build, install, and fill the structures. The structures also open avenues for conversation between neighbours who had no connection previously. Like Herrmann’s neighbourhood garage sales, LFLs create and maintain social ties between neighbours and link them by the books they share. Additionally, when neighbours gather and communicate at the LFL structure, they create a transitory third space for “informal public life”, where people can casually interact at a nearby location (Oldenburg 14, 288).Building Barriers, Creating CommunityThe erection of an LFL in an urban neighbourhood is not, however, always a welcome sight. The news analysis found that LFLs most often come to the attention of municipal authorities via citizen complaints, which lead to investigations and enforcement of ordinances. In Kansas, a neighbour called an LFL an “eyesore” and an “illegal detached structure” (Tapper). In Wisconsin, well-meaning future stewards contacted their village authorities to ask about rules, inadvertently setting off a six-month ban on LFLs (Stingl; Rumage). Resulting from complaints and inquiries, municipalities regulated, and in one case banned, LFLs, thus building barriers to citizens’ desires to foster community and share books with neighbours.Municipal governments use two major areas of established code to remove or prohibit LFLs: ordinances banning unapproved structures in residents’ yards and those concerned with obstructions to right of ways when stewards locate the LFLs between the public sidewalk and street.In the first instance, municipal ordinances prohibit either front yard or detached structures. Controversies over these ordinances and LFLs erupted in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, in 2012; Leawood, Kansas, in 2014; Shreveport, Louisiana, in 2015; and Dallas, Texas, in 2015. The Village of Whitefish Bay banned LFLs due to an ordinance prohibiting “front yard structures,” including mailboxes (Sanburn; Stingl). In Leawood, the city council argued that an LFL, owned by a nine-year-old boy, violated an ordinance that forbade the construction of any detached structures without city council permission. In Shreveport, the stewards of an LFL received a cease and desist letter from city council for having an “accessory structure” in the front yard (LaCasse; Burris) and Dallas officials knocked on a steward’s front door, informing her of a similar breach (Kellogg).In the second instance, some urban municipalities argued that LFLs are obstructions that block right of ways. In Lincoln, Nebraska, the public works director noted that the city “uses the area between the sidewalk and the street for snow storage in the winter, light poles, mailboxes, things like that.” The director continued: “And I imagine these little libraries are meant to congregate people like a water cooler, but we don’t want people hanging around near the road by the curb” (Heady). Both Lincoln in 2014 and Los Angeles (LA), California, in 2015, cited LFLs for obstructions. In Lincoln, the city notified the Southminster United Methodist Church that their LFL, located between the public sidewalk and street, violated a municipal ordinance (Sanburn). In LA, the Bureau of Street Services notified actor Peter Cook that his LFL, situated in the right of way, was an “obstruction” that Cook had to remove or the city would levy a fine (Moss). The city agreed at a hearing to consider a “revocable permit” for Cook’s LFL, but later denied its issuance (Condes).Stewards who found themselves in violation of municipal ordinances were able to harness emotion and build outrage over limits to individuals’ ability to erect LFLs. In Kansas, the stewards created a Facebook page, Spencer’s Little Free Library, which received over 31,000 likes and messages of support. One comment left on the page reads: “The public outcry will force those lame city officials to change their minds about it. Leave it to the stupid government to rain on everybody’s parade” (“Good”). Children’s author Daniel Handler sent a letter to the nine-year-old steward, writing as Lemony Snicket, “fighting against librarians is immoral and useless in the face of brave and noble readers such as yourself” (Spencer’s). Indeed, the young steward gave a successful speech to city hall arguing that the body should allow the structures because “‘lots of people in the neighborhood used the library and the books were always changing. I think it’s good for Leawood’” (Bauman). Other local LFL supporters also attended council and spoke in favour of the structures (Harper). In LA, Cook’s neighbours started a petition that gathered over 100 signatures, where people left comments including, “No to bullies!” (Lopez). Additionally, neighbours gathered to discuss the issue (Dana). In Shreveport, neighbours left stacks of books in their front yards, without a structure housing them due to the code banning accessory structures. One noted, “I’m basically telling the [Metropolitan Planning Commission] to go sod off” (Friedersdorf; Moss). LFL proponents reacted with frustration and anger at the perceived over-reach of the government toward harmless LFLs. In addition to the actions of neighbours and supporters, the national and local press commented on the municipal constraints. The LFL movement has benefitted from a significant amount of positive press in its formative years, a press willing to publicise and criticise municipal actions to thwart LFL development. Stewards’ struggles against municipal bureaucracies building barriers to LFLs makes prime fodder for the news media. Herbert J. Gans argues an enduring value in American news is “the preservation of the freedom of the individual against the encroachments of nation and society” (50). The juxtaposition of well-meaning LFL stewards against municipal councils and committees provided a compelling opportunity to illustrate this value.National media outlets, including Time (Sanburn), Christian Science Monitor (LaCasse), and The Atlantic, drew attention to the issue. Writing in The Atlantic, Conor Friedersdorf critically noted:I wish I was writing this to merely extol this trend [of community building via LFLs]. Alas, a subset of Americans are determined to regulate every last aspect of community life. Due to selection bias, they are overrepresented among local politicians and bureaucrats. And so they have power, despite their small-mindedness, inflexibility, and lack of common sense so extreme that they’ve taken to cracking down on Little Free Libraries, of all things. (Friedersdorf, n.p.)Other columnists mirrored this sentiment. Writing in the LA Times, one commentator sarcastically wrote that city officials were “cracking down on one of the country’s biggest problems: small community libraries where residents share books” (Schaub). Journalists argued this was government overreach on non-issues rather than tackling larger community problems, such as income inequality, homelessness, and aging infrastructure (Solomon; Schaub). The protests and negative press coverage led to, in the case of the municipalities with front yard and detached structure ordinances, détente between stewards and councils as the latter passed amendments permitting and regulating LFLs. Whitefish Bay, Leawood, and Shreveport amended ordinances to allow for LFLs, but also to regulate them (Everson; Topil; Siegel). Ordinances about LFLs restricted their number on city blocks, placement on private property, size and height, as well as required registration with the municipality in some cases. Lincoln officials allowed the church to relocate the LFL from the right of way to church property and waived the $500 fine for the obstruction violation (Sanburn). In addition to the amendments, the protests also led to civic participation and community building including presentations to city council, a petition, and symbolic acts of defiance. Through this protest, neighbours create communities—networks of people working toward a common goal. This aspect of community building around LFLs was unintentional but it brought people together nevertheless.Building a Challenge to Traditional Libraries?LFL marketing and communication staff member Margaret Aldrich suggests in The Little Free Library Book that LFLs are successful because they are “gratifyingly doable” projects that can be accomplished by an individual (16). It is this ease of building, erecting, and maintaining LFLs that builds concern as their proliferation could challenge aspects of library service, such as public funding and patron visits. Some professional librarians are in favour of the LFLs and are stewards themselves (Charter 121; Charter 2608; Charter 9702; Charter 41074; Rumage). Others envision great opportunities for collaboration between traditional libraries and LFLs, including the library publicising LFLs and encouraging their construction as well as using LFLs to serve areas without, or far from, a public library (Svehla; Shumaker). While lauding efforts to build community, some professional librarians question the nomenclature used by the movement. They argue the phrase Little Free Libraries is inaccurate as libraries are much more than random collections of books. Instead, critics contend, the LFL structures are closer to book swaps and exchanges than actual libraries, which offer a range of services such as Internet access, digital materials, community meeting spaces, and workshops and programming on a variety of topics (American Library Association; Annoyed Librarian). One university reference and instruction librarian worries about “the general public’s perception and lumping together of little free libraries and actual ‘real’ public libraries” (Hardenbrook). By way of illustration, he imagines someone asking, “‘why do we need our tax money to go to something that can be done for FREE?’” (Hardenbrook). Librarians holding this perspective fear the movement might add to a trend of neoliberalism, limiting or ending public funding for libraries, as politicians believe that the localised, individual solutions can replace publicly funded library services. This is a trend toward what James Ferguson calls “responsibilized” citizens, those “deployed to produce governmentalized results that do not depend on direct state intervention” (172). In other countries, this shift has already begun. In the United Kingdom (UK), governments are devolving formerly public services onto community groups and volunteers. Lindsay Findlay-King, Geoff Nichols, Deborah Forbes, and Gordon Macfadyen trace the impacts of the 2012 Localism Act in the UK, which caused “sport and library asset transfers” (12) to community and volunteer groups who were then responsible for service provision and, potentially, facility maintenance as well. Rather than being in charge of a “doable” LFL, community groups and volunteers become the operators of much larger facilities. Recent efforts in the US to privatise library services as governments attempt to cut budgets and streamline services (Streitfeld) ground this fear. Image 3: “Take a Book, Share a Book,” a Little Free Library motto. Image credit: Nadine Kozak. LFLs might have real consequences for public libraries. Another potential unintended consequence of the LFLs is decreasing visits to public libraries, which could provide officials seeking to defund them with evidence that they are no longer relevant or necessary. One LFL steward and avid reader remarked that she had not used her local public library since 2014 because “I was using the Little Free Libraries” (Steward). Academics and librarians must conduct more research to determine what impact, if any, LFLs are having on visits to traditional public libraries. ConclusionLittle Free Libraries across the United States, and increasingly in other countries, have generated discussion, promoted collaboration between neighbours, and led to sharing. In other words, they have built communities. This was the intended consequence of the LFL movement. There, however, has also been unplanned community building in response to municipal threats to the structures due to right of way, safety, and planning ordinances. The more threatening concern is not the municipal ordinances used to block LFL development, but rather the trend of privatisation of publicly provided services. While people are celebrating the community built by the LFLs, caution must be exercised lest central institutions of the public and community, traditional public libraries, be lost. Academics and communities ought to consider not just impact on their local community at the street level, but also wider structural concerns so that communities can foster many “great good places”—the Little Free Libraries and traditional public libraries as well.ReferencesAldrich, Margaret. “Big Milestone for Little Free Library: 50,000 Libraries Worldwide.” Little Free Library. 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Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2004.“Good Luck Spencer.” Spencer’s Little Free Library Facebook Page 25 Jun. 2014. 26 Mar. 2017 <https://www.facebook.com/Spencerslittlefreelibrary/photos/pcb.527531327376433/527531260709773/?type=3>.Hardenbrook, Joe. “A Little Rant on Little Free Libraries (AKA Probably an Unpopular Post).” Mr. Library Dude (9 Apr. 2014). 25 Feb. 2017 <https://mrlibrarydude.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/a-little-rant-on-little-free-libraries-aka-probably-an-unpopular-post/>.Harper, Deb. “Minutes.” The Leawood City Council 7 Jul. 2014. <http://www.leawood.org/pdf/cc/min/07-07-14.pdf>. Heady, Chris. “City Wants Church to Move Little Library.” Lincoln Journal Star 9 Jul. 2014. 25 Feb. 2017 <http://journalstar.com/news/local/city-wants-church-to-move-little-library/article_7753901a-42cd-5b52-9674-fc54a4d51f47.html>. Herrmann, Gretchen M. “Garage Sales Make Good Neighbors: Building Community through Neighborhood Sales.” Human Organization 62.2 (2006): 181-191.Kellogg, Carolyn. “Officials Threaten to Destroy a Little Free Library in Texas.” Los Angeles Times (1 Oct. 2015). 25 Feb. 2017 <http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-little-free-library-texas-20150930-story.html>.LaCasse, Alexander. “Why Are Some Cities Cracking Down on Little Free Libraries.” Christian Science Monitor (5 Feb. 2015). 25 Feb. 2017 <http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2015/0205/Why-are-some-cities-cracking-down-on-little-free-libraries>.Landman, Ruth H. Creating the Community in the City: Cooperatives and Community Gardens in Washington, DC Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1993. Little Free Library. 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Police and Community in Chicago: A Tale of Three Cities. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.Solomon, Dan. “Dallas Is Regulating ‘Little Free Libraries’ for Some Reason.” Texas Monthly (14 Sept. 2016). 25 Feb. 2017 <http://www.texasmonthly.com/the-daily-post/dallas-regulating-little-free-libraries-reason/>.“Spencer’s Little Free Library.” Facebook 15 Jul. 2014. 25 Feb. 2017 <https://www.facebook.com/Spencerslittlefreelibrary/photos/pcb.527531327376433/527531260709773/?type=3>.Steward, M. Personal Interview. 7 Feb. 2017.Stingl, Jim. “Village Slaps Endnote on Little Libraries.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 11 Nov. 2012: 1B, 7B.Streitfeld, David. “Anger as a Private Company Takes over Libraries.” The New York Times (26 Sept. 2010). 25 Feb. 2017 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/27/business/27libraries.html>.Svehla, Louise. “Little Free Libraries—The Possibilities Are Endless.” Public Libraries Online (8 Mar. 2013). 25 Feb. 2017 <http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2013/03/little-free-libraries-the-possibilities-are-endless/>.Tapper, Jake. “Boy Fights Council to Save His Library.” CNN 4 Jul. 2014. 25 Feb. 2017 <http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/04/boy-fights-to-save-his-library/>.Topil, Greg. “Little Free Libraries in Lincoln.” City of Lincoln, Nebraska (n.d.). 25 Feb. 2017 <http://lincoln.ne.gov/City/pworks/engine/row/little-library.htm>.

The UP Manila Health Policy Development Hub recognizes the invaluable contribution of the participants in theseries of roundtable discussions listed below: RTD: Beyond Hospital Beds: Equity,quality, and service1. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, UP Manila2. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, UP Manila3. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, UP Manila4. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, UP Manila HealthPolicy Development Hub; Director, Institute of HealthPolicy and Development Studies, University of thePhilippines Manila5. Irma L. Asuncion, MHA, CESO III, Director IV,Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health6. Renely Pangilinan-Tungol, MD, CFP, MPM-HSD,Municipal Health Officer, San Fernando, Pampanga7. Salome F. Arinduque, MD, Galing-Pook AwardeeRepresentative, Municipal Health Officer, San Felipe,Zambales8. Carmelita C. Canila, MD, MPH, Faculty, College ofPublic Health, University of the Philippines Manila9. Lester M. Tan, MD, MPH, Division Chief, Bureau ofLocal Health System Development, Department ofHealth10. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF)11. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization12. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, AssociateDirector, Medical and Regulatory Affairs, AsianHospital and Medical Center13. Christian Edward L. Nuevo, Health Policy and SystemsResearch Fellow, Health Policy Development andPlanning Bureau, Department of Health14. Paolo Victor N. Medina, MD, Assistant Professor 4,College of Medicine, University of the PhilippinesManila15. Jose Rafael A. Marfori, MD, Special Assistant to theDirector, Philippine General Hospital16. Maria Teresa U. Bagaman, Committee Chair, PhilippineSociety for Quality, Inc.17. Maria Theresa G. Vera, MSc, MHA, CESO III, DirectorIV, Health Facility Development Bureau, Departmentof Health18. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila19. Fevi Rose C. Paro, Faculty, Department of Communityand Environmental Resource Planning, University ofthe Philippines Los Baños20. Maria Rosa C. Abad, MD, Medical Specialist III,Standard Development Division, Health Facilities andServices Regulation21. Yolanda R. Robles, RPh, PhD, Faculty, College ofPharmacy, University of the Philippines Manila22. Jaya P. Ebuen, RN, Development Manager Officer,CHDMM, Department of Health23. Josephine E. Cariaso, MA, RN, Assistant Professor,College of Nursing, University of the Philippines Manila24. Diana Van Daele, Programme Manager, CooperationSection, European Union25. Maria Paz de Sagun, Project Management Specialist,USAID26. Christopher Muñoz, Member, Yellow Warriors SocietyPhilippinesRTD: Health services and financingroles: Population based- andindividual-based1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Mario C. Villaverde, Undersecretary, Health Policyand Development Systems and Development Team,Department of Health6. Jaime Z. Galvez Tan, MD, Former Secretary, Department of Health7. Marvin C. Galvez, MD, OIC Division Chief, BenefitsDevelopment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation8. Alvin B. Caballes, MD, MPE, MPP, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila9. Carlos D. Da Silva, Executive Director, Association ofMunicipal Health Maintenance Organization of thePhilippines, Inc.10. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation (ZFF) 11. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization12. Salome F. Arinduque, MD, Galing-Pook AwardeeRepresentative, Municipal Health Officer, San Felipe,Zambales13. Michael Ralph M. Abrigo, PhD, Research Fellow,Philippine Institute for Developmental Studies14. Oscar D. Tinio, MD, Committee Chair, Legislation,Philippine Medical Association15. Rogelio V. Dazo, Jr., MD, FPCOM, Legislation,Philippine Medical Association16. Ligaya V. Catadman, MM, Officer-in-charge, HealthPolicy Development and Planning Bureau, Department of Health17. Maria Fatima Garcia-Lorenzo, President, PhilippineAlliance of Patients Organization18. Tomasito P. Javate, Jr, Supervising Economic DevelopmentSpecialist, Health Nutrition and Population Division,National Economic and Development Authority19. Josefina Isidro-Lapena, MD, National Board ofDirector, Philippine Academy of Family Physicians20. Maria Eliza Ruiz-Aguila, MPhty, PhD, Dean, Collegeof Allied Medical Professions, University of thePhilippines Manila21. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila22. Maria Paz P. Corrales, MD, MHA, MPA, Director III,Department of Health-National Capital Region23. Karin Estepa Garcia, MD, Executive Secretary, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians24. Adeline A. Mesina, MD, Medical Specialist III,Philippine Health Insurance Corporation25. Glorey Ann P. Alde, RN, MPH, Research Fellow,Department of HealthRTD: Moving towards provincelevel integration throughUniversal Health Care Act1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Mario C. Villaverde, Undersecretary of Health, HealthPolicy and Development Systems and DevelopmentTeam, Department of Health6. Ferdinand A. Pecson, Undersecretary and ExecutiveDirector, Public Private Partnership Center7. Rosanna M. Buccahan, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Bataan Provincial Office8. Lester M. Tan, MD, Division Chief, Bureau of LocalHealth System Development, Department of Health9. Ernesto O. Domingo, MD, FPCP, FPSF, FormerChancellor, University of the Philippines Manila10. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization11. Leslie Ann L. Luces, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Aklan12. Rene C. Catan, MD, Provincial Health Officer, Cebu13. Anthony Rosendo G. Faraon, MD, Vice President,Zuellig Family Foundation14. Jose Rafael A. Marfori, MD, Special Assistant to theDirector, Philippine General Hospital15. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, Consultant,Asian Hospital and Medical Center16. Ramon Paterno, MD, Member, Universal Health CareStudy Group, University of the Philippines Manila17. Mayor Eunice U. Babalcon, Mayor, Paranas, Samar18. Zorayda E. Leopando, MD, Former President,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians19. Madeleine de Rosas-Valera, MD, MScIH, SeniorTechnical Consultant, World Bank20. Arlene C. Sebastian, MD, Municipal Health Officer,Sta. Monica, Siargao Island, Mindanao21. Rizza Majella L. Herrera, MD, Acting Senior Manager,Accreditation Department, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation22. Alvin B. Caballes, MD, MPE, MPP, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila23. Pres. Policarpio B. Joves, MD, MPH, MOH, FPAFP,President, Philippine Academy of Family Physicians24. Leilanie A. Nicodemus, MD, Board of Director,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians25. Maria Paz P. Corrales, MD, MHA, MPA, Director III,National Capital Region Office, Department of Health26. Dir. Irma L. Asuncion, MD, MHA, CESO III, DirectorIV, Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health27. Bernard B. Argamosa, MD, Mental Health Representative, National Center for Mental Health28. Flerida Chan, Chief, Poverty Reduction Section, JapanInternational Cooperation Agency29. Raul R. Alamis, Chief Health Program Officer, ServiceDelivery Network, Department of Health30. Mary Anne Milliscent B. Castro, Supervising HealthProgram Officer, Department of Health 31. Marikris Florenz N. Garcia, Project Manager, PublicPrivate Partnership Center32. Mary Grace G. Darunday, Supervising Budget andManagement Specialist, Budget and Management Bureaufor the Human Development Sector, Department ofBudget and Management33. Belinda Cater, Senior Budget and Management Specialist,Department of Budget and Management34. Sheryl N. Macalipay, LGU Officer IV, Bureau of LocalGovernment and Development, Department of Interiorand Local Government35. Kristel Faye M. Roderos, OTRP, Representative,College of Allied Medical Professions, University ofthe Philippines Manila36. Jeffrey I. Manalo, Director III, Policy Formulation,Project Evaluation and Monitoring Service, PublicPrivate Partnership Center37. Atty. Phebean Belle A. Ramos-Lacuna, Division Chief,Policy Formulation Division, Public Private PartnershipCenter38. Ricardo Benjamin D. Osorio, Planning Officer, PolicyFormulation, Project Evaluation and MonitoringService, Public Private Partnership Center39. Gladys Rabacal, Program Officer, Japan InternationalCooperation Agency40. Michael Angelo Baluyot, Nurse, Bataan Provincial Office41. Jonna Jane Javier Austria, Nurse, Bataan Provincial Office42. Heidee Buenaventura, MD, Associate Director, ZuelligFamily Foundation43. Dominique L. Monido, Policy Associate, Zuellig FamilyFoundation44. Rosa Nene De Lima-Estellana, RN, MD, Medical OfficerIII, Department of Interior and Local Government45. Ma Lourdes Sangalang-Yap, MD, FPCR, Medical OfficerIV, Department of Interior and Local Government46. Ana Melissa F. Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean for Planning & Development, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila47. Colleen T. Francisco, Representative, Department ofBudget and Management48. Kristine Galamgam, Representative, Department ofHealth49. Fides S. Basco, Officer-in-charge, Chief Budget andManagement Specialist, Development of Budget andManagementRTD: Health financing: Co-paymentsand Personnel1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the Philippines Manila5. Ernesto O. Domingo, MD, Professor Emeritus,University of the Philippines Manila6. Irma L. Asuncion, MHA, CESO III, Director IV,Bureau of Local Health Systems Development,Department of Health7. Lester M. Tan, MD, MPH, Division Chief, Bureau ofLocal Health System Development, Department ofHealth8. Marvin C. Galvez, MD, OIC Division Chief, BenefitsDevelopment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation9. Adeline A. Mesina, MD, Medical Specialist III, BenefitsDepartment and Research Department, PhilippineHealth Insurance Corporation10. Carlos D. Da Silva, Executive Director, Association ofHealth Maintenance Organization of the Philippines,Inc.11. Ma. Margarita Lat-Luna, MD, Deputy Director, FiscalServices, Philippine General Hospital12. Waldemar V. Galindo, MD, Chief of Clinics, Ospital ngMaynila13. Albert Francis E. Domingo, MD, Consultant, HealthSystem strengthening through Public Policy andRegulation, World Health Organization14. Rogelio V. Dazo, Jr., MD, Member, Commission onLegislation, Philippine Medical Association15. Aileen R. Espina, MD, Board Member, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians16. Anthony R. Faraon, MD, Vice President, Zuellig FamilyFoundation17. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, Associate Director, Medical andRegulatory Affairs, Asian Hospital and Medical Center18. Jared Martin Clarianes, Technical Officer, Union of LocalAuthorities of the Philippines19. Leslie Ann L. Luces, MD, Provincial Health Officer,Aklan20. Rosa Nene De Lima-Estellana, MD, Medical OfficerIII, Department of the Interior and Local Government21. Ma. Lourdes Sangalang-Yap, MD, Medical Officer V,Department of the Interior and Local Government 22. Dominique L. Monido, Policy Associate, Zuellig FamilyFoundation23. Krisch Trine D. Ramos, MD, Medical Officer, PhilippineCharity Sweepstakes Office24. Larry R. Cedro, MD, Assistant General Manager, CharitySector, Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office25. Margarita V. Hing, Officer in Charge, ManagementDivision, Financial Management Service Sector,Department of Health26. Dr. Carlo Irwin Panelo, Associate Professor, College ofMedicine, University of the Philippines Manila27. Dr. Angelita V. Larin, Faculty, College of Public Health,University of the Philippines Manila28. Dr. Abdel Jeffri A. Abdulla, Chair, RegionalizationProgram, University of the Philippines Manila29. Christopher S. Muñoz, Member, Philippine Alliance ofPatients Organization30. Gemma R. Macatangay, LGOO V, Department ofInterior and Local Government – Bureau of LocalGovernment Development31. Dr. Narisa Portia J. Sugay, Acting Vice President, QualityAssurance Group, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation32. Maria Eliza R. Aguila, Dean, College of Allied MedicalProfessions, University of the Philippines Manila33. Angeli A. Comia, Manager, Zuellig Family Foundation34. Leo Alcantara, Union of Local Authorities of thePhilippines35. Dr. Zorayda E. Leopando, Former President, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians36. Dr. Emerito Jose Faraon, Faculty, College of PublicHealth, University of the Philippines Manila37. Dr. Carmelita C. Canila, Faculty, College of PublicHealth, University of the Philippines ManilaRTD: Moving towards third partyaccreditation for health facilities1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD,Faculty, College of Public Health, University of thePhilippines Manila3. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, Dean,College of Arts and Sciences, University of thePhilippines Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, MM, Faculty,College of Dentistry, University of the PhilippinesManila5. Rizza Majella L. Herrera, MD, Acting SeniorManager, Accreditation Department, Philippine HealthInsurance Corporation6. Bernadette C. Hogar-Manlapat, MD, FPBA, FPSA,FPSQua, MMPA, President and Board of Trustee,Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare, Inc.7. Waldemar V. Galindo, MD, Chief of Clinics, Ospital ngMaynila8. Amor. F. Lahoz, Division Chief, Promotion andDocumentation Division, Department of Trade andIndustry – Philippine Accreditation Bureau9. Jenebert P. Opinion, Development Specialist, Department of Trade and Industry – Philippine AccreditationBureau10. Maria Linda G. Buhat, President, Association ofNursing Service Administrators of the Philippines, Inc.11. Bernardino A. Vicente, MD, FPPA, MHA, CESOIV, President, Philippine Tripartite Accreditation forHealth Facilities, Inc.12. Atty. Bu C. Castro, MD, Board Member, PhilippineHospital Association13. Cristina Lagao-Caalim, RN, MAN, MHA, ImmediatePast President and Board of Trustee, Philippine Societyfor Quality in Healthcare, Inc.14. Manuel E. Villegas Jr., MD, Vice Treasurer and Board ofTrustee, Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare,Inc.15. Michelle A. Arban, Treasurer and Board of Trustee,Philippine Society for Quality in Healthcare, Inc.16. Joselito R. Chavez, MD, FPCP, FPCCP, FACCP,CESE, Deputy Executive Director, Medical Services,National Kidney and Transplant Institute17. Blesilda A. Gutierrez, CPA, MBA, Deputy ExecutiveDirector, Administrative Services, National Kidney andTransplant Institute18. Eulalia C. Magpusao, MD, Associate Director, Qualityand Patient Safety, St. Luke’s Medical Centre GlobalCity19. Clemencia D. Bondoc, MD, Auditor, Association ofMunicipal Health Officers of the Philippines20. Jesus Randy O. Cañal, MD, FPSO-HNS, AssociateDirector, Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Asian Hospitaland Medical Center21. Maria Fatima Garcia-Lorenzo, President, PhilippineAlliance of Patient Organizations22. Leilanie A. Nicodemus, MD, Board of Directors,Philippine Academy of Family Physicians23. Policarpio B. Joves Jr., MD, President, PhilippineAcademy of Family Physicians24. Kristel Faye Roderos, Faculty, College of Allied MedicalProfessions, University of the Philippines Manila25. Ana Melissa Hilvano-Cabungcal, MD, AssistantAssociate Dean, College of Medicine, University of thePhilippines Manila26. Christopher Malorre Calaquian, MD, Faculty, Collegeof Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila27. Emerito Jose C. Faraon, MD, Faculty, College ofPublic Health, University of the Philippines Manila 28. Carmelita Canila, Faculty, College of Public Health,University of the Philippines Manila29. Oscar D. Tinio, MD, Representative, Philippine MedicalAssociation30. Farrah Rocamora, Member, Philippine Society forQuality in Healthcare, IncRTD: RA 11036 (Mental Health Act):Addressing Mental Health Needs ofOverseas Filipino Workers1. Hilton Y. Lam, MHA, PhD, Chair, University of thePhilippines Manila Health Policy Development Hub;Director, Institute of Health Policy and DevelopmentStudies, University of the Philippines Manila2. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., MCD, MPH, PhD, UPManila Health Policy Development Hub; College ofArts and Sciences, UP Manila3. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, MPAf, MSPPM, PhD, UPManila Health Policy Development Hub; College ofPublic Health, UP Manila4. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, DDM, UP ManilaHealth Policy Development Hub; College of Dentistry,UP Manila5. Frances Prescilla L. Cuevas, RN, MAN, Director,Essential Non-Communicable Diseases Division,Department of Health6. Maria Teresa D. De los Santos, Workers Education andMonitoring Division, Philippine Overseas EmploymentAdministration7. Andrelyn R. Gregorio, Policy Program and Development Office,Overseas Workers Welfare Administration8. Sally D. Bongalonta, MA, Institute of Family Life &Children Studies, Philippine Women’s University9. Consul Ferdinand P. Flores, Department of ForeignAffairs10. Jerome Alcantara, BLAS OPLE Policy Center andTraining Institute11. Andrea Luisa C. Anolin, Commission on FilipinoOverseas12. Bernard B. Argamosa, MD, DSBPP, National Centerfor Mental Health13. Agnes Joy L. Casino, MD, DSBPP, National Centerfor Mental Health14. Ryan Roberto E. Delos Reyes, Employment Promotionand Workers Welfare Division, Department of Laborand Employment15. Sheralee Bondad, Legal and International AffairsCluster, Department of Labor and Employment16. Rhodora A. Abano, Center for Migrant Advocacy17. Nina Evita Q. Guzman, Ugnayan at Tulong para saMaralitang Pamilya (UGAT) Foundation, Inc.18. Katrina S. Ching, Ugnayan at Tulong para sa MaralitangPamilya (UGAT) Foundation, Inc.RTD: (Bitter) Sweet Smile of Filipinos1. Dr. Hilton Y. Lam, Institute of Health Policy andDevelopment Studies, NIH2. Dr. Leonardo R. Estacio, Jr., College of Arts andSciences, UP Manila3. Dr. Ma. Esmeralda C. Silva, College of Public Health,UP Manila4. Dr. Michael Antonio F. Mendoza, College of Dentistry,UP Manila5. Dr. Ma. Susan T. Yanga-Mabunga, Department ofHealth Policy & Administration, UP Manila6. Dr. Danilo L. Magtanong, College of Dentistry, UPManila7. Dr. Alvin Munoz Laxamana, Philippine DentalAssociation8. Dr. Fina Lopez, Philippine Pediatric Dental Society, Inc9. Dr. Artemio Licos, Jr.,Department of Health NationalAssociation of Dentists10. Dr. Maria Jona D. Godoy, Professional RegulationCommission11. Ms. Anna Liza De Leon, Philippine Health InsuranceCorporation12. Ms. Nicole Sigmuend, GIZ Fit for School13. Ms. Lita Orbillo, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau14. Mr. Raymond Oxcena Akap sa Bata Philippines15. Dr. Jessica Rebueno-Santos, Department of CommunityDentistry, UP Manila16. Ms. Maria Olivine M. Contreras, Bureau of LocalGovernment Supervision, DILG17. Ms. Janel Christine Mendoza, Philippine DentalStudents Association18. Mr. Eric Raymund Yu, UP College of DentistryStudent Council19. Dr. Joy Memorando, Philippine Pediatric Society20. Dr. Sharon Alvarez, Philippine Association of DentalColleges